19:
594:), established a law office to defend Polish-speaking Upper Silesians in German Upper Silesia. The office was managed by Joseph Musiol, chairman of the Union of Upper Silesians and former deputy of the Prussian parliament (who had just lost his seat). He represented the Catholic People's Party, after being expelled from the German Centre Party in April 1921 for his independence activities. Musiol sent questionnaires about discrimination against Polish-speaking Upper Silesians on behalf of the Union of Upper Silesians and was its chairman until 1924, when it dissolved.
361:. In summer 1919, the Union of Upper Silesians sent a petition to the Paris Peace Conference criticising the treaty for its limitations on Upper Silesian plebiscite options to Poland and Germany. In the name of "many hundred thousands of Upper Silesians", the union demanded to change article 88 of the treaty so an Upper Silesian plebiscite would have the "option of neutral free state". According to the petition, "Upper Silesian nation, in majority with oneself, indivisibility and independence of Upper Silesia". In late 1919 the United States, influenced by the
203:) travelled to Czechoslovakia, Poland and Germany to sound out the countries' positions on Upper Silesian independence. Only in Prague did officials inform Upper Silesian Committee representatives Ewald Latacz, Thomas Reginek, Jan Reginek and Fritz Wenske that the Western allies would consider the creation of an independent Upper Silesian state. Jan Reginek, representative of the Upper Silesian councils, requested recognition for the new status in
1092:
479:, with a circulation of 20,000 copies in 1920, 40,000 copies in winter 1921 and several hundred thousand copies in 1921. The union was the most influential Silesian organisation of its time; in February 1921, it had 198 local chapters with 400,000 members. In the fall of 1920 editor Georg Cibis moved from the Union of Upper Silesians to the German Plebiscite Commission, succeeded at
215:, the seat of the Polish People's Council, where he failed to persuade Kazimierz Czapla (the Upper Silesian representative in Poland) to support Upper Silesian independence. Another unsuccessful attempt to persuade the Germans was made by Thomas Reginek, Ewald Latacz and a representative of Upper Silesian industrialists.
259:) that the time had come when Silesians would count "to enlightened nations", supporting the creation of a Silesian League "to support Silesian nationality". At meetings organised by Józef Szafranek were chants of "Long live Silesian nationality", and calls were made to unite Prussian Upper Silesia and
495:
won with 59.6 per cent of the vote. Ewald Latacz published an appeal: "Upper
Silesians!! Upper Silesia stay undivided! ... Who wants to chop our country to pieces to inherit something from us. But we want to live; we Polish- and German-speaking Upper Silesians want to live together in peace and lead
434:
was sympathetic to the
Silesian People's Party. The article "Free Upper Silesian state, the midpoint of all world policy" said, "The Upper Silesian people in large majority demand independence and indivisibility of their own country and connection with brothers in Austrian Silesia separated from it
500:
says that he will defend it to his last drop of blood. Upper
Silesians, we warn you. You don't change your homeland in a desert. If there is bloodshed, it will not be Upper Silesian blood and not in Upper Silesia. Upper Silesians don't resort to terrorist acts; terrorism must be nipped in the bud.
162:
to take the lead in political, economic and social questions and create an independent state similar to
Switzerland, where all linguistic groups would have equal rights. Its author predicted that the incorporation of Upper Silesia into Poland would be an economic catastrophe for the region; Upper
301:
Latacz, thanks to his broad connections to German politicians in Upper
Silesia, was released on probation in spring 1919 and forbidden any "verbal and written" support of Upper Silesian independence. Against this prohibition, the leader of the Upper Silesians, published the anonime edited
1038:, Silesia and Central European Nationalisms: The Emergence of National and Ethnic Groups in Prussian Silesia and Austrian Silesia, 1848-1918 (Ser: Central European Studies; foreword by Professor Charles W. Ingrao). 2007. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University Press, 386 pp.
