1470:
36:
1594:, who was struck off the American army list from January 1866 to November 1866 to allow him to organise the raids. The purpose of these raids was to seize the transportation network of Canada, with the idea that this would force the British to exchange Ireland's freedom for possession of their Province of Canada. Before the invasion, the Fenians had received some intelligence from like-minded supporters within Canada but did not receive support from all Irish Catholics, as there those who saw the invasions as threatening the emerging Canadian sovereignty.
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1660:. As many of the weapons had in the meantime been confiscated by the US army, relatively few of these men actually became involved in the fighting. There even was a small Fenian raid on a storage building that successfully got back some weapons that had been seized by the US Army. Many were eventually returned anyway by sympathetic officers.
1424:, coupled with a few minor incidents elsewhere. The revolt's failure was much influenced by the general weakening of the Irish population after three years of famine, mixed with premature promptings to rise up early, resulting in inadequate military preparations in turn contributing to disunity among the rebellion's leaders.
108:
1653:. In the end, the invasion had been broken by the US authorities' subsequent interruption of Fenian supply lines across the Niagara River and the arrests of Fenian reinforcements attempting to cross the river into Canada. It is unlikely that with such a small force they would have ever achieved their goal.
1663:
To get the
Fenians out of the area, both in the St. Lawrence and Buffalo, the U.S. government purchased rail tickets for the Fenians to return to their homes if the individuals involved would promise not to invade any more countries from the United States. Many of the arms were returned later if the
1491:
went to the
Continent to avoid arrest. In Paris, they supported themselves by teaching and translation work and planned the next stage of "the fight to overthrow British rule in Ireland". In 1856 O'Mahony went to America and in 1858 founded the Fenian Brotherhood. Stephens returned to Ireland and in
1787:
During the latter part of 1866 Stephens endeavoured to raise funds in
America for a fresh rising planned for the following year. He issued a bombastic proclamation in America announcing an imminent general rising in Ireland; but he was himself soon afterwards deposed by his confederates, among whom
1574:
Large quantities of arms were purchased, and preparations were openly made by the
Roberts faction for a coordinated series of raids into Canada, which the United States government took no major steps to prevent. Many in the US administration were not indisposed to the movement because of Britain's
1408:
of the 1840s caused the deaths of 1 million Irish people and another million emigrated to escape it, with a further million over following decades. That the people starved while livestock and grain continued to be exported, quite often under military escort, would leave a legacy of bitterness and
1495:
In 1863 the
Brotherhood adopted a constitution and rules for general government. The First National Congress was organised in Chicago in November 1863. It allowed the organisation to be "reconstituted on the model of the institutions of the Republic, governing itself on the elective principle".
1500:
in
Philadelphia, Missouri in January 1865, also with a President to be elected by the Council. This established a more distinctive republican style of governance with a Central Council or Senate and a Chief of the Senate, as well as a Presidential role with limited powers; O'Mahony was made
1601:
with the intention of seizing it from the
British. British warships from Halifax, Nova Scotia were quickly on the scene and a military force dispersed the Fenians. This action served to reinforce the idea of protection for New Brunswick by joining with the
1688:, held the position of "Inspector-General of the Irish Republican Army". Le Caron later asserted that he distributed fifteen thousand stands of arms and almost three million rounds of ammunition in the care of the many trusted men stationed between
1409:
resentment among the survivors. The waves of emigration also ensured that such feelings would not be confined to
Ireland, but spread to England, the United States, Australia and every country where Irish emigrants gathered.
1641:(the Niagara is the international border) at the head of at least 800 (O'Neill's figure; usually reported as up to 1,500 in Canadian sources) men on the night and morning of 31 May/1 June 1866, and briefly captured
1696:, in preparation for the intended raid. It took place in April 1870 and proved a failure just as rapid and complete as the attempt of 1866. The Fenians under O'Neill's command crossed the Canadian frontier near
1671:
attended by over 400 properly accredited delegates, while 6,000 Fenian soldiers, armed and in uniform, paraded the streets. At this convention, a second invasion of Canada was conceived. The news of the
1773:
sitting in the harbour just off the railhead and its docks. Their presence was explicitly because of the fear of Fenian invasion or terrorism, as were the large numbers of troops on the first train.
