380:
501:, influenced by Ambrose's writing, claimed that when Ambrose was found to have determinedly infracted the new laws, Justina persuaded Valentinian to have him banished, and Ambrose was forced to barricade himself, with the enthusiastic backing of the people, within the walls of the Basilica. Rufinus continues that the imperial troops besieged him, but Ambrose held on, reinforcing the resolution of his followers by allegedly unearthing, beneath the foundations of the church, the bodies of two ancient martyrs. Later, Magnus Maximus was purported to have used the emperor's heterodoxy against him. Maximus indeed wrote a scathing letter attacking Valentinian for plotting against God.
31:
529:
497:
her young son to oppose the Nicean party which was championed by
Ambrose, framing her motivation as selfish. However, not only Justina, but the wider imperial court also opposed Ambrose's claim, since the praetorian prefect and the emperor's counsellors met him and demanded that he turn over the basilica. When Ambrose was summoned to be punished to the Imperial palace, the orthodox populace rioted, and Gothic troops were prevented by the arch-bishop himself, standing in the doorway, from entering the Basilica.
462:, commander of the armies in Britain, declared himself Emperor and established himself in Gaul and Hispania. Gratian was killed while fleeing him. As a lesser partner to Gratian in the West, Valentinian and his court in Milan had remained ineffectual and obscure until his brother's tragedy finally brought them to the forefront. For a time the court of Valentinian, through the mediation of Ambrose, came to an accommodation with the usurper, and Theodosius recognized Maximus as co-emperor of the
572:
older brother, who had campaigned at his age. Arbogast's domination over the emperor was to the point where, in a report that
Hebblewhite characterized as “admittedly outlandish,” the general is described as murdering Harmonius, a friend of Valentinian suspected of taking bribes, in the emperor's presence. Valentinian wrote to Theodosius and Ambrose complaining of his subordination to his general. In explicit rejection of his earlier Arianism, he invited Ambrose to come to Vienne to
601:
Williams and Friell asserted that
Arbogast had little reason to change his situation, while McLynn observed how no one benefitted from the emperor’s death. Ambrose's eulogy is the only contemporary Western source for Valentinian's death. It is ambiguous on the question of the emperor's death, which is not surprising, as Ambrose represents him as a model of Christian virtue. Suicide, not murder, would make the bishop dissemble on this key question.
589:
493:, which had been removed by Gratian in 382. Valentinian refused the request and, in so doing, rejected the traditions and rituals of pagan Rome to which Symmachus had appealed. While Ambrose participated in the campaign against the reinstatement of Altar of Victory, he admitted he was not the cause of the decision to remove the altar in the first place.
363:. The army, and its Frankish general Merobaudes, may have been uneasy about Gratian's lack of military ability, and to prevent a split of the army, so raised a boy who would not immediately aspire to military command. Also, he may have wanted to prevent more successful military commanders and officials, such as
666:
and his sons, strong military figures, re-established the practice of hereditary succession, a system that
Valentinian I continued to maintain. The obvious flaw in these two competing requirements came in the reign of Valentinian II, a child. His reign was a harbinger of the fifth century, when young
571:
for the
Western provinces (bar Africa) and guardian of Valentinian. Acting in the name of Valentinian, Arbogast was actually subordinate only to Theodosius. While the general campaigned successfully on the Rhine, the young emperor remained confined at Vienne, in contrast to his warrior father and his
579:
The crisis reached a peak when
Arbogast prohibited the emperor from leading the Gallic armies into Italy to oppose a barbarian threat. Valentinian, in response, formally dismissed Arbogast. The latter ignored the order, publicly tearing it up and arguing that Valentinian had not appointed him in the
496:
In 385 Ambrose refused an imperial request to hand over the
Portian basilica for the celebration of Easter by the Imperial court, angering Justina, Valentinian, high-ranking officials, and other Arians at the court, including Goths. Ambrose argued in his letter that Justina used her influence over
600:
On 15 May 392, Valentinian was found hanged in his residence in Vienne. Arbogast maintained that the emperor's death was suicide. Many sources believe, however, that the general had him murdered; ancient authorities were divided in their opinion. Some modern scholars lean toward suicide. McEvoy,
556:
asserted that the empire belonged to his two sons, Arcadius and
Honorius, while barely mentioning the newly restored Valentinian. Theodosius remained in Milan until 391, appointing his supporters to important offices in the West. On the Eastern emperor’s coinage, Valentinian continued to be
557:
represented with the “unbroken” legend like
Arcadius, depicting both of them as Theodosius’ junior colleagues. Modern scholars, observing Theodosius’ actions, suspect that he had no intention of allowing Valentinian to rule, due to his plan for his sons to succeed him.