601:
told Alfons Proske, president of the province of Upper
Silesia, "The idea of a free state is still alive in German Upper Silesia". In areas bordering Poland, former members of the Union of Upper Silesians returned to political parties—primarily the Catholic People's Party
235:, edited by brothers. On 19 December 1920 the Poles broke up a meeting in Rubnik which had been organised by Ewald Latacz with the agenda, "Upper Silesia for Upper Silesians". Organisers of the meeting were beaten, and the Poles described it as "propaganda".
575:). A Catholic Silesian party, opposing Catholic German and Polish parties, was doomed to failure without support and Joseph Musiol did not stand for election. With little support for Skowronek's list, his candidates returned to the Catholic People's Party (
501:
Upper
Silesians, remember that we are a homogeneous, fraternal nation. Let's shake hands with ourselves, let's live in a peaceful, free and undivided Upper Silesia ... and celebrate our resurrection as free citizens in the Upper Silesian State".
191:. The attendees formed the Silesian Commission, with the Centre Party's Hans Lukaschek its chairman. The commission implemented the Upper Silesian Committee, with a mandate "to direct and expand the separatist vision in Upper Silesia".
218:
On 19–20 December 1918 the Upper
Silesian Committee published a bilingual brochure, "Appeal for the Creation of an Upper Silesian Free State", as a supplement in two popular Catholic Centre Party newspapers. There were 294 editions of
391:
321:, Upper Silesian Catholic People's Party (Katholische Volkspartei) chairman Carl Ulitzka rejected Upper Silesian independence as a "utopia impossible to realise". Ulitzka began a campaign to incorporate Prussian Upper Silesia into
373:
basin in the former
Austrian Silesia. Because of French opposition, the United States withdrew from supporting a Silesian state. In fall 1919 the Reginek brothers accepted autonomy for Silesian lands which would be included into
523:, Heinrich Skowronek and Wiktor Durynek demanded independence for Upper Silesia, and Adam Napieralski negotiated on behalf of Poland. Ewald Latacz met with German Interior Minister Georg Gradnauer and Chancellor
278:; Section 96 of the act forbade public meetings about Upper Silesian independence. German authorities suspended the activity of the Union of Upper Silesians, arresting its leaders. Latacz and Jan Reginek became
543:
and architect Bruno Petzel, a former member of the Polish People's
Council. On 4 December 1921 Ewald Latacz resigned from the Union of Upper Silesians and retired from politics at the organisation's meeting in
435:
over 150 years ago ... The Upper Silesian people are strongly connected for hundreds of years by culture, employment and Slavic-Germanic blood ... almost three million souls, of whom 600,000 are in Austria".
1116:
459:. On 17 November 1920, 300 representatives of 175 local groups of the Union of Upper Silesia (representing about 300,000 members) met in Bytom. The conference was led by Latacz, from Wodzisław Śląski;
1010:, Historia Narodu Śląskiego. Prawdziwe dzieje ziem śląskich od średniowiecza do progu trzeciego tysiąclecia. (History of Silesian Nation), second edition (implemented and corrected), Zabrze 2006
1077:
406:
and delegates from German parties to create an independent Silesian state, or autonomy in Czechoslovakia. Because of the Slavic-Germanic Silesian people and a similar industrial structure in
516:
appeared in bold type, "Every Upper Silesian is an open or secret member of the Union of Upper Silesians". According to the union, in fall 1921 it numbered about 500,000 members.
365:, organised the creation of a "coal and steel state" under international protection which included the Upper Silesian Industrial Circle (Oberschlesische Industriebezirk) and the
1157:
306:, in which it premised the shrinking German majority at the time a plebiscite and showed the need for the creation of an independent Upper Silesian state with the argument that
146:("Upper Silesia – independent/autonomous free state", probably written by Thomas Reginek) was published by the Committee for the Creation of the Upper Silesian Free State in
1070:
378:, left the Union of Upper Silesians and joined the Polish Plebiscite Commission. At the time the chairman of the Union of Upper Silesians was Ewald Latacz, assisted by
187:'s Polish party did not attend. At the conference, Upper Silesian Committee chairman Ewald Latacz spoke about the creation of an independent, neutral Upper Silesian
1007:
1063:
496:
our country to prosperity. This is possible only when Upper Silesia is undivided. We demand a plebiscite on whether Upper Silesia will be divided or not ...
