2586:
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54:
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1986:
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Kennedy bore responsibility if something happened. Kennedy responded stating that
Executive Order 11111 made it clear that responsibility for keeping the peace remained with the state troopers under Wallace's control and said he would revoke the order if assurances were made. Wallace refused, stating he would not be intimidated and cited that Executive Order 11111 was passed without his knowledge.
991:
Executive Order 11111 was also used to ensure that the
Alabama National Guard made sure that black students across the state were able to enroll at previously all-white schools. It was complemented by Executive Order 11118, which provided "assistance for removal of unlawful obstructions of justice in
987:
In the days following the enactment, the
National Guard were ordered to remain on the campus owing to a large Ku Klux Klan contingent in the surrounding area. Wallace and Kennedy exchanged volatile telegrams over it. Wallace objected to Kennedy ordering the Guard to remain on the campus and said that
889:
On June 11, Malone and Hood pre-registered in the morning at the
Birmingham courthouse. They selected their courses and filled out all their forms there. They arrived at Foster Auditorium to have their course loads reviewed by advisors and pay their fees. Kennedy administration officials, struggling
940:
forced to charge
Wallace with contempt of a federal court order. So it was that Malone and Hood remained in their vehicle as Wallace, attempting to uphold his promise as well as for political show, blocked the entrance to Foster Auditorium with the media watching. Then, flanked by federal marshals,
939:
Administration officials also concluded the best optics would be to present the matter as a conflict between state and federal authority, not a racial confrontation between the white governor and the black students. Further, by keeping the students away from the doorway, the administration was not
793:
meant that the
University of Alabama had to be desegregated. In the years following, hundreds of African-Americans applied for admission, but with one brief exception, all were denied. The university worked with police to find any disqualifying qualities, or when this failed, intimidated the
1045: ": "Come Senators, Congressmen, please heed the call. Don't stand in the doorway, don't block up the hall." The younger Wallace said that when he was 14, he sang the song for his father and thought he saw a look of regret in his father's eyes.
978:
commanded
Wallace to step aside, saying, "Sir, it is my sad duty to ask you to step aside under the orders of the President of the United States." Wallace then spoke further, but eventually moved, and Malone and Hood completed their registration.
2336:
1097:
started classes under guard at UA as a graduate student after having been admitted three years earlier. Her presence was met with riots, and the administration found excuses first to suspend, and then expel her shortly after she
906:
438:
1843:
890:
with a potentially violent situation, considered simply bypassing Foster
Auditorium and having Malone and Hood escorted directly to their dorm rooms. But given reports of an agitated Wallace, Robert Kennedy told
393:
543:
995:
The stage managing of the incident did avoid provoking violence, but it also served
Wallace's purposes by amplifying his contention that desegregation was not primarily an issue of racial justice, but one of
1247:
This afternoon, following a series of threats and defiant statements, the presence of
Alabama National Guardsmen was required on the University of Alabama to carry out the final and unequivocal order of the
597:
641:
501:
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753:
then commanded Wallace to step aside. Wallace spoke further, but eventually moved, and Malone and Hood completed their registration. The incident brought Wallace into the national spotlight.
550:
507:
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387:
873:
reporter the private health information that the Governor was receiving government payments related to a psychiatric disability suffered while flying in bombing missions over Japan during
1249:
803:
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3019:
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320:
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99:
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demanding that Wallace step aside, and told him of Wallace's actions in ignoring the proclamation as it had no legal force. In response, Kennedy issued
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629:
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ordered that they be admitted, and forbade Governor Wallace from interfering, but did not grant the request that Wallace be barred from the campus.
6438:
1884:
5816:
4069:
3960:
3380:
2952:
6418:
5996:
5615:
3061:
2756:
2536:
2273:
1990:
5866:
6413:
5523:
3861:
3780:
3256:
3029:
2892:
2626:
1059:
190:
2531:
2309:
6398:
2712:
2122:
2117:
2107:
1965:
1934:
1125:
305:
5493:
5488:
5276:
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3990:
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2655:
897:, "You'd better give him his show because I'm concerned if he doesn't have it ... that God knows what could happen by way of violence."
6073:
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4039:
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3046:
2717:
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2299:
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405:
351:
844:, also told Klan members to spread word that Wallace wanted no crowds to gather in the town. And Wallace's speechwriter and top aide,
5595:
4146:
3848:
2229:
2112:
1226:
856:, a white supremacist group, also to tell him to stay away from the event. But Wallace refused to talk directly to Attorney General
6163:
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5585:
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4136:
4064:
3790:
3670:
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2319:
2160:
2018:
1271:
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291:
17:
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3532:
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2250:
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1747:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
1479:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
1432:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
1385:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
1338:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
1291:
The politics of rage : George Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
6433:
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5885:
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Byers, Thomas (1996). "History Re-Membered: Forrest Gump, Postfeminist Masculinity, and the Burial of the Counterculture".
967:
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1955:
1827:
1674:
864:
471:
1894:
781:, which held that the education of black children in separate public schools from their white counterparts violated the
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4084:
4059:
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1619:
1024:, in which Vivian Jones drops her books, which are retrieved by the titular character, and in the 1997 television film
772:
722:, stood at the door of the auditorium as if to block the way of the two African American students attempting to enter:
448:
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1978:
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2011:
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2004:
782:
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88:
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8:
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3202:
3014:
2856:
2561:
2409:
1889:
1675:"Kennedy federalized National Guard to integrate Alabama public schools (Sept. 10, 1963)"
1234:
944:
told Wallace to step aside. However, Wallace interrupted Katzenbach and gave a speech on
941:
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894:
833:
795:
723:
719:
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243:
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67:
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his intention to avoid fomenting violence, such as had occurred in the September 1962
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237:
63:
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992:
the State of Alabama". As of June 2024, Executive Order 11111 has not been revoked.