1492:
Dublin on St. Patrick's Day 1858, following an organising tour through the length and breadth of the country, founded the Irish counterpart of the
American Fenians, the Irish Republican Brotherhood.
1551:. Both Fenian factions raised money by the issue of bonds in the name of the "Irish Republic", which were bought by the faithful in the expectation of their being honoured when Ireland should be "
1707:
After resigning as president of the Fenian
Brotherhood, John O'Neill unsuccessfully attempted an unsanctioned raid in 1871 and joined his remaining Fenian supporters with refugee veterans of the
1390:
with Britain repealed. Despite the use of petitions and public meetings that attracted vast popular support, the government thought the Union was more important than Irish public opinion.
1427:
The Government quickly rounded up many of the instigators. Those who could, fled across the seas and their followers dispersed. The last flicker of revolt in 1849, led by amongst others
1372:
under the Union. This promise was never kept and caused a protracted and bitter struggle for civil liberties. It was not until 1829 that the British government reluctantly conceded
1496:
Motions were passed to elect a Head Centre, with a Central Council of five elected members in 1863. This was extended to a Council of ten members at the second congress, held at
2373:
1700:, but were dispersed by a single volley from Canadian volunteers. O'Neill himself was promptly arrested by the United States authorities acting under the orders of President
2394:
A dissertation studying the interrelation between the exponents of physical force and the literature produced in, or about, Ireland during the period between 1858 and 1916
1827:
1802:
After the 1867 rising, IRB headquarters in Manchester opted to support neither of the dueling American factions, promoting instead a new organisation in America,
1738:. Confederation had been in the works for years but was only implemented in 1867, the year following the first raids. In 1868, a Fenian sympathiser assassinated
2438:
974:
1664:
person claiming them could post bond that they were not going to be used to invade Canada again, although some were possibly used in the raids that followed.
1795:, in the expectation of commanding an army against England, were imprisoned; sporadic disturbances around the country were easily suppressed by the police,
1555:". These bonds were to be redeemed "six months after the recognition of the independence of Ireland". Hundreds of thousands of Irish immigrants subscribed.
729:
1791:
The Fenian Rising proved to be a "doomed rebellion", poorly organised and with minimal public support. Most of the Irish-American officers who landed at
802:
3129:
646:
1667:
In December 1867, O'Neill became president of the Roberts faction of the Fenian Brotherhood, which in the following year held a great convention in
1597:
In April 1866, under the command of John O'Mahony, a band of more than 700 members of the Fenian Brotherhood arrived at the Maine shore opposite
352:
2111:
2101:
1921:
1910:
1952:
1437:, the most committed advocate of revolution, had been arrested early in 1848 and transported to Australia on the expressly created charge of
1264:
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became impatient with O'Connell's over-cautious policies and began to question his intentions. Later they were what came to be known as the
1345:. The rebellion was suppressed, but the principles of the United Irishmen were to have a powerful influence on the course of Irish history.
2378:
1404:
During the famine, the social class comprising small farmers and laborers was almost wiped out by starvation, disease and emigration. The
2258:
2431:
2009:
It has been suggested, notably by O'Donovan Rossa, that the original name for the organization was the Irish Revolutionary Brotherhood.
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17:
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837:
382:
2374:
Fenian Brotherhood Collection at the American Catholic Historical Society, digitized by Villanova University's Digital Library
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1884:. 53–54). The Fenian Brotherhood was launched soon after the founding of the Irish Republican Brotherhood in Dublin in 1858 (
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850:
842:
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was passed and became law on 1 January 1801. The Catholics, who had been excluded from the Irish parliament, were promised
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President. Subsequently, this created a divided camp, as the Senate had powers to out-vote O'Mahony on future decisions.
