423:
342:
214:, and vested that entity with regulatory powers to ensure a degree of civil air safety. Among these powers were: testing and licensing pilots, issuing certificates to guarantee the airworthiness of aircraft, making and enforcing safety rules, certificating aircraft, establishing airways, operating and maintaining aids to air navigation, and investigating accidents and incidents in aviation. The first head of the Branch was
325:, Senate investigators charged that Brown's methods had been illegal, and President Roosevelt canceled the contracts. In 1935 the BAC encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers (Newark, New Jersey; Cleveland, Ohio; and Chicago, Illinois) for providing air traffic control along the airways, the following year taking over the centers itself and expanding the traffic control system.
1583:
334:
365:. The CAA was responsible for air traffic control, safety programs, and airway development. The CAB was entrusted with safety rulemaking, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines. Although both organizations were housed in the Department of Commerce, the CAB functioned independently. When a
353:
In 1938, the Civil
Aeronautics Act transferred federal responsibilities for non-military aviation from the Bureau of Air Commerce to a new, independent agency, the Civil Aeronautics Authority. The legislation also gave the authority the power to regulate airline fares and to determine the routes that
245:
to establish three centers (Newark, New Jersey; Cleveland, Ohio; and
Chicago, Illinois) to provide air traffic control in airways. In 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. Pioneer air traffic controllers resorted to using maps, blackboards, and calculations
1380:
Study of operation of Civil
Aeronautics Administration: Hearings before a subcommittee of the Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, United States Senate, Eighty-fourth Congress, second session on s. 2818, a bill to amend airport act, as amended, and for other purposes; and the resignation of
229:
In fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the
Department of Commerce initially concentrated on functions such as safety rulemaking and the certification of pilots and aircraft. It took over the building and operation of the nation's system of lighted airways, a task begun by the Post Office
127:
in 1917, the United States government mobilized the nation's economy, with results that included an expansion of the small aviation manufacturing industry. Before the end of the conflict, Congress voted funds for an innovative postal program that would serve as a model for commercial air operations.
182:, barnstormers caused 66% of fatal accidents during 1924. Opponents of this view included those who distrusted government interference or wished to leave any such regulation to state authorities. Barnstorming accidents that led to such regulations during this period are accurately depicted in the
419:, manning its radio station and maintaining the 6,000-foot runway. Strangely, this community was dispersed in 1949, and while the exact reasons why are unclear, it was likely because the benefits of operating the facilities did not outweigh the cost of providing for the colony members.
1328:
United States. Congress. House. Committee on
Interstate and Foreign Commerce; United States. Congress. House. Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce. Subcommittee on Aviation (1952). Aviation Safety. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp.
403:
and set the framework for future aviation diplomacy. In 1946, Congress gave the CAA the task of administering a federal-aid airport program aimed exclusively at promoting development of the United States' civil airports.
258:(first recipient of its pilot certification license), whose approach to regulation included consultation and cooperation with industry. A major challenge facing MacCracken was to enlarge and improve the nation's
450:
ATC services over international waters (Hawaii, some US island territories, & some small, foreign island nations/territories where the US provides high-altitude ATC service are included in this region).
579:
United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on
Governmental Affairs. Subcommittee on International Security, Proliferation, and Federal Services (2001). E-commerce activities of the US Postal Service. U.S.
1587:
199:
appointed a board to investigate the issue. The board's report favored federal safety regulation. To that end, the Air
Commerce Act became law on May 20, 1926. The act was sponsored by Rep.
195:
At the urging of the aviation industry, that believed the airplane could not reach its full commercial potential without federal action to improve and maintain safety standards, President
844:
International
Committee on Radio. American Section; New York University. School of Law; American Academy of Air Law (1938). Air law review. Board of New York University Air Law Review.
395:, a role that eventually became permanent. During the war, the CAA also greatly enlarged its en route air traffic control system. In 1944, the United States hosted a conference in
1611:
475:. The act transferred safety rulemaking from CAB to the new FAA (the CAB continued), and also made the FAA responsible for a common civil-military system of air navigation and
446:(the former a British overseas territory and the latter a sovereign country, both where the FAA provides high-altitude ATC service). The blue regions are where the US provides
1420:
Committee on Fire and Smoke
Resistant Materials for Commercial Aircraft Interiors; Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems; National Materials Advisory Board (1996).
