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thereby had been given his whole self." Osden achieves a completely empathetic relationship with the planet, "both literally and figuratively in touch with the forest;" which also grants him temporary goodwill towards humans, as he says "Listen, I will you well" before leaving his colleagues. Le Guin's depiction of the planetary vegetative intelligence is of something that is "whole, undifferentiated and unconscious." Thus, it finds the very concept of other beings terrifying, and it is qualitatively different from animal intelligences. Le Guin makes two more references to
Marvell's poetry at the conclusion of the story, the first of which refers to the notion of a planetary consciousness. Marvell's poem "The Garden" speaks of "a green thought in a green shade"; Le Guin describes World 4470 as "one big green thought." The second reference is in the penultimate paragraph: while describing Osden’s relationship with the planet, Tomiko says, "Had we but world enough and time…", quoting verbatim from "To His Coy Mistress".
187:
of the vegetation on the planet. Osden also realizes that this sentience has never been in contact with anything alien before; thus it experienced fear when the explorers landed. Osden decides to attempt to communicate with the sentience, with the help of Tomiko and two others. They land in the middle of a forest, where a surge in the fear response kills one of them. Osden leaves the group, and by surrendering to the fear completely makes the planet understand that they mean it no harm; and the fear emanations cease. The group tries to locate Osden, but is unable to find him; Tomiko suspects that he does not want to be found. They leave him enough provisions for the rest of his life, and return to Terra after finishing the survey.
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without finding anything, before Osden fails to contact them at a pre-assigned time. Tomiko leads three others to his camp in the forest, where they find him knocked out, apparently by an unknown assailant. They bring him back to camp, where he gradually recovers, and tells the group that he had felt a strong fear response from the forest itself. Tomiko realizes that the assailant must have been one of the other team members. While Osden is asleep, the fear emanations from the forest drive
Porlock to verbally lash out at Osden, and admit to trying to kill him in the forest. Porlock attempts to assault Osden again, but the others restrain him and place him under a sedative.
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quirks and oddities of their own. They are regarded as being of "unsound mind" by the people of Earth and Hain, because they were willing to travel on a voyage that lasted 500 years of actual time. The fear transmitted by the forest drives them further into their neuroticism. In contrast, Osden the empath surrenders completely to the forest, and thus achieves a mental unity with the planet. In choosing a sort of union with the planet, Osden shows that the singular consciousness of the vegetative creature is preferable to the chaos and discord in human society.
199:. In her introduction to the story, Le Guin stated "We all have forests in our minds. Forests unexplored, unending. Each of us gets lost in the forests, every night, alone." The "vegetable love" referred to in the poem from which the title is taken can be used to describe the final relationship between Osden and the planetary intelligence of World 4470. When Osden is attacked by Porlock in the planet, he transmits his fear to the planet, which amplifies it and reflects it back at him. Thus Osden's role is similar to that of Selver in
2003:
166:"Vaster than Empires" follows the crew of a survey ship sent by the League of Worlds to a planet far outside the region of the galaxy it has previously colonized. The crew consists of 10 people, including five Terrans (people from Earth). One of the crew members, named Osden, is an "empath"; he has the ability to feel the emotions of any sentient creatures around him, including humans. His abilities are depicted as being the result of his being treated for
119:, human beings did not evolve on Earth, but on Hain. The people of Hain colonized many neighboring planetary systems, including Terra (Earth) and Athshe, possibly a million years before the setting of the novels. The planets subsequently lost contact with each other, for reasons that Le Guin does not explain. Le Guin does not narrate the entire history of the Hainish universe at once, instead letting readers piece it together from various works.
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finds World 4470 to be a world covered in forests, and apparently devoid of animal life. However, the team eventually begins to feel a fear emanating from the planet. The team realizes that the entire vegetation on the planet is part of a singular consciousness, which is reacting in fear at the explorers after spending its whole life in isolation.
