279:, began to make a selection of the less important pieces to sell before they were included in the Bulaq collection. Gradually, the director introduced the official sale of antiquities in order to increase the financial resources of the Department of Antiquities and especially of the excavations. From June 1884, the sale of various objects and mummies is duly registered in the account books. It represents an important source of income for the service. Maspero himself buys small objects from the Antiquities Service for his personal collection. Many of them are now in the Egyptian collection of the
20:
330:. Despite the opinion that the objects sold to public institutions were more important than those sold to private collectors or dealers, we can see from the register of the sale room that the latter were also able to acquire very important objects. All of these works could subsequently be legally exported. Many objects that are now kept in private collections or public museums originated here.
194:. The physiognomy of this monarch is more refined and intellectual than that of his warlike predecessor; nor was his frame built upon the same colossal plan. The height of the body was less, and the shoulders not so wide. In the same season Maspero also discovered an ancient Egyptian romance known as the story of
1033:"P. Piacentini, 2013/14. The antiquities path: from the Sale Room of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, through dealers, to private and public collections : a work in progress. In: EDAL. EGYPTIAN & EGYPTOLOGICAL DOC. ARCH. LIB., vol. 4, p. 105-130, pls XII-XXI. Pontremoli Editore, ISSN: 2038-2286"
137:
for many years, to stimulate tourism to Egypt, with charm and charisma. Sayed Tawfik was an
Egyptologist who served from 1989–1990, when the body was called the Egyptian Antiquities Organization. At the end of 2011, Dr. Mohamed Ibrahim Aly was named antiquities minister and he promised to give
245:
The concept appeared sound, but the value, both metaphorical and literal, of the antiquities 'industry' to Egypt indicated that, if anything, even more support and protection should be given. This led to the upgrade, firstly to a
Supreme Council in 1994, then - in 2011 - to a full Ministry of State,
317:
until 1979, selling original ancient
Egyptian artworks and other artefacts there. From a packing list as well as from other sources, such as the pages of the register of the sale room or the museums' inventories and archives, which have already been checked or reconciled, it can be deduced that the
228:
was vigorously prosecuted by Grébaut. In the beginning of the year 1887, the chest, the paws, the altar, and plateau were all made visible. Flights of steps were unearthed, and finally accurate measurements were taken of the great figures. The height from the lowest of the steps was found to be one
166:
Mariette needed little persuasion in any case, and brought his family with him. The following year, in 1859, the
Department of Antiquities was created, a respected body that would endure for more than a century. Mariette's organisation did not always place the welfare of Egypt and the Egyptians at
241:
By the 1970s, the value of
Antiquities to Egypt was well-understood: both as a permanent advertisement for its tourist industry, and as an instrument of cultural prestige, imbuing a sense of pride in the post-colonial era, and maintaining morale during the numerous internal and external conflicts
95:
The SCA was the only agent permitted to restore or preserve
Egyptian monuments. It defined the boundaries around archaeological sites and required foreign archaeologists working in Egypt to report all discoveries and finds to the SCA before publication. This somewhat controversial rule led to the
132:
Those who serve to preserve antiquities are in charge of the conservation and preservation of antiquities, as well as research and often give interviews and report on discoveries and work being done. In the 21st century they also face the difficult task of keeping monuments safe from those who
178:, found in 1884, in the presence of the Khédive and other high dignitaries. The mummy of this great conqueror was well preserved, revealing a giant frame and a face expressive of sovereign majesty, indomitable will, and the pride of the Egyptian king of kings. He then unbandaged the mummy of
271:
Museum rather than from locals. The decree of 16 May 1883 stipulated that the antiquities of the Bulaq Museum, or those that might be kept there or in other museums established in the future, were the property of the
Egyptian state and for this reason were "inaliénables, insaisissables et
217:, or Shepherd Kings, had originated, in the course of which the Asiatics were expelled from Egypt. The history of this king has always been considered legendary, but from the signs of wounds present in the mummy, it is certain that he had died in battle. In the same season the mummy of
167:
the top of its priorities; the prestige of France, if not of
Mariette himself, could seem equally important to him. Nevertheless, he did provide the infrastructure that was required and his energy and determination gave the body the strong foundation of an identity and a credibility.