1517:
National
Commission on Terrorist Attacks (2011). The 9/11 Commission Report: The Attack from Planning to Aftermath (Authorized Text, Shorter Edition). W.W. Norton. pp. 62–.
835:
United States. Dept. of Commerce (1932). The United States Department of Commerce: a brief description of the activities of the several bureaus of the Department. G.P.O.
266:, or the "Four Course Radio Range". The branch also built additional airway communications stations to encourage broader use of aeronautical radio and combat adverse
262:
system. The Aeronautics Branch took over the Post Office's task of building airway light beacons, and in 1928 introduced a new navigation beacon system known as the
219:
147:
to transport mail. The Airmail Act created American commercial aviation and several of today's airlines were formed to carry airmail in the late 1920s (including
1616:
1273:
178:
decade of the 1920s gave way to early forms of federal regulation intended to instill public confidence in the safety of air transportation. As claimed by the
380:
as Chairman of the Civil Aeronautics Board. Pogue served as Chairman until 1946. During his tenure he helped strike down a plan for a single world airline.
140:
route. The subsequent achievements of the Air Mail Service included the establishment of a transcontinental route and the development of airway lighting.
174:
Aviation in the United States was not regulated during the early 20th century. A succession of accidents during the pre-war exhibition era (1910–16) and
426:
The FAA provides air traffic control services over US territory as well as over international waters where it has been delegated such authority by the
230:
Department. The Department of Commerce improved aeronautical radio communications, and introduced radio beacons as an effective aid to air navigation.
1465:
A. Roland; Nasa Technical Reports Server (NTRS) (July 2013). Model Research: The National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, 1915–1958. BiblioLife.
35:
970:
United States. Dept. of Commerce. Aeronautics Branch; United States. Bureau of Air Commerce; United States. Civil Aeronautics Authority (1933).
1606:
411:, where beginning in 1948, nearly 100 men, women, and children were sent to live and work. They occupied the facilities of what had been a
502:
117:
534:
71:
540:
The CAB's remaining authority was to control the routes airlines were allowed to run, and the fares they were allowed to charge. The
427:
400:
556:
369:
A crashed shortly after departing Washington, D.C., on August 31, 1940, the CAB had their first major investigation, that of the
82:
560:
86:
1252:
Airline Executives and Federal Regulation: Case Studies in American Enterprise from the Airmail Era to the Dawn of the Jet Age
1115:
939:
Capt. Jepp and the Little Black Book: How Barnstormer and Aviation Pioneer Elrey B. Jeppesen Made The Skies Safer for Everyone
776:
1539:
1522:
1491:
1470:
1453:
1429:
1368:
1347:
1259:
1238:
1217:
1196:
1175:
1158:
1084:
1051:
1030:
1009:
988:
946:
925:
904:
875:
862:
754:
712:
691:
670:
653:
288:, the Aeronautics Branch cooperated with public works agencies on projects that represented an early form of federal aid to
530:
391:
to provide new pilots. On the eve of America's entry into the conflict, the agency began to take over operation of airport
211:
67:
24:
460:
438:) covers land territory, excluding Hawaii and some island territories but including most of the Bering Sea as well as
733:
27:. Its functions included testing and licensing of pilots, certification of aircraft and investigation of accidents.
315:
1591:
388:
51:
34:, to reflect the growing importance of commercial flying. It was subsequently divided into two authorities: the
1504:
137:
277:
years earlier, the organization's work with the latter produced a new type of engine cowling with much less
1558:- air investigation reports and various other circulars and orders dating from before the formation of the
563:. It received broad powers to protect air travel and other transportation modes against criminal activity.
468:
47:
1340:
The United States Outer Executive Departments and Independent Establishments & Government Corporations
407:
This included the establishment of semi-permanent colonies in remote, U.S.-owned territories, such as the
254:
The Department of Commerce created an Aeronautics Branch in 1926. The first head of this organization was
1381:
Frederick B. Lee, formerly the Administrator of Civil Aeronautics. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1956.
548:
431:
255:
215:
1170:
The United States Government Manual 2009–2010. Government Printing Office. 30 October 2009. pp. 581–.