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Ryan, p. 92. The first organization was known as the Emmet Monument Association, founded in the early part of 1855 (
50:
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1376:. Though leading to general emancipation, this process simultaneously disenfranchised the small tenants, known as
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trading post on the Canada side. U.S. soldiers from the fort at Pembina, with permission of Canadian official
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In the United States, O'Mahony's presidency over the Fenian Brotherhood was being increasingly challenged by
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Irish Nationalism and Anglo-American Naturalization: The Settlement of the Expatriation Question 1865–1872
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Shocked by the scenes of starvation and greatly influenced by the revolutions then sweeping Europe, the
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1386:, who had led the emancipation campaign, then attempted the same methods in his campaign to have the
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who had both been arrested after Ballingary escaped to France, as did three of the younger members,
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2172:, Michael Kenny, The National Museum of Ireland in association with Country House, Dublin, 1994,
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61:
2379:"Torn Between Brothers: A Look at the Internal Divisions that Weakened the Fenian Brotherhood"
1806:. The Fenian Brotherhood itself, however, continued to exist until voting to disband in 1880.
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Beiner, Guy. "Fenianism and the Martyrdom-Terrorism Nexus in Ireland before Independence" in
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2396:. University of South Florida Tampa Library: New York University. pp. 1281, 5 vols.
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The Dynamiters: Irish Nationalism and Political Violence in the Wider World, 1867–1900
2166:, Dr. Mark F. Ryan, Edited by T.F. O'Sullivan, M. H. Gill & Son, LTD, Dublin, 1945
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Revolutionary Underground: The Story of the Irish Republican Brotherhood, 1858–1924
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A journal of Francis Thompson research for Fenianism and the Celtic Renaissance
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2262:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 254–256.
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1649:. Many of these men, including O'Neill, were battle-hardened veterans of the
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Ridgeway: The American Fenian Invasion and the 1866 Battle That Made Canada
2193:, edited by D. Janes and A. Houen (Oxford University Press, 2014), 199–220.
2131:
The IRB: The Irish Republican Brotherhood from The Land League to Sinn FĂ©in
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Canadian Battle Series No. 10: The Battles of Ridgeway and Fort Erie, 1866
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The Fenian Problem: Insurgency and Terrorism in a Liberal State, 1858–1874
1731:, crossed into Canada and arrested the Fenian raiders without resistance.
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603:
107:
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1656:
Other Fenian attempts to invade occurred throughout the next week in the
1611:
1607:
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550:
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435:
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392:
1221:
264:
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1814:
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1420:. The attempted rebellion failed after a small skirmish in Ballingary,
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906:
545:
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actions of what was construed as assisting the Confederacy during the
229:
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2508:
1810:
1642:
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1357:
1352:
introduced a bill to abolish the Irish parliament and manufactured a
2402:
2386:
1476:
was the primary founder and initial leader of the Fenian Brotherhood
1348:
Following the collapse of the rebellion, the British Prime Minister
2637:
1746:
in Ottawa, allegedly in response to his condemnation of the raids.
1712:
2239:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
568:
2108:
1918:
1333:
The Fenian Brotherhood trace their origins back to 1790s, in the
1310:
949:
598:
2191:
Martyrdom and Terrorism: Pre-Modern to Contemporary Perspectives
2473:
1839:
1762:
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during the 1880s, as the Fenian Brotherhood was active in both
1623:
1534:
1520:
1341:
initially for self-government and then the establishment of an
1318:
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377:
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was countered by the widespread and open use of bribery. The
964:
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between Ireland and Britain. Opposition from the Protestant
2198:
The Fenians in Context: Irish Politics and Society, 1848–82
2212:
Fenians and Anglo-American Relations during Reconstruction
1676:
was a strong incentive to a vigorous policy. At the time,
2412:. University of South Florida Tampa Library. p. 229.
2363:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2381:– Jean Turner for Villanova University's Digital Library
1769:
in 1885, photos taken of the occasion show three large
2400:
2384:
2072:
2068:. London: Downey & Co., Limited. pp. 212–213.
2311:. Buffalo: Western New York Heritage Institute, 1990.
2066:
Recollections of Fenians and Fenianism: (Volume v. 1)
1293:
organisation founded in the United States in 1858 by
2146:, Leon Ă“ Broin, Chatto & Windus, London, 1971,
2221:(Montreal, McGill-Queen's University Press. 2008).