415:
were under the rule of
Valentinian. However, Gratian and his court was essentially in charge of the whole Western empire, including Illyricum, and Valentinian did not issue any laws and was marginalized in textual sources. In 378, their uncle, the Emperor
707:(388–392) and dedicated to Valentinian II and Arcadius respectively. It is usually identified as Valentinian, although it "seems to have been found closer to the base of Arcadius". Valentinian was 17 years old in 388, while Arcadius was only 11.
379:
633:
At first Arbogast recognized Theodosius's son Arcadius as emperor in the West, seemingly surprised by his charge's death. After three months, during which he had no communication from Theodosius, Arbogast selected an imperial official,
345:(emperor for the East) were consulted by the army commanders on the scene. Instead of merely acknowledging Gratian as his father's successor, Valentinian I's leading generals and officials, including
281:, he was raised to the imperial office at the age of 4 by military commanders upon his father's death. Until 383, Valentinian II remained a junior partner to his older half-brother
654:
Valentinian himself seems to have exercised no real authority, and was a figurehead for various powerful interests: his mother, his co-emperors, and powerful generals. Since the
371:, from becoming emperors or gaining independent power, as Sebastianus was removed to a distant posting and Theodosius was executed within a year of Valentinian's elevation.
266:
between AD 375 and 392. He was at first junior co-ruler of his half-brother, then was sidelined by a usurper, and finally became sole ruler after 388, albeit with limited
387:
Gratian was forced to accommodate the generals who supported his half-brother into his realm, though he purportedly took a liking to educating his brother. According to
309:
where they successfully sought Theodosius' aid. Theodosius defeated Maximus in battle and re-installed Valentinian in the West, under the supervision of the general
1507:
1409:
895:
612:
604:
The young man's body was conveyed in ceremony to Milan for burial by Ambrose, mourned by his sisters Justa and Grata. He was laid in a
552:
in Gaul. Justina had already died, and Vienne was far away from the influence of Ambrose. In a panegyric for Theodosius, the orator
1938:
2463:
1818:
3257:
3125:
1576:
1487:
1360:
754:
313:. In 392, after repeated conflicts with Arbogast, Valentinian was discovered hanged in his room under unknown circumstances.
3290:
Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper
305:
where several religious debates took place. In 387, Maximus invaded Italy, spurring Valentinian and his family to escape to
2470:
3322:
3093:
3327:
1537:
408:
638:, as emperor. Theodosius initially tolerated this regime but, in January 393, elevated the eight-year-old Honorius as
1596:
1556:
350:
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3347:
3332:
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3059:
3042:
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2857:
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3030:
2822:
2784:
2744:
2711:
364:
353:, and Cerealis, Valentinian II's maternal uncle and Justina's brother, acclaimed the four-year-old Valentinian
1620:. This list of Roman laws of the fourth century shows laws passed by Valentinian II relating to Christianity.
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3071:
2898:
2864:
2828:
2717:
1790:
1776:
346:
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334:
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to succeed Valentinian II. Civil war ensued and, in 394, Theodosius defeated Eugenius and Arbogast at the
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2646:
2112:
655:
564:
310:
1571:, The Transformation of the Classical Heritage, vol. 22, Berkeley: University of California Press,
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3211:
3162:
3049:
2840:
2609:
1951:
1908:
517:
478:
337:, Grata and Justa. The elder Valentinian died on campaign in Pannonia in 375. Neither Gratian (then in
771:
3337:
3184:
3152:
2977:
2157:
1916:
593:
3352:
3194:
3147:
2694:
2341:
520:, to restore the young emperor in the West. In 388, Theodosius marched west and defeated Maximus.
3002:
2982:
2756:
2636:
1924:
1614:
3272:
3251:
3157:
1947:
1704:
772:"Togate portrait statue of emperor ( Arcadius or Valentinian II). Aphrodisias (Caria). 388-392"
643:
889:
744:
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1887:
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746:
The Learned Collector: Mythological Statuettes and Classical Taste in Late Antique Gaul
704:
684:
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next to his brother Gratian, most probably in the Chapel of Sant'Aquilino attached to
588:
3132:
3078:
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2817:
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2224:
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1552:
1533:
1497:
1483:
1460:
1356:
1109:
750:
498:
333:, who had shared the imperial title with his father since 367. He had three sisters:
326:
302:
278:
227:
528:
516:. The latter came to an agreement, cemented by his marriage to Valentinian's sister
3262:
3239:
3142:
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2594:
2564:
2427:
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1475:
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568:
486:
368:
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133:
106:
30:
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170:
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2065:
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1586:
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482:
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2706:
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2522:
2420:
2346:
2326:
2080:
2040:
1856:
1452:
667:
emperors were controlled by powerful generals and officials until mid-century (
533:
459:
294:
247:
157:
153:
127:
1355:(in German). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. 321–322.