471:. The Upper Silesian national symbol and the national emblem of the Upper Silesian Republic was agreed as the coat of arms of the Upper Silesian line of the
163:
Silesia would be "a source of income and taxes" for the Polish state, and Silesians would be treated as "second-category citizens" by Polish officials.
274:
According to a 31 December 1918 decree by the president of the Regency of Opole, supporters of an independent Upper Silesian republic were guilty of
1055:
180:
614:
with the slogan "Upper Silesia for Upper Silesians". The Union of Upper Silesian Defence was founded in 1925 by former Polish activists, with
1194:
684:
410:, its demands to unite with Prussian Upper Silesia encouraged Latacz to hope for an economically strong, united Silesian state similar to
1152:
122:
Workers' and Soldiers' Council chairman Jan Reginek. The Rybnik Upper Silesian Committee demanded an "independent political stance" from
1204:
422:
advised the chairman of the Union of Upper Silesians. On 17 March 1920 editor Georg Cibis in Bytom began publishing the bilingual
251:. In April 1849 painter and poet Jan Gajda published an appeal "to the Upper Silesian people" in the Polish-language newspaper
1043:
1015:
559:). Instead of the Union of Upper Silesians, his election list was named for the Upper Silesian Catholic People's Party (
552:
began to be published irregularly; two months later it ceased publication, with a final circulation of 40,000 copies.
508:, a bloody civil war, erupted. Leaders of the uprising demanded the "proclamation of a sovereign Silesian state" from
505:
1173:
597:
After the Union of Upper Silesians, the idea of Upper Silesian independence remained; in 1925 the chief of police in
1085:
555:
The following November, Heinrich Skowronek stood for election to the regional assembly of Upper Silesian Province (
362:
611:
142:. The committee had little structure, and no political programme. On 5 December 1918 a German-language brochure,
1209:
548:, and was succeeded by Musiol. Upper Silesian industrialists withdrew their support; in March 1922 the weekly
1214:
1121:
350:
1199:
127:
1137:
1111:
873:
Rudolf Vogel, Deutsche Presse und Propaganda des Abstimmungkampfes in Oberschlesien, Beuthen O.S. 1931.
643:
637:
475:: a golden eagle on a blue shield. This became part of the headlines of the weekly bilingual newspaper
427:
415:
403:
264:
71:
67:
18:
107:
1147:
512:, which he rejected. Upper Silesia was divided, which was advantageous for Poland. In the weekly
1219:
172:
123:
682:
Andrea Schmidt-Rösler, "Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922" in
882:
Maksymilian Harden, "Wolne państwo górnośląskie punktem środkowym polityki wszechświatowej",
176:
23:
1048:
Upper Silesia 1870-1920: Between Region, Religion, Nation and Ethnicity: journal article by
964:
Andrea Schmidt-Rösler, "Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922",
699:
Ugrupowania i kierunki separatystyczne na Górnym Śląsku i w Cieszyńskiem w latach 1918-1939
648:
419:
8:
294:
with a Polish passport; there, the leader of the Polish National Party informed him that
248:
211:
and Helmuth von Gerlach) favoured independence for Upper Silesia. Thomas Reginek went to
63:
247:
should be a separate nation was not new in Prussian Upper Silesia; it dated back to the
1142:
279:
464:
452:
1039:
1011:
953:
Ein Politiker in der Abstimmungzeit, Confinium – materiały do historii Górnego Śląska
509:
497:
330:
184:
51:
1049:
1035:
897:
Die separatistische Bewegung in Oberschlesien nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg (1918-1922)