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2051:
1800:
1586:"Executive Order 10730: Little Rock Nine: Integration of the University of Alabama"
1054:
680:
646:
490:
333:
269:
58:
Attempting to block integration at the University of Alabama, Governor of Alabama
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1129:
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911:
845:
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734:
249:
231:
186:
932:
arrives to register for classes at the University of Alabama's Foster Auditorium
6345:
6109:
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5915:
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5760:
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2516:
2359:
2027:
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258:
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59:
1037:
commented on his father's legacy, and mentioned the reference to the event in
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5533:
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114:
101:
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829:
578:
1804:
706:
on June 11, 1963. In a symbolic attempt to keep his inaugural promise of "
6253:
5895:
5735:
5705:
5332:
5296:
5237:
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5192:
5142:
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4627:
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4247:
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3286:
3172:
2404:
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1336:
1289:
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837:
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5910:
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4917:
4787:
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4607:
4222:
4192:
1927:
1728:
799:
727:
573:
377:
219:
171:
5876:
5337:
4807:
4792:
2974:
1038:
4697:
3304:
2341:
1643:"Dueling Telegrams: 1963 verbal power play between Wallace and JFK"
1278:. Veterans of the Civil Rights Movement. Accessed February 19, 2009
2207:
6222:
6217:
5286:
1996:
1956:"A Sleight of History: University of Alabama's Foster Auditorium"
869:
1250:
United States District Court of the Northern District of Alabama
5354:
2445:
1985:
4089:
1733:. Vol. 43. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 296.
1525:"Nicholas Katzenbach, Unsung Hero of America's Desegregation"
29:
1963 protest against racial integration of schools in Alabama
1612:
1960s Counterculture: Documents Decoded: Documents Decoded
828:, who reported directly to Wallace, warned leaders of the
708:
segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever
6141:
Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett
1731:
Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States
1133:
832:
that their members would be arrested if they appeared in
5539:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
5317:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
1885:"Son says former Gov. George Wallace repented for past"
1866:
Behind the Magic of Forrest Gump: "George Wallace." in
1556:"Governor George C. Wallace's School House Door Speech"
66:
while being confronted by U.S. Deputy Attorney General
5563:
African American founding fathers of the United States
3916:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
3781:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
787:
Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
6310:
3388:
1176:
Governor George C. Wallace's School House Door Speech
1388:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 142–143.
1341:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 139–141.
299:
5611:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
2567:
Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961
966:, which had already been prepared, authorizing the
848:, himself a top Klan official, personally visited
794:applicants. But, in 1963, three African-Americans—
5857:College of Communication and Information Sciences
3122:John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School
6370:
4147:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
2995:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
1729:United States General Accounting Office (1965).
1144:
1142:
4137:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
4070:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
3961:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
2953:John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum
1750:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 148.
1482:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 147.
1435:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 146.
1294:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 138.
5616:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
394:Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham Board of Education
5824:
5810:
5524:List of lynching victims in the United States
3862:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
3374:
3257:Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington
2627:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
2223:
2012:
1139:
1060:Report to the American People on Civil Rights
285:
1832:. Manchester University Press. p. 229.
1825:
1522:
1136:. June 11, 2003. Accessed February 19, 2009.
860:when he called to learn of Wallace's plans.
3991:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1973:(University of Alabama student newspaper),
1966:JFK Address on Civil Rights (June 11, 1963)
1930:has original text related to this article:
867:tried to discredit Wallace by leaking to a
5817:
5803:
4040:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
3381:
3367:
2230:
2216:
2019:
2005:
1981:, W. S. Hoole Special Collections Library.
1560:Alabama Department of Archives and History
1018:. The event was depicted in the 1994 film
598:University of Alabama desegregation crisis
544:Smith v. Young Men's Christian Association
406:Armstrong v. Birmingham Board of Education
292:
278:
5596:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
3067:John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)
2685:U.S. House of Representatives elections:
2537:Status of Women (Presidential Commission)
1605:
1603:
642:Tuskegee High School desegregation crisis
5631:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
3671:University of Georgia desegregation riot
2701:U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts:
2161:Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment
1648:. Alabama State Archives. Archived from
1554:Wallace, George C. (December 12, 2012).
1264:
1262:
1260:
1075:University of Georgia desegregation riot
1015:Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment
970:of the Alabama National Guard under the
877:. Wallace confirmed the disability, but
824:. The head of the Alabama State Police,
502:Martin Luther King Jr. residence bombing
439:Gaston Motel and King residence bombings
6439:School segregation in the United States
5545:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
5282:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
5277:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
2980:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1882:
1553:
1269:Standing In the Schoolhouse Door (June)
1065:School integration in the United States
14:
6371:
5459:African-American women in the movement
3911:White House Conference on Civil Rights
3742:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
3062:Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts
2646:Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts
1743:
1706:. National Archives. August 15, 2016.
1698:
1696:
1637:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1609:
1600:
1475:
1428:
1381:
1334:
1287:
1148:
1003:
653:Lee v. Macon County Board of Education
537:U.S. v. Montgomery County Board of Ed.