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and his collegiate system which collapsed a year after his abdication in 305.
512:
valley and threatened Milan. Valentinian II and Justina fled to Theodosius in
3301:
3267:
3227:
2771:
2579:
2387:
1697:
899:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 851–852.
884:
676:
663:
545:
400:
322:
274:
255:
217:
73:
45:
1627:
1505:
Johnson, Mark J. (1991). "On the Burial Places of the Valentinian Dynasty".
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2807:
2739:
2734:
2724:
2547:
2409:
2050:
1861:
1729:
1721:
1638:
844:
Errington, R.M. "The Accession of Theodosius I." Klio 78 (1996) pp. 440–442
740:
537:
513:
474:
429:
412:
306:
290:
263:
87:
1479:
1369:
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the empire had been ruled by powerful generals, a situation formalised by
2876:
2751:
2701:
2626:
2200:
2147:
2090:
1434:, vol. XIII: the Late Empire AD 337–425, Cambridge: University Press
608:
536:
minted by Valentinian II in AD 390. On the reverse, both Valentinian and
490:
186:
36:
1588:
Failure of Empire: Valens and the Roman State in the Fourth Century A.D.
560:
When Theodosius decided to return to the East, his trusted general, the
2932:
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2304:
2284:
2229:
2194:
2187:
2132:
2097:
1960:
1520:
1422:
659:
285:
in ruling the Western empire, while the East was governed by his uncle
174:
1946:
580:
first place. The reality of where the power lay was openly displayed.
544:
After the defeat of Maximus, Valentinian took no part in Theodosius's
2679:
2631:
2541:
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2010:
2005:
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888:
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2294:
2289:
2274:
2264:
2234:
2142:
2137:
2085:
2060:
2055:
2020:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1880:
1876:
1814:
1353:
Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie
672:
635:
509:
437:
396:
360:
121:
83:
716:
The bottom of the sarcophagus may be identical to a porphyry tub (
2881:
2584:
2491:
2404:
2259:
2035:
1832:
1786:
1772:
1744:
1717:
1407:
Croke, Brian (1976). "Arbogast and the Death of Valentinian II".
573:
553:
469:
Valentinian tried to restrain the despoiling of pagan temples in
452:
330:
282:
202:
112:
1325:, JHWG Liebeschuetz, tr, Liverpool University Press, p. 359
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1199:
1197:
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703:
The statue was found near two columnar bases made under prefect
2653:
2510:
2392:
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1806:
1764:
1713:
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448:
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influence of his mother, empress Justina, and the courtiers at
417:
342:
286:
102:
2254:
2025:
2015:
1995:
1260:
1192:
441:
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338:
298:
1385:
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1021:
903:
2000:
1990:
505:
470:
392:
1209:
1568:
Ambrose of Milan: Church and Court in a Christian Capital
1439:
Errington, R.M. (1996), "The Accession of Theodosius I",
1334:
1332:
984:
862:
852:
850:
391:, Gratian governed the trans-alpine provinces (including
293:
from 379. When Gratian was killed by the usurper emperor
1238:
1236:
1155:
1153:
1126:
973:
971:
932:
930:
1182:
1180:
1138:
1089:
1087:
1074:
1072:
1637:
Roberts, Walter F (20 June 2023), "Flavius Eugenius",
1329:
847:
813:
329:. He was the half-brother of Valentinian's other son,
1530:
Child Emperor Rule in the Late Roman West, AD 367–455
1248:
1233:
1150:
1045:
968:
927:
316:
1626:
Roberts, Walter F (20 June 2023), "Valentinian II",
1291:
1279:
1221:
1177:
1114:
1084:
1069:
1057:
801:
548:over Maximus. He and his court were installed at
3299:
1430:Curran, J (1998), "From Jovian to Theodosius",
485:, petitioned in 384 for the restoration of the
436:. As a child, Valentinian II was under the pro-
193:Imperator Caesar Flavius Valentinianus Augustus
1546:
1391:
1351:Kienast, Dietmar (2017) . "Valentinianus II".
1273:
1203:
1171:
1039:
1027:
921:
909:
523:
1932:
791:
789:
787:
785:
749:. University of Michigan Press. p. 128.
374:
1467:
1379:
1215:
1104:
1102:
625:
1939:
1925:
1591:Berkeley: University of California Press.