468:
260:
337:). He was supported by four members of the Catholic People's Party and opposed by
171:
A conference of Upper Silesian political parties was organized by German Catholic
610:), which said that it represented Germans and "German-disposed Silesians" in the
603:
576:
568:
560:
407:
268:
151:
131:
91:
83:
43:
35:
353:
for the German delegation on 16 June 1919, the Western allies assigned southern
358:
1188:
658:
632:
540:
520:
472:
460:
448:
379:
338:
283:
59:
627:
524:
286:
was granted immunity by the Prussian parliament. Thomas Reginek escaped to
275:
111:
725:
Miarodajne czynniki niemieckie a sprawa Górnego Śląska w grudniu 1918 roku
653:
586:
After the election Adam Napieralski, editor of Polish-language newspaper
135:
354:
156:
Komitee zur Vorbereitung eines oberschlesischen Freistaates in Kattowitz
119:
663:
615:
208:
545:
370:
224:
244:
159:
1091:
1030:
Carl Ulitzka (1873–1953) oder Oberschlesien zwischen den Weltkriegen
291:
212:
912:, nr. 13, 27.03.1921; Latacz, "Dla niepodzielnego Górnego Śląska",
188:
147:
1086:
1023:
Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922
940:
Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922
908:
Ewald Latacz, "Górnoślązacy!! Górny Śląsk zostaje niepodzielny",
849:
Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922
797:
Praca zbiorowa, Wypisy do dziejów Rybnika i Wodzisławia Śląskiego
742:
Autonomie und Separatismusbestrebungen in Oberschlesien 1918-1922
598:
492:
411:
399:
366:
334:
326:
322:
139:
447:) met at its headquarters in Bytom. In attendance were chairman
862:
Czechosłowacja wobec problemu Górnego Śląska w latach 1919-1921
456:
375:
314:
295:
204:
179:. Representatives of the Upper Silesian communists (KPOS), the
115:
103:
99:
443:
On 18 August 1920, 68 member of the Union of Upper Silesians (
390:
755:
Niemieckie plany separatystyczne w listopadzie i grudniu 1918
728:
308:
Upper Silesian nation is homogeneous people about mixed blood
287:
232:
58:) was an early 20th-century movement for the independence of
816:), second edition (implemented and corrected), Zabrze, 2006.
298:
supported Polish opposition to Upper Silesian independence.
1025:, „Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa" Forschung 1999, Heft 1.
942:, "Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa" Forschung 1999, Heft 1.
851:, "Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa" Forschung 1999, Heft 1.
744:, "Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa” Forschung 1999, Heft 1.
318:
1089:
nationalist or/and separatist associations/organizations
158:). The brochure was an Upper Silesian Committee appeal to
82:
The movement was founded by the Upper Silesian Committee (
70:, it dissolved in 1924 but has influenced the present-day
539:
and retired from political activity. He was succeeded by
114:; Thomas Reginek, a priest from Mikulczyce (present-day
535:
In November 1921, Wiktor Durynek resigned as editor of
199:
In December, leaders of the Upper Silesian Committee (
825:, Górny Śląsk dostał się na subhastę, Bytom G.Ś. 1920
175:leader Carl Ulitzka and held on 9 December 1918 in
929:, wyd. II (uzupełnione i poprawione), Zabrze, 2006
26:proposed by the Union of Upper Silesians in 1920.
1186:
194:
455:and two aldermen, one from Bytom and one from
181:Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany
1071:
313:In spring 1919, after negotiations in Paris,
144:"Oberschlesien – ein Selbständiger Freistaat"
134:and guaranteed neutrality similar to that in
951:Stefan Pioskowik, Ewald Latacz (1885-1953).