2205:The Fenian Movement in the United States, 1858–86
3106:
2446:
1441:. He was to be joined by other leaders, such as
2316:The Fenian Chief: A Biography of James Stephens
1393:In the early 1840s, the younger members of the
1321:, the legendary band of Irish warriors led by
2432:
1258:
647:Communist Party of Ireland (Marxist–Leninist)
2207:(Catholic University of America Press, 1947)
1711:. The raiding party crossed the border into
2063:
1590:. Roberts' "Secretary for War" was General
1504:
2439:
2425:
2346:. Toronto and Oxford: Dundurn Press, 1991.
2099:"What Happened to the Fenians After 1866?"
1265:
1251:
106:
2332:. Toronto: Alan Lane/Penguin Books, 2011.
2325:. Toronto: Balmuir Book Publishing, 1993.
2293:O'Brien, William and Desmond Ryan (eds.)
2283:, Aubane Historical Society, Cork, 2007,
2160:, Sean Cronin, Anvil Books, Ireland, 1972
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3130:1858 establishments in the United States
1908:What Happened to the Fenians After 1866?
1557:
1468:
43:This article includes a list of general
2244:
2144:Fenian Fever: An Anglo-American Delemma
2133:, Owen McGee, Four Courts Press, 2005,
2085:
1309:(IRB). Members were commonly known as "
14:
3107:
2387:"Fenianism and the Celtic Renaissance"
2048:
2033:
2018:
1633:, was entrusted by Roberts to Colonel
838:Irish People's Liberation Organisation
2420:
2038:. Boston: P. Donahoe. pp. 56–57.
1734:The Fenian threat prompted calls for
1588:blockade runners smuggling in weapons
1088:Phoenix National and Literary Society
1955:from the original on 9 November 2019
1946:
985:National Graves Association, Belfast
917:South Armagh Republican Action Force
29:
1317:, named his organisation after the
408:Dissident Irish republican campaign
24:
2488:Physical force Irish republicanism
1749:Fear of Fenian attack plagued the
1562:"Freedom to Ireland", a patriotic
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
3151:
2357:
2214:(Cornell University Press, 1969).
2023:. Boston: P. Donahoe. p. 55.
1822:for use against the British, was
1776:
1629:The command of the expedition in
622:All Ireland Anti-Partition League
3125:Irish republican militant groups
2597:
2232:
1645:, defeating a Canadian force at
1533:
1519:
1232:
1220:
776:Irish Republican Liberation Army
687:Irish Socialist Republican Party
584:Irish Republican Socialist Party
255:Armalite and ballot box strategy
228:
34:
2495:Irish in the American Civil War
2401:Thompson, Francis John (1936).
2385:Thompson, Francis John (1940).
2183:
2091:
2057:
2042:
2027:
2012:
2003:
1305:, a sister organisation to the
1073:League of Communist Republicans
945:Anti-Imperialist Action Ireland
889:Republican Action Against Drugs
720:Republican Socialist Collective
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1940:
1931:
1900:
1891:
1874:
1416:moved from agitation to armed
940:32 County Sovereignty Movement
798:Irish National Liberation Army
13:
1:
2369:Fenian Brotherhood Collection
2318:, Hely Thom LTD, Dublin, 1967
2053:. P. Donahoe. pp. 60–61.
1380:, who were mainly Catholics.
1328:
27:Irish republican organisation
3120:Irish Republican Brotherhood
3063:The Irish People (newspaper)
2450:Irish Republican Brotherhood
2297:2 Vols. (Fallon, 1948, 1953)
1431:, was equally unsuccessful.
1378:'forty shilling freeholders'
1307:Irish Republican Brotherhood
1078:Northern Resistance Movement
995:Revolutionary Housing League
859:Irish Republican Brotherhood
662:Cumann Poblachta na hÉireann
589:Republican Network for Unity
201:Irish Republican Brotherhood
7:
2553:Declaration of Independence
2403:"Francis J. Thompson Diary"
2344:The Last Invasion of Canada
2339:. Toronto: MacMillan, 1978.