6419:June 1963 events in the United States
5798:
3900:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
3362:
3072:John F. Kennedy International Airport
2211:
2000:
1819:
1790:
1704:"Executive Orders Disposition Tables"
1562:. Montgomery, Alabama. Archived from
1257:
1117:
1115:
1070:Timeline of the civil rights movement
273:
6414:History of the University of Alabama
5867:College of Community Health Sciences
5668:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
4132:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
4080:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
4026:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
3503:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
3428:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
3127:John F. Kennedy University (defunct)
2415:Migration and Refugee Assistance Act
1935:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door Speech
1784:
6399:African-American history of Alabama
4075:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
4011:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
3681:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
2383:Arms Control and Disarmament Agency
2237:
1693:
1628:
1535:from the original on August 3, 2017
1197:"The Stand in the Schoolhouse Door"
1194:
1169:
472:Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham
388:First Bethel Baptist Church bombing
24:
5519:African-American churches attacked
4085:Montgomery Improvement Association
4060:Georgia Council on Human Relations
4045:Council of Federated Organizations
4016:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
3774:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
3732:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
3538:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
3442:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
2026:
1846:from the original on June 11, 2024
1710:from the original on June 11, 2024
1681:from the original on June 11, 2024
1207:from the original on June 11, 2024
1112:
974:. Four hours later, Guard General
881:editors refused to run the story.
812:Wallace privately signaled to the
773:Supreme Court of the United States
449:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
352:George Wallace's Inaugural Address
25:
6450:
6244:Center for Advanced Public Safety
5591:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
5464:Jews in the civil rights movement
2722:Democratic National Conventions:
2542:University of Alabama integration
1913:
1772:from the original on May 12, 2022
1504:from the original on May 12, 2022
1457:from the original on May 12, 2022
1410:from the original on May 12, 2022
1363:from the original on May 12, 2022
1316:from the original on May 12, 2022
1152:George Wallace: American Populist
6356:
6344:
6332:
6320:
5875:
5785:Civil rights movement portal
5778:
5626:Freedom Riders National Monument
5368:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
3880:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
3839:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
3726:Second Emancipation Proclamation
3342:
3341:
2591:
2584:
1984:
1920:
922:
904:
863:On the eve of the incident, the
52:
5653:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
5641:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
4117:National Council of Negro Women
4055:Deacons for Defense and Justice
3117:John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge
2734:U.S. presidential election 1960
2507:Federal housing segregation ban
2388:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
2262:U.S. Senator from Massachusetts
1883:Grayson, Wayne (June 8, 2012).
1876:
1858:
1737:
1722:
1667:
1578:
1547:
1516:
1469:
1422:
1375:
1233:. June 11, 1963. Archived from
1231:Miller Center of Public Affairs
1123:Wallace in the Schoolhouse Door
497:Robert Graetz residence bombing
3533:Mansfield school desegregation
2254:President of the United States
1677:. AL.com. September 10, 2013.
1328:
1281:
1219:
1188:
1155:. Da Capo Press. p. 233.
1087:
958:, who had previously issued a
820:with the desegregation of the
525:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
13:
1:
6424:Presidency of John F. Kennedy
6159:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
5663:National Voting Rights Museum
5606:Civil Rights Movement Archive
5405:Lynching in the United States
5292:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
3747:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
3720:University of Chicago sit-ins
3487:Davis v. Prince Edward County
2831:John F. Kennedy document hoax
2825:Happy Birthday, Mr. President
2819:Coretta Scott King phone call
2757:Birthplace and childhood home
2640:A rising tide lifts all boats
2527:Presidential Medal of Freedom
2148:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1991:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
1185:. Accessed February 19, 2009.
1105:
1043:The Times They Are a-Changin'
1008:The incident was detailed in
854:National States' Rights Party
756:
696:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
671:Murder of William Lewis Moore
603:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
551:Gilmore v. City of Montgomery
508:Gilmore v. City of Montgomery
39:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
6409:History of racism in Alabama
6274:University of Alabama System
5658:National Civil Rights Museum
5514:March on Washington Movement
5499:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
3968:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
3030:Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences
2482:Communications Satellite Act
1523:Andrew Cohen (May 9, 2012).
982:
775:handed down its decision in
569:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
7:
6434:Public education in Alabama
6213:University of Alabama Press
6201:Crimson Tide Sports Network
5302:"This Little Light of Mine"
4050:Dallas County Voters League
3996:Atlanta Negro Voters League
3759:Letter from Birmingham Jail
3466:Brown v. Board of Education
2932:Gravesite and Eternal Flame
2790:Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana
2713:1960 presidential primaries
2621:We choose to go to the Moon
2487:Community Mental Health Act
1870:special collector's edition
1048:
914:salutes and then confronts
884:
778:Brown v. Board of Education
767:Brown v. Board of Education
564:Selma to Montgomery marches
531:Selma to Montgomery marches
459:Murder of Virgil Lamar Ware
454:Shooting of Johnny Robinson
423:Gober v. City of Birmingham
321:Alabama Pupil Placement Law
138:Brown v. Board of Education
10:
6455:
5636:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
5504:Holt Street Baptist Church
5474:16th Street Baptist Church
4458:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
4102:Nashville Student Movement
4032:An Appeal for Human Rights
2718:1960 presidential campaign
2651:State of the Union Address
2615:American University speech
2502:Federal affirmative action
2332:Presidential Proclamations
2168:American Independent Party
2123:1976 presidential campaign
2118:1972 presidential campaign
2113:1968 presidential campaign
2108:1964 presidential campaign
760:
681:Murder of Jonathan Daniels
647:Murder of Sammy Younge Jr.
