Universal basic income in India

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unconditional cash transfers were associated with better food security and lower rates of malnutrition in female children. Less food deficiency improved children nutrition and led to more balanced diets. Recipient villages had lower rates of illness, more consistent medical treatment, and more consistent medicine intake. Families receiving cash transfers had more livestock, which helped improve health and financial stability. Additionally, productivity rates increased, as children in recipient villages had higher rates of school attendance. Villages receiving cash transfers had higher expenditures on schooling and agricultural inputs, promoting better education and higher agricultural yields. Some concerns of the universal basic income are that it will discourage labor and encourage consumption of alcohol. However, cash recipients had higher rates of labor and work, especially in self- employed contexts. And, there was no evidence of higher alcohol consumption in recipient villages than control villages; in fact, in the recipient tribal village, alcohol consumption actually decreased. The effect on labor productivity was especially strong for women and tribal communities. Financial stability improved significantly in villages receiving cash transfers. Households with cash grants were three times more likely to open a new business or take on a new production activity than households that did not receive the cash transfer. These households also decreased their indebtedness and increased their savings, and some were even able to open bank accounts to remit the cash grants.

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their income. He identifies four explanations for such effects: 1) While the basic income was used to reduce debt, it was also used to accumulate savings to be used in the case of sickness or other emergencies. In SEWA's basic income pilot the propensity to save was significantly higher among those who received the basic income. 2) The basic income reduced the level and severity of indebtedness beyond the monetary value of the basic income by giving household access to credit on better terms. For example, it decreased the dependency on expensive loans from an oligopolistic money lending class by enabling friends and relatives to offer loans to each other. Moreover, the basic income provided incentives for moneylenders to offer lower interest rates and aided households in avoiding taking on new loans. 3) On a community level, basic income may induce entrepreneurial efforts by reducing the consequences of failure. This may, in the long run, be beneficial for the economic security of a village as a whole. 4) Basic income increased the resilience to economic shocks by enabling collective responses to individual hazards. Furthermore, basic income functions as a secure source of revenue in times of economic insecurity.

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both the public and private spheres. Discussion of UBI in India began due to concerns about technologically driven unemployment and poor results of current welfare programmes. Given India's sheer size, implementation of UBI would have to be state-administered. Supporters believe this large-scale welfare programme could be revolutionary and could provide a poverty alleviation blueprint for other developing countries. However, critics are wary of establishing such a wide-scale programme because it might undermine the fragile social security architecture, cause already employed workers to drop out of labor force and encourage idleness, and also encourage wasteful spending. In the forward, the Chief Economic Adviser Arvind Subramanian writes, "providing a Universal Basic Income (UBI) that has emerged as a raging new idea both in advanced economies and in India." In the chapter itself, he notes: "Universal Basic Income is a radical and compelling paradigm shift in thinking about both social justice and a productive economy. It could be to the twenty first century what civil and political rights were to the twentieth."

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villages, everyone received grants and in the remaining 12, no one did. In half of all the villages, regardless of whether a village received a grant or not, there were SEWA representatives present to monitor the village. These test villages had similar variables of socio-economic levels, service access, geographical location, and similar infrastructure. In the second pilot, which lasted 12 months, two similar tribal villages were chosen. Everyone in one village received grants and no one in the other village received anything. Between both pilots, over 6,000 individuals received cash transfers. In both pilots, every man, woman, and child in the selected villages were given a moderate unconditional cash grant: 200 per adult per month and 100 per child per month for 12 months. After 12 months, their grants were raised to 300 and 150, respectively, per month for 6 months. A child's grant was given to its mother or other designated guardian. These amounts accounted for 20 to 30 percent of a monthly income for a low income family.

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work fewer hours. This theory, however, has been disproven in a study done by Banerjee, Hanna, Kreindler and Olken in 2015 who conducted a meta-analysis of government cash transfer programmes in Honduras, Morocco, Mexico, Philippines, Indonesia and Nicaragua and found that there was no significant drop in the workforce due to these programmes: "They find no significant reduction in labour supply (inside and outside the household) for men or women from the provision of cash transfers." Similar results derived from an experiment in few villages in Madhya Pradesh, India. Another argument Gender disparity (Since more males have financial access). Other arguments against UBI is the costs imposed on banks in carrying out UBI since it would require more workers and more hours required to implement the system. Lastly, there is also a claim that replacing things like food programmes with UBI would expose the population to more market risks. Price fluctuation will affect the purchasing power of the consumer.

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on UBI, alternative proposals have been made. Other options for a more targeted programme have been aired: The first is an "opt out" system in which the wealthiest 25% of India are given the option of withdrawing. The names of those in the top 25% who choose to remain in the programme would be published, as a shaming device. Another option is to target specifically marginalised and vulnerable groups such as the disabled or widowed. Another option is providing UBI as a choice to beneficiaries of other programmes. People who receive other benefits would have the choice between opting in for UBI instead. There have also been considerations of UBI for Women as women are worse of in employment opportunities, education and financial inclusion. Finally, there is an option of starting UBI for urban areas because they have bank accounts, have access to banks vs rural populations, the infrastructure is tricky and they mostly have allocations through state.