273:
NACA began its own aeronautics research undertaking in 1920. In 1928, having created one of the first
1534:
Jennifer Zellan (2003). Aviation Security: Current Issues and Developments. Nova Publishers. pp. 1–.
370:
285:
263:
133:
246:
to perform their new roles, making sure aircraft traveling along designated routes did not collide.
1391:
541:
341:
20:
484:
472:
362:
346:
43:
1317:
599:
544:
of 1978 phased out these controls, resulting in the elimination of the CAB at the end of 1984.
234:
188:
113:
31:
555:
attack: hijacked airliners used for terrorist attacks. The government's response included the
361:
split the authority into two agencies, the Civil Aeronautics Administration and a five-member
529:
The accident investigation powers of the Civil Aeronautics Board were transferred to the new
358:
1096:
Report – National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1938.
459:
Several mid-air collisions occurred during the latter half of the 20th century, such as the
514:
492:
292:. The Branch was restructured and in 1934 received a new name, the Bureau of Air Commerce.
168:
148:
78:
63:
8:
981:
History of Shock Waves, Explosions and Impact: A Chronological and Biographical Reference
879:
818:
499:
476:
318:
305:
238:
39:
1105:
The Journal of Air Law and Commerce. Southern Methodist University School of Law. 1975.
509:(NASA) from the dissolution of the former NACA agency on that date, in the wake of the
412:
200:
152:
129:
1535:
1518:
1487:
1466:
1449:
1425:
1364:
1343:
1313:
1255:
1234:
1213:
1192:
1171:
1154:
1080:
1047:
1026:
1005:
984:
942:
921:
900:
858:
750:
729:
708:
687:
666:
649:
480:
301:
143:
In 1925, the Airmail Act of 1925 authorized the Post Office to contract with private
808:
300:
became its first director. Vidal resigned on February 28, 1937, and was replaced by
1189:
American Economic History: A Dictionary and Chronology: A Dictionary and Chronology
1122:
813:
783:
322:
278:
488:
196:
156:
822:
591:
377:
259:
46:(CAB), concerned with safety regulations and accident investigation. Under the
1422:
Fire- and Smoke-Resistant Interior Materials for Commercial Transport Aircraft
1600:
1121:. 52 Stat. 973 ~ Senate Bill 3845. Legis★Works. June 23, 1938. Archived from
408:
392:
1555:
510:
464:
416:
384:
366:
293:
223:
183:
175:
66:. The accident investigation powers of the CAB were transferred to the new
59:
782:. 44 Stat. 568 ~ Senate Bill 41. Legis★Works. May 20, 1926. Archived from
471:. The legislation gave the CAA's functions to a new independent body, the
304:
Fagg reorganized the bureau, but retired in April 1938, being replaced by
96:
705:
Encyclopedia of Flight: Accident investigation – Guernica, Spain, bombing
297:
274:
124:
109:
422:
1556:
Department of Transportation Online Digital Special Collections Library
90:
559:, enacted that November, that established a new DOT organization: the
116:
took a step toward revitalizing American aviation by establishing the
552:
551:
challenged the air transportation system by presenting a new type of
105:
766:
The Alternative: An American Spectator. Saturday Evening Club. 1977.
314:
The year 1934 also saw a crisis over airmail contracts that former
50:, the CAA's powers were transferred to a new independent body, the
1505:"The Federal Aviation Administration and Its Predecessor Agencies"
1411:. Department of the Air Force, Air Training Command. 1959. p. 43.
518:
491:
in Europe in World War II, and served as an advisor to President
443:
439:
396:
289:
267:
242:
144:
487:
Lt. General who commanded the early tactical air forces of the
101:
1145:
1143:
1077:
Deep Stall: The Turbulent Story of Boeing Commercial Airplanes
467:
travel was nascent at this time, prompting the passage of the
373:, setting the pattern for subsequent accident investigations.
684:
America’s Space Futures: Defining Goals for Space Exploration
167:"Watres Act" redirects here. For the McNary-Watres Act, see
120:(NACA), an organization dedicated to the science of flight.
1559:
1140:
620:
Saga of U.S. Air Mail Service, 1918–1927. Air Mail Pioneers
506:
454:
321:
had used to strengthen the airline route structure. In the
55:
1361:
Beyond Open Skies: A New Regime for International Aviation
855:
Are We Safer Now?: Airline Security in a Post-9/11 Society
333:
93:
and other transportation modes against criminal activity.