890:"Valentinian I. s.v. Valetinian II."
782:
29:
1508:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
1438:
1410:Historia: Zeitschrift fĂĽr Alte Geschichte
879:
877:
254:; 371 – 15 May 392) was a
1320:
1099:
883:
739:
630:'Valentinian of Divine Memory'.
587:
527:
473:. Buoyed by this instruction, the pagan
378:
1636:
1625:
1504:
1338:
3300:
1651:To Valentinian II regarding Auexentius
1584:
1564:
1527:
1429:
1297:
1254:
1242:
1186:
1159:
1144:
1120:
1078:
1063:
1051:
990:
936:
874:
868:
856:
819:
807:
1920:
1406:
1375:
1285:
1227:
1132:
1093:
769:
35:Marble statue of an emperor found in
1647:
297:in 383, the court of Valentinian in
1471:Theodosius and the Limits of Empire
1350:
504:In 386 to 387, Maximus crossed the
39:, usually identified Valentinian II
13:
428:, and Gratian invited the general
321:Valentinianus was born to Emperor
317:Early life and accession (371–375)
14:
3379:
1819:Q. Clodius Hermogenianus Olybrius
1606:
1310:De obitu Valentiniani consolatio
444:, an influence contested by the
420:, was killed in battle with the
1547:Williams, S; Friell, G (1994),
1400:
1344:
1314:
1303:
1009:
996:
955:
942:
710:
649:
1323:Political Letters and Speeches
838:
825:
763:
733:
697:
1:
1549:Theodosius: the Empire at Bay
1432:The Cambridge Ancient History
797:Valentinian II (375–392 A.D.)
727:
540:are celebrated as victorious.
16:Roman emperor from 375 to 392
720:) now in the Duomo of Milan.
621:Divae Memoriae Valentinianus
118:Theodosius I (East, 379–392)
63:22 November 375 – 15 May 392
7:
1532:. Oxford University Press.
656:Crisis of the Third Century
524:Reign from Vienne (388–392)
65:(senior from 28 August 388)
10:
3384:
3323:4th-century Roman emperors
3212:Constantine XI Palaiologos
3163:Andronikos III Palaiologos
3050:Nikephoros III Botaneiates
1468:Hebblewhite, Mark (2020).
1453:10.1524/klio.1996.78.2.438
1392:Williams & Friell 1994
1321:of Milan, Ambrose (2005),
1274:Williams & Friell 1994
1204:Williams & Friell 1994
1172:Williams & Friell 1994
1040:Williams & Friell 1994
1028:Williams & Friell 1994
922:Williams & Friell 1994
910:Williams & Friell 1994
615:. He was deified with the
375:Reign from Milan (375–387)
3328:4th-century Roman consuls
3288:
3220:
3185:Andronikos IV Palaiologos
3153:Andronikos II Palaiologos
2978:Constantine IX Monomachos
2666:
2563:
2446:
2273:
2111:
1959:
1901:
1885:
1873:
1853:
1837:
1825:
1811:
1795:
1783:
1769:
1753:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1702:
1694:
1689:
1662:
776:Last Statues of Antiquity
594:Missorium of Theodosius I
383:Solidus of Valentinian II
233:
223:
213:
201:
192:
185:
181:
164:
147:
143:
93:
79:
69:
58:
44:
28:
23:
3148:Michael VIII Palaiologos
1640:De Imperatoribus Romanis
1629:De Imperatoribus Romanis
1565:McLynn, Neil B. (1994),
1528:McEvoy, Meaghan (2013).
690:
583:
3003:Eudokia Makrembolitissa
2637:Tiberius II Constantine
1613:"Imperial laws chart",
1110:Eugenius (392–394 A.D.)
896:Encyclopædia Britannica
3358:Sons of Roman emperors
3348:Deified Roman emperors
3333:Ancient child monarchs
3318:4th-century Christians
3158:Michael IX Palaiologos
1004:Ecclesiastical History
770:Smith, R.R.R. (2012).
644:Battle of the Frigidus
620:
597:
592:Valentinian II on the
546:triumphal celebrations
541:
384:
359:on 22 November 375 at
251:
177:, Western Roman Empire
160:, Western Roman Empire
3363:Valentinianic dynasty
3252:Thessalonian emperors
3246:Trapezuntine emperors
3207:John VIII Palaiologos
3202:Manuel II Palaiologos
3173:John VI Kantakouzenos
3089:Andronikos I Komnenos
2926:Constantine Lekapenos
1954:and empresses regnant
1909:Q. Aurelius Symmachus
1669:Valentinianic dynasty
1585:Lenski, Noel (2003).