1833:
1788:dissension had broken out.
1723:and took possession of the
1464:
990:National Graves Association
677:Irish Anti-Partition League
275:Irish republican legitimism
10:
3156:
3088:Irish National Invincibles
3070:United Irishmen of America
3021:Emmet Monument Association
2304:(Gill and Macmillan, 1976)
2124:
1780:
1508:
1480:After the collapse of the
1068:Irish Socialist Federation
1048:Emmet Monument Association
912:Society of United Irishmen
864:Irish Revolutionary Forces
833:Irish National Invincibles
735:Socialist Republican Party
705:Northern Council for Unity
358:Irish revolutionary period
145:Emmet Monument Association
18:United Irishmen of America
3135:1858 in American politics
3079:
3056:Irish Freedom (newspaper)
2998:
2973:
2909:
2807:
2798:
2675:
2659:Irish War of Independence
2606:
2595:
2458:
2118:, accessed 8 October 2011
2051:Fenian Heroes and Martyrs
2036:Fenian Heroes and Martyrs
2021:Fenian Heroes and Martyrs
1928:, accessed 8 October 2011
1540:Twenty dollar Fenian bond
1287:Bráithreachas na bhFĂnĂnĂ
1121:Guerrilla Days in Ireland
805:(Real IRA splinter group)
781:Irish Republican Movement
363:Irish War of Independence
193:
170:
160:
150:
140:
132:
124:
114:
105:
96:
3042:Friends of Irish Freedom
2989:Francis Frederick Millen
2886:Jeremiah O'Donovan Rossa
2645:Fenian dynamite campaign
2114:28 November 2017 at the
2104:16 December 2012 at the
1924:28 November 2017 at the
1913:10 December 2011 at the
1868:
1767:Canadian Pacific Railway
1505:Fenian raids into Canada
1301:. It was a precursor to
1058:Friends of Irish Freedom
700:National Corporate Party
682:Irish Independence Party
398:1981 Irish hunger strike
343:Fenian dynamite campaign
2830:Edward O'Meagher Condon
2823:Ricard O'Sullivan Burke
2546:Hindu–German Conspiracy
2309:The Year of the Fenians
2259:Encyclopædia Britannica
2200:(Wolfhound Press, 1985)
1339:British rule in Ireland
1313:". O'Mahony, who was a
970:Irish National Congress
960:Connolly Youth Movement
894:Republican Defence Army
715:Republican Labour Party
672:Independent Fianna Fáil
328:Young Ireland rebellion
323:Irish rebellion of 1803
313:Irish Rebellion of 1798
64:more precise citations.
3140:Irish secret societies
3115:Irish-American history
2523:Irish Race Conventions
2337:The Fenians and Canada
2281:Myths from Easter 1916
2064:O'Leary, John (1896).
1828:Delamater Iron Company
1736:Canadian confederation
1604:British North American
1571:
1526:Ten dollar Fenian bond
1477:
1447:Thomas Francis Meagher
1286:
1063:Irish Republican Voice
1038:Comhairle na Poblachta
851:Irish Republican Army
843:Irish Republican Army
3092:Phoenix Park killings
3049:Irish Republican Army
2816:Thomas Francis Bourke
2619:Clerkenwell explosion
2273:(Mercier Press, 1968)
2049:Savage, John (1868).
2034:Savage, John (1868).
2019:Savage, John (1868).
1863:Peter O'Neill Crowley
1674:Clerkenwell explosion
1561:
1472:
1443:William Smith O'Brien
1374:Catholic Emancipation
1156:The Hibernia Magazine
1141:Saoirse Irish Freedom
1022:Defunct Organisations
692:Irish Workers' Group
403:Good Friday Agreement
373:1932 general election
353:1918 general election
2246:McNeill, Ronald John
2158:The McGarrity Papers
1799:and local militias.