671: 567:), a basic income does not limit the choice of the recipient to a set of subsidised goods. Moreover, IPDS entails a higher cost associated with the distribution of goods which must be stored and transported by a branch of the government. This is particularly costly due to the decentralised nature of the ration shops currently characterising Indian rural life. Standing also points to certain costs related to shortcomings of the current scheme. For instance, the provision of subsidized grain is in some cases uncertain, potentially putting families under the burden of debt, and women must in some cases spend hours singling out good grains from bad. These are, according to Standing, costs that a basic income, with its more decentralised structure, may reduce or avoid. 455:, launched two pilot programmes to examine the impact of unconditional, monthly transfers through a modified and controlled trial. The pilot programme was notable in three main ways. First, it was universal, meaning that every individual test subject, irrespective of gender, ethnicity, or level of wealth, received a cash transfer. Second, these grants were provided beyond the existing welfare program, meaning it was not a substitute to payments which were already received. Third, these two pilot programmes were the latest of the eight UBI pilots which have been conducted around the world. Furthermore, these pilot programmes were one of the first in Asia and the second experiment to be conducted in the developing world. 638:

the poor and deserving. Whether it was self-reporting or more multidimensional – identification criteria, or government audits, there has been criticism from many sides and reports of corruption. As for misallocation, many deserving households are excluded from welfare schemes due to misallocation. "For instance, consider the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh: despite accounting for over half the poor in the country, these states access only a third of the resources spent on the MGNREGS in 2015–2016" MGNREGS is a welfare scheme. However, this issue is easier to resolve if UBI is implemented through direct deposits rather than through state allocation of funding.

497:, one of India's least developed states. SEWA is a trade union that was established in 1972 to promote the rights of self-employed, low income women throughout India. Its mission is to improve the standards of living for women in India and help women achieve full employment. The purpose of the Madhya Pradesh Unconditional Cash Transfers Project (MPUCTP) is to test the potential for cash transfers to address vulnerabilities that low income Indians face. The unconditional cash transfer is a form of a universal basic income, as it provides a set allowance to all civilians in a village every month without any restrictions on what the money can be used for. 459:

article arguing that India now must do two things, above all. The health care system must be improved, and there must be a robust system to provide minimum income support to all the poor, all the weak and vulnerable in society. For the purpose of minimising poverty they propose a basic income, but only to the women above 20, of Rs 4,000 annually. That would cost, according to their calculations, Rs 1.72 lakh crore or 0.84 per cent of GDP. Apart from that they also propose an expansion of the MGNREGA system in rural areas and to introduce an employment guarantee programme in urban areas.

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workforce receives no benefits or pensions, and hence informal sector workers have no access to retirement savings, health benefits, or financial security. It is important to note that although this is especially prominent in rural India, even without accounting for the agricultural sectors of the economy, more than 80% of the Indian population is still employed in informal sector jobs. A UBI would enable this large part of the population to have some financial security in the case of unemployment, health issues, or any other extenuating circumstance.

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opposed to just a basic income. Furthermore, many agree that the methods for determining who would and would not qualify are costly and time-consuming (open to corruption and system leaks) and risk leaving out too many needy individuals. They note that a UBI can be an effective safety net for anyone who encounters a crisis, including those who are middle class. However, there might be resistance to the wealthy gaining benefit of UBI.

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Indian government in partnership with SEWA and the Madhya Pradesh state government, carried out a controlled trial. This experiment gave 100 randomly selected households 1,000 rupees per month. The money was deposited under the name of the female head of participating households in a bank. A more ambitious version of this study took place in Madhya Pradesh as a two pilot programme.

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programmes such as the Food Subsidy or Public Distribution System (PDS) and the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) which would have to be stopped for the UBI to be implemented. Current social welfare schemes cost India about 3.7% of GDP, but UBI is expected to cost 4.9% of GDP. The question of where this extra funding will come from remains.

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support it. To this extent, universalising is important because the potential for misallocation and corruption with targeting is considered too great by many. In this manner, there would be no administrative labor required to define and operate the poor from the non-poor. In this way, the result of universalising is beneficial for the state and its people.

693:, a professor of economics at the University of California, Berkeley, explains that "basic income may very well be fiscally feasible – not to mention socially desirable – in places where the poverty threshold is low and existing social safety nets are both threadbare and expensive to administer." Indian politician 646:

Other options are being considered and proposed. One idea is to target certain populations instead of giving an income to the entire population. This idea is resisted by others for whom the universality is a fundamental and inviolable principle of the basic income. In order to reduce GDP expenditure

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On May 30 and 31 of 2013, SEWA presented its preliminary findings from the studies at a conference on "Unconditional Cash Transfers: Findings from Two pilot studies" in Delhi. The findings show numerous improvements in health, productivity, and financial stability. In terms of impacts to health, the

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The question to consider is how can we fairly determine this data and ensure equal distribution while not putting too much strain on the administration. There have been issues in the past with allocation of well fare programmes such as targeting and misallocation. It is tough to try and target only

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Since 2016 there has been significant discussion and debate surrounding the idea of implementing a UBI in India. Through these talks, several politicians, economists, and leading national figures have raised the following arguments surrounding UBI and its potential effects for the country. Although

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The biggest concern against the distribution of UBI is a worry for conspicuous spending, especially for males of the household on drugs, gambling or alcohol since most rural bank account holders are male. Another concern is a reduction of labour supply, since an insured income would lead people to

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basic income pilot, that the emancipatory value of basic income exceeds its monetary value where money itself is a scarce commodity. The emancipatory value is, according to Standing, greater because basic income has effects on the economic security of the receivers that goes beyond the increase in