220:
1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash
1151:
Airline Operations and Management: A Management Textbook
665:
The Oxford Companion to United States History. pp. 22–.
1231:
High Frontier: A History of Aeronautics in Pennsylvania
524:
97:
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics and airmail
1612:
History of science and technology in the United States
1575:
1570:
1565:
1484:
Low Cost Carriers: Emergence, Expansion and Evolution
521:. NASA assumed NACA's role of aeronautical research.
210:
The Act created an Aeronautic Branch assigned to the
891:
889:
747:
Handbook of Transportation Policy and Administration
682:
Eric R. Sterner; Scott Pace; William Adkins (2013).
1023:
America's Airports: Airfield Development, 1918–1947
983:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 456–.
463:, the first time more than 100 people were killed.
961:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1930. pp. 137–.
498:The same year witnessed the transformation of the
918:Flight Check!: The Story of FAA Flight Inspection
886:
1598:
233:In 1934, the Aeronautics Branch was renamed the
30:In 1934, the Aeronautics Branch was renamed the
1440:
1438:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
349:on display in the National Air and Space Museum
1617:History of the government of the United States
1075:Philip K. Lawrence; David W. Thornton (2017).
817:. Scranton, PA. February 7, 1964. pp. 3,
328:
1116:"Civil Aeronautics Act of 1938 ~ P.L. 75-706"
809:"Col. L. H. Watres, 82, World War Hero, Dies"
507:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
56:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1444:Michael W. Pearson; Daniel S. Riley (2016).
1435:
1298:Annual Report of the Civil Aeronautics Board
1233:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 201–.
625:
1187:James S. Olson; Abraham O. Mendoza (2015).
1025:. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 10–.
876:"Federal Aviation Administration - History"
612:
503:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
118:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
104:enthusiasm for air power was sparked by an
937:Flint Whitlock; Terry L. Barnhart (2007).
646:Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge
535:United States Department of Transportation
72:United States Department of Transportation
728:. University of Michigan Press. pp. 57–.
401:International Civil Aviation Organization
249:
1300:. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1941.
1254:. Ohio State University Press. pp. 18–.
1208:Alan J. Stolzer; John J. Goglia (2016).
897:Fundamentals of Air Transport Management
777:"Air Commerce Act of 1926 ~ P.L. 69-254"
644:Federal Aviation Administration (2009).
589:
557:Aviation and Transportation Security Act
455:Federal Aviation Administration and NASA
421:
340:
332:
112:in 1914. During the following year, the
376:In 1942, President Roosevelt appointed
1599:
1363:. Kluwer Law International. pp. 100–.
801:
561:Transportation Security Administration
387:began in Europe, the CAA launched the
218:High visibility accidents such as the
203:, and subsequently referred to as the
87:Transportation Security Administration
1424:. National Academies Press. pp. 65–.
1271:
1210:Safety Management Systems in Aviation
1149:Gerald N. Cook; Bruce Billig (2017).
1042:Marie K. Long; Elgen M. Long (2000).
399:that led to the establishment of the
531:National Transportation Safety Board
525:Department of Transportation and TSA
212:United States Department of Commerce
68:National Transportation Safety Board
25:United States Department of Commerce
23:created an Aeronautic Branch of the
1607:Civil aviation in the United States
648:. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. pp. 1–.
533:in 1967, at the same time that the
461:1956 Grand Canyon mid-air collision
162:
70:in 1967, at the same time that the
13:
1590:from websites or documents of the
1486:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 253–.
1153:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 251–.
1064:Aviation Week and Space Technology
1044:Amelia Earhart: The Mystery Solved
14:
1628:
1549:
1342:. Xlibris Corporation. pp. 366–.
1079:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 36–.
1021:Janet Rose Daly Bednarek (2001).
479:. The FAA's first administrator,
1586: This article incorporates
1581:
1002:The Encyclopedia of Aerodynamics
726:The Airplane in American Culture
590:Reinhard, Stephen (2010-02-16).