241:, edited by Eric S. Rabkin. In his introduction to the story, Rabkin stated that it "takes the frenzy of exploration and science, paints it green, and frames it with stability." He described the story as having an expansive and hopeful vision of a peaceful world, in contrast to the constant warfare of reality. In contrast,
222:
At the conclusion of the story Tomiko describes Osden's relationship with the planet, saying "He had taken the fear into himself, and, accepting, had transcended it. He had given up his self to the alien, an unreserved surrender, that left no place for evil. He had learned the love of the Other and
186:
The team decides to try a different location on the planet, in the hope of moving away from the sentience they believe to be in the forest. They find that the fear emanations can be felt at their new camp as well, which is in a grassland, which makes them realize that the sentience extends over all
214:
and "Vaster than
Empires" is the theme of first contact between humans and a new environment. In "Vaster than Empires," the forest is both the setting for the story and a character in it. The forest directly responds to the humans with fear, a response that is similar to the response of Osden, the
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Osden is depicted as having a strong empathetic connection with the vegetated planet visited by the explorers. This is in contrast to the sharply antagonistic relationship that the other members of the team have with him. The team is depicted as a dysfunctional group, with each individual having
174:
personalities, Osden's abrasive personality causes the others to dislike him intensely. The team arrives at the planet, named World 4470. They find it completely covered in vegetation, and seemingly devoid of intelligent life. Osden, whose role is to sense the presence of sentient beings, senses
67:
The story follows an exploratory ship sent by the League to investigate a newly discovered planet, named World 4470. The team includes Osden, an "empath" who is able to feel the emotions of those around him; however, he has an abrasive personality that leads to tensions within the team. The ship
182:
Due to the tensions between Osden and the rest, he is sent alone to do a species survey in the forest. While he is still out alone, Porlock, one of the scientists on the team, is scared by what he believes to be a large ape in the forest. The other team members investigate for a couple of days,
215:
empath, to the rest of society: "the normal defensive-aggressive reaction between strangers meeting." Thus Le Guin makes an analogy between contact between humans and aliens, and contact between individual humans; both are contact between the self and the "other".
130:. "Vaster than Empires" is set soon after the formation of the League of All Worlds, at a time when the League is still sending out exploratory ships to investigate new planets. "Vaster than Empires," like other works such as
203:, in that he introduces violence to the forest world. The intelligence of Le Guin's forest has been contrasted to the "low" position occupied by vegetative beings in the works of other science fiction authors such as
148:". The line from which the title is derived reads "My vegetable love should grow/Vaster than empires, and more slow." In the internal chronology of the Hainish cycle, "Vaster than Empires" takes place after
170:. The team is led by Tomiko Haito, a woman of East-Asian descent, whose official title is "coordinator". Tensions among the team members run high from the very beginning; in addition to several
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noted that the story was unusual for a
Hainish Universe piece for not examining a human society, and said it raised interesting ideas about "disability, ecology, sentience, and emotion".
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described the work as "exploring the limits of utopia." Suzanne Reid praised the story as a "Le Guin classic" that "unites the action with the psyche". A retrospective review in
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The novels and other fictional works set in the
Hainish universe recount the efforts to re-establish a galactic civilization. Explorers from Hain as well as other planets use
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nothing. After some exploration, the scientists find that there is nothing resembling animal life on the planet; all of its life-forms are either
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77:, this story examines the relationship between humans and their natural environment. The story also makes repeated references to the poetry of
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Lynda
Schneekloth described "Vaster than Empires" as "one of the most interesting explorations of a vegetative sentience," in the magazine
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universe, where Earth is a member of an interstellar "League of Worlds". The anthology was released in United States in 1971, by
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taking years to travel between planetary systems, although the journey is shortened for the travelers due to relativistic
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A major theme in this story is that of a symbiotic relationship between a planet and its inhabitants, similar to that in
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Erlich, Richard D. (1987). "Ursula K. Le Guin and Arthur C. Clarke on
Immanence, Transcendence, and Massacres".
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1133:"The Forest as Metaphor for Mind: "The Word for World is Forest" and "Vaster Than Empires and More Slow""
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140:" explore worlds that have gone wrong in some way. The title of the story is taken from a poem by
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664:"The Wind's Twelve Quarters, Part II: Le Guin's Psychomyths and Those Who Walk Away"
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273:. It has since been reprinted in several collections and anthologies, including in
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Companion to
Literature: Facts on File Companion to the American Short Story
2007:
259:"Vaster than Empires and More Slow" was first published in the collection
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2002:
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New
Dimensions 1: Fourteen Original Science Fiction Stories, Volume 1
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93:, as well as in many other anthologies. It was nominated for the
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293:, which aired on 11 April 2000. The story was nominated for the
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Schneekloth, Lynda H. (2001). "Plants: The ultimate alien".
105:"Vaster than Empires and More Slow" is set in the fictional
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New dimensions 1: fourteen original science fiction stories
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237:. "Vaster than Empires" was anthologized in the collection
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738:. Columbia, South Carolina: Camden House. p. 112.
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Dancing with
Dragons: Ursula K. Le Guin and the Critics
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universe, which Le Guin introduced in her first novel
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900:. World Science Fiction Society. Archived from
884:(2). The Kent State University Press: 105–129.