242:
affecting Egypt since its independence. After more than a century of existence, the
Department of Antiquities was therefore renamed in 1971.The new title sounded less bureaucratic, and suggested a dynamic agency: reflecting the value of the past to the present.
1107:
133:
purposely or accidentally harm
Pharanoic monuments. Their official titles, depending on the years they served, have ranged from Director, to Director-General, to Chairman to Minister. The position may entail also, as was done by
1133:
1283:
312:
moved to Tahrir, in the early years of the 20th century, the sale room was located in room 56 on the ground floor, accessible from the western entrance. The Egyptian state continued to operate the sale room in the
99:
The SCA was also responsible for the recovery of antiquities previously stolen or illegally exported from Egypt: between 2002 and 2008, it retrieved 3,000 artefacts. It became embroiled in a dispute with the
266:
wrote to Maspero that thefts and robberies would probably decrease if the museum offered certified objects for sale, and that travellers would prefer to buy their ‘souvenirs’ at regulated prices at the
1103:
983:
481:
308:, which became the seat of the Egyptian Museum in the last decade of the 19th century. It was located in room 91 on the ground floor, directly accessible from the outside. When the
1187:
1129:
1160:
318:
objects sold were: Reliefs, architectural elements, offering tables, coffins, complete or fragmentary statues, statue heads or torsos, headrests, capitals (mostly Coptic),
956:
96:
expulsion of some archaeologists from Egypt, but reduced the theft of archaeological finds dramatically and notified the authorities to set up security around new finds.
1239:
632:
730:"Archaeology Research in Egypt Struggles to Restart: As the country struggles to refashion its government, archaeologists are looking warily towards the future"
493:
201:"Professor Maspero resigned his office of directorship on June 5, 1886, and was succeeded in the superintendency of excavations and Egyptian archaeology by M.
66:
from 1994 to 2011. It was the government body responsible for the conservation, protection and regulation of all antiquities and archaeological excavations in
531:
979:
1069:"Notes on the History of the Sale Room of the Egyptian Museum in Cairo, in J. Helmbold-Doyé, T. Gertzen (Hrsg.), Mosse im Museum, Berlin 2017, pp. 75-87"
163:. The government of Egypt was keen to tap the skills and the publicity Mariette could bring to the country and created the post of Conservator for him.
904:
229:
hundred feet, and the space between the paws was found to be thirty-five feet long and ten feet wide. Here there was formerly an altar; and a stele of
487:
680:
1333:
1323:
233:. was discovered, recording a dream in which he was ordered to clear away the sand that even then was gathering round the site of the Sphinx."
198:
in a tomb in Thebes. A fragment on papyrus had been preserved at the Egyptian Museum of Berlin, but the whole romance was now decipherable."
84:
The first government body was the Department of Antiquities, established in 1858. This became the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation in 1971.
1104:"Après le départ de Zahid Hawass, nomination d'un nouveau chef du Conseil suprême des antiquités en Egypte - Site Artclair - 26 août 2011"
835:
1183:
1017:
873:
1156:
927:
729:
952:
174:"as Director General of the Excavations and Antiquities of Egypt, and his big achievement was his examination of the mummy of
1328:
1303:
782:
591:
812:
755:
702:
621:
1209:
845:
78:
1130:"Moustapha Amine nommé nouveau chef du Conseil Suprême des antiquités égyptiennes - Site Artclair - 03 octobre 2011"
538:
92:
The Secretary-General directed the SCA through the Administrative Council. He answered to the Minister of Culture.
24:
896:
138:
new life to the body, by bringing in young archeologists and restarting projects which had been put on hold.
27:: at the main entrance, the Supreme Council of Antiquities flag can be seen either side of the Egyptian flag
210:
676:
187:
108:, which it claimed was removed from the country by deceit; previously it had asked for the return of the
81:(MSA). And in 2022 it was folded into the Ministry of Antiquities and Tourism, but with the same duties.
70:, and was a reorganization of the Egyptian Antiquities Organisation, under Presidential Decree No. 82 of
63:
1265:
1308:
101:
1089:
1053:
49:
205:. In the same month Grébaut started upon the work of unbandaging the mummy of the Theban king
1313:
1076:
1040:
1011:
869:
520:
289:
The official sale of antiquities initiated by Maspero proved to be very lucrative for the
8:
1318:
361:
202:
391:
841:
367:
327:
105:
555:
349:
301:
225:
179:
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561:
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195:
40:
786:
706:
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171:
117:
113:
808:
759:
1297:
206:
109:
71:
385:
373:
282:
1217:
783:"Al-Ahram Weekly | Heritage | Dig Days Tampering with Nefertiti"
190:, beside which, in the same sarcophagus, had been discovered the mummy of
658:
549:
525:
475:
319:
246:
devoted exclusively to a judicious development of the nation's heritage.
