269:... I hope that the best informed amongst the tourists will come to admire the monument: the pleasure they will experience during this trip is worth the two or three hours it will take. At first, the immensity of the task undertaken by the Egyptians will not appear to them, it is only at the bottom of the stairway, when they will walk upon the granite pavement that it will become obvious. It is not that anything in particular when examined in details is remarkable or out of the ordinary, but the general feeling is one of those one never forgets. The size and richness of the materials, the perfection of the cuts and joints, the peerless finish of the granite tank, the boldness of structure and the sheer height of the walls, everything comes together to compose this so far unique ensemble. It is an awe inspiring shock and nowhere is the power and mastery of the old Egyptian architects so suddenly and strongly obvious as here.
350:
the vat was brought into the chamber some time during the construction of the foundations since it is too big to fit through the passageway leading to the chamber. The vat is 3.15 m (10.3 ft) long, 2.22 m (7.3 ft) broad and 1.5 m (4.9 ft) deep. The oval lid was found in situ, indicating that the vat was found sealed. According to
Barsanti, small traces of a substance were found inside the vat, but unfortunately they were never examined closer and today they are lost. Furthermore, Barsanti claims to have found a damaged dedication tablet with the name of king
409:
397:
593:, another son of king Djedefre. Dodson doubts the reading "Baka" and wonders why the cartouche name at Zawyet El Aryan contains no sun-hieroglyph when it was meant to be addressed to the sun god. Either way, both theories, if correct, would place the pyramid of Baka firmly in the 4th Dynasty. Supporting this datation, von Beckerath, Reisner and Dodson point to the architectural features of the burial shaft, in particular the use of hewn granite blocks for bases in such sizes occurs no earlier than the reign of
373:
385:
307:
29:
299:
1019:
482:
366:. It consisted of a 465 m Ă— 420 m (1,526 ft Ă— 1,378 ft) enclosure wall within which the mortuary temple should have been located. However, since the first layer of the pyramid was never even started, the surrounding complex was also left unfinished and there are no traces of a mortuary temple, a causeway, a valley temple or any other cultic building.
430:
597:. Additionally, according to Barsanti, fragments of a similar oval sarcophagus were found in the ruins of the pyramid of Djedefre. Furthermore, von Beckerath, Reisner and Dodson point to the dedication tablet of Djedefre allegedly found by Barsanti near the stairway of the pyramid of Baka as a proof of its 4th Dynasty date.
331:
Next to nothing is known about the superstructure of the pyramid as indeed only the square base, made of natural bedrock, was finished. It measures 200 m Ă— 200 m (660 ft Ă— 660 ft) and shows traces of a surrounding pedestal, preserved for the limestone covering. The exact
344:
The substructure consists of a T-shaped shaft, the corridor of which is on a South to North axis and the chamber on an East to West axis. The complete shaft has no remaining ceiling and it is possible that it never had any. A steep stairway leads down to the chamber. At half its length the stairway
349:
blocks, each being 4.5 m (15 ft) long and 2.5 m (8.2 ft) thick and weighing up to 9 tons each. Close to the
Western end of the chamber an unusual vat was discovered. It has an oval shape and was embedded into one of the stone blocks constituting the chamber floor. It seems that
621:
point out, that the design similarities between the pyramid of Baka and that of
Djedefre might be striking, but the design of Djedefre's pyramid was atypical for the 4th Dynasty anyway. Thus, to use Djedefre's tomb design as a comparison argument cannot confirm a 4th Dynasty datation. Finally,
289:
Since 1964 the pyramid of Baka lies within a military restricted area. Consequently, no excavations are allowed, the necropolis surrounding the pyramid is overbuilt with military bungalows and the shaft is misused as a local dump. Thus, the status of the shaft is now uncertain and most likely
286:. The landscape of Zawyet El Aryan seemed to be the perfect place and the pyramid of Baka was chosen as a backdrop for the movie. Consequentlty, the shaft and its surroundings were cleared from the sand and rubbles which had covered the area since Barsanti's excavations.
622:
egyptologists doubt the evaluations of
Barsanti concerning the size of the pyramid base. They think that the pyramid was not so big as Lepsius and Barsanti evaluated. They also doubt the finding of Djedefre's dedication tablet, because this artifact was never published.
