47:
138:
213:
39:
31:
202:
188:
The glass-roofed design made the building unique at the time of construction. The roof, the diameter of which is 14 m (46 ft), looks light, but it is a firm construction made of more than 50,000 metal pods (about 743 t (819 short tons)), capable of supporting snowfall accumulation.
254:
period (1921–28), however, GUM as a State
Department Store operated as a model retail enterprise for consumers throughout Russia regardless of class, gender, and ethnicity. GUM's stores were used to further Bolshevik goals of rebuilding private enterprise along socialist lines and "democratizing
189:
Illumination is provided by huge arched skylights of iron and glass, each weighing some 740 t (820 short tons) and containing in excess of 20,000 panes of glass. The facade is divided into several horizontal tiers, lined with red
Finnish granite,
840:
687:"Arkhitektura i mnimosti": The origins of Soviet avant-garde rationalist architecture in the Russian mystical-philosophical and mathematical intellectual tradition"
304:, tried to convert GUM into an exhibition hall and museum showcasing the achievements of the Soviet Union and Communism, without the knowledge of General Secretary
104:. During most of the Soviet period it was essentially a department store as there was one vendor: the Soviet State. Before the 1920s the location was known as the
311:
At the end of the Soviet era, GUM was partially, then fully, privatized, and it had a number of owners before it ended up being owned by the supermarket company
756:
149:
With the façade extending for 242 m (794 ft) along the eastern side of Red Square, the Upper
Trading Rows were built between 1890 and 1893 by
323:
distributor and boutique operator. As a private shopping mall, it was renamed in such a fashion that it could maintain its old acronym. The first word
316:
710:
Rainer Graefe, Jos Tomlow: "Vladimir G. Suchov 1853–1939. Die Kunst der sparsamen
Konstruktion." 192 S., Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart, 1990,
263:
were unsuccessful and arguably "only succeeded in alienating consumers from state stores and instituting a culture of complaint and entitlement".
825:
800:
227:, a Neoclassical architect from Italy, to design a huge trade area along the east side of Red Square. However, that building was lost to the
810:
830:
805:
285:
After reopening as a department store in 1953, GUM became one of the few stores in the Soviet Union that did not have shortages of
523:
815:
795:
551:
Hilton, Marjorie L. (2004). "Retailing the
Revolution: The State Department Store (GUM) and Soviet Society in the 1920s".
271:
845:
715:
680:
503:
137:
205:
Inside the store in 1893: elongated shop galleries are bridged with innovative metal-and-glass vaults, designed by
17:
399:
312:
46:
346:
279:
239:
181:
described the GUM building as "a tribute both to
Shukhov's design and to the technical proficiency of
193:
marble, and limestone. Each arcade is on three levels, linked by walkways of reinforced concrete.
124:
As of 2021, GUM carries over 100 different brands, and has cafes and restaurants inside the mall.
178:
705:
820:
732:
350:
220:
157:(responsible for engineering). The trapezoidal building features a combination of elements of
212:
150:
694:"Retailing the Revolution: The State Department Store (GUM) and Soviet Society in the 1920s"
301:
182:
8:
835:
643:
251:
228:
686:
576:
82:
529:
296:
Several times during the 1960s and 1970s, the Second
Secretary of the Communist Party
243:
711:
701:
676:
580:
568:
499:
255:
consumption for workers and peasants nationwide". In the end, GUM's efforts to build
224:
560:
395:
371:
206:
154:
142:
78:
70:
58:
38:
305:
170:
158:
270:
converted it into office space in 1928 for the committee in charge of his first
748:
693:
297:
493:
789:
771:
758:
572:
340:
267:
101:
308:. Each time, however, Brezhnev was tipped off and put a stop to such plans.
320:
247:
74:
564:
331:('main'), so that GUM is now an abbreviation for "Main Universal Store".
260:
232:
93:
737:
290:
89:
743:
30:
256:
599:
293:
of shoppers were long, often extending entirely across Red Square.
286:
235:. In turn, the current structure opened in 1894, replacing Bove's.
675:, University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford,
595:
498:. Berkeley, Los Angeles, Oxford: University of California Press.