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Indian policymakers conducted two important studies testing the impact of unconditional cash transfers in Madhya Pradesh and Delhi. The first study conducted from January to December 2011 in New Delhi tested the impact of cash transfers when offered in conjunction with existing public welfare. The

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Another reason for making the basic income universal is more logistical. In order to segment the population and ensure that the correct people are receiving the benefits without corruption a large amount of administrative labor is required, in addition to infrastructure and technology in place to

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One important factor not addressed in the study was the impact of environmental hazards on the sustainability of the project and, thus, the larger universal income idea. Although the positive results of the pilot programmes were overwhelming, the long-run impacts of such short term (12–18 months)

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In 2016, the idea of a Universal Basic Income in India made huge news by taking up over forty pages in the 2016–2017 India Economic Survey as a serious and feasible solution to India's poverty and a hope for the economy as a whole. In India, this was an idea that has been discussed for decades in

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Something to consider is whether the universal basic income in India is financially feasible. Research indicates that in order to implement the UBI, existing welfare programmes would have to be terminated to free up resources. This raises questions, especially about the Indian government's large

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A key concern is with the "work unconditionality" of the basic income proposal by which the income is paid no matter a person's employment status. Some believe money should not be given to those who do not contribute to society through their labor. Many fear that the unemployed would spend basic

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Second, a UBI would uniquely benefit India because of its large informal sector. More than 90% of the Indian population works in the informal sector; the informal sector includes all businesses of less than 10 workers that are not taxed or monitored by government authorities. This segment of the

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During the global COVID-19 pandemic of 2020 and 2021 there has been several new articles in the Indian press. In June and July 2020 C. Rangarajan, former chairman of the Economic Advisory Council to the Prime Minister and S. Mahendra Dev, director and vice-chancellor, IGIDR, Mumbai, published an

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A very common concern regarding the UBI is whether or not it should be distributed to rich as well to the poor. Most advocates argue that it should be a universal and basic right for every citizen. Its function as a payment to everyone, rich and poor, is the very premise of its universality as

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First, the UBI would help Indian women gain greater financial independence and thus enhance gender equality. In 2018, about 75% of adult Indian women are not employed in jobs outside of the home; without a source of income they are financially dependent on their husbands or families. If family

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The MPUCTP, backed by funding from UNICEF and implemented by SEWA, consisted of two pilot programmes in 2011 and 2012, both in Madhya Pradesh, a rural area in which SEWA tried to alleviate poverty and inequality. In the first pilot, which lasted 18 m, 20 similar villages were chosen. In eight

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relationships become strained, women often have no where else to go and are forced to remain in the difficult situation. Their lack of income constraints many women from making their own choices, even in situations of abuse and violence. A UBI would give these women some measure of autonomy.

685:, who claims basic income is a "matter of social justice." Among Standing's co-authors are other advocates such as Sarath Davala, an independent sociologist, who, in his 2017 Tedx Talk, expressed support for unconditional basic income due its emancipatory effects. 504:

To distribute money to families without bank accounts, SEWA used "door-step" banking. Some villagers were suspicious of SEWA giving "free money", fearing later conditions. SEWA could not directly address these issues and were dependent upon time and understanding.

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Incorporating UBI through direct transfers would bring more people into the formal banking system. This also increases rural access to formal credit. This is a huge positive for farmers as they often gets trapped by informal credit indebtedness.

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projects cannot be measured. The results of the pilot programme disprove many criticisms of the programme, but further investigation and experimentation is necessary to test the feasibility of a universal basic income for India.

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There are two qualifications that uniquely position India for the implementation of a universal basic income (UBI) - the lack of women in the public labor force and the presence of a large informal sector.

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income money on items like alcohol, cigarettes and other addictive goods. Another related prevailing fear is that a universal basic income will deter people from working or seeking work altogether.

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has also advocated for basic income in India, explaining that "India may be actually be a better case for a basic income" compared to other nations. In 2019, the leading opposition party

1182: 689:, the founder of the Self-Employed Women's Association (SEWA) who facilitated the basic income pilot programme, advocates for basic income as "a social policy whose time has come." 924: 4563: 6558: 3692: 2799: 807: 5310: 4710: 423:, have expressed strong support of the implementation of UBI as an alternative to corrupt and ineffective existing social programmes in India. Organisations such as the 77: 7173: 1078: 216: 1301: 1353: 992: 6951: 6789: 6245: 3018: 2488: 4700: 4690: 3134: 1494: 3915: 6746: 6167: 4655: 3644: 2975: 2410: 1915: 295: 4412: 702: 5450: 3649: 5948: 5573: 3654: 2081: 1390: 665: 6718: 6270: 4705: 2954: 2513: 2202: 6323: 6140: 6024: 5804: 5496: 3639: 2566: 2383: 2267: 6794: 6761: 4360: 3023: 2990: 2180: 814: 522:

UBI in India has been extensively discussed, specific policies surrounding the UBI in India is yet to be determined and enforced.

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and advocate of basic income, spoke in his TedX talk about equality being the bedrock of democracy.

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announced the NYAY scheme in its election manifesto which was modelled on Universal Basic Income.

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Joshi, Vijay (11 January 2018). "Universal Basic Income Supplement from India: A Proposal".

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Bardhan, Pranab (11 January 2018). "Universal Basic Income - Its Special Case for India".

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Guy Standing, economist who has been involved in the basic income experiments in India

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Universality - intent of providing every citizen "a basic income to cover their needs"

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published in January 2017. It outlined the three themes of a proposed UBI programme:

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Government of India, Ministry of Finance (7 April 2017). "Annual Report 2016-2017".