6384:1963 in the United States
6282:
6231:
6181:
6127:
6082:
6026:
6015:
5977:Museum of Natural History
5939:
5884:
5873:
5849:
5834:
5827:The University of Alabama
5774:
5676:
5578:
5392:
5325:
5267:
5246:
5133:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
5103:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
4175:
4167:Women's Political Council
4162:Wednesdays in Mississippi
4157:United Auto Workers (UAW)
4142:Southern Regional Council
4112:Northern Student Movement
4021:Committee for Freedom Now
3981:
3928:Memphis sanitation strike
3894:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3816:
3637:Savannah Protest Movement
3599:
3457:
3418:Journey of Reconciliation
3410:
3397:
3320:
3181:
3112:John F. Kennedy Arboretum
3045:
2940:
2880:
2839:
2749:
2676:
2600:
2582:
2557:Oil Pollution Act of 1961
2472:
2459:Moscow–Washington hotline
2368:
2284:
2245:
2135:
2100:
2069:
2060:
2034:
1227:"Address on Civil Rights"
1128:November 6, 2010, at the
1012:'s 1963 documentary film
960:presidential proclamation
822:University of Mississippi
676:Murder of Willie Brewster
620:Tuskegee merchant boycott
313:
246:, Deputy Attorney General
204:
199:
161:
130:
83:
75:
51:
43:
38:
4001:Atlanta Student Movement
3950:Civil Rights Act of 1968
3875:1964–1965 Scripto strike
3856:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3754:1963 Birmingham campaign
3647:Civil Rights Act of 1960
3571:Civil Rights Act of 1957
3269:Patricia Kennedy Lawford
2970:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2958:Profile in Courage Award
2552:All-Channel Receiver Act
2522:Pilot Food Stamp Program
1614:. ABC-CLIO. p. 82.
1149:Lesher, Stephan (1995).
1080:
972:Insurrection Act of 1807
802:—applied. In early June
666:Murder of Willie Edwards
519:Connecticut Freedom Ride
358:United States v. Wallace
341:United States v. Alabama
183:gains national attention
174:register for classes at
153:United States v. Wallace
18:United States v. Wallace
5553:Voter Education Project
5307:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
4968:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
4403:Josephine Dobbs Clement
3829:Chester school protests
3824:Twenty-fourth Amendment
3786:Detroit Walk to Freedom
3528:Tallahassee bus boycott
3449:Baton Rouge bus boycott
3209:Patrick Bouvier Kennedy
3132:John F. Kennedy Stadium
2965:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2547:Voter Education Project
1829:Memory and Popular Film
1744:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1476:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1429:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1382:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1335:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1288:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
1181:August 6, 2002, at the
892:Deputy Attorney General
865:U.S. Justice Department
783:Equal Protection Clause
733:In response, President
444:Birmingham riot of 1963
115:33.208111°N 87.544000°W
6090:Alabama Soccer Stadium
5967:Insurance Hall of Fame
5766:Movement photographers
5008:Bernice Johnson Reagon
4728:Martin Luther King Sr.
4723:Martin Luther King Jr.
4293:William Holmes Borders
4065:Highlander Folk School
3955:Poor People's Campaign
3808:St. Augustine movement
3658:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
3581:Katz Drug Store sit-in
3552:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
3514:Montgomery bus boycott
3326:← Dwight D. Eisenhower
3263:Eunice Kennedy Shriver
3057:Harvard Kennedy School
2975:Apollo 11 Moon landing
2868:A Nation of Immigrants
2342:Presidential limousine
2143:1963 Inaugural Address
1793:Modern Fiction Studies
1274:June 15, 2009, at the
814:Kennedy administration
804:federal district judge
798:, Dave McGlathery and
747:Alabama National Guard
636:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
579:Murder of Viola Liuzzo
485:Montgomery bus boycott
383:Birmingham bus boycott
347:Original Freedom Rides
191:Speech on Civil Rights
62:stands at the door of
6351:Civil rights movement
6115:Sewell–Thomas Stadium
5992:Paul W. Bryant Museum
5601:Civil Rights Memorial
5489:Bethel Baptist Church
5138:Charles Kenzie Steele
4583:Audrey Faye Hendricks
4488:Myrlie Evers-Williams
4468:Patricia Stephens Due
4438:Abraham Lincoln Davis
4373:Colia Lafayette Clark
4127:Operation Breadbasket
4122:National Urban League
3869:Katzenbach v. McClung
3737:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
3390:Civil rights movement
3245:Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.
3233:Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.
2925:attending dignitaries
2497:Executive Order 11110
2378:Alliance for Progress
2315:Judicial appointments
2197:George Wallace Tunnel
1944:Executive Order 11111
1826:Paul Grainge (2003).
1805:10.1353/mfs.1995.0102
1655:on September 30, 2015
1195:Joe (June 11, 2015).
964:Executive Order 11111
771:On May 17, 1954, the
763:Civil Rights Movement
739:Executive Order 11111
704:University of Alabama
465:Katzenbach v. McClung
417:Birmingham bus attack
302:Civil Rights Movement
176:University of Alabama
120:33.208111; -87.544000
89:University of Alabama
46:civil rights movement
6195:The Bear Bryant Show
6189:Alabama Public Radio
6095:Bryant–Denny Stadium
5646:other King memorials
5621:Freedom Rides Museum
5558:1960s counterculture
5509:Edmund Pettus Bridge
5188:Walter Francis White
5093:Alexander D. Shimkin
3607:New Year's Day March
3576:Ministers' Manifesto
3423:Executive Order 9981
3025:U.S. five cent stamp
2985:Kennedy Space Center
2633:Ich bin ein Berliner
2441:Cuban Missile Crisis
2431:Bay of Pigs Invasion
2337:Presidential pardons
1993:at Wikimedia Commons
1897:on November 25, 2018
1610:Willis, Jim (2015).