275:
444:
216:
Inside view of the structure and finish applied to the building
190:
174:
97:
66:
468:
841:
Cultural heritage monuments of federal significance in Moscow
469:"Cafes and restaurants in the main department of the country"
166:
162:
689:, a dissertation in architecture, University of Pennsylvania
525:Верхние торговые ряды на Красной площади в Москве. 1890–1893
201:
100:. Originally, and today again, the building functions as a
727:
620:
528:(in Russian). Russian Educational Portal. Archived from
282:
in 1932, the GUM was used briefly to display her body.
266:
GUM continued to be used as a department store until
116:
700:, (Oxford University Press) 37 (4): 939–964; 1127.
521:
787:
673:The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture
495:The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture
169:roof, a similar style to the great 19th-century
593:
88:The most famous GUM is the large store facing
559:(4). Oxford University Press: 939–964, 1127.
418:
389:
315:. In May 2005, a 50.25% interest was sold to
300:, who hated having a department store facing
517:
515:
343:, another large department store in Moscow.
77:; similarly named stores operated in some
512:
491:
394:), which means 'Main Universal Store' in
231:and replaced by trading rows designed by
423:), which means 'State Department Store'.
211:
200:
136:
45:
37:
29:
641:
420:«Государственный универсальный магазин»
132:
14:
826:Commercial buildings completed in 1893
788:
550:
96:area – itself traditionally a mall of
801:Department stores of the Soviet Union
185:toward the end of the 19th century".
242:, the building contained some 1,200
811:Roof structures by Vladimir Shukhov
685:English, Elizabeth Cooper (2000).
153:(responsible for architecture) and
24:
831:Shopping malls established in 1893
806:Buildings and structures in Moscow
623:(in Russian). Official GUM website
370:Today it's an abbreviation of the
25:
857:
721:
642:Thelman, Joseph (December 2012).
492:Brumfield, William Craft (1991).
402:), the abbreviation was used for
327:('state') has been replaced with
671:Brumfield, William Craft (1991)
246:. After the Revolution, GUM was
596:"Chronicles of Stalin's family"
391:«Главный универсальный магазин»
69:, Russia. It was also the main
34:The GUM façade faces Red Square
635:
613:
587:
544:
485:
461:
437:
364:
27:Russian department store group
13:
1:
816:Tourist attractions in Moscow
744:Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov
430:
398:. During Soviet times (until
159:Russian medieval architecture
127:
73:in many cities of the former
692:Hilton, Marjorie L. (2004).
7:
796:Department stores of Russia
334:
117:
50:Upper Trading Rows by night
10:
862:
665:
240:Russian Revolution of 1917
196:
65:) is a shopping center in
698:Journal of Social History
553:Journal of Social History
419:
390:
109:
62:
846:Shopping malls in Russia
524:
357:
349:, a department store in
118:Verhnije torgovyje rjady
522:Pomeratzev, Alexander.
179:William Craft Brumfield
42:Aerial view of GUM roof
351:St. Petersburg, Russia
221:Catherine II of Russia
217:
209:
146:
51:
43:
35:
772:55.75472°N 37.62139°E
644:"The Man in Galoshes"
594:Kolesnik, Alexander.
565:10.1353/jsh.2004.0049
215:
204:
151:Alexander Pomerantsev
140:
110:Верхние торговые ряды
49:
41:
33:
183:Russian architecture
133:Design and structure
768: /
445:"All stores of GUM"
238:By the time of the
229:1812 Fire of Moscow
777:55.75472; 37.62139
218:
210:
147:
106:Upper Trading Rows
83:post-Soviet states
52:
44:
36:
302:Lenin's Mausoleum
278:of Stalin's wife
225:Giacomo Quarenghi
115:
16:(Redirected from
853:
783:
782:
780:
779:
778:
773:
769:
766:
765:
764:
761:
728:Official website
659:
658:
656:
654:
639:
633:
632:
630:
628:
621:"History of GUM"
617:
611:
610:
608:
606:
591:
585:
584:
548:
542:
541:
539:
537:
519:
510:
509:
489:
483:
482:
480:
479:
465:
459:
458:
456:
455:
441:
424:
422:
421:
393:
392:
368:
317:Bosco di Ciliegi
207:Vladimir Shukhov
171:railway stations
155:Vladimir Shukhov
120:
114:romanized:
113:
111:
79:Soviet republics
71:department store
64:
21:
18:Upper Trade Rows
861:
860:
856:
855:
854:
852:
851:
850:
786:
785:
776:
774:
770:
767:
762:
759:
757:
755:
754:
749:The Roof of GUM
724:
668:
663:
662:
652:
650:
640:
636:
626:
624:
619:
618:
614:
604:
602:
592:
588:
549:
545:
535:
533:
532:on 4 March 2016
526:
520:
513:
506:
490:
486:
477:
475:
467:
466:
462:
453:
451:
443:
442:
438:
433:
428:
427:
407:osudarstvennyj
369:
365:
360:
337:
325:gosudarstvennyj
306:Leonid Brezhnev
289:goods, and the
199:
135:
130:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
859:
849:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
752:
751:
746:
741:
730:
723:
722:External links
720:
719:
718:
708:
690:
683:
667:
664:
661:
660:
634:
612:
598:(in Russian).
