Urban green space - Knowledge

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for vulnerable populations, such as children, during periods of increased temperature, during the summer months or during a heat wave. Tree cover prevents some solar radiation from reaching the ground with its leaves and branches. This reduces the effect of surface urban heat islands. Open spaces that include any type of vegetation help offset the high temperatures through the natural process of evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration releases water into the air therefore dissipating heat. There are many elements of an urban open space that can contribute to the mitigation of urban heat islands including the type of open space (park or nature reserve), type of plant species, and the density of vegetation. Green spaces contribute to the reduction of local heat, decreasing the overall effect of UHIs. The larger the distribution of green spaces, the bigger the area of heat reduction. Green spaces that are clustered together will have an additive heat reduction resulting in a greater decrease in temperature in the local area compared to surrounding areas.

493:, UHIs. Urban heat islands are areas with man-made infrastructure that contribute to the increased temperatures. The average temperature during the day in cities can be 18-27 degrees Fahrenheit higher than in the surrounding rural regions. This is an example of one type of UHI, surface heat islands. Surface heat islands encompass the area from the ground to the top of the tree-line. It is usually higher during the day when direct sunlight reaches urban structures (often with darker materials than natural areas) including the main contributor, pavement. The other type of UHI, atmospheric heat islands, are from above the tree-line to the level in the atmosphere where the urban area no longer has an effect. This type of heat island has increased heat at night due to the release of heat from infrastructure that built up throughout the day. 399:. All are factors which contribute to the risks of chronic disease and mental illness. Individuals and families who lived closer to ‘formal’ parks or open space were more likely to achieve the recommended amounts of physical activity. Better respiratory health is associated with cleaner air quality. Cleaner air quality affects rates of chronic disease in populations exposed. “High concentrations of ambient particles can trigger the onset of acute myocardial infarction and increase hospitalization for cardiovascular disease”. Besides an association with lower BMI/obesity rates, this physical activity can increase lung function and be a protective factor against respiratory disease. Exposure to nature improves the 366:

to positive attitudes and social norms that encourage walking and community values. Properties near urban open space tend to have a higher value. One study was able to demonstrate that, "a pleasant view can lead to a considerable increase in house price, particularly if the house overlooks water (8–10%) or open space (6–12%)." Certain benefits may be derived from exposure to virtual versions of the natural environment, too. For example, people who were shown pictures of scenic, natural environments had increased brain activity in the region associated with recalling happy memories, compared to people that were shown pictures of urban landscapes.

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epidemiological study. concluded that wealthier individuals were generally healthier than individuals with a lower income, explained by the pattern that wealthier individuals reside in areas more concentrated with green space. Urban open spaces in higher socioeconomic neighborhoods were also more likely to have trees that provided shade, a water feature (e.g. pond, lake and creek), walking and cycling paths, lighting, signage regarding dog access and signage restricting other activities as well. This difference in access has been proven, however, further study is needed to evaluate the exact health impacts.

78: 303: 809:. These initiatives can heal many environmental ills from industrialization and beautify urban landscapes. Additionally, greening is imperative for reaching a sustainable future. However, if accompanied by gentrification, these initiatives can have an ambiguous social impact. For example, if the low income households are displaced or forced to pay higher housing costs. First coined by Sieg et al. (2004), environmental gentrification is a relatively new concept, although it can be considered as a new hybrid of the older and wider topics of gentrification and 135: 555:

spaces or having high exposure to greenness and illness such as allergies, rhinitis, and eye and nose symptoms. Higher exposure to tree canopy and pollen was associated with a high risk of prevalence rhinitis, allergic sensitization, wheezing, and asthma among children 7 years-old. More studies are needed to explain the effect of urban green spaces on children relating to air quality. These studies should take into consideration the interconnectedness of tree species, geographic areas, temperature, and other pollutant-like traffic.

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urban green space have been found to be more active than children who lack access. The access to green spaces has shown an association with recreational walking, increased physical activity, and reduced sedentary time in all ages. In coordination, it has been seen that higher residential green space is associated with lower BMI scores. If children are given the opportunity to be active and maintain a healthy BMI in their adolescent years, they are less likely to be obese as adults.

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mostly within the framework of geometric abstractions." Such segmentation was especially prominent in the 1990s, when urban open spaces took a path similar to that of parks, following the modernization trend of segmentation and specialization of areas. As modernity stressed "increased efficiency, quantifiability, predictability, and control… In concert with the additional social divisions", open spaces grew more specific in purpose. Perhaps this increase in division of

590: 383:. Perceived general health is higher in populations with a higher percentage of green space in their environments. Urban open space access has also been directly related to reductions in the prevalence and severity of chronic diseases resulting from sedentary lifestyles, to improvements in mental well-being, and to reductions in population-wide health impacts from climate change. 543:, and CO. As air pollutants accumulate in the atmosphere, vulnerable populations, such as children, may suffer from increased incidences of respiratory disease. Particulate matter or particle pollution with a diameter of 10 microns (PM10) or 2.5 microns (PM2.5) is associated with heart diseases and respiratory diseases including lung cancer. 578:

important interactions with nature, animals, and peers have been positively influential in child development and reduction in behavioral issues such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Urban green spaces allow children to expel their extra energy and improve their ability to focus when needed both at school and home.

241:"Open space is land and/or water area with its surface open to the sky, consciously acquired or publicly regulated to serve conservation and urban shaping function in addition to providing recreational opportunities." In almost all instances, the space referred to by the term is, in fact, green space, focused on natural areas. 440:

adverse cardiovascular events and lower all-cause mortality. Relationships have been found between increased access to green space, improved rates of physical activity, and reduced BMI. The percentage of sedentary and moderately active persons making use of an urban park increased when access to the park was improved.