749:, and Guard General
574:Murder of James Reeb
412:Anniston bus bombing
6429:Protests in Alabama
6264:Million Dollar Band
5997:President's Mansion
5952:Archaeological Park
5906:Amelia Gayle Gorgas
5842:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
5384:Mary McLeod Bethune
5345:Sermon on the Mount
5312:"We Shall Overcome"
4893:William Lewis Moore
4673:Frank Minis Johnson
4648:Richie Jean Jackson
4603:Donald L. Hollowell
4408:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
4213:Gwendolyn Armstrong
4208:William G. Anderson
4188:Victoria Gray Adams
4152:The Freedom Singers
4006:Black Panther Party
3791:March on Washington
3704:Garner v. Louisiana
3665:Boynton v. Virginia
3333:Lyndon B. Johnson →
3221:Tatiana Schlossberg
3203:John F. Kennedy Jr.
3020:U.S. postage stamps
3015:Kennedy half dollar
3005:Cultural depictions
2858:Profiles in Courage
2562:Revenue Act of 1962
2410:Trade Expansion Act
2270:U.S. Representative
2179:An Assassin's Diary
1962:, October 15, 2009.
1890:The Tuscaloosa News
1237:on January 17, 2013
1004:Cultural references
930:Vivian Malone Jones
895:Nicholas Katzenbach
796:Vivian Malone Jones
720:Governor of Alabama
429:Birmingham campaign
365:Hamilton v. Alabama
244:Nicholas Katzenbach
111: /
93:Tuscaloosa, Alabama
68:Nicholas Katzenbach
6289:: $ 631.95 million
6074:Women's basketball
5701:Michael Eric Dyson
5586:In popular culture
5469:Fifth Circuit Four
5453:Loving v. Virginia
5446:Hernandez v. Texas
5425:Buchanan v. Warley
5417:Separate but equal
5411:Plessy v. Ferguson
5374:Frederick Douglass
5208:Robert F. Williams
5118:Kelly Miller Smith
5098:Fred Shuttlesworth
5023:Frederick D. Reese
5003:George Raymond Jr.
4993:A. Philip Randolph
4973:Fay Bellamy Powell
4888:Queen Mother Moore
4773:Z. Alexander Looby
4718:Coretta Scott King
4663:Barbara Rose Johns
4643:Jimmie Lee Jackson
4568:William E. Harbour
4348:Stokely Carmichael
4263:Randolph Blackwell
3933:King assassination
3922:Loving v. Virginia
3906:March Against Fear
3886:How Long, Not Long
3764:Children's Crusade
3715:Cambridge movement
3652:Ax Handle Saturday
3617:Greensboro sit-ins
3544:Give Us the Ballot
3299:John F. Fitzgerald
3281:Jean Kennedy Smith
3191:Jacqueline Bouvier
3137:Kennedy Expressway
3107:Runnymede memorial
2908:in popular culture
2809:Castle Hot Springs
2347:Presidential yacht
2164:(1963 documentary)
2047:George Wallace Jr.
1201:Arthur Ashe Legacy
1093:In February 1956,
1035:George Wallace Jr.
951:Katzenbach called
852:, a leader of the
585:City of Tuscaloosa
514:Montgomery sit-ins
479:City of Montgomery
434:Children's Crusade
400:Birmingham sit-ins
372:City of Birmingham
327:NAACP v. Patterson
240:, Attorney General
6308:
6307:
6207:The Crimson White
6147:Historic District
6123:
6122:
6105:Foster Auditorium
5792:
5791:
5569:Eyes on the Prize
5484:A.G. Gaston Motel
5479:Kelly Ingram Park
5439:Sweatt v. Painter
5123:Mary Louise Smith
5083:Cleveland Sellers
5068:Michael Schwerner
5033:Gloria Richardson
4813:Thurgood Marshall
4733:Bernard Lafayette
4463:John Wesley Dobbs
3977:
3976:
3696:Birmingham attack
3676:Rock Hill sit-ins
3627:Sibley Commission
3622:Nashville sit-ins
3494:Gebhart v. Belton
3480:Briggs v. Elliott
3473:Bolling v. Sharpe
3434:Sweatt v. Painter
3356:
3355:
3311:Billie and Debbie
3275:Robert F. Kennedy
3102:Portland memorial
3082:Brooklyn memorial
2872:
2862:
2852:
2848:Why England Slept
2610:Inaugural address
2580:
2579:
2572:Wetlands Loan Act
2395:Flexible response
2205:
2204:
2153:Foster Auditorium
2131:
2130:
1989:Media related to
1971:The Crimson-white
1839:978-0-7190-6375-6
1566:on August 6, 2002
858:Robert F. Kennedy
842:Birmingham Police
807:Seybourn H. Lynne
700:Foster Auditorium
689:
688:
268:
267:
238:Robert F. Kennedy
187:President Kennedy
64:Foster Auditorium
16:(Redirected from
6446:
6361:
6360:
6349:
6348:
6337:
6336:
6335:
6325:
6324:
6323:
6316:
6172:Bishop v. Aronov
6164:1963 documentary
6100:Coleman Coliseum
6039:Men's basketball
6024:
6023:
6019:
5888:
5879:
5843:
5828:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5796:
5795:
5783:
5782:
5746:Charles M. Payne
5731:Steven F. Lawson
5721:David Halberstam
5691:Clayborne Carson
5432:Hocutt v. Wilson
5379:W. E. B. Du Bois
5228:Sammy Younge Jr.