1480:10.4324/9781315103334
1474:. London: Routledge.
831:Ammianus Marcellinus
591:
531:
432:to be emperor in the
382:
325:and his second wife,
301:became the center of
3190:John VII Palaiologos
3138:Theodore II Laskaris
2998:Constantine X Doukas
2938:Nikephoros II Phokas
1108:Roberts, Walter E.,
795:Roberts, Walter E.,
168:15 May 392 (aged 21)
3121:Theodore I Laskaris
3106:Alexios III Angelos
3084:Alexios II Komnenos
3008:Romanos IV Diogenes
2963:Romanos III Argyros
2909:Romanos I Lekapenos
1648:of Milan, Ambrose,
1382:, pp. 230–235.
1135:, pp. 235–236.
993:, pp. 170–174.
871:, pp. 357–361.
3240:Britannic emperors
3234:Palmyrene emperors
3168:John V Palaiologos
3111:Alexios IV Angelos
3060:Constantine Doukas
3055:Alexios I Komnenos
3043:Constantine Doukas
3026:Michael VII Doukas
2988:Michael VI Bringas
2554:Romulus Augustulus
2177:Trebonianus Gallus
2170:Herennius Etruscus
1952:Byzantine emperors
1905:Eutolmius Tatianus
1737:Political offices
1016:Collectio Avellana
705:Eutolmius Tatianus
685:Romulus Augustulus
598:
542:
479:Aurelius Symmachus
385:
237:Arian Christianity
3368:Illyrian emperors
3343:Deaths by hanging
3295:
3294:
3133:John III Vatatzes
3079:Manuel I Komnenos
2818:Michael I Rangabe
2662:
2661:
2504:Petronius Maximus
2103:Severus Alexander
2071:Septimius Severus
1915:
1914:
1902:Succeeded by
1867:Maternus Cynegius
1854:Succeeded by
1812:Succeeded by
1770:Succeeded by
1727:Succeeded by
1654:(letter), Fordham
1578:978-0-520-08461-2
1489:978-1-138-10298-9
1362:978-3-534-26724-8
1147:, pp. 94–95.
924:, pp. 39–40.
859:, pp. 61–64.
822:, pp. 57–59.
756:978-0-472-11433-7
629:
273:A son of emperor
241:
240:
197:
196:
3375:
3338:Arian Christians
3143:John IV Laskaris
3116:Alexios V Doukas
3101:Isaac II Angelos
3067:John II Komnenos
2993:Isaac I Komnenos
2953:Constantine VIII
2943:John I Tzimiskes
2670:Byzantine Empire
2444:
2443:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1918:
1917:
1874:Preceded by
1826:Preceded by
1784:Preceded by
1742:Preceded by
1695:Preceded by
1685:
1678:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1643:
1632:
1619:
1602:
1581:
1561:
1543:
1524:
1501:
1463:
1435:
1426:
1395:
1389:
1383:
1380:Hebblewhite 2020
1373:
1367:
1366:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1312:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1277:
1271:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1231:
1225:
1219:
1216:Hebblewhite 2020
1213:
1207:
1201:
1190:
1184:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1130:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1097:
1091:
1082:
1076:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1000:
994:
988:
982:
975:
966:
959:
953:
946:
940:
934:
925:
919:
913:
907:
901:
900:
892:
881:
872:
866:
860:
854:
845:
842:
836:
829:
823:
817:
811:
805:
799:
793:
780:
779:
767:
761:
760:
737:
721:
714:
708:
701:
627:
624:
569:magister militum
567:, was appointed
487:Altar of Victory
369:Count Theodosius
351:Petronius Probus
341:) nor his uncle
183:
182:
96:
64:
33:
21:
20:
3383:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3353:Illyrian people
3298:
3297:
3296:
3291:
3284:
3228:Gallic emperors
3216:
2904:Constantine VII
2685:Constantine III
2672:
2669:
2658:
2567:
2559:
2498:Valentinian III
2486:Constantius III
2480:Priscus Attalus
2464:Constantine III
2450:
2442:
2332:Valerius Valens
2277:
2269:
2115:
2107:
2066:Didius Julianus
2046:Marcus Aurelius
1963:
1955:
1945:
1911:
1907:
1893:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1845:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1821:
1817:
1803:
1801:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1775:
1761:
1759:
1751:
1747:
1732:
1710:
1709:371–392
1708:
1700:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1665:
1664:Valentinian II
1612:
1609:
1599:
1579:
1559:
1540:
1490:
1403:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1378:, p. 244;
1374:
1370:
1363:
1349:
1345:
1337:
1330:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1272:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1202:
1193:
1185:
1178:
1170:
1166:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1115:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1085:
1077:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1001:
997:
989:
985:
976:
969:
960:
956:
947:
943:
935:
928:
920:
916:
908:
904:
882:
875:
867:
863:
855:
848:
843:
839:
830:
826:
818:
814:
806:
802:
794:
783:
768:
764:
757:
738:
734:
730:
725:
724:
715:
711:
702:
698:
693:
681:Valentinian III
652:
586:
526:
483:Prefect of Rome
377:
319:
169:
152:
139:
124:(East, 383–392)
94:
62:
54:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3231:
3224:
3222:
3218:
3217:
3215:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3187:
3182:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3047:
3023:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2983:Theodora (III)
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2879:
2874:
2862:
2850:
2845:
2833:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2798:Constantine VI