1725:Hudson's Bay Company
1690:Ogdensburg, New York
1686:British Intelligence
1360:that controlled the
1337:, seeking an end to
1000:Wolfe Tone Societies
955:Connolly Association
934:Active Organisations
803:Óglaigh na hÉireann
594:Republican Sinn FĂ©in
491:Constance Markievicz
260:Dissident republican
2982:Thomas Miller Beach
2712:John O'Connor Power
2481:Irish republicanism
2271:The Fenian Movement
2224:Keogan, William L.
2109:Teachinghistory.org
1919:Teachinghistory.org
1858:John Boyle O'Reilly
1820:John Philip Holland
1744:Thomas D'Arcy McGee
1709:Red River Rebellion
1694:St. Albans, Vermont
1658:St. Lawrence Valley
1570:, New York, c. 1866
1553:A Nation Once Again
1227:Politics portal
1151:The Gaelic American
1093:Troops Out Movement
710:Republican Congress
657:Cumann na Poblachta
221:Irish republicanism
214:Part of a series on
185:Irish republicanism
3028:Fenian Brotherhood
2900:William R. Roberts
2872:Thomas Clarke Luby
2574:Anglo-Irish Treaty
2502:Manchester Martyrs
2321:Senior, Hereward.
1949:"The Irish Famine"
1651:American Civil War
1637:, who crossed the
1624:Dominion of Canada
1577:American Civil War
1572:
1568:Currier & Ives
1549:William R. Roberts
1478:
1429:James Fintan Lalor
1323:Fionn mac Cumhaill
1279:Fenian Brotherhood
1239:Ireland portal
1083:People's Democracy
1053:Fenian Brotherhood
828:Irish Citizen Army
652:CĂłras na Poblachta
637:Clann na Poblachta
318:Acts of Union 1800
99:Fenian Brotherhood
3102:
3101:
2969:
2968:
2939:Seán Mac Diarmada
2349:Whelehan, Niall.
2289:978-1-903497-34-0
2203:D'Arcy, William.
2196:Comerford, R. V.
1906:Buescher, John. "
1698:Franklin, Vermont
1631:Buffalo, New York
1599:Campobello Island
1418:rebellion in 1848
1275:
1274:
1207:
1199:
1186:The Starry Plough
1033:Clann na hÉireann
902:
854:
846:
806:
695:
506:Ruairà Ó Brádaigh
501:Martin McGuinness
496:Bernadette Devlin
486:Terence MacSwiney
476:Seán Mac StĂofáin
270:Irish nationalism
209:
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180:Irish nationalism
151:Succeeded by
90:
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82:
16:(Redirected from
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2353:Cambridge, 2012.
2328:Vronsky, Peter.
2295:Devoy's Post Bag
2263:
2238:
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2235:
2217:Jenkins, Brian,
2210:Jenkins, Brian.
2119:
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1755:British Columbia
1729:Gilbert McMicken
1721:Dakota Territory
1702:Ulysses S. Grant
1537:
1523:
1422:County Tipperary
1414:Young Irelanders
1384:Daniel O'Connell
1291:Irish republican
1267:
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1237:
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1235:
1225:
1224:
1206:(1948 newspaper)
1205:
1204:United Irishman
1198:(1848 newspaper)
1197:
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1191:The Sunday Press
1166:The Irish People
1005:Ógra Fianna Fáil
900:
869:Irish Volunteers
852:
844:
804:
756:Arm na Poblachta
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632:Aontacht Éireann
516:Peadar O'Donnell
511:Dáithà Ó Conaill
250:Anti-imperialism
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1161:The Irish Felon
1136:Republican News
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1010:Ă“gra Shinn FĂ©in
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818:Connolly Column
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451:Seamus Costello
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368:Irish Civil War
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1678:Henri Le Caron
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2015:
2006:
2000:Cronin, p. 11
1997:
1991:Ă“ Broin, p. 1
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2910:20th century
2808:19th century
2768:Harry Boland
2761:Seán McGarry
2726:Neal O'Boyle
2719:John O'Leary
2623:Fenian raids
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2267:Moody, T. W.
