198:: the development of public transportation with a core goal of maximizing the number of urban business, residential, and recreational spaces. Replacing car-oriented infrastructure with public transportation and making pedestrian activity a priority is key to increasing and optimizing urban density.
131:. Urban consolidation policies began to appear in the United States around the same time, with one of the earliest examples being a proposal for the consolidation of railroad lines in Iowa and Minnesota to increase the capacity and efficiency of existing passenger and freight traffic.
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Although urban consolidation policies may have many positive social, economic, and environmental effects, there are limits to the extent of its benefits. Efficiency is a key feature of urban consolidation, but the aspect of infrastructure capacity is often overlooked. As a city's
192:: the price level at which people can purchase or lease houses and apartments while maintaining a sufficient income flow to fulfill basic needs. Urban consolidation policies have been successful at increasing population density through more generally affordable housing.
164:. Open spaces in high-density urban areas often conflict with urban consolidation policies; residents of high-density areas require a significantly higher amount of open space, but this would limit development of consolidation-oriented housing and transportation.
176:: land suspected or known to be contaminated by pollutants from previous industrial and commercial businesses. Urban consolidation policies seek to restore these abandoned spaces into parks and wildlife habitats, sometimes in an effort to make
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literature around the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Much of the existing literature on urban consolidation comes from
Australia; some of the world's first government-official urban consolidation policies were enacted in
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consolidation of existing residential areas involves residential redevelopment of established dwellings as well as non-residential land and buildings at higher densities than the metropolitan average.
160:, and this problem is not always easily solved with transit-oriented development. Drainage systems are severely impacted by higher populations, potentially leading to increased flooding and pollutant
186:: undeveloped and unpolluted land located in a rural or urban area. Urban consolidation aims to develop these areas for retail business, manufacturing, public services, and housing.
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of a given urban area by expanding upward, redeveloping preexisting buildings and lots, and constructing new facilities in available spaces. It is theorized that discouraging
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can have positive impacts, such as increased happiness, decreased stress, and a reduction in maintenance costs. There are broadly three kinds of urban consolidation:
435:
Byrne, Jason; Kendrick, Megan; Sroaf, David (2007-04-01). "The Park Made of Oil: Towards a
Historical Political Ecology of the Kenneth Hahn State Recreation Area".
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Richard H. Zeitlan, "Prairie du Chien: Urban
Consolidation and Decline, 1858-1930," July, 1980, unpublished report for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, p. 8.
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and encouraging further development of housing units in preexisting urban areas will lead to a net gain in social and economic prosperity (e.g. more accessible
148:, a process which can cost hundreds of millions of dollars. Falling under this category of 'capacity' are common features of civilization, such as roads,
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156:. Roads in areas with urban consolidation policies are often overburdened with increased intercity traffic in addition to the preexisting suburban
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Byrne, Jason; Sipe, Neil (March 2010). "Green and open space planning for urban consolidation – A review of the literature and best practice".
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in the late 19th century. Throughout the 20th century, implementation of urban consolidation policies appears to come in 'waves', separated by
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Yates, Judith (2001-12-01). "The rhetoric and reality of housing choice: The role of urban consolidation".
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The perils of urban consolidation : a discussion of
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Shaw, B. J.; Houghton, D. S. (1991-06-01). "Urban
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Baird, Marian (2001-05-01). "Greenfield sites: Purpose, potential and pitfalls".
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The term "urban consolidation" first appears in social science and
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involves high-density residential and mixed-use buildings within
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Searle, Glen (2004-01-01). "The limits to urban consolidation".
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precincts around public transport nodes, often referred to as
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39:. Urban consolidation seeks to increase the
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214:Automobile dependency
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