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Children exposed to urban green spaces have the opportunity to expend energy by interacting with their environment and other people through exercise. One study has shown that without access to urban green spaces, some children have problems with hyperactivity, peer interactions, and good conduct. The

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These spaces are part of "public space" broadly construed, which include meeting or gathering places that exist outside the home and workplace, and which foster resident interaction and opportunities for contact and proximity. This definition implies a higher level of community interaction and places

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as well as open space in the countryside, are not considered urban open space. Streets, piazzas, plazas and urban squares are not always defined as urban open space in land use planning. Urban green spaces have wide reaching positive impacts on the health of individuals and communities near the green

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In addition to behavioral problems, and likely connected, access to urban green space has been proven to be helpful for cognitive development. With urban green space giving children the opportunity to get outside and expend energy, children are more focused in school and have a better working memory

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Green spaces within urban areas can help reduce these increased temperatures through shading and evapotranspiration. Shading comes from the taller plants, such as trees, planted in green spaces that can contribute to lowering the surface heat island effect. The shade provides protection from the sun

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of urban open spaces is self-evident. People enjoy viewing nature, especially when it is otherwise extensively deprived, as is the case in urban environments. Therefore, open space offers the value of "substituting gray infrastructure." One researcher states how attractive neighborhoods contribute

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Kruize, Hanneke; van der Vliet, Nina; Staatsen, Brigit; Bell, Ruth; Chiabai, Aline; Muiños, Gabriel; Higgins, Sahran; Quiroga, Sonia; Martinez-Juarez, Pablo; Aberg Yngwe, Monica; Tsichlas, Fotis; Karnaki, Pania; Lima, Maria Luísa; García de Jalón, Silvestre; Khan, Matluba; Morris, George; Stegeman,

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in Rome valued the natural landscape and took account for environmental factors. It was thought that by building a city with regard to the local countryside, the people living there would be healthier and happier. English landscapes would later take inspiration from Roman urban planning concepts in

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The adolescent years are extremely important for children due to it being a time of growth, development, and instillation of habits. When children are given the opportunity to be active, they typically take advantage of it. Children with a greater access to parks and recreational facilities through

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Globally, particulate matter has increased over 28% in indoor air and 35% in outdoor air. Children spend most of their time at school, around 10 hours daily, and the indoor and outdoor air has a large impact on their health. Schools located in urban areas have higher particulate matter than schools

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with regard to the distribution of (access) to public green space. The parks that do exist in minority neighborhoods are often small (with lower acreage per person than parks in majority ethnicity neighborhoods), not well maintained, unsafe, or are otherwise ill-suited for community needs. A large

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Green space access is related to health inequality for minority populations. Neighborhoods with higher percentages of minority residents often have lower access to open space and parks as the result of past red-lining policies and current inequities in funding priorities. Urban open space is

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Segmentation of urban open spaces was particularly prominent in America during the twentieth century. Since the late 1800s romantic park systems, open space designers have been concerned with guiding, containing or separating urban growth, distributing recreation, and/or producing scenic amenity,

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Adequate urban green space access can be associated with better respiratory health outcomes, as long as green space areas meet certain requirements. A new study showed that mortality due to pneumonia and chronic lower respiratory diseases could be reduced by minimizing fragmentation of green

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When doing research, some experts use "urban open space" to describe a broader range of open areas. One definition holds that, "As the counterpart of development, urban open space is a natural and cultural resource, synonymous with neither 'unused land' nor 'park and recreation areas'." Another is

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in the nineteenth century. This was done in response to the extensive and unexpected population movement from the country into cities. As a result, "the need for open space was socially and politically pressing… The problems, to which the provision of parks was expected to offer some relief, were

664:. Though they were intended to be open to the public, these spaces began to be re-designated as private parks around the late eighteenth century. It was during this period that the areas became pockets of green in the urban environment, commonly modelled after the natural wild of the countryside. 1795:

Yeager, Ray; Riggs, Daniel W.; DeJarnett, Natasha; Tollerud, David J.; Wilson, Jeffrey; Conklin, Daniel J.; O'Toole, Timothy E.; McCracken, James; Lorkiewicz, Pawel; Xie, Zhengzhi; Zafar, Nagma; Krishnasamy, Sathya S.; Srivastava, Sanjay; Finch, Jordan; Keith, Rachel J.; DeFilippis, Andrew; Rai,

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A study conducted in Australia provided insight into how there is a correlation between community development/community safety and natural open space within the community. Open areas allow community members to engage in highly social activities and facilitate the expansion of social networks and

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treatment counts in the community. Improved mental health may therefore be related to both measures - to distance from open space and proportion of open space within a neighborhood. Even when physical activity rates are not shown to increase with greater access to green space, greater access to

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are associated with access to green space, showing a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk in populations living within 1 km of green space. Not only does access to urban green space reduce risk of cardiovascular disease, but increased access has been shown to improve recovery from major

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Another facet of urban green space improving mental health is giving children access to a community. Recreational activities and playing at the park gives children opportunities to interact with other children and develop a social circle and social skills in general. Children with a good social

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There are two different ways that green spaces can reduce the pollution of particulate matter including preventing distribution of particulate from pollutants or by reducing the particulate matter from traveling to other places. There is a disagreement about the association of living near green

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in urban open space may include active recreation (such as organized sports and individual exercise) or passive recreation. Research shows that when open spaces are attractive and accessible, people are more likely to engage in physical activity. Time spent in an urban open space for recreation

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friendship development. As people become more social they decrease the perceptions of fear and mistrust allowing a sense of community bondage. Distant or lack of adequate green space, therefore, may contribute to higher rates of inactivity and greater health effects among minority populations.