2795:
2790:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2762:Theodosius III
2759:
2754:
2749:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2707:Constantine IV
2704:
2699:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2565:Eastern Empire
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2545:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:Western Empire
2441:
2440:
2433:
2421:Magnus Maximus
2417:
2415:Valentinian II
2412:
2407:
2402:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2349:
2347:Constantius II
2344:
2342:Constantine II
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2281:
2279:
2271:
2270:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2192:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2041:Antoninus Pius
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1965:
1964:27 BC – AD 235
1957:
1956:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1929:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1903:
1900:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1857:Magnus Maximus
1855:
1852:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1822:
1813:
1810:
1794:
1785:
1781:
1780:
1771:
1768:
1752:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1725:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1690:Regnal titles
1687:
1686:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1645:
1634:
1622:
1621:
1616:Fourth century
1608:
1607:External links
1605:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1582:
1577:
1562:
1557:
1544:
1539:978-0199664818
1538:
1525:
1515:(4): 501–506.
1502:
1488:
1465:
1447:(2): 438–453,
1436:
1427:
1417:(2): 235–244.
1402:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1384:
1368:
1361:
1343:
1341:, p. 503.
1328:
1313:
1302:
1290:
1288:, p. 244.
1278:
1276:, p. 127.
1259:
1257:, p. 113.
1247:
1245:, p. 336.
1232:
1230:, p. 237.
1220:
1218:, p. 131.
1208:
1206:, p. 126.
1191:
1176:
1164:
1162:, p. 335.
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1098:
1096:, p. 236.
1083:
1068:
1056:
1054:, p. 293.
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:
995:
983:
967:
954:
941:
939:, p. 106.
926:
914:
902:
887:, ed. (1911).
885:Chisholm, Hugh
873:
861:
846:
837:
824:
812:
800:
781:
762:
755:
731:
729:
726:
723:
722:
709:
695:
694:
692:
689:
651:
648:
585:
582:
525:
522:
460:Magnus Maximus
376:
373:
318:
315:
295:Magnus Maximus
289:until 378 and
244:Valentinian II
239:
238:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
199:
198:
195:
194:
190:
189:
179:
178:
166:
162:
161:
158:Gallia Belgica
149:
145:
144:
141:
140:
138:
137:
131:
128:Magnus Maximus
125:
119:
116:
110:
99:
97:
91:
90:
81:
77:
76:
71:
67:
66:
60:
56:
55:
48:
42:
41:
34:
26:
25:
24:Valentinian II
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3380:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3287:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3196:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2865:Theodora (II)
2863:
2860:
2859:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2775:
2773:
2772:Constantine V
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Anastasius II
2755:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2580:Theodosius II
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2466:
2465:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2388:Valentinian I
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2311:
2310:Constantine I
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Constantius I
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1942:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1919:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1808:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1766:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1724:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1705:Roman emperor
1699:
1698:Valentinian I
1693:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1635:
1631:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1598:0-520-23332-8
1594:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1570:
1569:
1563:
1560:
1558:9780713466911
1554:
1551:, Routledge,
1550:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1394:, p. 42.
1393:
1388:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1335:
1333:
1324:
1317:
1311:
1306:
1300:, p. 97.
1299:
1294:
1287:
1282:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1189:, p. 95.
1188:
1183:
1181:
1174:, p. 66.
1173:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1154:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1129:
1123:, p. 93.
1122:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1088:
1081:, p. 92.
1080:
1075:
1073:
1066:, p. 91.
1065:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1042:, p. 63.
1041:
1036:
1030:, p. 62.
1029:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1005:
999:
992:
987:
980:
974:
972:
964:
958:
951:
945:
938:
933:
931:
923:
918:
912:, p. 43.