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A safety net, post Covid: We need to provide minimum income for poor and vulnerable

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Sarfati, Hedva (15 April 2018). "Basic Income- A Transformative Policy in India".

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From June 2011 to November 2012, Self Employed Women's Association (SEWA) and the

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World Bank (2015), “World Development Report 2015: Mind, Society, and Behaviour”

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Agency - citizen's independent ability to choose how they spend their income

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Unconditionality - accessibility of all to basic income, without any

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List of countries by percentage of population living in poverty

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have backed the proposal since launching the earlier 2010 UBI

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Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work

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Government of India, Ministry of Finance (31 January 2017).

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Government of India, Finance of Ministry (7 April 2017).

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Government of India, Ministry of Finance (7 April 2017).

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Arguments for, against, and around basic income in India

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The survey mentions that UBI "liberates citizens from

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Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

1426: 1208:"What is the Informal Sector? Definition and Meaning" 1233:"Challenges for a Minimum Social Democracy in India" 379:

refers to the debate and practical experiments with

908: 889: 830: 775: 5653:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 3142: 412:and clientelistic relationships with the state". 7165: 570: 1328:"India's time for unconditional cash transfers" 683:Basic Income: A Transformative Policy for India 296:Universalism and the Latter Day Saint movement 4594: 4406: 3737: 3128: 2196: 1488: 357: 7174:Universal basic income by country and region 559:UBI versus Indian public distribution system 1354:"Could a Basic Income Help Poor Countries?" 666:List of advocates of universal basic income 563:Guy Standing argues that contrary to IPDS ( 16:Overview of universal basic income in India 4601: 4587: 4413: 4399: 3744: 3730: 3135: 3121: 2203: 2189: 1502: 1495: 1481: 771: 769: 767: 765: 763: 761: 759: 757: 755: 753: 364: 350: 5815:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 5695:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 968:"SEWA Newsletter : June : 2013" 856: 854: 852: 850: 848: 846: 467: 5757:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 4361:Providing Urban Amenities to Rural Areas 2092:Social impact of Indian television drama 1325: 1101: 805: 669: 615: 534: 475: 453:United Nation's Children's Fund (UNICEF) 6856: 4759:Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley 4420: 3199:Right to an adequate standard of living 1351: 1143: 1020: 750: 729:Universal basic income around the world 7166: 6045:Securities and Exchange Board of India 5152:National Geological Monuments of India 3888:Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation 3097: 2288:Securities and Exchange Board of India 1299: 860: 843: 659: 592: 6855: 5969: 5845:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 5810:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 5551: 5103: 4618: 4582: 4394: 3725: 3116: 2184: 1476: 1407: 1264: 1177: 1175: 1139: 1137: 1097: 1095: 1016: 1014: 674:Professor of Economics Pranab Bardhan 650: 584:Benefits for the informal work sector 530: 4340:Self-perceived quality-of-life scale 3087: 1388: 1023:International Social Security Review 923:C. Rangarajan & S. Mahendra Dev 861:Khosla, Saksham (14 February 2018). 601: 20: 5840:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 5762:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 5451:Autonomous administrative divisions 1408:Singh, Dr Vikas (29 October 2018), 1267:Indian Journal of Human Development 1146:Indian Journal of Human Development 938:"Self Employed Women's Association" 610: 462: 13: 5830:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 4568:Deprivation and poverty indicators 1172: 1134: 1092: 1011: 491:Self Employed Women's Associations 14: 7265: 6025:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 5767:Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) 5052:Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) 2268:Ministry of Commerce and Industry 1300:Colson, Thomas (5 January 2017). 565:Indian Public Distribution System 484: 425:Self Employed Women's Association 4608: 3916:Democratic Republic of the Congo 3320:Political Party for Basic Income 3096: 3086: 3077: 3076: 2212: 1460: 1448: 1436: 1352:Bardhan, Pranab (22 June 2016). 1326:Jhabvala, Renana (17 May 2016). 525: 76: 25: 5068:History of India (1947–present) 1916:Proposed states and territories 1411:Universal Basic Income in India 1401: 1389:Safi, Michael (25 March 2019). 1382: 1364: 1345: 1319: 1293: 1258: 1247: 1225: 1200: 1071: 1050: 985: 641: 624: 377:Universal basic income in India 225:Primitive Baptist Universalists 5835:Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB) 5787:Special Protection Group (SPG) 5777:Railway Protection Force (RPF) 3883:Multidimensional Poverty Index 960: 930: 917: 902: 883: 824: 799: 480:Madhya Pradesh, state in India 230:Universalist Church of America 1: 6930:Engineering colleges in India 6559:Electronics and semiconductor 5772:National Security Guard (NSG) 5516:World Heritage Sites in India 5104: 3832:Sustainable Development Goals 3566:Asignación Universal por Hijo 3209:Universal basic income pilots 2800:Electronics and semiconductor 1237:Economic and Political Weekly 927:Indian Express. July 3, 2020. 744: 571:Basic income to empower women 5820:Enforcement Directorate (ED) 5641:State legislative assemblies 5552: 5481:States and union territories 5190:Biogeographic classification 3848:Homeless Vulnerability Index 415:Several scholars, including 219:Unitarians and Universalists 7: 6987:Water supply and sanitation 5970: 5752:Border Security Force (BSF) 5497:National monuments of India 4619: 4320:Welfare's effect on poverty 3822:List of basic income models 3751: 3582:Iranian subsidy reform plan 3330:Sustainable Australia Party 1680:Water supply and sanitation 734:List of basic income models 712: 10: 7270: 6040:Central Statistical Office 5646:State legislative councils 5621:Union Council of Ministers 3863:Genuine progress indicator 3792:Climate change and poverty 3235:Basic Income Earth Network 3204:Technological unemployment 2283:Central Statistical Office 1567:Public distribution system 806:Standing, Guy (May 2013). 