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The benefits that urban open space provides to citizens can be broken into four basic forms; recreation, ecology, aesthetic value, and positive health impacts. Psychological research shows that benefits gained by visitors to urban green spaces increased with their biodiversity, indicating that

455:, limited access to green space and poor quality of green spaces available may contribute to poor mental health outcomes. The distance an individual lives from a green space or park and the proportion of land designated as open space/parks has been shown to be inversely related to anxiety/ 353:'s footsteps when he isolated himself in the Adirondack Mountains in order to get away from society and the overwhelming ideals it carries. Even there he writes how society and human impact follows him as he sees airplanes buzzing overhead or hears the roar of motorboats in the distance. 793:, ecological or green gentrification is a process in which cleaning up pollution or providing green amenities increases local property values and attracts wealthier residents to a previously polluted or disenfranchised neighbourhood. Green amenities include green spaces, 330:" – is important. As humans live more and more in man-made surroundings – i.e., cities – he risks harming himself by building and acting in ignorance of natural processes." Beyond this man-nature benefit, urban open spaces also serve as islands of nature, promoting 2292:

Lovasi, Gina S.; O’Neil-Dunne, Jarlath P.M.; Lu, Jacqueline W.T.; Sheehan, Daniel; Perzanowski, Matthew S.; MacFaden, Sean W.; King, Kristen L.; Matte, Thomas; Miller, Rachel L.; Hoepner, Lori A.; Perera, Frederica P.; Rundle, Andrew (April 2013).

2702:. Theory and Practice of Urban Sustainability Transitions (Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas ed.). Effects of urban green space on environmental health, equity, and resilience: Springer. pp. 187–205. 469:

spaces and increasing the largest patch percentage of green space. Vegetation type (trees, shrubs and herbaceous layers) and lack of management (pruning, irrigation and fertilization) has been shown to affect a higher capacity to provide the

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Urban areas have greatly expanded, resulting in over half of the world's population being located in urban locations. As the population continues to grow, this number is predicted to be at two-thirds of people living in urban areas by 2050.

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Crawford, David; Timperio, Anna; Giles-Corti, Billie; Ball, Kylie; Hume, Clare; Roberts, Rebecca; Andrianopoulos, Nick; Salmon, Jo (December 2008). "Do features of public open spaces vary according to neighbourhood socio-economic status?".

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considers urban green spaces as important to human health. These areas have a positive impact on mental and physical health. Urban open spaces often include trees or other shrubbery that contribute to moderating temperatures and decreasing

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Maes, Mikaël J. A.; Pirani, Monica; Booth, Elizabeth R.; Shen, Chen; Milligan, Ben; Jones, Kate E.; Toledano, Mireille B. (19 July 2021). "Benefit of woodland and other natural environments for adolescents' cognition and mental health".

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Dadvand, Payam; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark; Esnaola, Mikel; Basagana, Xavier; Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar; Rivas, Ioar; Lopez-Vincente, Monica; Pascual, Montserrat De Castro; Su, Jason; Jerrett, Michael; Querol, Xavier; Sunyer, Jordi (June 2015).

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Tischer, C.; Gascon, M.; Fernandez-Somoano, A.; Tardon, A.; Lertxundi Materola, A.; Ibarluzea, J.; Ferrero, A.; Cirach, M.; Vrijheid, M.; Fuertes, E.; Dalmau-Buena, A.; Nieuwenhuijsen, M.; Anto, J.; Sunyer, J.; Dadvand, P. (Jun 2017).

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policies are important for revitalizing communities, reducing financial burdens of healthcare and increasing quality of life. Most policies focus on community benefits, and reducing negative effects of urban development, such as

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Astell-Burt, Thomas; Feng, Xiaoqi; Kolt, Gregory S. (November 2013). "Mental health benefits of neighbourhood green space are stronger among physically active adults in middle-to-older age: Evidence from 260,061 Australians".

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network feel socially included, promoting more confidence and well-being in their everyday lives. Overall, the bonding experiences that result from urban green spaces tie in with a child's cognitive and social development.

701:' use of open space, demonstrated by the segmentation of the spaces, displays a situation similar to the privatization of London parks in the eighteenth century, which displayed a desire to make classes more distinct. 2519:"Children environmental exposure to particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and biomonitoring in school environments: A review on indoor and outdoor exposure levels, major sources, and health impacts" 233:

People living in cities and towns generally have weaker mental health in comparison to people living in less crowded areas. Urban green spaces are pieces of nature in the cities designed to try to solve the problem.

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The basis for many urban open spaces seen today across Europe and the West began its process of development in London in the 17th and 18th centuries. What would eventually become urban open green space began as

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Hartig, Terry. "Three steps to understanding restorative environments as health resources." Open Space People Space. Ed. Catharine Ward Thompson and Penny Travlou. London: Taylor and Francis, 2007.

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Giovagnorio, Ilaria; Usai, Daniela; Palmas, Alessandro; Chiri, Giovanni Marco (July 2017). "The environmental elements of foundations in Roman cities: A theory of the architect Gaetano Vinaccia".