617:. Furthermore, the tradition of building shaft-like tombs beneath a pyramid was a tradition of the 3rd Dynasty, not of the 4th Dynasty. The alignment of the pyramid complex on a South to North axis was also a common during the 3rd Dynasty. Additionally, W. Helck and
345:
is interrupted by a horizontal surface of unknown purpose. The shaft walls are smooth but were never covered with stones and the chamber was never completed. Only the floor of the chamber was finished and covered with massive
441:, which were found in the chamber and in the descending stairway. Alessandro Barsanti recorded at least 67 inscriptions. They record the names of different workmen crews as well as the name of the planned pyramid complex:
608:
contradict the former arguments and date the shaft to the late 3rd
Dynasty. They point out that, in general, the use of hewn granite as a floor covering in royal tombs was a tradition since the reign of king
565:("Soul and Ka of Râ") when he ascended the throne but then died unexpectedly, leaving nothing more than an unfinished tomb shaft. Thus, Beckerath and Reisner read the mysterious name at Zawyet El Aryan as
501:
of the inscriptions and made rather slipshod hand-drawings instead, so that the first hieroglyph remains indecipherable. As a consequence there are several alternative readings of the cartouche name:
336:
were ever found and pyramid pedestals were always larger than the base of the pyramid itself. Thus, it cannot be excluded that the planned size of the pyramid could have been noticeably smaller.
51:
1828:
1954:
457:, meaning "Lord of the Ka of Râ". It is unknown if this is actually the name of a yet unknown king or that of a prince. A further inscription, No.55, mentions a possible Gold name:
453:(meaning "His Beautiful Ka is Flawless"), but otherwise lacks any reference to known people from the 4th Dynasty. Graffiti No.15 and No.52 also mention an interesting royal name:
1838:
489:
The main problem is the correct reading of the cartouche name found within at least six ink inscriptions. Whilst the lower and therefore second hieroglyphic sign is certainly a
1623:
1843:
1823:
1781:
1818:
1716:
1702:
1610:
1848:
601:
218:. The pyramid owner is not known for certain and most Egyptologists, such as Miroslav Verner, think it should be a king known under his hellenized name,
1221:
277:
brought all excavations to a halt and
Barsanti died in 1917. As a consequence, nothing happened on the site until 1954 when a set was needed for the
1959:
445:, meaning "The Star of ?-Ka". The workmen crew whose name appears most often — thus being the leading crew during the building works — was
1969:
987:
437:
Egyptologists and historians continue to debate the dating of the pyramid of Baka. They point to several graffiti made of black and red
1688:
396:
1913:
1758:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1730:
103:
97:
94:
112:
109:
106:
100:
574:
570:
1597:
1452:
1045:
1022:
372:
319:
The pyramid of Baka is located in the
Northern sector of Zawyet El Aryan, around 8 km (5.0 mi) south-west of
957:
923:
677:
912:
Chronologie des pharaonischen Ă„gypten. Die
Zeitbestimmung der ägyptischen Geschichte von der Vorzeit bis 332 v. Chr.
1628:
408:
384:
980:
1674:
779:
703:
265:
of Egypt, visited
Barsanti's excavations and was struck by the monumental size of the construction. He writes:
262:
1833:
1156:
461:, meaning "Lord of the Golden Crown". Some egyptologists propose that this is either the Horus name of king
1810:
1363:
553:
instead think that the pyramid was planned as the tomb for a well attested prince of the 4th
Dynasty named
1721:
1707:
1880:
1655:
1795:
1551:
973:
1644:
1637:
1543:
1486:
1395:
1007:
631:
1964:
1561:
1335:
1036:
1011:
243:
1591:
1528:
1470:
1352:
1330:
1174:
614:
211:
813:
546:
1663:
1615:
1586:
1569:
1506:
1410:
1347:
1317:
1243:
1237:
1128:
1086:
470:
1574:
1210:
1865:
1438:
1357:
1071:
282:
239:
215:
8:
1668:
1514:
1369:
1232:
1215:
1121:
740:
536:
512:
494:
363:
254:
1491:
1433:
1428:
1325:
1142:
1135:
485:
Red-ink inscription with the name of the crews of workmen, 1905 drawing by A. Barsanti.