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1154:. New York, New York: Infobase Publishing.
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765:. Frederick Ungar publishing. p. 133.
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297:in 1972, and came 14th in a poll for the
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1060:The Farthest Shores of Ursula K. Le Guin
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1838:Buffalo Gals and Other Animal Presences
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239:Science Fiction: A Historical Anthology
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861:: University of South Carolina Press.
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179:, or feed off of dead plant material.
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1182:Internet Speculative Fiction Database
987:, New York: Oxford University Press.
956:Science fiction: Stories and contexts
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1187:Ursula K. Le Guin's official website
1092:, Massachusetts: Twayne Publishers.
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46:, first published in the collection
1854:Unlocking the Air and Other Stories
931:"2000x: Tales of the New Millennia"
24:
2024:Short stories by Ursula K. Le Guin
1775:The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
1067:, California: Wildside Press LLC.
829:. Locus Science Fiction Foundation
138:The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas
25:
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1561:Vaster than Empires and More Slow
1177:Vaster Than Empires and More Slow
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1108:"Audio, Music, & Video Links"
210:An additional similarity between
32:Vaster than Empires and More Slow
18:Vaster Than Empires and More Slow
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1989:
1977:
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1927:Dancing at the Edge of the World
1716:Very Far Away from Anywhere Else
1042:Silverberg, Robert, ed. (1971).
1002:Reid, Suzanne Elizabeth (1997).
662:Guynes, Sean (August 26, 2020).
299:Locus Award for Best Short Story
854:Understanding Ursula K. Le Guin
827:Science Fiction Awards Database
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727:
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295:Hugo Award for Best Short Story
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1057:Slusser, George Edgar (1976).
1006:. New York, New York: Twayne.
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1:
2034:Science fiction short stories
1846:A Fisherman of the Inland Sea
1611:Old Music and the Slave Women
1568:The Day Before the Revolution
1131:Watson, Ian (November 1975).
759:Bucknall, Barbara J. (1981).
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115:, published in 1966. In this
56:. It is set in the fictional
1512:The Word for World Is Forest
1148:Werlock, Abby H. P. (2009).
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212:The Word for World Is Forest
201:The Word for World is Forest
197:The Word for World Is Forest
156:The Word for World is Forest
133:The Word for World Is Forest
74:The Word for World Is Forest
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1643:Annals of the Western Shore
1082:Spivack, Charlotte (1984).
917:Le Guin, Ursula K. (1987).
851:Cummins, Elizabeth (1990).
71:Like Le Guin's later novel
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1814:The Wind's Twelve Quarters
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923:Santa Barbara, California
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1597:Coming of Age in Karhide
1520:Four Ways to Forgiveness
977:Rabkin, Eric S. (1983).
859:Columbia, South Carolina
1137:Science Fiction Studies
954:Masri, Heather (2015).
1048:. New York, New York:
255:Publication and awards
101:Background and setting
1935:Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching
1782:The Diary of the Rose
1371:The Books of Earthsea
1338:The Daughter of Odren
1310:The Word of Unbinding
1180:title listing at the
734:White, Donna (1999).
287:National Public Radio
1892:(series) (1988–1999)
1724:The Eye of the Heron
1583:The Matter of Seggri
1331:Darkrose and Diamond
1259:A Wizard of Earthsea
1984:Speculative fiction
1740:The Beginning Place
1708:The Lathe of Heaven
1590:A Man of the People
1547:The Dowry of Angyar
1436:Earthsea Revisioned
1399:Tales from Earthsea
1363:Tales from Earthsea
823:"Ursula K. Le Guin"
552:, pp. 125–128.
537:, pp. 120–125.
522:, pp. 112–118.
510:, pp. 108–115.
498:, pp. 104–108.
486:, pp. 100–105.
404:, pp. 103–104.
146:To His Coy Mistress
2029:1972 short stories
1943:Steering the Craft
1748:Always Coming Home
1575:The Shobies' Story
1275:The Farthest Shore
1267:The Tombs of Atuan
898:"1972 Hugo Awards"
448:, pp. 92–100.
124:interstellar ships
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1112:ursulakleguin.com
1085:Ursula K. Le Guin
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994:978-0-19-503272-7
969:978-0-312-45015-1
798:ursulakleguin.com
772:978-0-8044-2085-3
762:Ursula K. Le Guin
745:978-1-57113-034-1
610:, pp. 72–73.
392:, pp. 71–73.