663: 442: 7010: 6920:Medical colleges in India 6875: 6871: 6851: 6770: 6739: 6475: 6344: 6284: 6236: 6188: 6118: 6070:Foreign exchange reserves 6065:Foreign direct investment 6035:Economic Advisory Council 6005: 5982: 5978: 5965: 5889: 5861: 5795: 5782:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 5744: 5735: 5680: 5671: 5564: 5560: 5547: 5489: 5441: 5379: 5268: 5180: 5162:Sacred mountains of India 5144: 5116: 5112: 5099: 5060: 4989: 4884: 4851: 4808: 4787: 4734:Indus Valley Civilisation 4719: 4631: 4627: 4614: 4556: 4529: 4496:African sleeping sickness 4476: 4428: 4287: 4192: 4171: 4095: 3974: 3903: 3896: 3840: 3812:Guaranteed minimum income 3759: 3668: 3605: 3553: 3413: 3357: 3348: 3222: 3174:Guaranteed minimum income 3151: 3072: 2999: 2968: 2718: 2587: 2527: 2479: 2431: 2361: 2313:Foreign exchange reserves 2308:Foreign direct investment 2278:Economic Advisory Council 2248: 2225: 2105: 2082:Films about social issues 2060: 2007: 1944: 1906: 1873: 1800: 1749: 1693: 1650: 1627: 1510: 892:"Annual Report 2016-2017" 833:"Annual Report 2016-2017" 785:2016-2017 Economic Survey 739:Guaranteed minimum income 34:This article needs to be 6206:Multi Commodity Exchange 5825:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 3868:Legatum Prosperity Index 3853:Misery index (economics) 3701:The War on Normal People 2449:Multi Commodity Exchange 1279:10.1177/0973703017730513 1158:10.1177/0973703017734719 699:Indian National Congress 389:Economic Survey of India 217:International Council of 195:Universal reconciliation 190:Trinitarian universalism 136:Universal basic services 7239:Public policy proposals 7234:Government aid programs 6050:Enforcement Directorate 5511:Indian-origin religions 5502:National parks of India 5311:Highest point by states 5073:Economic liberalisation 4542:Priority review voucher 2293:Enforcement Directorate 1550:National Pension System 7184:Universal basic income 7020:Arts and entertainment 6655:Science and technology 6591:Information technology 6271:Government initiatives 5167:Sacred rivers of India 5157:Sacred groves of India 4711:Science and technology 3817:Universal basic income 3782:Disability and poverty 3471:Christopher Pissarides 3144:Universal basic income 2889:Science and technology 2825:Information technology 2514:Government initiatives 1888:Caste-related violence 1604:Universal basic income 1504:Social issues in India 1212:marketbusinessnews.com 1102:Standing, Guy (2015). 1086:SEWA Bharat, New Delhi 675: 540: 481: 468:Government experiments 381:universal basic income 211:Unitarian Universalism 131:Universal basic income 6977:Socio-economic issues 6925:Law colleges in India 6915:Universities in India 6163:Reserve Bank of India 4966:Independence movement 4764:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 4386:List of global issues 4345:Subjective well-being 3561:Alaska Permanent Fund 3305:People Animals Nature 3230:Basic Income Alliance 3214:Universal inheritance 2406:Reserve Bank of India 2087:Freedom of expression 1120:10.1515/bis-2015-0021 820:on 10 September 2018. 673: 616:Work unconditionality 546:has argued, based on 538: 479: 146:Universal health care 120:Economic and societal 6251:Economic development 6095:Voluntary guidelines 6090:Industrial licensing 5220:Environmental issues 5002:Non-Aligned Movement 4779:Seleucid–Mauryan war 4325:Criticism of welfare 3772:Concentrated poverty 3491:Richard David Precht 3400:Juliet Rhys-Williams 2494:Economic development 2338:Voluntary guidelines 2333:Industrial licensing 1936:Separatist movements 1108:Basic Income Studies 787:. Chapter 9: 172–212 7224:Political sociology 7199:Income distribution 6013:Ministry of Finance 5017:Indo-Pakistani wars 4961:Partition of Bengal 4430:Diseases of poverty 4422:Diseases of poverty 4356:Rural access issues 4295:Theories of poverty 3878:Human Poverty Index 3787:Diseases of poverty 3709:Utopia for Realists 3461:Philippe Van Parijs 3290:Mein Grundeinkommen 3189:Negative income tax 3159:Basic income models 2256:Ministry of Finance 1974:Illegal immigration 1619:Widening income gap 1187:Times of India Blog 660:Prominent advocates 593:Financial inclusion 251:Unlimited atonement 203:Churches and groups 7229:Political theories 6982:Standard of living 6672:Telecommunications 6189:Financial services 6110:Atmanirbhar Bharat 6030:Finance Commission 5195:Biosphere reserves 4951:Bengal Renaissance 4939:Commander-in-Chief 4904:East India Company 4478:Neglected diseases 4463:Diarrheal diseases 4376:Culture of poverty 3526:Christian Engström 3300:Party of Humanists 3255:Five Star Movement 3245:Breakthrough Party 3240:Basic Income Party 3164:Citizen's dividend 2906:Telecommunications 2432:Financial services 2353:Atmanirbhar Bharat 2273:Finance Commission 1926:Religious violence 1787:Female infanticide 1772:Child prostitution 1589:Standard of living 1243:(23). 5 June 2015. 999:. 6 September 2013 948:on 26 January 2010 676: 651:Funding strategies 541: 531:Emancipatory value 482: 151:Universal suffrage 126:Cultural universal 108:Universalizability 93:Moral universalism 7161: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7153: 7152: 6847: 6846: 6843: 6842: 6392:Jammu and Kashmir 6018:Finance ministers 5961: 5960: 5957: 5956: 5949:Women in politics 5924:Political parties 5857: 5856: 5853: 5852: 5663:Chief Secretaries 5636:State governments 5631:Cabinet Secretary 5584:Foreign relations 5543: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5095: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5083:COVID-19 pandemic 4956:Political reforms 4576: 4575: 4550: 4549: 4381:Causes of poverty 4283: 4282: 3873:Poverty gap index 3827:Poverty reduction 3767:Measuring poverty 3719: 3718: 3549: 3548: 3446:Sepp Kusstatscher 3110: 3109: 2635:Jammu and Kashmir 2261:Finance ministers 2178: 2177: 1964:Human trafficking 1777:Child trafficking 1706:Domestic violence 1675:Natural disasters 1670:Manual scavenging 1530:Farmers' suicides 1358:Project Syndicate 1332:Financial Express 1038:Missing or empty 602:Arguments against 374: 373: 258: 257: 55: 54: 7261: 7209:Market socialism 7116:Physical culture 6937:Ethnic relations 6873: 6872: 6853: 6852: 6835:Mumbai Consensus 6387:Himachal Pradesh 6276:Numbering system 6266:Green revolution 6141:Historical Forex 5980: 5979: 5967: 5966: 5939:Scheduled groups 5742: 5741: 5678: 5677: 5562: 5561: 5549: 5548: 5531:Tourism in India 5526:History of India 5521:Culture of India 5131:Geology of India 5114: 5113: 5101: 5100: 5032:Naxal Insurgency 5027:White Revolution 5022:Green Revolution 4629: 4628: 4616: 4615: 4603: 4596: 4589: 4580: 4579: 4415: 4408: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4366:Post-materialism 3901: 3900: 3858:Gini coefficient 3807:Cycle