230:
134:
656:
191:
160:
1157:"Egyptian Antiquities Mayhem Continues: Minister Zahi Hawass Returns"
1013:
History Of Egypt From 330 B.C. To The Present Time, Volume 12 (of 12)
175:
19:
1068:
1032:
756:"Al-Ahram Weekly | Heritage | Wrapping up smuggled goods"
183:
870:"The only people thriving in post-revolution Egypt — tomb raiders"
1288:
1280:: images and products that document Egypt's History & Culture
323:
156:
224:"The next season the work of clearing away the sand from around
837:
Egyptology at the Dawn of the Twenty-first Century: Archaeology
703:"Al-Ahram Weekly | Egypt | Hands off, and we mean it"
268:
218:
214:
121:
275:
Nevertheless, probably in the same year, Maspero, assisted by
1277:
67:
60:
1271:
272:
imperscriptibles" (inalienable, unseizable, indispensable).
809:"Al-Ahram Weekly | Egypt | Antiquities wish list"
305:
258:
succeeded Mariette as director of the Antiquities service (
221:. was unbandaged, and also that of an anonymous prince."
1268:: Official website of the Supreme Council of Antiquities
77:
In January 2011, it became an independent ministry: the
897:"Top Egypt archaeologist sees hope for future in past"
543:
213:. It was under this monarch that a revolt against the
705:. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 18 March 2009. Archived from
419:
54:
16:
1994–2011 branch of the Egyptian Ministry of Culture
509:
758:. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 9 July 2008. Archived from
1005:
1003:
1001:
466:Mohammed Abdel Halim Nur el-Din (1993–1996)
455:
433:Mohammed Abd el-Qader Mohammed (1977–1978)
1295:
677:"CyArk - Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities"
953:"Sayed Tawfik, 54, Dies; Archeologist of Egypt"
1184:"Egyptology: Zahi Hawass confirms resignation"
1122:
1096:
998:
657:Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities.
1175:
338:
980:"New minister of antiquities, new strategy"
928:"The Rise and Fall and Rise of Zahi Hawass"
919:
834:Brock, Lyla Pinch; Hawass, Zahi A. (2003).
833:
827:
650:
1016:. The Grolier Society Publishers, London.
1148:
586:
584:
582:
1284:About the Supreme Council of Antiquities
727:
409:Mohammed Anwar Shoukry (1960–1964)
18:
1334:Government agencies established in 1859
1181:
1154:
977:
867:
861:
622:"The Egyptian Antiquities Organization"
505:since March 2024: Mohamed Ismail Khaled
451:Mohammed Ibrahim Bakr (1990–1993)
333:
1296:
1066:
1030:
945:
888:
815:from the original on 16 September 2010
780:
579:
445:Mohammed Abdel Halim Nur el-Din (1988)
300:) was opened in 1892 in the palace of
127:
1324:National archaeological organizations
1009:
955:. New York Times. December 24, 1990.
894:
811:. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. 20 July 2005.
785:. Weekly.ahram.org.eg. Archived from
679:. Archive.cyark.org. 9 January 2006.
638:from the original on 7 September 2015
472:Gaballa Ali Gaballa (1997–2002)
322:, as well as stone or glass vessels,
1274:: Official website of Dr Zahi Hawass
1136:from the original on 2 December 2011
1110:from the original on 2 December 2011
986:from the original on 26 October 2016
978:El-Aref, Nevine (December 8, 2011).
959:from the original on 26 October 2016
907:from the original on 23 October 2016
876:from the original on 23 October 2016
1289:Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities
1190:from the original on 3 October 2015
971:
868:Hartley, Aidan (November 9, 2013).
683:from the original on 3 January 2012
663:Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities
614:
544:Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities
44:
13:
1266:The Supreme Council of Antiquities
1163:from the original on 25 April 2016
925:
14:
1345:
1259:
1155:Russeth, Andrew (July 20, 2011).