286:. Studies done on physically active adults middle aged and older show there are amplified benefits when the physical activities are coupled with green space environments. Such coupling leads to 2230:

Vieira, Joana; Matos, Paula; Mexia, Teresa; Silva, Patrícia; Lopes, Nuno; Freitas, Catarina; Correia, Otília; Santos-Reis, Margarida; Branquinho, Cristina; Pinho, Pedro (January 2018).

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has been a major taboo and concern in the current fast-paced world in which time to relax is undervalued. Globally, mental illness is linked to eight million deaths each year. In

813:. Social implications of greening projects specifically with regards to housing affordability and displacement of vulnerable citizens. Greening in cities can be both healthy and just. 547:

in rural areas. Compared with children in schools located in rural areas, children who attend schools located in industrial areas and urban cities have higher levels of urinary PAHs (

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Braubach, Matthias; Egorov, Andrey; Mudu, Pierpaolo; Thompson, Catharine; Martuzzi, Marco (Sep 2017). "Effects of Urban Green Space on Environmental Health, Equity and Resilience".

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Schantz P. 2022. Can nature really affect our health? A short review of studies. I: Why Cities Need Large Parks – Large Parks in Large Cities, (ed. R. Murray), London: Routledge

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Sieg, Holger; Smith, V. Kerry; Banzhaf, H. Spencer; Walsh, Randall (2004). "Estimating the general equilibrium benefits of large changes in spatially delineated public goods".

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Roberts, William H. "Design of Metropolitan Open Space Based on Natural Process." Metropolitan Open Space and Natural Process. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1970.

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Rigolon, Alessandro; Németh, Jeremy (25 July 2018). "What Shapes Uneven Access to Urban Amenities? Thick Injustice and the Legacy of Racial Discrimination in Denver's Parks".

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Vert, Cristina; Carrasco-Turigas, Glòria; Zijlema, Wilma; Espinosa, Ana; Cano-Riu, Lia; Elliott, Lewis R.; Litt, Jill; Nieuwenhuijsen, Mark J.; Gascon, Mireia (October 2019).

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within green urban spaces. The types of plants and shrubs are important because areas with large tree canopies can actually contribute to asthma and allergic sensitization.

3500:"Green gentrification vulnerability index (GGVI): A novel approach for identifying at-risk communities and promoting environmental justice at the census-tract level" 2401:

Zhanga, Yujia; Murray, Alan; Turner, B (Sep 2017). "Optimizing green space locations to reduce daytime and nighttime urban heat island effects in Phoenix, Arizona".

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Nutsford, D.; Pearson, A.L.; Kingham, S. (November 2013). "An ecological study investigating the association between access to urban green space and mental health".

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has a long history of urban open space, which has significantly influenced development of modern parks, and is still among the greenest capital cities in the world.

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effect. Historically, access to green space has favored wealthier, and more privileged communities, thus recent focus in urban greening has increasingly focused on

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Gehl, Jan. "Public Spaces for a Changing Public Life." Open Space People Space. Ed. Catharine Ward Thompson and Penny Travlou. London: Taylor and Francis, 2007.

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saw a proliferation of urban open spaces and began adopting a lifestyle supported by the extra urban breathing room. An example of this can be seen in

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data collected on cities with and without urban green space has shown that areas with an abundance of trees have considerably less air pollutants, i.e.

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Kim, Gwang-Won; Jeong, Gwang-Woo; Kim, Tae-Hoon; Baek, Han-Su; Oh, Seok-Kyun; Kang, Heoung-Keun; Lee, Sam-Gyu; Kim, Yoon Soo; Song, Jin-Kyu (2010).

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Alumai, Alfred. "Urban Lawn Management: Addressing the Entomological, Agronomic, Economic, and Social Drivers." PhD., Ohio State University, 2008.

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where an area closed to car traffic in 1962 developed, in just a few decades, a culture of public political gatherings and outdoor cafes emerged.

3784: 81: 3588:"Models and Methods for Quantifying the Environmental, Economic, and Social Benefits and Challenges of Green Infrastructure: A Critical Review" 3183:"Emerging from the Wilderness: (or, From Redwoods to Bananas): Recent Environmental History in the United States and the Rest of the Americas" 1199:

Francis, Jacinta; Giles-Corti, Billie; Wood, Lisa; Knuiman, Matthew (December 2012). "Creating sense of community: The role of public space".

2006: 765:, more people face the prospect of living in less green residential environments, especially people from low economic strata. This may cause 326:

makes the claim that "popular awareness of the balance of nature, of natural processes and of man's place in and effect on nature – i.e., "

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Rizwan, Ahmed Memon; Dennis, Leung; Liu, Chunho (2008). "A Review on the Generation, Determination, and Mitigation of Urban Heat Island".

2086: 1673: 2232:"Green spaces are not all the same for the provision of air purification and climate regulation services: The case of urban parks" 237:

Most research on the topic focus on urban green spaces. The WHO defined this as "all urban land covered by vegation of any kind".

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By having the opportunity to be within an urban green space, people gain a higher appreciation for the nature around them. As

2715: 1112: 2793:"Advancing sustainability through urban green space: cultural ecosystem services, equity, and social determinants of health" 1477:

Eysenbach, Mary. "Park System Function and Services." From Recreation to Re-creation. American Planning Association, 2008.

2295:"Urban Tree Canopy and Asthma, Wheeze, Rhinitis, and Allergic Sensitization to Tree Pollen in a New York City Birth Cohort" 957: 322:

in an urban environment has direct impact on people for another reason as well. A Toronto civic affairs bulletin entitled

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Lawrence, Henry W. (March 1993). "The Greening of the Squares of London: Transformation of Urban landscapes and Ideals".