346:, pp. 19–21.
334:, pp. 68–70.
319:, pp. 66–67.
267:Robert Silverberg
243:Elizabeth Cummins
117:alternate history
54:Robert Silverberg
44:Ursula K. Le Guin
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1184:
1171:
1170:External links
1168:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1145:
1128:
1104:
1098:
1079:
1073:
1065:San Bernardino
1054:
1039:
1029:(3): 246–254.
1018:
1012:
999:
993:
974:
968:
951:
927:
925:: Capra Press.
914:
894:
873:
867:
846:
843:
841:
840:
814:
802:
790:
778:
771:
751:
744:
726:
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702:
680:
654:
639:
637:, p. 494.
624:
612:
600:
583:
571:
554:
539:
524:
512:
500:
488:
473:
450:
433:
421:
419:, p. 399.
406:
394:
363:
361:, p. 104.
348:
336:
321:
308:
306:
303:
256:
253:
228:
225:
192:
189:
177:photosynthetic
163:
160:
142:Andrew Marvell
102:
99:
79:Andrew Marvell
26:
9:
6:
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3:
2:
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1968:
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1867:
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1856:
1855:
1851:
1848:
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1840:
1839:
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1832:
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1827:
1824:
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1819:
1816:
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1811:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1793:
1790:
1786:
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1779:
1776:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:Short stories
1765:
1758:
1757:
1753:
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1749:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1737:
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1704:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1678:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1629:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1604:Mountain Ways
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1565:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1554:Winter's King
1551:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1539:Short stories
1537:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1514:
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1509:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1498:
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1489:
1485:
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1481:
1477:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:Short stories
1300:
1293:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1157:
1153:
1152:
1146:
1143:(3): 231–237.
1142:
1138:
1134:
1129:
1118:on 2016-06-27
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1099:0-8057-7393-2
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1080:
1076:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:Extrapolation
1019:
1015:
1013:0-8057-4609-9
1009:
1005:
1000:
996:
990:
986:
982:
981:
975:
971:
965:
961:
957:
952:
941:on 2016-04-08
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
915:
904:on 7 May 2011
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
878:Extrapolation
874:
870:
868:0-87249-687-2
864:
860:
856:
855:
849:
848:
828:
824:
818:
811:
806:
799:
794:
787:
782:
774:
768:
764:
763:
755:
747:
741:
737:
730:
724:, p. 95.
723:
718:
711:
706:
698:
694:
690:
684:
669:
665:
658:
652:, p. 68.
651:
646:
644:
636:
631:
629:
622:, p. 97.
621:
616:
609:
604:
597:
592:
590:
588:
581:, p. 33.
580:
575:
568:
563:
561:
559:
551:
546:
544:
536:
531:
529:
521:
516:
509:
504:
497:
492:
485:
480:
478:
470:
465:
463:
461:
459:
457:
455:
447:
442:
440:
438:
431:, p. 60.
430:
425:
418:
413:
411:
403:
398:
391:
386:
384:
382:
380:
378:
376:
374:
372:
370:
368:
360:
355:
353:
345:
340:
333:
328:
326:
318:
313:
309:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
283:
278:
277:
272:
268:
264:
263:
252:
250:
249:
244:
240:
236:
235:
234:Extrapolation
224:
220:
216:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
188:
184:
180:
178:
173:
169:
159:
157:
153:
152:
147:
143:
139:
135:
134:
129:
128:time dilation
125:
120:
118:
114:
113:
108:
98:
96:
92:
91:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
69:
65:
63:
59:
55:
51:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1895:
1887:
1868:
1860:
1852:
1844:
1836:
1828:
1820:
1812:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1674:
1666:
1658:
1641:
1573:
1560:
1526:
1518:
1510:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1451:
1434:
1398:
1392:(miniseries)
1389:
1369:
1361:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1240:
1233:Bibliography
1176:
1150:
1140:
1136:
1120:. Retrieved
1116:the original
1111:
1084:
1059:
1044:
1026:
1022:
1003:
979:
955:
943:. Retrieved
939:the original
934:
918:
906:. Retrieved
902:the original
881:
877:
853:
831:. Retrieved
826:
817:
805:
793:
786:npr.com 2000
781:
761:
754:
735:
729:
717:
705:
688:
683:
671:. Retrieved
667:
657:
615:
608:Spivack 1984
603:
579:Slusser 1976
574:
550:Le Guin 1987
535:Le Guin 1987
520:Le Guin 1987
515:
508:Le Guin 1987
503:
496:Le Guin 1987
491:
484:Le Guin 1987
446:Le Guin 1987
429:Slusser 1976
424:
417:Werlock 2009
402:Cummins 1990
397:
390:Spivack 1984
359:Cummins 1990
339:
332:Cummins 1990
317:Cummins 1990
312:
280:
274:
265:, edited by
260:
258:
246:
238:
232:
230:
221:
217:
211:
209:
200:
196:
194:
185:
181:
165:
162:Plot summary
155:
149:
131:
121:
110:
104:
88:
82:
72:
70:
66:
52:, edited by
47:
31:
29:
1911:Non-fiction
1806:Collections
1528:The Telling
1382:Adaptations
1355:Collections
635:Rabkin 1983
567:Watson 1975
469:Erlich 1987
154:and before
2018:Categories
1897:Cat Dreams
1423:Characters
673:22 October
620:Masri 2015
305:References
144:, titled "
95:Hugo Award
1732:Malafrena
1345:Firelight
1324:Dragonfly
1222:Works by
833:8 October
810:Hugo 1972
722:Reid 1997
697:898065808
650:Reid 1997
344:Reid 1997
227:Reception
97:in 1972.