780:Opolszczyzna pod rządami Lukaschka i Wagnera
445:Związku Górnoślązaków-Bund der Oberschlesier
1153:Jurassic-Silesian Association European Home
836:Oder Oberschlesien zwischen den Weltkriegen
712:Oder Oberschlesien zwischen den Weltkriegen
467:, and Hubert Kraft (Count Strachwitz) from
1078:
1064:
385:
263:. These aspirations were also held by the
62:. The movement had its genesis during the
1117:Association of Defense of Upper Silesians
864:, "Zaranie Śląskie", styczeń–marzec 1968.
685:Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa-Forschung
1052:; East European Quarterly, Vol. 38, 2004
451:from Bytom, secretary Hugo Kotulla from
389:
166:
17:
834:Guido Hitze, Carl Ulitzka (1873-1953),
710:Guido Hitze, Carl Ulitzka (1873-1953),
565:Oberschlesische Katholische Volkspartei
486:
1187:
1059:
398:In the winter of 1920 Latacz went to
1195:Defunct political parties in Europe
573:Górnośląska Katolicka Partia Ludowa
438:
13:
530:
14:
1231:
491:In the 20 March 1921 plebiscite,
344:
207:. However, only two politicians (
106:by three Catholics: attorney and
1205:Separatism in the Czech Republic
1090:
581:Katolische Volkspartei - Zentrum
463:from Bytom; Wiktor Durynek from
363:Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company
329:and its establishment as a free
984:
971:
966:Zeitschrift für Ostmitteleuropa
958:
945:
932:
919:
902:
889:
876:
867:
854:
841:
828:
819:
802:
757:, "Prawo XXXIV", Wrocław, 1971.
612:Autonomous Silesian Voivodeship
349:In the final conditions of the
325:, demanding its exclusion from
814:History of the Silesian Nation
785:
772:
760:
747:
734:
717:
704:
691:
676:
1:
1158:People of the Silesian Nation
727:, "Studia Śląskie" tom XIII,
669:
583:and the German Centre Party.
1122:Silesian Separatist Movement
793:Ziemia rybnicko-wodzisławska
195:Negotiations with neighbours
7:
701:, Warszawa i Kraków (1972).
621:
402:to attend a meeting of the
304:Oberschlesien auf Subhasta!
238:
10:
1236:
1174:German Minority in Silesia
1138:Silesian Autonomy Movement
1001:
640:, a modern political party
638:Silesian Autonomy Movement
243:The political belief that
77:
72:Silesian Autonomy Movement
1166:
1130:
1099:
927:Historia Narodu Śląskiego
810:Historia Narodu Śląskiego
302:German-language brochure
110:Workers Council chairman
98:) on 27 November 1918 in
1107:Union of Upper Silesians
341:and Heinrich Skowronek.
88:Oberschlesisches Komitee
32:Union of Upper Silesians
1148:Silesian Regional Party
1112:Silesian People's Party
1021:Andrea Schmidt-Rösler,
968:Forschung 1999, Heft 1.
938:Andrea Schmidt-Rösler,
847:Andrea Schmidt-Rösler,
740:Andrea Schmidt-Rösler,
644:Silesian People's Party
608:Katholische Volkspartei
428:Silesian People's Party
416:Silesian People's Party
404:Silesian People's Party
386:Silesian People's Party
265:Silesian People's Party
229:Oberschlesische Zeitung
221:Oberschlesischer Kurier
68:Silesian People's Party
607:
580:
572:
564:
395:
351:Paris Peace Conference
257:Upper Silesian Journal
155:
95:
87:
47:
40:Bund der Oberschlesier
39:
27:
1210:Separatism in Germany
527:on 4 September 1921.
506:third Polish uprising
393:
167:Kędzierzyn conference
56:Ferajn Gůrnoślůnzokůw
48:Związek Górnoślązaków
24:flag of Upper Silesia
21:
1215:Separatism in Poland
992:Śląski ruch narodowy
990:Dariusz Jerczyński,
979:Śląski ruch narodowy
977:Dariusz Jerczyński,
925:Dariusz Jerczyński,
916:, nr. 14, 3.04.1921.