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concerns, and community engagement in the greening process. In particular, in cities with economic decline, such as the

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are green spaces, but occasionally include other kinds of open areas. The landscape of urban open spaces can range from

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Rigolon, Alessandro (September 2016). "A complex landscape of inequity in access to urban parks: A literature review".

1568:"Functional Neuroanatomy Associated with Natural and Urban Scenic Views in the Human Brain: 3.0T Functional MR Imaging" 892: 1391:

Berman, Marc G.; Jonides, John; Kaplan, Stephen (December 2008). "The Cognitive Benefits of Interacting With Nature".

3127: 1899:"The Hamilton Study: Distribution of Factors Confounding the Relationship between Air Quality and Respiratory Health" 1531:

Luttik, Joke (May 2000). "The value of trees, water and open space as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands".

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Groenewegen, Peter P.; van den Berg, Agnes E.; Maas, Jolanda; Verheij, Robert A.; de Vries, Sjerp (September 2012).

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Maas, Jolanda; Verheij, Robert A.; Groenewegen, Peter P.; Vries, Sjerp de; Spreeuwenberg, Peter (1 July 2006).

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in the Earth's atmosphere and trees play an essential role in removing human-made pollutants from the air, aka

1516: 3629:"Assessing and predicting green gentrification susceptibility using an integrated machine learning approach" 1987: 790: 784: 3774: 2930: 2175:"Mediation pathways and effects of green structures on respiratory mortality via reducing air pollution" 744:

At the beginning of the 21st century, studies began to show that living in areas near water (known as "

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The first parks to reverse the trend of privatization and again be opened to the public were England's

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Dooling, Sarah (2009). "Ecological gentrification: A research agenda exploring justice in the city".

3365:"Effect of exposure to natural environment on health inequalities: an observational population study" 681: 672:

easy to describe: overcrowding, poverty, squalor, ill-health, lack of morals and morale, and so on".

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https://www.nimh.nih.gov/about/directors/thomas-insel/blog/2015/mortality-and-mental-disorders.shtml

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Pengelly, L. David; Kerigan, Anthony T.; Goldsmith, Charles H.; Inman, Elizabeth M. (8 March 2012).

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The term "rus in urbe" meaning "country in the city" was used in Rome around the first century C.E.

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The Belt and Road City: Geopolitics, Urbanization, and China's Search for a New International Order

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Generally considered open to the public, urban green spaces are sometimes privately owned, such as

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Myers, Marilyn (1975). "Decision Making in Allocating Metropolitan Open Space: State of the Art".

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Wen, Ming; Zhang, Xingyou; Harris, Carmen D.; Holt, James B.; Croft, Janet B. (19 January 2013).

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but not grassland is associated with improved cognitive development and risks of mental problems

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Urban areas tend to have higher temperatures than their surrounding undeveloped areas because of

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Access to urban open space encourages physical activity and reduces ambient air pollution, heat,

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and providing a home for natural species in environments that are otherwise uninhabitable due to

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Groenewegen, Peter P; van den Berg, Agnes E; de Vries, Sjerp; Verheij, Robert A (7 June 2006).

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Ward Thompson, Catharine (March 2011). "Linking landscape and health: The recurring theme".

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Kloog, I (Apr 2019). "Air pollution, ambient temperature, green space, and preterm birth".

2410: 2354: 2243: 2186: 2044: 1540: 883: – Area of naturally occurring land set aside for visitor enjoyment and other purposes 854: 319: 302: 266: 53: 8: 919: 726: 350: 349:, people will only truly understand nature if they are immersed within it. He follows in 186: 3729: 3341: 3003: 2968: 2882: 2749: 2653: 2534: 2414: 2358: 2247: 2190: 2048: 1955: 1749:

Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada: Research, Policy and Practice

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Urban open space is often appreciated for the recreational opportunities it provides.

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and other "green spaces", including plant life, water features - also referred to as

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harm green spaces. Contrarywise, one of the conditions for good urban open space is

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Fuller, R.A.; Irvine, K.N.; Devine-Wright, P.; Warren, P.H.; Gaston, K.J. (2007).

1026: 999: 3804: 3738: 3515: 3182: 2707: 2543: 2518: 2487: 2256: 2231: 2151: 715: 362: 254:'green' alone is not sufficient; the quality of that green is important as well. 221:

in the United States, urban greening has broad community revitalization impacts.

189:, and institutional or corporate grounds. Areas outside city boundaries, such as 111: 3628: 3027:"What Is London's National Park City Status And Which Other Cities Will Follow?" 2598: 2581: 1507: 1456: 1212: 748:") considerably improved physical and mental health, increasing life longevity. 3499: 3071:

Taylor, Hilary A. (1995). "Urban Public Parks, 1840-1900: Design and Meaning".

2890: 2112: 1295: 988:. UN City, Denmark: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. 2017. 925: 839: – Largely undeveloped, wild, or agricultural land surrounding urban areas 806: 623: 448: 206: 139: 115: 3466: 3451:"Spatial Disparities in the Distribution of Parks and Green Spaces in the USA" 2976: 1583: 889: – Microscopic solid or liquid matter suspended in the Earth's atmosphere 3768: 3648: 3613: 3523: 3255: 3198: 3162:

Young, Terence. "Modern Urban Parks." Geographical Review 1995. Pp 535–551

2908: 1711: 931: 913: 762: 533: 506: 456: 400: 392: 380: 342: 194: 171: 3554: 3552: 3295: 3279:"Vitamin G: effects of green space on health, well-being, and social safety" 2758: 2637: 1940:"Air pollution and chronic airway diseases: what should people know and do?" 1813: 1635:"The Impact of Green Areas on Mitigating Urban Heat Island Effect: A Review" 3757: 3484: 3435: 3391: 3364: 3314: 3137: 2899: 2828: 2809: 2777: 2617: 2608: 2562: 2495: 2384: 2328: 2275: 2216: 2135: 2120: 1973: 1883: 1831: 1798:"Association Between Residential Greenness and Cardiovascular Disease Risk" 1778: 1760: 1729: 1601: 1464: 1420: 1368: 1349: 1314: 1261: 1243: 1094: 1075: 907: 886: 758: 698: 602: 460:

green space has been shown to decrease stress and improve social cohesion.