of poverty 3746: 3739: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3677:Agrarian Justice 3645:Nordic countries 3554:Related programs 3506:Osmo Soininvaara 3501:Annika Lillemets 3355: 3354: 3179:Jobless recovery 3169:Freedom dividend 3137: 3130: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3100: 3099: 3090: 3089: 3080: 3079: 3064:Mumbai Consensus 2630:Himachal Pradesh 2519:Numbering system 2509:Green revolution 2384:Historical Forex 2219:Economy of India 2217: 2216: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2182: 2181: 2170:Police brutality 1959:Groom kidnapping 1921:Ethnic relations 1782:Female foeticide 1497: 1490: 1483: 1474: 1473: 1467:Organized labour 1465: 1464: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1441: 1440: 1432: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1418: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1386: 1380: 1379: 1368: 1362: 1361: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1297: 1291: 1290: 1262: 1256: 1251: 1245: 1244: 1229: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1179: 1170: 1169: 1141: 1132: 1131: 1099: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1075: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1054: 1048: 1047: 1041: 1036: 1034: 1026: 1018: 1009: 1008: 1006: 1004: 989: 983: 982: 980: 978: 964: 958: 957: 955: 953: 944:. Archived from 934: 928: 921: 915: 914: 906: 900: 899: 887: 881: 880: 878: 876: 867: 858: 841: 840: 828: 822: 821: 819: 813:. Archived from 812: 803: 797: 796: 794: 792: 782: 773: 719:Poverty in India 611:Arguments around 463:Pilot programmes 366: 359: 352: 286: 169: 168: 141:Universal design 80: 57: 56: 50: 47: 41: 29: 28: 21: 7269: 7268: 7264: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7249:Social security 7244:Social programs 7204:Labor relations 7179:Income in India 7164: 7163: 7162: 7149: 7121:Public holidays 7006: 6952:Life expectancy 6867: 6866: 6839: 6766: 6735: 6640:Pharmaceuticals 6471: 6340: 6280: 6246:COVID-19 impact 6232: 6184: 6114: 6001: 5974: 5953: 5885: 5849: 5791: 5731: 5727:District Courts 5667: 5658:Chief Ministers 5556: 5535: 5485: 5437: 5375: 5349:Western coastal 5344:Eastern coastal 5331:Mountain passes 5264: 5250:Protected areas 5176: 5172:Stones of India 5140: 5108: 5087: 5056: 5042:Space programme 5012:Sino-Indian War 5007:Five-Year Plans 4985: 4880: 4847: 4838:Delhi Sultanate 4804: 4795:Middle kingdoms 4788:Middle Kingdoms 4783: 4715: 4623: 4610: 4607: 4577: 4572: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4525: 4511:River blindness 4501:Schistosomiasis 4472: 4424: 4419: 4335:Quality of life 4310:Welfare culture 4279: 4188: 4167: 4091: 3970: 3892: 3836: 3802:Chronic poverty 3777:Cost of poverty 3755: 3750: 3720: 3715: 3664: 3601: 3597:Social dividend 3545: 3456:Eduardo Suplicy 3426:Étienne Chouard 3409: 3380:Stephen Hawking 3375:Milton Friedman 3344: 3218: 3147: 3141: 3111: 3106: 3068: 2995: 2964: 2874:Pharmaceuticals 2714: 2583: 2523: 2489:COVID-19 impact 2475: 2427: 2357: 2244: 2221: 2211: 2209: 2179: 2174: 2101: 2056: 2003: 1984:Organised crime 1969:Illegal housing 1940: 1902: 1869: 1845:Menstrual taboo 1796: 1792:Street children 1745: 1716:Family planning 1689: 1646: 1623: 1506: 1501: 1471: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1435: 1427: 1425: 1416: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1387: 1383: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1350: 1346: 1336: 1334: 1324: 1320: 1310: 1308: 1306:Business Inside 1298: 1294: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1248: 1231: 1230: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1206: 1205: 1201: 1191: 1189: 1181: 1180: 1173: 1142: 1135: 1100: 1093: 1088:. January 2014. 1081: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1060: 1056: 1055: 1051: 1039: 1037: 1028: 1027: 1019: 1012: 1002: 1000: 991: 990: 986: 976: 974: 966: 965: 961: 951: 949: 936: 935: 931: 922: 918: 911:Economic Survey 907: 903: 896:Economic Survey 888: 884: 874: 872: 865: 859: 844: 837:Economic Survey 829: 825: 817: 810: 804: 800: 790: 788: 780: 774: 751: 747: 724:Income in India 715: 695:Baijayant Panda 687:Renana Jhabvala 668: 662: 653: 644: 627: 618: 613: 604: 595: 586: 573: 561: 533: 528: 519: 487: 470: 465: 445: 433:pilot programme 370: 334: 333: 309: 301: 300: 284: 268: 267:Other religions 260: 259: 221: 218: 166: 156: 155: 121: 113: 112: 98:Universal value 88: 51: 45: 42: 39: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7267: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7236: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7194:Grants (money) 7191: 7189:Egalitarianism 7186: 7181: 7176: 7159: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7134: 7133: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7097: 7096: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7049: 7048: 7047: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7016: 7014: 7008: 7007: 7005: 7004: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6984: 6979: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6922: 6917: 6907: 6906: 6905: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6879: 6877: 6869: 6868: 6865: 6864: 6857: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6817: 6812: 6810:Income Tax Act 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6786: 6785: 6774: 6772: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6743: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6700: 6699: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6663: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6645:Pulp and paper 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6633:Iron and Steel 6630: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6593: 6588: 6587: 6586: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6479: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6470: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6429: 6424: 6419: 6417:Madhya Pradesh 6414: 6409: 6404: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6352:Andhra Pradesh 6348: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6326: 6316: 6311: 6310: 6309: 6299: 6294: 6288: 6286: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6256:Liberalisation 6253: 6248: 6242: 6240: 6234: 6233: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6228: 6223: 6213: 6208: 6203: 6198: 6192: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6182: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6170: 6160: 6159: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6062: 6057: 6052: 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6020: 6009: 6007: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5999: 5994: 5988: 5986: 5976: 5975: 5963: 5962: 5959: 5958: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5867: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5801: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5746: 