36:Civil Aeronautics Administration
1592:Federal Aviation Administration
1566:Federal Aviation Administration
1528:
1511:
1497:
1476:
1459:
1414:
1402:
1392:"CAA Colony on Palmyra Exhibit"
1384:
1374:
1353:
1332:
1322:
1303:
1291:
1265:
1244:
1223:
1202:
1181:
1164:
1108:
1099:
1090:
1069:
1057:
1046:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 48–.
1036:
1015:
994:
973:
964:
952:
931:
910:
899:. Excel Books India. pp. 192–.
868:
847:
838:
829:
769:
760:
389:Civilian Pilot Training Program
337:Logo on side of a test aircraft
136:in 1918 initiated an intercity
52:Federal Aviation Administration
739:
718:
697:
676:
659:
583:
573:
1:
1396:Palmyra Atoll Digital Archive
920:. Diane Publishing. pp. 12–.
566:
345:Seal and flag of the defunct
311:investigator Denis Mulligan.
226:continued to make headlines.
89:with broad powers to protect
58:(NASA) was created after the
54:(FAA). In the same year, the
1571:Department of Transportation
1004:. Andrews UK Ltd. pp. 384–.
703:Tracy Irons-Georges (2002).
469:Federal Aviation Act of 1958
241:grew, the Bureau encouraged
108:and then by the outbreak of
48:Federal Aviation Act of 1958
7:
1446:Foundations of Aviation Law
1338:Jock Lul Pan Chuol (2010).
1250:Walter David Lewis (2000).
1229:William F. Trimble (1982).
329:Civil Aeronautics Authority
128:With initial help from the
10:
1633:
1312:. February 1942. pp. 66–.
979:Peter O. K. Krehl (2008).
916:Scott A. Thompson (1990).
596:Pioneer Period (1783–1918)
549:September 11, 2001 attacks
354:air carriers would serve.
256:William P. MacCracken, Jr.
216:William P. MacCracken, Jr.
166:
941:. Savage Press. pp. 66–.
371:Lovettsville air disaster
264:low frequency radio range
853:Byron L. Cherry (2006).
724:Dominick Pisano (2003).
542:Airline Deregulation Act
21:Air Commerce Act of 1926
1359:Brian F. Havel (2009).
1000:Frank Hitchens (2015).
749:. CRC Press. pp. 333–.
513:'s launch of the first
473:Federal Aviation Agency
363:Civil Aeronautics Board
347:Civil Aeronautics Board
62:’s launch of the first
44:Civil Aeronautics Board
1588:public domain material
1576:Department of Commerce
1448:. Routledge. pp. 81–.
1212:. Routledge. pp. 50–.
1191:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 112–.
857:. iUniverse. pp. 14–.
600:National Postal Museum
451:
415:refueling base during
350:
338:
250:Bureau of Air Commerce
235:Bureau of Air Commerce
222:and the 1935 crash of
189:The Great Waldo Pepper
114:United States Congress
38:(CAA), concerned with
32:Bureau of Air Commerce
1482:Stephen Ison (2017).
1274:"L. Welch Pogue Dies"
959:Air Commerce Bulletin
745:Jeremy Plant (2007).
686:. BookBaby. pp. 59–.
618:Dale Nielson (1962).
434:fee regions. Yellow (
425:
359:Franklin D. Roosevelt
344:
336:
286:Franklin D. Roosevelt
281:than former designs.
1128:on November 20, 2015
1066:. McGraw-Hill. 1937.
895:Senguttuvan (2006).
592:"First flight cover"
515:artificial satellite
493:Dwight D. Eisenhower
296:, nephew of Senator
169:Air Mail Act of 1930
149:Trans World Airlines
79:September 11 attacks
64:artificial satellite
1278:The Washington Post
789:on October 18, 2015
477:air traffic control
430:. This map depicts
357:In 1940, President
239:commercial aviation
77:In response to the
40:air traffic control
16:Review of the topic
500:March 1915-founded
452:
351:
339:
316:Postmaster General
201:Laurence H. Watres
180:Aircraft Year Book
153:Northwest Airlines
83:federal government
1540:978-1-59033-870-4
1523:978-0-393-34108-9
1492:978-1-351-55962-1
1471:978-1-289-15820-0
1454:978-1-317-13372-8
1430:978-0-309-57834-9
1369:978-90-411-2389-3
1348:978-1-4500-8675-2
1272:Bernstein, Adam.
