Unethical human experimentation in the United States

555: 2416: 382: 1942: 2109:. In the aftermath of the Congressional hearings, major news media mainly focused on sensationalistic stories related to LSD, "mind-control", and "brainwashing", and rarely used the word "torture". This suggested that the CIA researchers were, as one author put it, "a bunch of bumbling sci-fi buffoons", rather than a rational group of men who had run torture laboratories and medical experiments in major U.S. universities; they had arranged for torture, rape and psychological abuse of adults and young children, driving many of them permanently insane. 1777:, the purpose of the project was to develop "the means to control individuals through special interrogation techniques", "way to prevent the extraction of information from CIA agents", and "offensive uses of unconventional techniques, such as hypnosis and drugs". The purpose of the project was outlined in a memo dated January 1952 that stated, "Can we get control of an individual to the point where he will do our bidding against his will and even against fundamental laws of nature, such as self preservation?" The project studied the use of 359:—a virus that causes wart-like growths but usually disappears entirely—after an outbreak in the orphanage, to study the disease. The author then goes on to admit that the mechanisms studied were already well understood and described in literature, so well in fact that he found it unnecessary to go beyond providing basic explanations of the processes at work, stating quote; "The subject has been so fully described in the excellent paper of C. J.White and W. H. Eobey, Jr., that only a few of the important points will be emphasized here." 1328: 2782: 159:, Ohio for treatment of a lesion on her head. The lesion was diagnosed as a cancerous ulcer and surgical treatments were attempted. Bartholow saw Rafferty's condition as terminal but felt there was a research opportunity. He inserted electrode needles into her exposed brain matter to gauge her responses. This was done with no intention of treating her. Although Rafferty came out of the coma caused by the experiment three days later, she 2750:

human subjects during the Second World War, and the standards that the Nuremberg Military Tribunals developed to judge the behavior of the defendants stated that the 'voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential ... to satisfy moral, ethical, and legal concepts.' If this principle is violated, the very least that society can do is to see that the victims are compensated, as best they can be, by the perpetrators.

22: 2314:, to determine if it was possible that the Nazi genocide could have resulted from millions of people who were "just following orders". The Milgram Experiment raised questions about the ethics of scientific experimentation because of the extreme emotional stress suffered by the participants, who were told, as part of the experiment, to apply electric shocks to test subjects (who were actors and did not really receive 2758:(ACHRE). This committee was created to investigate and report the use of human beings as test subjects in experiments involving the effects of ionizing radiation in federally funded research. The committee attempted to determine the causes of the experiments and reasons that the proper oversight did not exist. It made several recommendations to help prevent future occurrences of similar events. 2550:, may produce a wide variety of live agents and toxins that are difficult to detect and counter; and new chemical warfare agents and mixtures of chemical weapons and biowarfare agents are being developed . . . Countries are using the natural overlap between weapons and civilian applications of chemical and biological materials to conceal chemical weapon and bioweapon production." 1434:. He forged consent forms, and did not inform the patients of the risks of irradiation. The patients were given 100 or more rads (1 Gy) of whole-body radiation, which in many caused intense pain and vomiting. Critics have questioned the medical rationale for this study, and contend that the main purpose of the research was to study the acute effects of radiation exposure. 2023:, Canada, began MKULTRA Subproject 68. His experiments were designed to first "depattern" individuals, erasing their minds and memories—reducing them to the mental level of an infant—and then to "rebuild" their personality in a manner of his choosing. To achieve this, Cameron placed patients under his "care" into drug-induced comas for up to 88 days, and applied numerous 144:, and other similar conditions. The patients—one of whom was operated on 30 times—suffered from infections and many failed surgeries before they were finally cured of vaginal fistula. The period between 1845 and 1849 during which Sims operated on enslaved women was one during which the new practice of anesthesia was not universally accepted as safe and effective. 798:(SHAD), the U.S. Army performed tests which involved spraying several U.S. ships with various biological and chemical warfare agents, while thousands of U.S. military personnel were aboard the ships. The personnel were not notified of the tests, and were not given any protective clothing. Chemicals tested on the U.S. military personnel included the nerve gases 88:; and in other cases were sponsored by private corporations which were involved in military activities. The human research programs were usually highly secretive and performed without the knowledge or authorization of Congress, and in many cases information about them was not released until many years after the studies had been performed. 787:, who in 1952 had done the same to prisoners at the Ohio State Prison, to "discover the secret of how healthy bodies fight the invasion of malignant cells". The administration of the hospital attempted to cover the study up, but the New York medical licensing board ultimately placed Southam on probation for one year. Two years later, the 1620: 2216:. The goal of the study was to determine the minimum effective dose of each drug needed to disable 50 percent of any given population. Kligman and Copelan initially claimed that they were unaware of any long-term health effects the drugs could have on prisoners; however, documents later revealed that this was not the case. 1021:

samples of saliva, urine, blood, and thyroid tissue were collected from them. The purpose and risks of the radioactive iodine dosing, along with the collection of body fluid and tissue samples was not explained to the test subjects, and the AEC did not conduct any follow-up studies to monitor for long-term health effects.

732:. It was alleged that the experiment tripled the whooping cough infections in Florida to over one-thousand cases and caused whooping cough deaths in the state to increase from one to 12 over the previous year. This claim has been cited in a number of later sources, although these added no further supporting evidence. 405:. In the experiment, 399 impoverished black males who were infected with syphilis were then offered "treatment" by the researchers, who did not tell the test subjects that they had syphilis and did not give them treatment for the disease, but rather just studied them to chart the progress of the disease. By 1947, 2334:

psychologically abusing the prisoners who were passive in their acceptance of the abuse. The experiment was largely controversial with criticisms aimed toward the lack of scientific principles and a control group, and for ethical concerns regarding Zimbardo's lack of intervention in the prisoner abuse.

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The Holmesburg program paid hundreds of inmates a nominal stipend to test a wide range of cosmetic products and chemical compounds, whose health effects were unknown at the time. Upon his arrival at Holmesberg, Kligman is claimed to have said, "All I saw before me were acres of skin ... It was like a

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promised the parents of mentally disabled children that their children would be enrolled into Willowbrook in exchange for signing a consent form for procedures that he claimed were "vaccinations". In reality, the procedures involved deliberately infecting children with viral hepatitis by feeding them

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formally condemned his experiments as he had caused direct harm to the patient, not in an attempt to treat her, but solely to gain knowledge. Additional issues were raised with the consent obtained. Although she gave "cheerful assent" to the procedure, she was described as "feeble-minded" and may not

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When the needle entered the brain substance, she complained of acute pain in the neck. To develop more decided reactions, the strength of the current was increased ... her countenance exhibited great distress, and she began to cry. Very soon, the left hand was extended as if in the act of taking hold

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No judicially crafted rule should insulate from liability the involuntary and unknowing human experimentation alleged to have occurred in this case. Indeed, as Justice Brennan observes, the United States played an instrumental role in the criminal prosecution of Nazi scientists who experimented with

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A special procedure, designated MKDELTA, was established to govern the use of MKULTRA materials abroad. Such materials were used on a number of occasions. Because MKULTRA records were destroyed, it is impossible to reconstruct the operational use of MKULTRA materials by the CIA overseas; it has been

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In Alaska, starting in August 1955, the AEC selected a total of 102 Inuit natives and Athapascan Indigenous peoples who would be used to study the effects of radioactive iodine on thyroid tissue, particularly in cold environments. Over a two-year span, the test subjects were given doses of I-131 and

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Precautions must be taken not only to protect operations from exposure to enemy forces but also to conceal these activities from the American public in general. The knowledge that the agency is engaging in unethical and illicit activities would have serious repercussions in political and diplomatic

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purposes). The patients could do nothing but listen to these messages, played for 16–20 hours a day, for weeks at a time. In one case, Cameron forced a person to listen to a message non-stop for 101 days. Using CIA funding, Cameron converted the horse stables behind Allan Memorial into an elaborate

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barrier. In another study, they gave 25 newborn babies (who were under 36 hours old and weighed from 5.5 to 8.5 pounds (2.5 to 3.9 kg)) iodine-131, either by oral administration or through an injection, so that they could measure the amount of iodine in their thyroid glands, as iodine would go

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noted that Markingson was enrolled in the study against the wishes of his mother, Mary Weiss, and that he was forced to choose between enrolling in the study or being involuntarily committed to a state mental institution. Further investigation revealed financial ties to AstraZeneca by Markingson's

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tests were performed on over a dozen prisoners, in 48-, 96- and 180-hour increments. Doctors also collected data intended to help them judge the emotional and physical effects of the techniques so as to "calibrate the level of pain experienced by detainees during interrogation" and to determine if