449:, meaning "Great Like the Star of (King) ?-Ka". Inscription No.35 gives the name
210:. Archaeologists are generally of the opinion that it belongs to the early or the mid-
1888:
1423:
1342:
1227:
1149:
1114:
1094:
996:
953:
919:
809:
775:
699:
673:
739:, Annales du service des antiquitĂ©s de l'Égypte (ASAE) 7 (1906), pp. 257–286,
242:. He investigated the main shaft and its surroundings and marked the pyramid in his
1388:
1183:
1163:
589:("Seth is my Ka"). He believes that the pyramid was planned as the tomb of prince
1496:
1418:
1400:
274:
203:
1481:
1382:
1100:
605:
590:
561:
together with the Ka-symbol. Beckerath assumes that Baka changed his name into
550:
528:
433:
Limestone fragment with inscription No.21 including the ominous cartouche name.
306:
258:
332:
planned size and slope cannot be evaluated because no covering blocks nor any
234:
The first descriptions of the monument were made between 1842 and 1846 by the
226:. In contrast, Wolfgang Helck and other Egyptologists doubt this attribution.
1948:
1923:
1776:
1580:
1107:
866:
Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo (MDAIK)
618:
554:
520:
195:
66:
53:
469:. This, however, would implicate that the pyramid was built during the late
1933:
1908:
1771:
1375:
1299:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1257:
1250:
1197:
578:
557:, a son of king Djedefre. Baka's name is written with the hieroglyphs of a
199:
1204:
610:
855:, vol. 7). Archaeological Society of Alexandria, Cairo 1983, p. 143-145.
28:
1928:
1693:
543:, an animal that was seen as wise and bedizen with shamanistic powers.
502:
333:
273:
Barsanti undertook further work on the site in 1911–1912 but the
249:
The pyramid shaft was examined more closely in 1904–1905 by the
1763:
1306:
498:
298:
278:
965:
362:
The alignment of the pyramid complex is very similar to that of the
493:-symbol, the first sign is illegible. Unfortunately the excavator,
351:
219:
39:
1681:
540:
346:
235:
142:
481:
1604:
1190:
323:, in the North-Eastern corner of the military restricted area.
202:
use to describe a large shaft part of an unfinished pyramid at
1918:
594:
585:-animal and therefore reads the name found in the pyramid as
558:
507:
466:
250:
207:
827:
Archaeological Remarks on the 4th and 5th Dynasty Chronology
582:
462:
320:
939:, vol. I, Harvard University Press, Harvard 1942, page 28.
1955:
Buildings and structures completed in the 26th century BC
438:
310:
Underground chamber with the oval vat (1905 photography).
882:
On the date of the unfinished pyramid of Zawyet el-Aryan
429:
952:. The American University in Cairo Press, London 2004,
899:
Bemerkungen und Korrekturen zum Lexikon der Ă„gyptologie
768:
Die Ă„gyptischen Pyramiden: vom Ziegelbau zum Weltwunder
402:Transverse view of the stairway and burial chamber
849:Some Problems on the History of the Third Dynasty
1946:
901:. Göttinger Miszellen, Göttingen 1989. page 66.
802:Zur Struktur der Pyramidennamen der 4. Dynastie
719:. Nicolaische Buchhandlung, Berlin 1849, p. 29.
1222:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan
184:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet El Aryan
152:natural bedrock, grey granite and pink granite
22:Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet El Aryan
981:
950:The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt
672:. Rowohlt-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Reinbek 1999,
16:Unfinished pyramid at Zawyet El Aryan, Egypt
988:
974:
731:
729:
727:
725:
737:Fouilles de Zaouiét el-Aryân (1904-1905)
698:, vol. 5. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 1984,
480:
428:
305:
297:
1960:Pyramids of the Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
722:
1947:
1044:
876:
874:
690:
688:
686:
378:Descending stairway, 1912 photography
1035:
995:
969:
853:Archaeological and historical studies
843:
841:
839:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
1018:
918:, vol. 46). von Zabern, Mainz 1997,
833:, vol. 69. Praha 2001, page 363–418.
774:, vol. 30). von Zabern, Mainz 1985,
735:Alexandre Barsanti, Gaston Maspero:
1970:Unfinished buildings and structures
1809:
942:
904:
871:
868:. No. 16, Berlin/Cairo 1958, p. 26.