5213:Q. V. Williamson
5178:Wyatt Tee Walker
5043:Bernice Robinson
4988:Lincoln Ragsdale
4978:Rodney N. Powell
4873:Douglas E. Moore
4748:Sanford R. Leigh
4683:J. Charles Jones
4558:Fannie Lou Hamer
4473:Joseph Ellwanger
4433:Jonathan Daniels
4423:Claudette Colvin
4413:Annie Lee Cooper
4398:Kathleen Cleaver
4393:Eldridge Cleaver
4368:Shirley Chisholm
4258:Gloria Blackwell
3849:workers' murders
3796:"I Have a Dream"
3691:Anniston bombing
3642:Greenville Eight
3557:Little Rock Nine
3520:Browder v. Gayle
3408:
3407:
3383:
3376:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3345:
3344:
3251:Rosemary Kennedy
3227:Jack Schlossberg
3215:Rose Schlossberg
3197:Caroline Kennedy
3092:Hyannis memorial
2870:
2860:
2850:
2814:Hammersmith Farm
2762:Kennedy Compound
2595:
2588:
2512:Fifty-mile hikes
2400:Kennedy Doctrine
2366:
2365:
2327:Executive Orders
2277:
2265:
2257:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2067:
2066:
2052:Cornelia Wallace
2021:
2014:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1988:
1924:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1893:. Archived from
1880:
1874:
1873:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1715:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1626:
1625:
1607:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1285:
1279:
1266:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1192:
1186:
1173:
1167:
1166:
1146:
1137:
1121:Elliot, Debbie.
1119:
1099:
1091:
1055:Little Rock Nine
926:
908:
850:Edward R. Fields
818:Battle of Oxford
660:Other localities
630:Tuskegee sit-ins
614:City of Tuskegee
491:Browder v. Gayle
334:NAACP v. Alabama
316:State of Alabama
308:
294:
287:
280:
271:
270:
126:
125:
123:
122:
121:
116:
112:
109:
108:
107:
104:
56:
36:
35:
21:
6454:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6447:
6445:
6444:
6443:
6379:1963 in Alabama
6369:
6368:
6367:
6355:
6343:
6333:
6331:
6321:
6319:
6311:
6309:
6304:
6278:
6227:
6177:
6119:
6078:
6017:
6011:
5987:Old Observatory
5982:New Observatory
5935:
5901:George H. Denny
5886:
5880:
5871:
5845:
5841:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5793:
5788:
5777:
5770:
5751:Thomas E. Ricks
5741:Diane McWhorter
5726:Vincent Harding
5711:Adam Fairclough
5678:
5672:
5574:
5529:Freedom Schools
5388:
5321:
5269:
5263:
5254:Omaha, Nebraska
5242:
5158:Hartman Turnbow
5148:Dorothy Tillman
5108:Glenn E. Smiley
5088:Charles Sherrod
5048:Jo Ann Robinson
4923:Charles Neblett
4913:Elijah Muhammad
4878:Harriette Moore
4838:Floyd McKissick
4823:Franklin McCain
4758:Stanley Levison
4623:T. R. M. Howard
4573:Vincent Harding
4503:Walter Fauntroy
4388:Xernona Clayton
4338:John H. Calhoun
4323:Aurelia Browder
4313:Stanley Branche
4308:Raylawni Branch
4288:Joseph E. Boone
4273:Ezell Blair Jr.
4268:Unita Blackwell
4243:Harry Belafonte
4183:Ralph Abernathy
4171:
4107:Nation of Islam
3983:
3973:
3812:
3769:Birmingham riot
3710:Albany Movement
3632:Atlanta sit-ins
3612:Sit-in movement
3595:
3591:Biloxi wade-ins
3563:Cooper v. Aaron
3453:
3399:
3393:
3387:
3357:
3352:
3316:
3239:Rose Fitzgerald
3223:(granddaughter)
3217:(granddaughter)
3177:
3166:John F. Kennedy
3157:John F. Kennedy
3149:John F. Kennedy
3097:London memorial
3087:Dallas memorial
3048:
3041:
2936:
2920:Riderless horse
2876:
2835:
2745:
2672:
2602:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2576:
2468:
2364:
2288:
2280:
2268:
2260:
2249:
2241:
2239:John F. Kennedy
2236:
2206:
2201:
2127:
2096:
2056:
2042:Lurleen Wallace
2030:
2025:
1960:Southern Spaces
1951:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1925:
1916:
1911:
1910:
1900:
1898:
1881:
1877:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1849:
1847:
1840:
1824:
1820:
1789:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1742:
1738:
1727:
1723:
1713:
1711:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1629:
1622:
1608:
1601:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1569:
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937:
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840:, the chief of
769:
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751:Henry V. Graham
735:John F. Kennedy
710:" and stop the
692:
691:
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685:
625:Alabama Act 140
309:
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252:, Guard General
250:Henry V. Graham
232:John F. Kennedy
226:The White House
119:
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5028:Walter Reuther
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5013:Cordell Reagon
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4588:Lola Hendricks
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4578:Dorothy Height
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2517:Food for Peace
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2190:George Wallace
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2031:
2028:George Wallace
2024:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1968:
1963:
1954:Sarah Melton,
1940:
1931:
1926:
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1918:
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1914:External links
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1072:
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1062:
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1050:
1047:
1041:'s 1964 song "
1033:In June 2012,
1027:George Wallace
1005:
1002:
998:states' rights
984:
981:
968:federalization
946:states' rights
928:
921:
920:
916:George Wallace
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716:George Wallace
698:took place at
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6407:
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6397:
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6394:1963 speeches
6392:
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6389:1963 protests
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6339:United States
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6259:"The Machine"
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6153:Lucy v. Adams
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5921:Vivian Malone
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5862:School of Law
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5756:Timothy Tyson
5754:
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5709:
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5686:Taylor Branch
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5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5546:
5542:
5541:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5534:Freedom songs
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5454:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5440:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5429:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5414:
5413:
5412:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5400:Jim Crow laws
5398:
5397:
5395:
5391:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5324:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5297:"Oh, Freedom"
5295:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5272:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5223:Whitney Young
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5203:Kale Williams
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5163:Albert Turner
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5153:A. P. Tureaud
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5058:Bayard Rustin
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4908:William Moyer
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4843:Joseph McNeil
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4828:Charles McDew
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4818:Benjamin Mays
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4803:Vivian Malone
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:Joseph Lowery
