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urban study programs expanded beyond just looking at the current and historical impacts of city design and began studying how those designs impacted the future interactions of people and how to improve city development through architecture, open spaces, the interactions of people, and different types of capital that forms a community.
157:
also became the first sociologists to publish about the immigrant neighbourhoods in
America with suggestions on their future design. Roberts Ezra Park was a student of George Zimmel in Chicago. Other famous scholars that studied segregation, American Ghettos, and impoverished neighbourhoods include
65:
The study of cities has changed dramatically from the 1800s over time, with new frames of analysis being applied to the development of urban areas. The first college programs were created to observe how cities were developed based on anthropological research of ghetto communities. In the mid-1900s,
72:
plays an important role in this field of study because it reveals how cities have developed previously. History plays a large role in determining how cities will change in the future. Such areas change continuously as part of larger processes and create new histories that researchers study on both
98:
have developed, but only to a limited degree. Urban history previously focused mostly on how
European and American cities developed over time, instead of focusing on how non-European cities developed. Additional geographic areas researched in this field include
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because it uses theories from a variety of academic fields and places them within an urban context. A wide variety of academic fields refers to the urban environment as a location studied, such as
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is defined, due to how the roles of cities change. Researchers must be careful in how they describe urban areas, as their work can be manipulated as positive elements for
115:. This is changing as more research is performed in developing economies, leading to more contextual urban and infrastructural development in various parts of the world.
122:
of urban residents in the United States has played an important role in developing this field. One program founded to research
African-American urban residents, the
57:
practitioners of urban planning, it helps with the understanding of human values, development, and the interactions they have with their physical environment.
140:
wrote one of the first books on the
Ghettos of Europe and how they impacted the Jewish children that were descendants of the original residents,
127:
500:
119:
1102:
760:
722:
Huxley, Margo; Loughlin, J. Brian (1985). "The New Urban
Studies Literature: A Review with Special Reference to Australia".
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Brenner, Neil (2003). "Stereotypes, Archetypes, and
Prototypes: Three Uses of Superlatives in Contemporary Urban Studies".
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was the next scholar to write about the
Ghettos, he wrote about them from a sociological perspective. Louis Wirth and
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202:. However, scholars in this field research how specific elements contribute to how the city operates, such as how
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and to support affected communities. More recently, studies related to race and urban life started to focus on
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Overall, three different themes have influenced how researchers have and will continue to study urban areas:
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375:"Engaging Students in Transforming Their Built Environment via Y-PLAN: Lessons from Richmond, California"
211:
624:
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Hersberg, Theodore (1978). "The New Urban
History: Toward an Interdisciplinary History of the City".
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will change. In addition, researchers also study how residents interact within the city, such as how
899:
Forrest, Ray; Williams, Peter (2001). "Housing in the
Twentieth Century". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.).
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Parnell, Susan (1997). "South
African Cities: Perspectives from the Ivory Tower of Urban Studies".
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Normative Analysis: Construct opinions supported by facts to promote better urban planning methods
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20:
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to study how individuals lived in relation to the city and their respective systems as a whole.
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Ramadier, Thierry (2004). "Transdisciplinarity and its challenges: the case of urban studies".
222:, or concentrated disadvantage in urban areas. Urban studies is a major field of study used by
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8:
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Frey, William H.; Zimmer, Zachary (2001). "Defining the City". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.).
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Harris, Richard; Smith, Michael E. (2011). "The History in Urban Studies: A Comment".
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Processes that support spatial structure: Question how the city's structure operates
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Darden, Joe T. (2001). "Race Relations in the City". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.).
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Guide to the University of Chicago Center for Urban Studies Records 1967-1968
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McDowell, Linda M. (2001). "Women, Men, Cities". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.).
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813:. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 110–138.
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Researchers struggle how to define basic terms precisely, such as how a
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Hart, Tom (2001). "Transport and the City". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.).
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633:"A decade of urban history: Ashgate's Historical Urban Studies series"
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Paddison, Ronan (2001). "Studying Cities". In Paddison, Ronan (ed.).
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of cities and regions—it makes up the theory portion of the field of
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978:. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 206–219.
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953:. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 177–193.
928:. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 102–123.
755:. SpringerBriefs in Geography. Springer International Publishing.
610:. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 177–193.
903:. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 88–101.
809:
Geary, Daniel (2015). "Chapter 4: The Death of White Sociology".
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41:. This includes studying the history of city development from an
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Spatial structures: Reflect how the city is physically organized
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Ghetto : the invention of a place, the history of an idea
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The ghetto : contemporary global issues and controversies
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he also wrote two other books about the European Ghettos.
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efforts. Urban studies is a major field of study used by
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University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
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Scholars have also researched how cities outside of the
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426:; Flora, Jan L.; Gasteyer, Stephen P. (2015-08-04).
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373:Deborah McKoy; Jessie Stewart; Shirl Buss (2015).
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1003:. London; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
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776:Allam, Zaheer; Newman, Peter (December 2018).
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811:The Moynihan Report and its Legacy
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1068:"Urban Studies Research Basecamp"
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752:Theology and Urban Sustainability
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45:point of view, to the impact of
16:Field within the social sciences
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257:Index of urban studies articles
126:, was founded in 1959 to study
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430:(5 ed.). Westview Press.
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166:(1944), Kenneth Clark (1965),
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33:is based on the study of the
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502:Encyclopedia of Anthropology
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31:pre-urban planning education
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349:. Routledge. p. 728.
321:. Routledge. p. 728.
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1108:Race in the United States
1001:Handbook of Urban Studies
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951:Handbook of Urban Studies
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607:Handbook of Urban Studies
874:Journal of Urban Affairs
631:Doyle, Barry M. (2009).
568:Journal of Urban History
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347:Encyclopedia of the City
319:Encyclopedia of the City
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262:List of urban theorists
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184:Environmental Studies
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51:community development
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218:differences lead to
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470:. Westview Press.
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