5739: 5733: 5732: 5730: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5666: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5633: 5628: 5626:Civil Services 5623: 5618: 5616:Prime Minister 5613: 5611:Vice President 5608: 5603: 5602: 5601: 5596: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5558: 5557: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5507:Nature worship 5504: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5476:Municipalities 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5447: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5435: 5430: 5429: 5428: 5423: 5413: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5301:Extreme points 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5245:National parks 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5205:Climate change 5202: 5197: 5192: 5186: 5184: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5122: 5120: 5110: 5109: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5088: 5086: 5085: 5080: 5075: 5070: 5064: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5037:Smiling Buddha 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4993: 4991: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4978: 4973: 4968: 4963: 4958: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4942: 4941: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4914:1857 rebellion 4911: 4906: 4901: 4899:Princely state 4896: 4890: 4888: 4882: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4873: 4871:European trade 4868: 4863: 4857: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4818:Medieval India 4814: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4802: 4797: 4791: 4789: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4754:Yavana Kingdom 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4725: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4701:Paper currency 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4647: 4646: 4641: 4635: 4633: 4625: 4624: 4612: 4611: 4606: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4570: 4561: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4533: 4531: 4527: 4526: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4506:Dracunculiasis 4503: 4498: 4493: 4491:Chagas disease 4488: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4434: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4291: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4187: 4186: 4181: 4175: 4173: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4165: 4163:United Kingdom 4160: 4155: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4097: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3907: 3905: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3844: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3763: 3761: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3748: 3741: 3734: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3714: 3713: 3705: 3697: 3689: 3681: 3672: 3670: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3650:United Kingdom 3647: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3611: 3609: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3594: 3592:Quatinga Velho 3589: 3584: 3579: 3576:Auxílio Brasil 3568: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3536:Björn Wahlroos 3533: 3528: 3523: 3521:Birger Schlaug 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3466:Carole Pateman 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3438: 3433: 3431:Harry F. Dahms 3428: 3423: 3421:Rutger Bregman 3417: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3407: 3405:Anthony Barber 3402: 3397: 3392: 3387: 3382: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3361: 3359: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3343: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3148: 3140: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3105: 3104: 3094: 3084: 3073: 3070: 3069: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3039:Income Tax Act 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3015: 3014: 3003: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2963: 2962: 2957: 2952: 2951: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2886: 2881: 2879:Pulp and paper 2876: 2871: 2870: 2869: 2867:Iron and Steel 2864: 2854: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2739: 2738: 2733: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2715: 2713: 2712: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2692: 2687: 2682: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2660:Madhya Pradesh 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2617: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2597: 2595:Andhra Pradesh 2591: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2582: 2581: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2552: 2542: 2537: 2531: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2499:Liberalisation 2496: 2491: 2485: 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2473: 2472: 2471: 2466: 2456: 2451: 2446: 2441: 2435: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2419: 2418: 2413: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2310: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2263: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2245: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2231: 2229: 2223: 2222: 2208: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2185: 2176: 2175: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2146: 2145: 2140: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2102: 2100: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2077: 2066: 2064: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2054: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2019: 2013: 2011: 2005: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1979:Illegal mining 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1950: 1948: 1942: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1933: 1928: 1923: 1918: 1912: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1883:Caste politics 1879: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1835:Women's health 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1806: 1804: 1798: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1767:Child marriage 1764: 1759: 1753: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1744: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1731:Nuclear family 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1697: 1695: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1687: 1685:Water disputes 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1665:Climate change 1662: 1656: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1645: 1644: 1639: 1633: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1594:Street vendors 1591: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1563: 1562: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1527: 1522: 1520:Communications 1516: 1514: 1508: 1507: 1500: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1477: 1470: 1469: 1457: 1445: 1424: 1423: 1400: 1381: 1363: 1344: 1318: 1292: 1273:(2): 144–149. 