886:, no. 20, 1.08.1920.
838:, Düsseldorf (2002).
808:Dariusz Jerczyński,
769:, nr. 5 z 8.01.1919.
714:. Düsseldorf (2002).
487:After the plebiscite
394:Józef Kożdoń in 1923
253:Dziennik Górnośląski
227:and 293 editions of
118:), and educator and
899:, Wiesbaden (1987).
697:Piotr Dobrowolski,
483:by Wiktor Durynek.
280:political prisoners
249:revolutions of 1848
96:Komitet Górnośląski
64:revolutions of 1848
1200:History of Silesia
1143:Silesians Together
1032:, Düsseldorf 2002.
1008:Dariusz Jerczyński
914:Der Bund – Związek
910:Der Bund – Związek
884:Der Bund – Związek
795:, Katowice, 1970;
550:Der Bund – Związek
537:Der Bund – Związek
514:Der Bund – Związek
504:On 2 May 1921 the
481:Der Bund – Związek
477:Der Bund – Związek
432:Der Bund – Związek
414:. At the meeting,
396:
66:. Allied with the
28:
1182:
1181:
1044:978-1-55753-371-5
1016:978-83-60540-55-8
791:J. Ligęza (ed.),
782:, Katowice, 1958.
557:Provinziallandtag
510:Wojciech Korfanty
185:Wojciech Korfanty
1227:
1094:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1057:
1056:
1050:Tomasz Kamusella
1036:Tomasz Kamusella
995:
994:, Zabrze (2006).
988:
982:
981:, Zabrze (2006).
975:
969:
962:
956:
949:
943:
936:
930:
923:
917:
906:
900:
893:
887:
880:
874:
871:
865:
860:Jan Przewłocki,
858:
852:
845:
839:
832:
826:
823:
817:
806:
800:
789:
783:
776:
770:
764:
758:
751:
745:
738:
732:
721:
715:
708:
702:
695:
689:
680:
439:Freedom fighters
426:(Silesian), the
331:state of Germany
261:Austrian Silesia
108:Wodzisław Śląski
1235:
1234:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1224:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1162:
1126:
1095:
1084:
1004:
999:
998:
989:
985:
976:
972:
963:
959:
950:
946:
937:
933:
924:
920:
907:
903:
895:Günther Doose,
894:
890:
881:
877:
872:
868:
859:
855:
846:
842:
833:
829:
824:
820:
807:
803:
790:
786:
777:
773:
765:
761:
752:
748:
739:
735:
722:
718:
709:
705:
696:
692:
681:
677:
672:
624:
533:
531:End of activity
489:
465:Tarnowskie Góry
453:Tarnowskie Góry
441:
408:Cieszyn Silesia
388:
347:
290:via Berlin and
269:Cieszyn Silesia
241:
197:
169:
80:
12:
11:
5:
1233:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1180:
1179:
1177:
1176:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1103:
1101:
1097:
1096:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1046:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
983:
970:
957:
944:
931:
918:
901:
888:
875:
866:
853:
840:
827:
818:
801:
799:, Opole, 1985.
784:
771:
767:Gazeta Opolska
759:
753:Edmund Klein,
746:
733:
723:Edmund Klein,
716:
703:
690:
688:Heft 1 (1999).
674:
673:
671:
668:
667:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
635:
630:
623:
620:
618:its chairman.