38:story by
1889:Catwings
1798:" (2002)
1791:" (1982)
1784:" (1976)
1777:" (1973)
1613:" (1999)
1606:" (1996)
1599:" (1995)
1585:" (1994)
1570:" (1974)
1563:" (1971)
1556:" (1969)
1549:" (1964)
1453:Hainish
1418:Universe
1390:Earthsea
1347:" (2018)
1340:" (2014)
1333:" (1999)
1326:" (1997)
1319:" (1964)
1312:" (1964)
1242:Earthsea
985:New York
908:19 April
172:neurotic
40:American
1958:Portals
1756:Lavinia
1693:fiction
1628:Ansible
1621:Related
1411:Related
935:npr.com
845:Sources
668:Tor.com
289:series
107:Hainish
58:Hainish
42:author
34:" is a
1996:Novels
1946:(1998)
1938:(1997)
1930:(1982)
1922:(1979)
1873:(2003)
1865:(2002)
1857:(1996)
1849:(1994)
1841:(1987)
1833:(1982)
1825:(1976)
1817:(1975)
1759:(2008)
1751:(1985)
1743:(1980)
1735:(1979)
1727:(1978)
1719:(1976)
1711:(1971)
1700:Novels
1691:Other
1679:(2007)
1676:Powers
1671:(2006)
1668:Voices
1663:(2004)
1652:Novels
1578:(1990)
1531:(2000)
1523:(1995)
1515:(1976)
1507:(1974)
1499:(1969)
1491:(1967)
1483:(1966)
1475:(1966)
1464:Novels
1439:(1993)
1403:(2006)
1401:(film)
1394:(2004)
1374:(2018)
1366:(2001)
1294:(2001)
1286:(1990)
1283:Tehanu
1278:(1972)
1270:(1971)
1262:(1968)
1251:Novels
1158:
1122:5 July
1096:
1090:Boston
1071:
1010:
991:
966:
960:Boston
945:5 July
865:
769:
742:
695:
191:Themes
168:autism
2008:Books
1660:Gifts
1455:Cycle
291:2000X
136:and "
1156:ISBN
1124:2016
1094:ISBN
1069:ISBN
1008:ISBN
989:ISBN
964:ISBN
947:2016
910:2010
863:ISBN
835:2023
767:ISBN
740:ISBN
693:OCLC
675:2023
279:and
87:and
1428:Ged
1031:doi
886:doi
248:Tor
2020::
1139:.
1135:.
1110:.
1063:.
1027:42
1025:.
983:.
958:.
933:.
921:.
882:28
880:.
857:.
825:.
691:.
666:.
642:^
627:^
586:^
557:^
542:^
527:^
476:^
453:^
436:^
409:^
366:^
351:^
324:^
301:.
207:.
158:.
64:.
1960::
1794:"
1787:"
1780:"
1773:"
1609:"
1602:"
1595:"
1592:"
1588:"
1581:"
1566:"
1559:"
1552:"
1545:"
1343:"
1336:"
1329:"
1322:"
1315:"
1308:"
1215:e
1208:t
1201:v
1164:.
1141:2
1126:.
1102:.
1077:.
1052:.
1037:.
1033::
1016:.
997:.
972:.
949:.
912:.
892:.
888::
871:.
837:.
812:.
800:.
788:.
775:.
748:.
712:.
699:.
677:.
598:.
569:.
471:.
30:"
20:)
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