911:
906:
898:
897:
891:
886:
880:
878:
870:
865:
858:
853:
851:
841:
834:
828:
821:
816:
810:, p. 86.
809:
804:
798:
792:
790:
788:
786:
777:
773:
766:
758:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:Stirling, Lea
736:
732:
719:
713:
706:
700:
696:
688:
686:
682:
678:
677:Theodosius II
674:
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665:
664:Constantine I
661:
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72:
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43:
38:
32:
27:
22:
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3195:Andronikos V
3193:
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3058:
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3017:
3011:
2924:
2918:
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2885:
2868:
2856:
2839:
2827:
2821:
2808:Nikephoros I
2783:
2782:
2776:
2743:
2740:Justinian II
2735:Tiberius III
2725:Justinian II
2716:
2710:
2693:
2645:
2617:Anastasius I
2608:
2552:
2548:Julius Nepos
2540:
2533:
2521:
2509:
2502:
2490:
2478:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2419:
2414:
2410:Theodosius I
2397:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2327:Maximinus II
2314:
2216:
2199:
2186:
2180:
2168:
2156:
2089:
2051:Lucius Verus
1894:
1888:Roman consul
1886:
1862:Theodosius I
1846:
1840:Roman consul
1838:
1804:
1798:Roman consul
1796:
1762:
1756:Roman consul
1754:
1730:Theodosius I
1722:Theodosius I
1712:
1703:
1681:
1674:
1667:
1650:
1639:
1628:
1615:
1587:
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1470:
1444:
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1431:
1414:
1408:
1401:Bibliography
1387:
1371:
1352:
1346:
1339:Johnson 1991
1322:
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1293:
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832:
827:
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765:
745:
735:
717:
712:
699:
653:
650:Significance
639:
632:
616:
603:
599:
578:
559:
543:
538:Theodosius I
514:Thessalonica
503:
495:
491:Senate House
468:
457:
413:North Africa
386:
355:
320:
307:Thessalonica
291:Theodosius I
277:and empress
272:
267:
264:Roman empire
262:part of the
243:
242:
88:Theodosius I
18:
3254:(1224–1242)
3248:(1204–1461)
3037:Konstantios
2914:Christopher
2887:Constantine
2877:Michael III
2858:Constantine
2841:Constantine
2823:Theophylact
2752:Philippicus
2702:Constans II
2627:Justinian I
2523:Severus III
2471:Constans II
2225:Claudius II
2201:Silbannacus
2148:Gordian III
2123:Maximinus I
2091:Diadumenian
1298:McEvoy 2013
1255:McEvoy 2013
1243:McLynn 1994
1187:McEvoy 2013
1160:McLynn 1994
1145:McEvoy 2013
1121:McEvoy 2013
1079:McEvoy 2013
1064:McEvoy 2013
1052:McLynn 1994
991:McLynn 1994
937:Curran 1998
869:Lenski 2003
857:McEvoy 2013
820:McEvoy 2013
808:Curran 1998
617:consecratio
613:San Lorenzo
609:sarcophagus
365:Sebastianus
208:Valentinian
187:Regnal name
70:Predecessor
37:Aphrodisias
3313:392 deaths
3308:371 births
3302:Categories
3031:Andronikos
3019:Nikephoros
2968:Michael IV
2933:Romanos II
2853:Theophilos
2848:Michael II
2829:Staurakios
2813:Staurakios
2785:Nikephoros
2778:Artabasdos
2690:Heraclonas
2647:Theodosius
2605:Basiliscus
2365:Nepotianus
2358:Magnentius
2352:Constans I
2305:Severus II
2285:Diocletian
2230:Quintillus
2195:Aemilianus
2188:Volusianus
2133:Gordian II
2098:Elagabalus
1961:Principate
1791:Merobaudes
1777:Merobaudes
1684:15 May 392
1376:Croke 1976
1286:Croke 1976
1228:Croke 1976
1133:Croke 1976
1094:Croke 1976
833:Res Gestae
778:. LSA-163.
728:References
660:Diocletian
451:of Milan,
430:Theodosius
426:Adrianople
407:, part of
347:Merobaudes
175:Viennensis
109:, 375–378)
3273:Classical
3258:Empresses
3242:(286–296)
3236:(267–273)
3230:(260–274)
2973:Michael V
2899:Alexander
2712:Heraclius
2680:Heraclius
2632:Justin II
2542:Glycerius
2529:Anthemius
2399:Procopius
2337:Martinian
2316:Maxentius
2245:Florianus
2218:Saloninus
2213:Gallienus
2182:Hostilian
2158:Philip II
2128:Gordian I
2076:Caracalla
2011:Vespasian
2006:Vitellius
1897:Neoterius
1849:Eutropius
1498:213344890
1461:193468287
1002:Rufinus,
979:Epistolae
977:Ambrose,
963:Epistolae
950:Epistolae
948:Ambrose,
596:; AD 388.