586:
543:
511:
504:
484:
460:
435:
434:
432:
429:
426:
425:
362:
361:
359:
356:
355:
354:
344:
336:
333:
298:Mikhail Suslov
272:Five Year Plan
198:
195:
165:framework and
134:
131:
129:
126:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
858:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:Soviet brands
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
791:
784:
781:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
739:
734:
731:
729:
726:
725:
717:
716:3-421-02984-9
713:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
688:
684:
682:
681:0-520-06929-3
678:
674:
670:
669:
649:
645:
638:
622:
616:
601:
597:
590:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
547:
531:
527:
518:
516:
507:
505:0-520-06929-3
501:
497:
496:
488:
474:
473:gumrussia.com
470:
464:
450:
449:gumrussia.com
446:
440:
436:
416:
414:
411:niversaljnyj
410:
406:
401:
397:
387:
385:
382:niversaljnyj
381:
377:
373:
367:
363:
352:
348:
345:
342:
339:
338:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
309:
307:
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
283:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:Joseph Stalin
264:
262:
258:
253:
250:. During the
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
223:commissioned
222:
214:
208:
203:
194:
192:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
144:
141:Structure of
139:
125:
122:
119:
107:
103:
102:shopping mall
99:
95:
91:
86:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
60:
56:
48:
40:
32:
19:
753:
736:
697:
672:
651:. Retrieved
648:Jew Observer
647:
637:
625:. Retrieved
615:
603:. Retrieved
589:
556:
552:
546:
534:. Retrieved
530:the original
494:
487:
476:. Retrieved
472:
463:
452:. Retrieved
448:
439:
412:
408:
404:
403:
383:
379:
375:
374:
366:
328:
324:
321:luxury goods
319:, a Russian
310:
295:
284:
274:. After the
265:
248:nationalized
237:
219:
187:
148:
123:
105:
87:
75:Soviet Union
54:
53:
775: /
653:28 February
313:Perekrestok
261:consumerism
233:Joseph Bove
94:Kitai-gorod
836:Red Square
790:Categories
763:37°37′17″E
760:55°45′17″N
738:Structurae
478:2020-10-14
454:2020-10-14
431:References
128:Moscow GUM
108:(Russian:
90:Red Square
706:0022-4529
581:144010294
573:0022-4529
257:communism
143:Shukhov's
627:20 April
605:20 April
600:Librusek
536:20 April
335:See also
287:consumer
280:Nadezhda
259:through
666:Sources
396:English
378:lavnyj
372:Russian
347:Passage
329:glavnyj
276:suicide
197:History
92:in the
81:and in
59:Russian
714:
704:
679:
579:
571:
502:
415:agazin
386:agazin
291:queues
244:stores
191:Tarusa
175:London
161:and a
98:Moscow
67:Moscow
577:S2CID
358:Notes
167:glass
163:steel
712:ISBN
702:ISSN
677:ISBN
655:2021
629:2013
607:2013
569:ISSN
538:2013
500:ISBN
400:1991
341:TsUM
145:roof
735:at
733:GUM
561:doi
252:NEP
173:of
121:).
63:ГУМ
55:GUM
792::
696:.
646:.
575:.
567:.
557:37
555:.
514:^
471:.
447:.
177:.
112:,
85:.
61::
657:.
631:.
609:.
583:.
563::
540:.
508:.
481:.
457:.
417:(
413:M
409:U
405:G
388:(
384:M
380:U
376:G
353:.
57:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