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4703:Clyde Kennard
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4693:Vernon Jordan
4691:
4689:
4688:Matthew Jones
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:T. J. Jemison
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4638:Jesse Jackson
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Robert Graetz
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:Golden Frinks
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:Charles Evers
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4459:
4456:
4454:
4451:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:Vernon Dahmer
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:Septima Clark
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4303:Bruce Boynton
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4228:James Baldwin
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4198:Mathew Ahmann
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4158:
4155:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4096:
4095:Youth Council
4093:
4092:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4051:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3980:
3970:
3969:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3923:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3815:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3687:
3686:Freedom Rides
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3660:
3659:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3467:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:Prior to 1954
3409:
3406:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3370:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3349:
3348:
3339:
3338:
3335:
3334:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3303:
3301:(grandfather)
3300:
3297:
3295:(grandfather)
3294:
3293:P. J. Kennedy
3291:
3288:
3285:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3273:
3270:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3228:
3225:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3180:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3159: (CV-67)
3158:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3143:
3142:Mount Kennedy
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3077:Boston statue
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3007:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Kennedy Round
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:State funeral
2913:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2888:Assassination
2886:
2885:
2883:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:Personal life
2748:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2637:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2492:Equal Pay Act
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2464:Vienna summit
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2454:Berlin Crisis
2451:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2436:Cuban Project
2434:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2320:Supreme Court
2318:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:Arthur Bremer
2171:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:Gubernatorial
2068:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2017:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2003:
2002:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1979:June 13, 1963
1976:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1830:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1799:(2): 419–44.
1798:
1794:
1787:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1757:0-684-80916-8
1753:
1749:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1725:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1651:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1617:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1587:
1581:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1489:0-684-80916-8
1485:
1481:
1480:
1472:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1442:0-684-80916-8
1438:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1395:0-684-80916-8
1391:
1387:
1386:
1378:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1348:0-684-80916-8
1344:
1340:
1339:
1331:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1301:0-684-80916-8
1297:
1293:
1292:
1284:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1253:
1251:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1172:
1164:
1162:9780201407983
1158:
1154:
1153:
1145:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1096:
1090:
1086:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1046:
1044:
1040:
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5836:
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5716:David Garrow
5696:John Dittmer
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5494:Brown Chapel
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5423:
5409:
5366:
5218:Andrew Young
5173:A. T. Walden
5168:C. T. Vivian
5128:Maxine Smith
4963:Homer Plessy
4943:James Orange
4898:Irene Morgan
4853:William Ming
4833:Ralph McGill
4768:Viola Liuzzo
4753:Jim Letherer
4738:James Lawson
4668:Vernon Johns
4658:Esau Jenkins
4613:Myles Horton
4563:Fred Hampton
4553:Prathia Hall
4543:Dick Gregory
4513:Marie Foster
4508:James Forman
4498:James Farmer
4483:Medgar Evers
4443:Angela Davis
4378:Ramsey Clark
4358:James Chaney
4353:Johnnie Carr
4333:Ralph Bunche
4328:H. Rap Brown
4318:Ruby Bridges
4278:Joanne Bland
4253:Claude Black
4233:Marion Barry
4203:Muhammad Ali
4030:
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2948:Bibliography
2867:
2857:
2847:
2802:
2795:Arthur Evans
2783:
2767:Hickory Hill
2601:Presidential
2541:
2532:Space policy
2474:New Frontier
2352:
2305:Inauguration
2188:
2177:
2159:
2147:
2101:Presidential
1975:June 9, 1963
1970:
1959:
1942:
1941:
1933:
1932:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1888:
1878:
1872:(DVD). 2001.
1869:
1868:Forrest Gump
1865:
1860:
1850:February 28,
1848:. Retrieved
1828:
1821:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1746:
1739:
1730:
1724:
1712:. Retrieved
1683:. Retrieved
1669:
1657:. Retrieved
1650:the original
1611:
1590:. Retrieved
1580:
1568:. Retrieved
1564:the original
1559:
1549:
1537:. Retrieved
1518:
1506:. Retrieved
1478:
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1459:. Retrieved
1431:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1384:
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1365:. Retrieved
1337:
1330:
1318:. Retrieved
1290:
1283:
1246:
1239:. Retrieved
1235:the original
1221:
1209:. Retrieved
1200:
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1151:
1089:
1032:
1025:
1021:Forrest Gump
1019:
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976:Henry Graham
950:
938:
912:Henry Graham
888:
878:
875:World War II
868:
862:
830:Ku Klux Klan
826:Albert Lingo
811:
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714:of schools,
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200:Lead figures
193:the same day
152:
144:
136:
106:87°32′38.4″W
103:33°12′29.2″N
44:Part of the
31:
26:
6254:CrimsonRide
5972:Little Hall
5896:Bear Bryant
5736:Doug McAdam
5706:Chuck Fager
5333:Nonviolence
5238:James Zwerg
5233:Bob Zellner
5193:Roy Wilkins
5143:Hank Thomas
5078:Pete Seeger
5073:Bobby Seale
4938:Jack O'Dell
4933:Edgar Nixon
4863:Amzie Moore
4858:Jack Minnis
4798:Mae Mallory
4783:Clara Luper
4743:Bernard Lee
4633:Cecil Ivory
4628:Ruby Hurley
4598:Oliver Hill
4593:Aaron Henry
4493:Chuck Fager
4453:Dave Dennis
4343:Guy Carawan
4283:Julian Bond
4248:James Bevel
4238:Daisy Bates
3509:Emmett Till
3392:(1954–1968)
3287:Ted Kennedy
3173:Yad Kennedy
2425:Vietnam War
2405:Peace Corps
2276:(1947–1953)
2264:(1953–1960)
2256:(1961–1963)
2193:(1997 film)
1901:January 15,
1241:February 7,
1010:Robert Drew
1000:" instead.