1257: 1246: 1224: 1199: 1171: 1152:(2): 141–143. 1133: 1114:(2): 193–223. 1091: 1070: 1049: 1010: 984: 959: 929: 916: 901: 882: 870:Carnegie India 842: 823: 798: 748: 746: 743: 742: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 714: 711: 691:Pranab Bardhan 661: 658: 652: 649: 643: 640: 626: 623: 617: 614: 612: 609: 603: 600: 594: 591: 585: 582: 572: 569: 560: 557: 552:Madhya Pradesh 532: 529: 527: 524: 518: 515: 495:Madhya Pradesh 486: 485:SEWA programme 483: 469: 466: 464: 461: 444: 441: 437:Madhya Pradesh 421:Pranab Bardhan 406: 405: 402: 396: 372: 371: 369: 368: 361: 354: 346: 343: 342: 336: 335: 332: 331: 326: 321: 316: 310: 307: 306: 303: 302: 299: 298: 293: 288: 280: 275: 269: 266: 265: 262: 261: 256: 255: 254: 253: 248: 240: 239: 235: 234: 233: 232: 227: 222: 215: 213: 205: 204: 200: 199: 198: 197: 192: 187: 182: 174: 173: 167: 162: 161: 158: 157: 154: 153: 148: 143: 138: 133: 128: 122: 119: 118: 115: 114: 111: 110: 105: 100: 95: 89: 86: 85: 82: 81: 73: 72: 66: 65: 53: 52: 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7266: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7169: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7046: 7043: 7042: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6948: 6945: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6912: 6911: 6908: 6904: 6901: 6900: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6836: 6833: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6825:Insurance Act 6823: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6815:Companies Act 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6784: 6781: 6780: 6779: 6776: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6744: 6742: 6738: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6698: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6660:Biotechnology 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6614: 6612: 6609: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6585: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6564:Entertainment 6562: 6560: 6557: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6531: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6485: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6474: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6462:Uttar Pradesh 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6418: 6415: 6413: 6410: 6408: 6405: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6335: 6332: 6330: 6327: 6325: 6322: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6247: 6244: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6207: 6204: 6202: 6199: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6187: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6165: 6164: 6161: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6146:Digital rupee 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6105:Make in India 6103: 6101: 6098: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6061: 6060:Foreign trade 6058: 6056: 6055:External debt 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6011: 6010: 6008: 6004: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5935: 5932: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5860: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5717:Chief Justice 5715: 5713: 5712:Supreme Court 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5682: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5592: 5591: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5579:Energy policy 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5546: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5405: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339:Indo-Gangetic 5337: 5336: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5267: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5143: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5098: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5047:The Emergency 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4982: 4979: 4977: 4974: 4972: 4969: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4959: 4957: 4954: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4883: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4786: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4769:Kushan Empire 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4744:Mahajanapadas 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4626: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4581: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4555: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4530:Miscellaneous 4528: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516:Leishmaniasis 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4402: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4286: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4265:United States 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4063: 4060: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3967: 3964: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3800: 3798: 3797:Child poverty 3795: 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3778: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3740: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3685:Bullshit Jobs 3682: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3655:United States 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3572:Bolsa Família 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3516:Susanne Wiest 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3484: 3482: 3481:Katja Kipping 3479: 3477: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3434: 3432: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3370:C. H. Douglas 3368: 3366: 3365:Tony Atkinson 3363: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3280:Left Alliance 3278: 3276: 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3260:Forward Party 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3223:Organizations 3221: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3133: 3131: 3126: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3115: 3103: 3095: 3093: 3085: 3083: 3075: 3074: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3054:Insurance Act 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3044:Companies Act 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3008: 3005: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2971: 2967: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2949: 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