728:Marchant, Jo (23 November 2011).
420:Egyptian Antiquities Organization
237:Egyptian Antiquities Organization
79:Ministry of State for Antiquities
1020:from the original on 2016-03-04.
895:Perry, Tom (February 15, 2013).
840:. American University in Cairo.
539:Ministry of State of Antiquities
510:Ministry of State of Antiquities
412:Mohammed Mahdi (1964–1966)
403:Moharram Kamal (1957–1959)
250:Sale room in the Egyptian Museum
1232:
1202:
1060:
1024:
430:Gamal Mokhtar (1971–1977)
415:Gamal Mokhtar (1967–1971)
400:Abbas Bayoumi (1956–1957)
291:Service des Antiquités d'Egypte
262:). In August of the same year,
260:Service des Antiquités d'Egypte
1216:. 17 July 2011. Archived from
801:
774:
748:
721:
695:
669:
596:Supreme Council of Antiquities
552:31 January 2011 – 3 March 2011
502:(September 2017 to March 2024)
490:(29 September 2011–2013)
456:Supreme Council of Antiquities
448:Sayed Tawfik (1989–1990)
442:Ahmed Khadry (1982–1988)
436:Shehata Adam (1978–1981)
397:Mostafa Amer (1953–1956)
296:For this reason, a sale room (
33:Supreme Council of Antiquities
25:Museum of Egyptian Antiquities
1:
1210:"Egypt's Zahi Hawass resigns"
781:Hawass, Zahi (16 July 2003).
573:
1329:1859 establishments in Egypt
1304:Government agencies of Egypt
1182:Vergano, Dan (May 5, 2011).
469:Ali Hassan (1996–1997)
7:
159:and revived an interest in
56:al-Majlis al-Aʻlá lil-Āthār
55:
10:
1350:
536:
406:Abd el-Fattah Hilmy (1959)
141:
59:) was a department of the
339:Department of Antiquities
170:Mariette was followed by
147:Department of Antiquities
102:Egyptian Museum of Berlin
569:Ahmed Issa (2022 - 2024)
382:(1899–1914) (bis)
326:, weights, amulets and
293:(Antiquities service).
281:Institut d'Egyptologie
87:
1084:Cite journal requires
1067:Piacentini, Patrizia.
1048:Cite journal requires
1031:Piacentini, Patrizia.
28:
484:(July–September 2011)
22:
932:Smithsonian Magazine
521:Abdelfattah al-Banna
482:Mohamed Abdel Fattah
439:Fuad el-Oraby (1981)
334:Heads of Antiquities
155:made discoveries at
45:المجلس الأعلى للآثار
734:Scientific American
709:on 15 December 2011
532:Mohamed Ibrahim Aly
211:Seventeenth Dynasty
128:Antiquities service
64:Ministry of Culture
1244:dailynewsegypt.com
789:on 18 October 2012
762:on 6 February 2012
602:on 17 October 2016
564:from 23 March 2016
515:Minister of State:
461:Secretary-General:
188:Eighteenth Dynasty
29:
872:. The Spectator.
478:(2002–2011)
394:(1936–1952)
388:(1914–1936)
376:(1897–1899)
370:(1892–1897)
368:Jacques de Morgan
364:(1886–1892)
358:(1881–1886)
352:(1858–1881)
254:In January 1881,
106:bust of Nefertiti
53:
1341:
1309:Culture of Egypt
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1152:
1146:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1132:. Artclair.com.
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1106:. Artclair.com.
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926:Hammer, Joshua.
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626:
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598:. Archived from
588:
556:Mamdouh Eldamaty
494:Mohammad Ibrahim
350:Auguste Mariette
226:the Great Sphinx
180:Ahmose-Nefertari
153:Auguste Mariette
58:
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1220:on 7 April 2013
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562:Khaled al-Anani
546:
541:
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488:Moustapha Amine
458:
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392:Étienne Drioton
341:
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315:Egyptian Museum
310:Egyptian Museum
298:Salle de ventes
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90:
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5:
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1260:External links
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1095:
1086:|journal=
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1010:Rappoport, S.
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558:from June 2014
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203:Eugène Grébaut
172:Gaston Maspero
151:In the 1850s,
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114:British Museum
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592:"SCA History"
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