717:Denkmäler aus Ägypten und Äthiopien
683:
476:
229:
13:
836:
785:
745:
643:
535:("his Ka is beautiful/flawless").
357:
302:Floor plan of the pyramid of Baka.
27:
14:
1981:
772:Kulturgeschichte der antiken Welt
539:even proposes the depiction of a
326:
1017:
937:A History of the Giza Necropolis
888:, vol. 3, Oxford 1985, p. 21–24.
407:
395:
390:Burial chamber, 1912 photography
383:
371:
214:(2613–2494 BC) during the
929:
916:Münchner ägyptologische Studien
891:
741:available online copyright-free
694:Wolfgang Helck, Eberhard Otto:
339:
261:, then director-general of the
886:Discussion in Egyptology (DiE)
858:
819:
709:
293:
263:Supreme Council of Antiquities
1:
637:
222:, perhaps from the Egyptian
7:
948:Aidan Dodson, Dyan Hilton:
625:
527:("his Ka is forceful") and
314:
176:uncertain, possibly 52 deg.
10:
1986:
424:
414:Drawing of the oval vessel
86:
38:Owner uncertain, possibly
1904:
1879:
1864:
1794:
1654:
1560:
1542:
1527:
1505:
1466:
1451:
1409:
1316:
1173:
1085:
1070:
1031:
1008:List of Egyptian pyramids
1003:
632:List of Egyptian pyramids
465:or the Gold name of king
419:
172:
164:
156:
148:
138:
130:
82:
45:
37:
26:
21:
511:("His Ka is the lord"),
168:200 m (660 ft)
67:29.9401222°N 31.151556°E
1914:Construction techniques
935:George Andrew Reisner:
696:Lexikon der Ă„gyptologie
581:instead sees a sitting
1829:Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef
1675:Southern South Saqqara
910:JĂĽrgen von Beckerath:
715:Karl Richard Lepsius:
613:, the last pharaoh of
519:("his Ka is divine"),
486:
434:
311:
303:
271:
32:
1453:1 Intermediate Period
897:Wolfhart Westendorf:
484:
473:rather than the 4th.
447:Wer-ef-seba ?-Ka
432:
309:
301:
267:
72:29.9401222; 31.151556
31:
547:JĂĽrgen von Beckerath
283:Land of the Pharaohs
240:Karl Richard Lepsius
1796:Second Intermediate
1244:Mastabet el-Fara'un
864:Jaroslaw ÄŚernĂ˝ in:
847:Nabil M.A. Swelim:
766:Rainer Stadelmann:
537:Wolfhart Westendorf
513:Jean-Philippe Lauer
495:Alessandro Barsanti
364:pyramid of Djedefre
255:Alessandro Barsanti
246:as "Pyramid XIII".
192:Pyramid of Bikheris
63: /
1839:Senakhtenre Ahmose
1157:Zawyet el-Maiyitin
706:, p. 310, 497-498.
487:
435:
312:
304:
216:Old Kingdom period
33:
1942:
1941:
1900:
1899:
1860:
1859:
1834:Nubkheperre Intef
1790:
1789:
1523:
1522:
1447:
1446:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1061:
997:Egyptian pyramids
831:Archiv OrientálnĂ
825:Miroslav Verner:
808:, vol. 18, 2009.
800:Roman Gundacker:
782:, p. 77, 140-145.