412: 331: 245:

a focus on public involvement rather than public ownership or stewardship.

2582:"Urban green and grey space in relation to respiratory health in children" 2553: 2431: 2375: 1924: 1412: 262: 35: 3712:"Open Space Loss and Land Inequality in United States' Cities, 1990–2000" 3549: 2266: 860: 842: 705: 518: 3221: 3119: 2310: 3604: 3587: 3092: 2670: 2517:

Oliveria, M.; Slezakova, K.; Delerue-Matos, C.; Morais, S. (Mar 2019).

2067: 1281: 1158: 866: 836: 830: 824: 798: 745: 709: 452: 278: 270: 190: 163: 3655: 3276: 2198: 1790: 1788: 126:. It is the largest open space available in any of the city limits in 2007:"Exposure to forest floor enhances young immune systems, study finds" 734: 730: 718: 589: 444:

Reductions in mental illness rates and improvement of social cohesion

436: 218: 3084: 2730: 2578: 2516: 1150: 3716: 2136:"Is a Green Residential Environment Better for Health? If So, Why?" 2030: 1785: 848: 598: 415:, exposes it to many microorganisms which boost the immune system. 2734:"Green spaces and cognitive development in primary schoolchildren" 2700:

Nature-Based Solutions to Climate Change Adaptation in Urban Areas

2133: 1489:"Activity, exercise and the planning and design of outdoor spaces" 1228:"Psychological benefits of green-space increase with biodiversity" 2797:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

1745:"Commentary - Climate change, health and green space co-benefits" 1336:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

1063:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

435:, and improved respiratory health. Lower rates of cardiovascular 432: 134: 104: 3586:

Jezzini, Yasser; Assaf, Ghiwa; Assaad, Rayan H. (January 2023).

1848:

Coombes, Emma; Jones, Andrew P.; Hillsdon, Melvyn (March 2010).

1696:"Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation?" 684:'s Climate Change Special Plan emphasizes ecologically-oriented 423:

Improved access to green space is associated with reductions in

294:

as well as increase the frequency of participation in exercise.

3412: 1327: 1225: 845: – Railway trackbed planted with grass or other vegetation 802: 722: 653: 517:. In urban green spaces, trees filter out man-made pollutants. 386: 182: 127: 119: 833: – Human settlement closely modeled on natural ecosystems 282:

offers a reprieve from the urban environment and a break from

103:. At the same time, it is also the largest and oldest park in 1896: 1796:

Shesh N.; Liu, Gilbert; Bhatnagar, Aruni (18 December 2018).

1275:

Jabbar, Muhammad; Yusoff, Mariney Mohd; Shafie, Aziz (2022).

1198: 863: – Long strip of naturally occurring land for recreation 661: 522: 123: 96: 2173:

Shen, Yu-Sheng; Lung, Shih-Chun Candice (23 February 2017).

1794: 2291: 1693: 910: – Collection of trees within a city, town or a suburb 880: 794: 408: 404: 159: 2954: 2697: 2636:

Wolch, Jennifer; Byrne, Jason; Newell, Joshua (May 2014).

1639:

The International Journal of Environmental Sustainability

1113:"This is how urban 'blue spaces' can improve our health" 3710:

McDonald, R. I.; Forman, R. T. T.; Kareiva, P. (2010).

1674:"Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies" 1111:

Georgiou, Michail; Chastin, Sebastien (18 March 2021).

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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

857: – Shared-use path or linear park with vegetation 2098: 869: – Railroad bed converted to a recreational trail 418: 142:, U.S., an example of privately owned urban open space 3709: 3661: 2229: 1843: 1841: 1194: 1192: 3561:

International Journal of Urban and Regional Research

1847: 1471: 2867: 1441: 1390: 3585: 3448: 3363:Mitchell, Richard; Popham, Frank (November 2008). 2400: 1838: 1274: 1189: 1059:"Urban Green Space and Its Impact on Human Health" 688:, including through the use of urban green rings. 3627:Assaad, Rayan H.; Jezzini, Yasser (14 May 2024). 3099: 3046:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 2790: 2140:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 1517:20.500.11820/5d8e3904-d95b-4026-8679-64841e986979 916: – Vacant urban land reverted to green space 551:) metabolites, which is linked to air pollution. 3766: 3537:Banzhaf, H. Spencer; McCormick, Eleanor (2006). 3536: 3498:Assaad, Rayan H.; Jezzini, Yasser (1 May 2024). 2635: 1938:Jiang, Xu-Qin; Mei, Xiao-Dong; Feng, Di (2016). 1903:Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association 463: 306:Blackstone Park Conservation District, an urban 174:to highly maintained environments to relatively 166:- and other kinds of natural environment. Most 2738:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2344: 1565: 1110: 940: – Connecting wild territories for animals 922: – Planting of trees in urban environments 558: 484: 3362: 2791:Jennings, V.; Larson, L.; Yun, J. (Feb 2016). 1988:"Physical Activity and Respiratory Conditions" 1700:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 827: – Areas dominated by surface waterbodies 3626: 3497: 3241: 2989: 2693: 2691: 2689: 1486: 1139:Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 807:green and energy efficient building materials 761:, combined with a spatial planning policy of 563: 3158: 3156: 1937: 1173:"Terminology of Urban Open and Green Spaces" 934: – Common open area within a settlement 387:Mechanism of urban open space health effects 3105: 2451:"The Effects of Urban Trees on Air Quality" 2340: 2338: 1619: 597:A 2021 study found that higher exposure to 572: 228: 3244:Journal of Planning Education and Research 3205: 2686: 2574: 2572: 2444: 2442: 2396: 2394: 1027:"Ep. 51: Urban Greening with Sandra Albro" 3747: 3737: 3675: 3603: 3474: 3304: 3294: 3153: 2898: 2818: 2808: 2767: 2757: 2669: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2607: 2597: 2552: 2542: 2430: 2374: 2318: 2287: 2285: 2265: 2255: 2206: 2066: 2056: 1963: 1914: 1873: 1821: 1802:Journal of the American Heart Association 1768: 1719: 1632: 1591: 1515: 1358: 1348: 1304: 1294: 1251: 1084: 1074: 928: – Intensity of use of an urban area 757:under strong pressure. Due to increasing 500: 3043: 2469: 2467: 2335: 2172: 1742: 640: 588: 513:(PM). Trees produce oxygen and absorb CO 301: 261: 133: 110: 76: 3558: 3327: 2931:"A brief history of urban green spaces" 2569: 2439: 2391: 1052: 1050: 1048: 1046: 777: 27:Green area planned in an urban location 14: 3785:Urban studies and planning terminology 3767: 3180: 3070: 2624: 2282: 2004: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1530: 1487:Ward Thompson, Catharine (June 2013). 1219: 1117:World Economic Forum, The Conversation 986:Urban green spaces: a brief for action 95:) is a large urban open space area in 2473: 2464: 1136: 1106: 1104: 1056: 403:. The contact of the human body with 324:Urban Open Space: Luxury or Necessity 2841: 1681:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1043: 1021: 1019: 980: 978: 976: 187:neighborhood/community parks/gardens 29: 2005:Dunphy, Siobhán (27 October 2020). 1956:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2015.11.50 1657: 1651:10.18848/2325-1077/CGP/v09i01/55081 1496:Journal of Environmental Psychology 1201:Journal of Environmental Psychology 419:Reductions in chronic disease rates 369: 24: 3703: 3106:Curtis, Simon; Klaus, Ian (2024). 3058:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1993.tb01924.x 3024: 2983: 2948: 2923: 2085:. Retrieved October 15, 2019 from 1101: 893:Principles of Intelligent Urbanism 25: 3816: 3428:10.1016/j.healthplace.2007.11.002 3350:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2016.05.017 3012:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2010.10.006 2662:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017 2448: 2423:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.04.009 2347:Journal of Environmental Sciences 2299:Environmental Health Perspectives 2058:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103611 1743:Kingsley, Marianne (April 2019). 1016: 973: 704:In the 20th century, places like 691: 3686:10.1111/j.0020-6598.2004.00297.x 3573:10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00860.x 2586:The European Respiratory Journal 1633:Shishegar, Nastaran (Jan 2013). 1405:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x 895: – Theory of urban planning 783:This section is an excerpt from 682:Fourteenth Five-Year Plan's plan 549:polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 34: 3620: 3579: 3491: 3442: 3406: 3356: 3321: 3270: 3235: 3214: 3174: 3165: 3144: 3064: 3037: 3018: 2861: 2835: 2784: 2724: 2510: 2223: 2166: 2127: 2092: 2081:Insel, T. (2015, February 24). 2075: 2024: 1998: 1980: 1931: 1890: 1866:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.020 1736: 1687: 1608: 1559: 1524: 1480: 1435: 1384: 1375: 1321: 1268: 877: – Conserved land or water 751: 637:Parks and open spaces in London 617: 257: 2957:Sustainable Cities and Society 2083:Mortality and Mental Disorders 1916:10.1080/00022470.1984.10465852 1165: 1130: 992: 962: 958:Kupittanpuisto – Kupittaa Park 951: 13: 1: 3664:International Economic Review 3641:10.1080/13549839.2024.2353058 3455:Annals of Behavioral Medicine 3384:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)61689-X 2476:Current Opinion in Pediatrics 2367:10.1016/S1001-0742(08)60019-4 1854:Social Science & Medicine 1553:10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00039-6 969:Kupittaa Park – Kiss My Turku 945: 582:and reduced inattentiveness. 