508:into the
477:, led by
409:Illyricum
403:), while
136:(384–388)
130:(383–388)
115:(375–383)
95:Co-rulers
80:Successor
3268:Usurpers
3263:Augustae
3221:See also
3126:Nicholas
2948:Basil II
2745:Tiberius
2730:Leontius
2718:Tiberius
2695:Tiberius
2673:610–1453
2668:Eastern/
2622:Justin I
2575:Arcadius
2535:Olybrius
2517:Majorian
2458:Honorius
2437:Eugenius
2372:Vetranio
2322:Licinius
2295:Galerius
2290:Maximian
2275:Dominate
2265:Numerian
2235:Aurelian
2208:Valerian
2153:Philip I
2143:Balbinus
2138:Pupienus
2086:Macrinus
2061:Pertinax
2056:Commodus
2021:Domitian
1986:Claudius
1981:Caligula
1976:Tiberius
1971:Augustus
1881:Promotus
1877:Timasius
1829:Honorius
1815:Ausonius
1749:Equitius
1006:11.15–16
961:Ambrose
835:XXX 10.6
743:(2005).
673:Arcadius
669:Honorius
640:augustus
636:Eugenius
606:porphyry
565:Arbogast
475:senators
458:In 383,
397:Hispania
361:Aquincum
356:augustus
311:Arbogast
270:powers.
268:de facto
234:Religion
122:Arcadius
84:Eugenius
49:(in the
3278:Eastern
3178:Matthew
3072:Alexios
2920:Stephen
2882:Basil I
2767:Leo III
2642:Maurice
2585:Marcian
2568:395–610
2492:Joannes
2451:395–480
2405:Gratian
2278:284–610
2260:Carinus
2240:Tacitus
2116:235–285
2036:Hadrian
1833:Euodius
1787:Gratian
1773:Gratian
1745:Gratian
1718:Gratian
1521:4436217
1423:4435500
628:
574:baptize
554:Pacatus
534:solidus
499:Rufinus
489:in the
453:Ambrose
401:Britain
389:Zosimus
331:Gratian
327:Justina
283:Gratian
279:Justina
260:western
258:in the
228:Justina
203:Dynasty
154:Treveri
113:Gratian
3040:&
3016:&
2923:&
2894:Leo VI
2870:Thekla
2826:&
2793:Leo IV
2715:&
2654:Phocas
2610:Marcus
2595:Leo II
2511:Avitus
2428:Victor
2393:Valens
2383:Jovian
2378:Julian
2250:Probus
2185:&
2165:Decius
2113:Crisis
2031:Trajan
1807:Valens
1765:Valens
1714:Valens
1711:With:
1680:
1595:
1575:
1555:
1536:
1519:
1496:
1486:
1459:
1421:
1359:
753:
718:labrum
550:Vienne
481:, the
449:bishop
446:Nicene
418:Valens
411:, and
399:, and
343:Valens
287:Valens
224:Mother
214:Father
171:Vienne
134:Victor
103:Valens
2836:Leo V
2803:Irene
2590:Leo I
2255:Carus
2026:Nerva
2016:Titus
1996:Galba
1948:Roman
1895:with
1847:with
1805:with
1763:with
1682:Died:
1675:Born:
1517:JSTOR
1494:S2CID
1457:S2CID
1419:JSTOR
952:17–18
691:Notes
584:Death
576:him.
562:Frank
518:Galla
442:Milan
438:Arian
422:Goths
405:Italy
339:Trier
335:Galla
303:Italy
299:Milan
248:Latin
59:Reign
3192:(w.
3175:(w.
3123:(w.
3094:John
3091:(w.
3069:(w.
3057:(w.
3028:(w.
3010:(w.
2911:(w.
2884:(w.
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2081:Geta
2001:Otho
1991:Nero
1950:and
1720:and
1593:ISBN
1573:ISBN
1553:ISBN
1534:ISBN
1484:ISBN
1441:Klio
1357:ISBN
965:57.2
751:ISBN
683:and
626:lit.
506:Alps
471:Rome
464:West
434:East
393:Gaul
367:and
165:Died
148:Born
107:East
86:and
51:West
3013:Leo
2958:Zoe
2204:(?)
1892:390
1844:387
1802:378
1760:376
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1476:doi
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424:at
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1194:^
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