668:Miroslav Verner:
602:Nabil M.A. Swelim
180:
179:
126:Star of ?-Ka
120:
119:
116:
115:
1977:
1877:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1767:
1725:
1711:
1697:
1632:
1619:
1540:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1464:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1339:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1042:
1041:
1033:
1032:
1021:
1020:
990:
983:
976:
967:
966:
961:
946:
940:
933:
927:
908:
902:
895:
889:
878:
869:
862:
856:
845:
834:
823:
817:
798:
783:
764:
743:
733:
720:
713:
707:
692:
681:
666:
477:Name of the king
411:
399:
387:
375:
230:Research history
186:, also known as
91:
90:
87:
78:
77:
75:
74:
73:
68:
64:
61:
60:
59:
56:
19:
18:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1974:
1965:Zawyet El Aryan
1945:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1896:
1894:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1856:
1854:
1800:
1799:
1798:
1786:
1761:
1719:
1717:South Dahshur B
1705:
1703:South Dahshur A
1691:
1650:
1626:
1624:Central Dahshur
1613:
1556:
1552:Reherishefnakht
1533:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1501:
1475:
1457:
1456:
1455:
1443:
1405:
1333:
1312:
1169:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1058:
1027:
999:
994:
964:
947:
943:
934:
930:
909:
905:
896:
892:
879:
872:
863:
859:
846:
837:
824:
820:
799:
786:
765:
746:
734:
723:
714:
710:
693:
684:
667:
644:
640:
628:
479:
427:
422:
415:
412:
403:
400:
391:
388:
379:
376:
360:
358:Pyramid complex
342:
329:
317:
296:
275:First World War
244:pioneering list
232:
204:Zawyet El Aryan
188:Pyramid of Baka
125:
121:
71:
69:
65:
62:
57:
54:
52:
50:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1983:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1871:(1570–1070 BC)
1862:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1804:
1801:(1650–1570 BC)
1792:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1713:
1699:
1685:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1645:North Mazghuna
1641:
1638:South Mazghuna
1634:
1620:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1534:(2040–1650 BC)
1529:Middle Kingdom
1525:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1487:Neferkare Neby
1484:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1473:
1467:
1461:
1458:(2181–2040 BC)
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1442:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1415:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1396:Djedkare-Isesi
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1311:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1289:
1282:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1077:(2686–2181 BC)
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1039:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1004:
1001:
1000:
993:
992:
985:
978:
970:
963:
962:
941:
928:
903:
890:
880:Aidan Dodson:
870:
857:
835:
818:
784:
744:
721:
708:
682:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
627:
624:
606:Wolfgang Helck
551:George Reisner
529:Gaston Maspero
478:
475:
459:Neb hedjet-nwb
443:Seba ?-Ka
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
416:
413:
406:
404:
401:
394:
392:
389:
382:
380:
377:
370:
359:
356:
341:
338:
328:
327:Superstructure
325:
316:
313:
295:
292:
259:Gaston Maspero
253:archaeologist
231:
228:
196:archaeologists
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
166:
162:
161:
158:
154:
153:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
123:Seba ?-Ka
118:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
84:
80:
79:
47:
43:
42:
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1982:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1855:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Seqenenre Tao
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1824:Sobekemsaf II
1822:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1808:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1783:
1782:Merneferre Ay
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1602:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1454:
1450:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1116:
1112:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1103:
1102:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1073:
1069:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1024:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1002:
998:
991:
986:
984:
979:
977:
972:
971:
968:
959:
958:977-424-878-3
955:
951:
945:
938:
932:
925:
924:3-8053-2310-7
921:
917:
913:
907:
900:
894:
887:
883:
877:
875:
867:
861:
854:
850:
844:
842:
840:
832:
828:
822:
815:
811:
807:
803:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
781:
777:
773:
769:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
742:
738:
732:
730:
728:
726:
718:
712:
705:
701:
697:
691:
689:
687:
680:, p. 270-272.
679:
678:3-4996-0890-1
675:
671:
670:Die Pyramiden
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
642:
633:
630:
629:
623:
620:
619:Eberhard Otto
616:
612:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
521:Peter Kaplony
518:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
496:
492:
483:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:Neferka-Nefer
448:
444:
440:
431:
410:
405:
398:
393:
386:
381:
374:
369:
368:
367:
365:
355:
353:
348:
337:
335:
324:
322:
308:
300:
291:
287:
285:
284:
280:
276:
270:
266:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
238:egyptologist
237:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:Egyptologists
197:
193:
189:
185:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
92:
89:
88:
85:
81:
76:
55:29°56′24.44″N
48:
44:
41:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1934:Pyramidology
1909:Step pyramid
1893:
1853:
1819:Sobekemsaf I
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1715:
1701:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1643:
1636:
1622:
1603:
1596:
1592:Senusret III
1579:
1389:
1381:
1376:Lepsius XXIV
1374:
1362:
1353:Khentkaus II
1331:Neferhetepes
1305:
1298:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1242:
1220:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1182:
1162:
1155:
1148:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1099:
1053:
949:
944:
936:
931:
915:
911:
906:
898:
893:
885:
881:
865:
860:
852:
848:
830:
826:
821:
805:
801:
771:
767:
736:
716:
711:
695:
669:
600:Kurt Sethe,
599:
586:
579:Aidan Dodson
566:
562:
545:
532:
524:
516:
506:
490:
488:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
436:
361:
343:
340:Substructure
330:
318:
290:disastrous.