838:Bull Connor
743:federalized
261:, Governor
234:, President
189:delivers a
162:Resulted in
118: /
6373:Categories
6269:Traditions
6083:Facilities
6069:Volleyball
6054:Gymnastics
5957:Auditorium
5931:Presidents
5911:James Hood
5837:Located in
5679:historians
5360:Satyagraha
5326:Influences
5018:James Reeb
4953:James Peck
4948:Rosa Parks
4918:Diane Nash
4788:Danny Lyon
4763:John Lewis
4708:A. D. King
4608:James Hood
4223:Ella Baker
4193:Zev Aelony
3313:(hamsters)
3229:(grandson)
3199:(daughter)
3047:Memorials,
2772:La Querida
2300:Transition
2286:Presidency
1928:Wikisource
1106:References
942:Katzenbach
846:Asa Carter
834:Tuscaloosa
800:James Hood
761:See also:
757:Background
728:James Hood
378:Bombingham
220:James Hood
172:James Hood
6287:Endowment
6018:Athletics
5947:Arboretum
5850:Academics
5338:Padayatra
5287:"Kumbaya"
5247:By region
4903:Bob Moses
4808:Bob Mants
4793:Malcolm X
4713:C.B. King
4533:Fred Gray
4176:Activists
3817:1964–1968
3600:1960–1963
3458:1954–1959
3289:(brother)
3277:(brother)
3247:(brother)
3164:USS
3155:USS
3049:namesakes
2903:reactions
2678:Elections
2062:Elections
1813:161822250
1714:April 18,
1570:April 14,
1539:March 11,
1098:enrolled.
1039:Bob Dylan
983:Aftermath
953:President
131:Caused by
6363:Politics
6295:: 37,100
6293:Students
6135:Timeline
6064:Softball
6044:Baseball
6034:Football
6027:Programs
6002:The Quad
5268:Movement
4698:Tom Kahn
3982:Activist
3402:timeline
3347:Category
3305:Pushinka
3283:(sister)
3271:(sister)
3265:(sister)
3259:(sister)
3253:(sister)
3241:(mother)
3235:(father)
2893:timeline
2603:speeches
2353:Resolute
2291:timeline
1844:Archived
1776:March 5,
1770:Archived
1766:32739924
1708:Archived
1679:Archived
1588:. Shmoop
1533:Archived
1508:March 5,
1502:Archived
1498:32739924
1461:March 5,
1455:Archived
1451:32739924
1414:March 5,
1408:Archived
1404:32739924
1367:March 5,
1361:Archived
1357:32739924
1320:March 5,
1314:Archived
1310:32739924
1272:Archived
1211:March 5,
1205:Archived
1179:Archived
1126:Archived
1049:See also
885:Incident
741:, which
209:Students
84:Location
6313:Portals
6301:: 1,175
6299:Faculty
6223:WVUA-CD
6218:WVUA-FM
6128:History
5393:Related
4983:Al Raby
3938:funeral
3801:Big Six
2777:Wexford
2739:debates
2310:Cabinet
2136:Related
1685:May 11,
1659:May 11,
1592:May 11,
879:Newsday
870:Newsday
785:of the
737:issued
702:at the
306:Alabama
6239:Big Al
6059:Soccer
5962:Chimes
5940:Campus
5887:People
5579:Legacy
5355:Ahimsa
3984:groups
3445:(1950)
3437:(1950)
3398:Events
3193:(wife)
3183:Family
2941:Legacy
2871:(1958)
2861:(1956)
2851:(1940)
2784:PT-109
2446:ExComm
2429:Cuba:
2035:Family
1836:
1811:
1764:
1754:
1618:
1496:
1486:
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1439:
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1159:
718:, the
155:(1963)
149:(1955)
141:(1954)
6327:1960s
6232:Other
6182:Media
5677:Noted
5270:songs
4090:NAACP
3943:riots
3307:(dog)
3211:(son)
3205:(son)
3010:films
3000:VISTA
2881:Death
2840:Books
2803:PT-59
2420:USAID
2274:MA–11
1809:S2CID
1653:(PDF)
1646:(PDF)
1081:Notes
791:Brown
6049:Golf
2729:1960
2724:1956
2708:1958
2703:1952
2697:1950
2692:1948
2687:1946
2666:1963
2661:1962
2656:1961
2355:desk
2272:for
2251:35th
2092:1982
2087:1974
2082:1970
2077:1962
1977:and
1903:2016
1852:2009
1834:ISBN
1778:2021
1762:OCLC
1752:ISBN
1716:2020
1687:2017
1661:2017
1616:ISBN
1594:2017
1572:2016
1541:2017
1510:2021
1494:OCLC
1484:ISBN
1463:2021
1447:OCLC
1437:ISBN
1416:2021
1400:OCLC
1390:ISBN
1369:2021
1353:OCLC
1343:ISBN
1322:2021
1306:OCLC
1296:ISBN
1243:2013
1213:2021
1157:ISBN
765:and
745:the
726:and
694:The
170:and
76:Date
3147:MV
1801:doi
1134:NPR
304:in
91:in
6375::
5839::
1958:,
1887:.
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1695:^
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6315::
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