1260:978-0-8142-0833-5
1239:978-0-8229-7426-0
1218:978-1-317-05983-7
1197:978-1-61069-698-2
1176:978-0-16-083949-8
1159:978-1-315-29957-0
1085:978-1-351-94585-1
1052:978-0-7432-0217-6
1031:978-1-58544-130-3
1010:978-1-78538-324-3
989:978-3-540-30421-0
947:978-1-886028-83-8
926:978-0-7881-4728-9
905:978-81-7446-459-0
863:978-0-595-36398-8
755:978-1-4200-1702-1
713:978-1-58765-047-5
692:978-1-61927-685-7
671:978-0-19-508209-8
654:978-1-60239-780-4
481:Elwood R. Quesada
302:Fred D. Fagg, Jr.
1624:
1585:
1584:
1543:
1532:
1526:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1501:
1495:
1480:
1474:
1463:
1457:
1442:
1433:
1418:
1412:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1357:
1351:
1336:
1330:
1326:
1320:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1263:
1248:
1242:
1227:
1221:
1206:
1200:
1185:
1179:
1168:
1162:
1147:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1127:
1120:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1040:
1034:
1019:
1013:
998:
992:
977:
971:
968:
962:
956:
950:
935:
929:
914:
908:
893:
884:
883:
878:. Archived from
872:
866:
851:
845:
842:
836:
833:
827:
826:
814:Scranton Tribune
805:
799:
798:
796:
794:
788:
781:
773:
767:
764:
758:
743:
737:
722:
716:
701:
695:
680:
674:
663:
657:
642:
623:
616:
610:
609:
607:
606:
587:
581:
577:
323:Air Mail scandal
284:Under President
163:Air Commerce Act
1632:
1631:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1622:
1621:
1597:
1596:
1582:
1552:
1547:
1546:
1533:
1529:
1516:
1512:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1481:
1477:
1464:
1460:
1443:
1436:
1419:
1415:
1407:
1403:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1375:
1358:
1354:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1323:
1310:Flying Magazine
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1280:
1270:
1266:
1249:
1245:
1228:
1224:
1207:
1203:
1186:
1182:
1169:
1165:
1148:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1074:
1070:
1062:
1058:
1041:
1037:
1020:
1016:
999:
995:
978:
974:
969:
965:
957:
953:
936:
932:
915:
911:
894:
887:
874:
873:
869:
852:
848:
843:
839:
834:
830:
807:
806:
802:
792:
790:
786:
779:
775:
774:
770:
765:
761:
744:
740:
723:
719:
707:. Salem Press.
702:
698:
681:
677:
664:
660:
643:
626:
617:
613:
604:
602:
588:
584:
578:
574:
569:
527:
489:Ninth Air Force
483:, was a former
457:
331:
252:
197:Calvin Coolidge
172:
165:
157:United Airlines
99:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1630:
1620:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1551:
1550:External links
1548:
1545:
1544:
1527:
1510:
1496:
1475:
1458:
1434:
1413:
1401:
1383:
1373:
1352:
1331:
1321:
1302:
1290:
1264:
1243:
1222:
1201:
1180:
1163:
1139:
1107:
1098:
1089:
1068:
1056:
1035:
1014:
993:
972:
963:
951:
930:
909:
885:
882:on 2005-03-18.
867:
846:
837:
828:
823:Newspapers.com
800:
768:
759:
738:
717:
696:
675:
658:
624:
611:
582:
571:
570:
568:
565:
526:
523:
485:U.S. Air Force
456:
453:
393:control towers
378:L. Welch Pogue
330:
327:
260:air navigation
251:
248:
164:
161:
123:Upon entering
98:
95:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1629:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1506:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1479:
1472:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1410:
1409:The Navigator
1405:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1294:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1184:
1177:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1146:
1144:
1124:
1117:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1065:
1060:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1039:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1018:
1011:
1007:
1003:
997:
990:
986:
982:
976:
967:
960:
955:
948:
944:
940:
934:
927:
923:
919:
913:
906:
902:
898:
892:
890:
881:
877:
871:
864:
860:
856:
850:
841:
832:
824:
820:
816:
815:
810:
804:
785:
778:
772:
763:
756:
752:
748:
742:
735:
734:0-472-06833-4
731:
727:
721:
714:
710:
706:
700:
693:
689:
685:
679:
672:
668:
662:
655:
651:
647:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
621:
615:
601:
597:
593:
586:
576:
572:
564:
562:
558:
554:
550:
545:
543:
538:
537:was created.
536:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
501:
496:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
424:
420:
418:
414:
410:
409:Palmyra Atoll
405:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
381:
379:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
348:
343:
335:
326:
324:
320:
317:
312:
310:
308:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
247:
244:
240:
236:
231:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
193:
191:
190:
185:
181:
177:
170:
160:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
139:
135:
131:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
94:
92:
88:
85:launched the
84:
80:
75:
74:was created.
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
28:
26:
22:
1580:
1530:
1513:
1499:
1483:
1478:
1461:
1445:
1421:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1386:
1376:
1360:
1355:
1339:
1334:
1324:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1281:. Retrieved
1277:
1267:
1251:
1246:
1230:
1225:
1209:
1204:
1188:
1183:
1166:
1150:
1130:. Retrieved
1123:the original
1110:
1101:
1092:
1076:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1043:
1038:
1022:
1017:
1001:
996:
980:
975:
966:
958:
954:
938:
933:
917:
912:
896:
880:the original
870:
854:
849:
840:
831:
821:– via
812:
803:
791:. Retrieved
784:the original
771:
762:
746:
741:
725:
720:
704:
699:
683:
678:
661:
645:
619:
614:
603:. Retrieved
595:
585:
575:
546:
539:
528:
511:Soviet Union
497:
458:
447:
435:
417:World War II
406:
385:World War II
382:
375:
367:Douglas DC-3
356:
352:
313:
306:
294:Eugene Vidal
283:
275:wind tunnels
272:
253:
232:
228:
224:TWA Flight 6
209:
204:
194:
187:
179:
176:barnstorming
173:
142:
122:
100:
76:
60:Soviet Union
29:
18:
505:, into the
298:Thomas Gore
134:Post Office
125:World War I
110:World War I
1601:Categories
605:2015-11-15
567:References
432:overflight
319:W.F. Brown
307:Hindenburg
205:Watres Act
91:air travel
42:, and the
1318:0015-4806
553:terrorist
130:U.S. Army
106:arms race
1132:July 22,
793:April 5,
442:and the
290:airports
243:airlines
145:airlines
102:European
1562:in 1967
519:Sputnik
448:oceanic
444:Bahamas
440:Bermuda
436:enroute
397:Chicago
268:weather
138:airmail
1538:
1521:
1490:
1469:
1452:
1428:
1367:
1346:
1316:
1283:5 July
1258:
1237:
1216:
1195:
1174:
1157:
1083:
1050:
1029:
1008:
987:
945:
924:
903:
861:
753:
732:
711:
690:
669:
652:
580:G.P.O.
383:After
155:, and
132:, the
81:, the
1329:185–.
1126:(PDF)
1119:(PDF)
787:(PDF)
780:(PDF)
309:crash
237:. As
186:film
1560:NTSB
1536:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1467:ISBN
1450:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1365:ISBN
1344:ISBN
1314:ISSN
1285:2018
1256:ISBN
1235:ISBN
1214:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1172:ISBN
1155:ISBN
1134:2017
1081:ISBN
1048:ISBN
1027:ISBN
1006:ISBN
985:ISBN
943:ISBN
922:ISBN
901:ISBN
859:ISBN
795:2017
751:ISBN
730:ISBN
709:ISBN
688:ISBN
667:ISBN
650:ISBN
547:The
428:ICAO
413:Navy
279:drag
184:1975
19:The
465:Jet
159:).
1603::
1594:.
1437:^
1394:.
1276:.
1142:^
888:^
819:15
811:.
627:^
598:.
594:.
517:,
495:.
270:.
207:.
192:.
151:,
1542:.
1525:.
1507:.
1494:.
1473:.
1456:.
1432:.
1398:.
1371:.
1350:.
1287:.
1262:.
1241:.
1220:.
1199:.
1178:.
1161:.
1136:.
1087:.
1054:.
1033:.
1012:.
991:.
949:.
928:.
907:.
865:.
825:.
797:.
757:.
736:.
715:.
694:.
673:.
656:.
622:.
608:.
171:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.