288:
281:
272:
268:
248:
233:
223:
194:is the term
191:
187:
183:
181:
143:True pyramid
122:
83:Ancient name
1866:New Kingdom
1762: [
1720: [
1706: [
1692: [
1664:Ameny Qemau
1627: [
1614: [
1587:Senusret II
1570:Amenemhat I
1348:Neferirkare
1334: [
1238:Khentkaus I
1129:Elephantine
1072:Old Kingdom
926:, page 158.
816:, p. 26–30.
615:2nd Dynasty
611:Khasekhemwy
471:3rd Dynasty
294:Description
212:4th Dynasty
134:ca. 2530 BC
131:Constructed
70: /
46:Coordinates
1949:Categories
1929:Pyramidion
1611:Neferuptah
1575:Senusret I
1364:Unfinished
1136:Edfu South
960:, page 61.
780:3805308558
704:3447024895
638:References
503:Kurt Sethe
499:facsimiles
334:pyramidion
58:31°9′5.6″E
1439:Sesheshet
1358:Neferefre
1307:Lepsius L
1115:Lepsius I
814:1438-7956
525:Schena-Ka
279:epic film
1669:Khendjer
1515:Merikare
1390:Headless
1370:Nyuserre
1233:Menkaure
1216:Djedefre
1122:Athribis
1054:Pyramids
626:See also
533:Nefer-Ka
497:made no
352:Djedefre
315:Location
220:Bikheris
149:Material
40:Bikheris
1689:SAK S 7
1682:SAK S 3
1434:Pepi II
1429:Merenre
1326:Userkaf
1143:el-Kula
1046:Dynasty
1023:Commons
1012:Lepsius
1010: (
587:Seth-Ka
573:is his
541:giraffe
455:Nebkarâ
425:Dynasty
354:on it.
347:granite
251:Italian
1889:Ahmose
1849:Kamose
1759:DAS 53
1752:DAS 51
1745:DAS 50
1738:DAS 49
1731:DAS 46
1605:Hawara
1424:Pepi I
1383:Double
1343:Sahure
1228:Khafre
1191:Meidum
1150:Naqada
1101:Buried
1095:Djoser
1037:Period
956:
922:
884:. In:
829:. In:
812:
804:. In:
778:
702:
676:
569:("His
563:BakarĂŞ
531:reads
523:reads
517:Bik-Ka
515:reads
505:reads
420:Dating
236:German
157:Height
1924:Texts
1919:Seked
1881:XVIII
1766:]
1724:]
1710:]
1696:]
1631:]
1618:]
1598:Black
1581:White
1338:]
1211:Khufu
1184:Seila
1164:Sinki
1108:Layer
806:Sokar
595:Khufu
591:Setka
567:Ba-Ka
508:Nebka
467:Nebka
208:Egypt
173:Slope
1811:XVII
1777:S 10
1656:XIII
1497:Khui
1471:VIII
1419:Teti
1401:Unas
1300:G3-c
1293:G3-b
1286:G3-a
1279:G2-a
1272:G1-d
1265:G1-c
1258:G1-b
1251:G1-a
1198:Bent
954:ISBN
920:ISBN
810:ISSN
776:ISBN
770:( =
700:ISBN
674:ISBN
604:and
583:Seth
577:").
555:Baka
549:and
463:Huni
321:Giza
224:Baka
198:and
190:and
182:The
165:Base
160:N.A.
139:Type
1772:S 9
1562:XII
1492:Ibi
1482:Ity
1205:Red
1087:III
914:(=
851:(=
559:ram
439:ink
206:in
1951::
1764:de
1722:de
1708:de
1694:de
1629:de
1616:de
1544:XI
1411:VI
1336:de
1175:IV
873:^
838:^
787:^
747:^
724:^
685:^
645:^
575:Ba
571:Ka
491:Ka
257:.
1507:X
1318:V
1014:)
989:e
982:t
975:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