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2184:Bibliography
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2086:McNeill 1911
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2014:
2005:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1957:. Retrieved
1942:
1933:
1902:
1893:
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1850:
1813:
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1804:Clan na Gael
1801:
1790:
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1669:Philadelphia
1666:
1662:
1655:
1635:John O'Neill
1628:
1622:to form the
1606:colonies of
1596:
1592:T. W. Sweeny
1582:
1573:
1546:
1511:Fenian raids
1494:
1479:
1435:John Mitchel
1433:
1426:
1411:
1406:Great Famine
1403:
1392:
1388:Act of Union
1382:
1370:emancipation
1366:Act of Union
1350:William Pitt
1347:
1332:
1303:Clan na Gael
1278:
1276:
1111:An Phoblacht
1052:
1028:Clan na Gael
874:Official IRA
811:
810:
791:
790:
750:
667:Fianna Uladh
627:Anti H-Block
531:Seán Russell
461:Robert Emmet
388:The Troubles
338:Fenian raids
161:Headquarters
155:Clan na Gael
91:
76:
67:
48:
3080:Derivatives
2754:Thomas Ashe
2666:Army Mutiny
2364:Fenians.org
2277:Eoin Neeson
2170:The Fenians
1982:Kenny, p. 7
1937:Kenny, p. 5
1742:politician
1616:Canada West
1612:Canada East
1608:Nova Scotia
1181:The Phoenix
901:(1967–1975)
853:(1922–1969)
845:(1919–1922)
579:Fianna Fáil
551:Moss Twomey
536:Bobby Sands
436:Neil Blaney
426:Gerry Adams
393:Arms Crisis
62:introducing
3109:Categories
2999:Associates
2974:Informants
2925:Tom Clarke
2858:John Devoy
2799:Prominent
2676:Presidents
2538:Fenian Ram
1815:Fenian Ram
1759:Washington
1579:, such as
1564:lithograph
1401:movement.
1362:parliament
1329:Background
1176:The Nation
907:Saor Uladh
899:Saor Éire
546:Wolfe Tone
441:Tom Clarke
285:Radicalism
45:references
2893:Pat Nally
2837:John Daly
2567:Sinn FĂ©in
2509:Cuba Five
2474:Fenianism
2248:(1911). "
1811:submarine
1643:Fort Erie
1358:oligarchy
1335:rebellion
1289:) was an
1146:Sinn FĂ©in
725:Saor Éire
604:Sinn FĂ©in
133:Dissolved
70:July 2022
2638:Land War
2112:Archived
2102:Archived
1953:Archived
1922:Archived
1911:Archived
1834:See also
1824:launched
1713:Manitoba
1647:Ridgeway
1465:Founding
884:Real IRA
792:Inactive
265:Éire Nua
239:Concepts
172:Ideology
2801:members
2607:Actions
2459:General
2342:_____.
2335:_____.
2256:(ed.).
2250:Fenians
2243::
2125:Sources
1959:25 June
1951:. BBC.
1851:Catalpa
1826:by the
1717:Pembina
1583:Alabama
1311:Fenians
950:Cabhair
812:Defunct
786:New IRA
599:Saoradh
307:History
125:Founded
115:Founder
58:improve
2287:
2269:(ed.)
2252:". In
2237:
2228:(1982)
2176:
2150:
2137:
1853:rescue
1840:Fenian
1763:Oregon
1614:, and
1319:Fianna
980:NORAID
975:IRSCNA
751:Active
694:(1976)
574:ÉirĂgĂ
420:People
378:S-Plan
47:, but
2406:(pdf)
2390:(pdf)
1888:. 92)
1869:Notes
1354:Union
1283:Irish
1105:Media
965:IRPWA
730:SLISO
569:AontĂş
2621:and
2285:ISBN
2174:ISBN
2148:ISBN
2135:ISBN
1961:2013
1886:ibid
1882:ibid
1797:army
1793:Cork
1761:and
1692:and
1684:for
1682:mole
1680:, a
1586:and
1581:CSS
1487:and
1457:and
1445:and
1297:and
1277:The
136:1880
128:1858
1753:of
1715:at
1618:in
1566:by
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2279:,
2074:^
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