505:Human activity has increased 464:Effects on respiratory health 297: 3739:10.1371/journal.pone.0009509 3516:10.1016/j.cities.2024.104858 3330:Landscape and Urban Planning 2992:Landscape and Urban Planning 2708:10.1007/978-3-319-56091-5_11 2642:Landscape and Urban Planning 2544:10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.052 2488:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000736 2403:Landscape and Urban Planning 2257:10.1016/j.envres.2017.10.006 2152:10.1080/00045608.2012.674899 2037:Landscape and Urban Planning 1533:Landscape and Urban Planning 1057:Kondo, Michelle (Mar 2018). 785:Environmental gentrification 559:For children and adolescents 485:Impacts on high temperatures 427:symptoms, improved rates of 356: 7: 2599:10.1183/13993003.02112-2015 1944:Journal of Thoracic Disease 1572:Korean Journal of Radiology 1508:10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.003 1457:10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.08.017 1213:10.1016/j.jenvp.2012.07.002 817: 248: 47:to comply with Knowledge's 10: 3821: 2891:10.1038/s41893-021-00751-1 2113:10.1016/j.puhe.2013.08.016 1296:10.1007/s10708-021-10474-7 782: 634: 612: 593:Ocotal forest, Mexico City 564:Impacts on physical health 288:decreased levels of stress 3543:NCEE Working Paper Series 3467:10.1007/s12160-012-9426-x 2977:10.1016/j.scs.2017.03.002 2523:Environment International 1584:10.3348/kjr.2010.11.5.507 630: 376:World Health Organization 183:higher education campuses 3256:10.1177/0739456X18789251 3222:"Sustainable Sites FAQs" 3199:10.3197/0967340042772676 3110:. New Haven and London: 1712:10.1136/jech.2005.043125 767:environmental inequality 675: 573:Impacts on mental health 312:Providence, Rhode Island 229:Definitions and concepts 60:may contain suggestions. 45:may need to be rewritten 3296:10.1186/1471-2458-6-149 3187:Environment and History 2759:10.1073/pnas.1503402112 1814:10.1161/jaha.118.009117 627:their own open spaces. 3181:Coates, Peter (2004). 2810:10.3390/ijerph13020196 2236:Environmental Research 1761:10.24095/hpcdp.39.4.04 1350:10.3390/ijerph16224403 1244:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0149 1076:10.3390/ijerph15030445 1031:Sustainability Defined 650: 601:urban green spaces or 594: 501:Impacts on air quality 425:cardiovascular disease 320:conservation of nature 315: 290:, lowers the risk for 274: 143: 131: 108: 3112:Yale University Press 2871:Nature Sustainability 1393:Psychological Science 811:environmental justice 739:sustainable gardening 644: 607:for urban adolescents 592: 431:, lower incidence of 345:mentions in his book 305: 265: 215:environmental justice 137: 114: 80: 855:Greenway (landscape) 778:Green gentrification 727:chemical fertilisers 328:ecological awareness 3730:2010PLoSO...5.9509M 3378:(9650): 1655–1660. 3342:2016LUrbP.153..160R 3120:10.2307/jj.11589102 3004:2011LUrbP..99..187W 2969:2017SusCS..32...42G 2883:2021NatSu...4..851M 2750:2015PNAS..112.7937D 2654:2014LUrbP.125..234W 2535:2019EnInt.124..180O 2458:USDA Forest Service 2415:2017LUrbP.165..162Z 2359:2008JEnvS..20..120R 2311:10.1289/ehp.1205513 2248:2018ER....160..306V 2191:2017NatSR...742854S 2049:2019LUrbP.19003611V 1545:2000LUrbP..48..161L 1445:Preventive Medicine 920:Urban reforestation 662:paved public plazas 351:Henry David Thoreau 158:areas reserved for 138:Washington Park in 3775:Urban public parks 3605:10.3390/su15097544 3416:Health & Place 2179:Scientific Reports 2011:European Scientist 1000:"Nature of Cities" 875:Open space reserve 651: 595: 511:particulate matter 491:Urban Heat Islands 479:climate regulation 471:ecosystem services 316: 275: 176:natural landscapes 144: 132: 109: 3633:Local Environment 3283:BMC Public Health 2717:978-3-319-56091-5 2199:10.1038/srep42854 2107:(11): 1005–1011. 1909:(10): 1039–1043. 1399:(12): 1207–1212. 938:Wildlife corridor 429:physical activity 347:The End of Nature 308:conservation area 211:urban heat island 168:urban open spaces 152:urban green space 148:land-use planning 101:Southwest Finland 75: 74: 49:quality standards 16:(Redirected from 3812: 3761: 3751: 3741: 3698: 3697: 3679: 3659: 3653: 3652: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3607: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3534: 3528: 3527: 3495: 3489: 3488: 3478: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3369: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3325: 3319: 3318: 3308: 3298: 3274: 3268: 3267: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3230: 3228: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3178: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3160: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3141: 3103: 3097: 3096: 3068: 3062: 3061: 3041: 3035: 3034: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2998:(3–4): 187–195. 2987: 2981: 2980: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2927: 2921: 2920: 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1169: 1163: 1162: 1145:(3/4): 149–153. 1134: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1123: 1108: 1099: 1098: 1088: 1078: 1054: 1041: 1040: 1038: 1037: 1023: 1014: 1013: 1011: 1010: 1004:Regeneration.org 996: 990: 989: 982: 971: 966: 960: 955: 902:Sustainable city 898: 475:air purification 370:Impact on health 336:city development 284:over-stimulation 90: 70: 67: 61: 38: 30: 21: 18:Urban open space 3820: 3819: 3815: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3809: 3800:Protected areas 3765: 3764: 3706: 3704:Further reading 3701: 3660: 3656: 3625: 3621: 3584: 3580: 3557: 3550: 3535: 3531: 3496: 3492: 3447: 3443: 3411: 3407: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3326: 3322: 3275: 3271: 3240: 3236: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3210: 3206: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3161: 3154: 3149: 3145: 3130: 3104: 3100: 3085:10.2307/1587078 3069: 3065: 3042: 3038: 3023: 3019: 2988: 2984: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2877:(10): 851–858. 2866: 2862: 2852: 2850: 2842:Woodyatt, Amy. 2840: 2836: 2789: 2785: 2744:(26): 7937–42. 2729: 2725: 2718: 2696: 2687: 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