532:
529:
519:In April 1921
488:
485:
440:
437:
387:
384:
359:Czechoslovakia
346:
345:Western allies
343:
240:
237:
201:Górnośląskiego
196:
193:
168:
165:
128:Czechoslovakia
79:
76:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1232:
1221:
1220:Upper Silesia
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:Guido Hitze,
1027:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
993:
987:
980:
974:
967:
961:
954:
948:
941:
935:
928:
922:
915:
911:
905:
898:
892:
885:
879:
870:
863:
857:
850:
844:
837:
831:
822:
815:
811:
805:
798:
794:
788:
781:
778:Alojzy Targ,
775:
768:
763:
756:
750:
743:
737:
730:
726:
720:
713:
707:
700:
694:
687:
686:
679:
675:
665:
662:
660:
659:Theofil Kupka
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
639:
636:
634:
633:Joseph Musiol
631:
629:
626:
625:
619:
617:
613:
609:
605:
600:
595:
593:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
553:
551:
547:
542:
541:Joseph Musiol
538:
528:
526:
522:
521:Joseph Musiol
517:
515:
511:
507:
502:
499:
494:
484:
482:
478:
474:
473:Piast dynasty
470:
466:
462:
461:Joseph Musiol
458:
454:
450:
449:Joseph Musiol
446:
436:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
392:
383:
381:
380:Joseph Musiol
377:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
342:
340:
339:Joseph Musiol
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
305:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:Joseph Musiol
281:
277:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
236:
234:
231:published in
230:
226:
223:published in
222:
216:
214:
210:
206:
202:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
75:
73:
69:
65:
61:
60:Upper Silesia
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
25:
20:
16:
1106:
1029:
1022:
991:
986:
978:
973:
965:
960:
952:
947:
939:
934:
926:
921:
913:
909:
904:
896:
891:
883:
878:
869:
861:
856:
848:
843:
835:
830:
821:
813:
809:
804:
796:
792:
787:
779:
774:
766:
762:
754:
749:
741:
736:
724:
719:
711:
706:
698:
693:
683:
678:
649:Józef Kożdoń
628:Ewald Latacz
596:
592:The Catholic
591:
587:
585:
556:
554:
549:
536:
534:
525:Joseph Wirth
518:
513:
503:
490:
480:
476:
444:
442:
431:
423:
420:Józef Kożdoń
397:
348:
312:
307:
303:
300:
276:high treason
273:
256:
252:
242:
228:
220:
217:
200:
198:
173:Centre Party
170:
143:
112:Ewald Latacz
81:
55:
31:
29:
15:
654:Josef Cichy
469:Lądek-Zdrój
430:newspaper.
183:(USPD) and
136:Switzerland
1189:Categories
670:References
664:Jan Kustos
616:Jan Kustos
457:Mikulczyce
418:chairman
357:county to
209:Hugo Haase
177:Kędzierzyn
955:, 2/2007.
333:(such as
271:in 1909.
245:Silesians
160:Silesians
1087:Silesian
622:See also
498:Korfanty
355:Racibórz
239:Activity
189:republic
148:Katowice
120:Racibórz
52:Silesian
1131:Current
1002:Sources
731:, 1968.
599:Gliwice
588:Katolik
546:Chorzów
493:Germany
412:Belgium
400:Cieszyn
371:Karviná
367:Ostrava
335:Bavaria
327:Prussia
323:Germany
225:Chorzów
140:Belgium
132:Germany
78:Origins
1100:Former
1042:
1014:
604:German
577:German
569:Polish
561:German
424:Ślązak
376:Poland
315:London
296:France
292:Poznań
282:, and
213:Poznań
205:Berlin
152:German
124:Poland
116:Zabrze
104:Poland
100:Rybnik
92:Polish
84:German
44:Polish
36:German
1167:Other
729:Opole
288:Paris
233:Bytom
1040:ISBN
1012:ISBN
319:Rome
317:and
138:and
130:and
30:The
22:The
267:in
1191::
606::
579::
571::
567:,
563::
382:.
310:.
154::
126:,
102:,
94::
90:;
86::
74:.
54::
50:;
46::
42:;
38::
1079:e
1072:t
1065:v
1018:.
812:(
602:(
590:(
369:-
255:(
150:(
34:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)