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Kligman later continued his dioxin studies, increasing the dosage of dioxin which he applied to the skin of 10 prisoners to 7,500 micrograms of dioxin, which is 468 times the dosage that the Dow Chemical official Gerald K. Rowe had authorized him to administer. As a result, the prisoners developed

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in the bones. Infants were the primary focus, as they would have had a full opportunity to absorb the new contaminants. As a result of this conclusion, researchers began a program to collect human bodies and bones from all over the world, with a particular focus on infants. The bones were cremated

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experiments, tests which involve mind-altering substances, and a wide variety of other experiments. Many of these tests are performed on children, the sick, and mentally disabled individuals, often under the guise of "medical treatment". In many of the studies, a large portion of the subjects were

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procedures) will be similarly tested to ascertain the fundamental effect upon human brain function and upon the subject's mood ... Where any of the studies involve potential harm of the subject, we expect the Agency to make available suitable subjects and a proper place for the performance of the

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We intend to investigate the development of a chemical material which causes a reversible, nontoxic aberrant mental state, the specific nature of which can be reasonably well predicted for each individual. This material could potentially aid in discrediting individuals, eliciting information, and

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which rejected the findings due to the ethically questionable research methods used in the study. Rous called the experiment "an abuse of power, an infringement of the rights of an individual, and not excusable because the illness which followed had implications for science." The study was later

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became available as treatment, but those running the study prevented study participants from receiving treatment elsewhere, lying to them about their true condition, so that they could observe the effects of syphilis on the human body. By the end of the study in 1972, only 74 of the test subjects

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using certain types of techniques would increase a subject's "susceptibility to severe pain". In 2010, the CIA denied the allegations, claiming they never performed any experiments, and saying "The report is just wrong"; however, the U.S. government never investigated the claims. Psychologists

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in San Francisco, Marin, and New York which were established to study the effects of LSD on unconsenting individuals. Prostitutes on the CIA payroll were instructed to lure clients back to the safehouses, where they were surreptitiously plied with a wide range of substances, including LSD, and

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in which twenty-four male students were randomly assigned roles of prisoners and guards in a mock prison situated in the basement of the Stanford psychology building. The participants adapted to their roles beyond Zimbardo's expectations with prison guards exhibiting authoritarian status and

2121:, fearing that they would be exposed to the public, ordered the project terminated, and all of the files destroyed. But, a clerical error had sent many of the documents to the wrong office, so when CIA workers were destroying the files, some of them remained. They were later released under a 1528:, was harmful as a food additive, the Louisiana State Board of Health commissioned a study to feed "Negro prisoners" nothing but molasses for five weeks. One report stated that prisoners did not "object to submitting themselves to the test, because it would not do any good if they did." 2031:" experiments on the subjects, where he would repetitively play recorded statements, such as "You are a good wife and mother and people enjoy your company", through speakers he had implanted into blacked-out football helmets that he bound to the heads of the test subjects (for 292:

as part of a medical experiment. A review of the medical literature of the late 19th and early 20th centuries found more than 40 reports of experimental infections with gonorrheal culture, including some, where gonorrheal organisms were applied to the eyes of sick children.

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of prisoners for sensory deprivation, prolonged isolation, humiliation, etc.), and how they could be used in interrogations. Latin American paramilitary groups working for the CIA and U.S. military received training in these psychological techniques at places such as the

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who was "offered as a volunteer". The twelve-month-old developed a painful symptom of the illness, and stopped eating during part of the experiment. On the same day, he inoculated a "healthy six-year-old" who experienced similar symptoms. He submitted his research to the

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Exposure of the American population to radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests: a review of the CDC-NCI draft report on a feasibility study of the health consequences to the American population from nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States and other

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by the patients. He referred to them only by their initials on the medical reports. He did this so that, in his words, "there will be no means by which the patients can ever connect themselves up with the report", to prevent "either adverse publicity or litigation".

1673:. In the study, Kligman applied about the same amount of dioxin as that to which Dow employees were being exposed. In 1980 and 1981, some of the people who were used in this study sued Kligman because they were suffering from a variety of health problems, including 1303:

to 20 people between 1961 and 1965. Many were chosen from the Age Center of New England and had volunteered for "research projects on aging". Doses were 0.2–2.4 microcuries (7.4–88.8 kBq) for radium and 1.2–120 microcuries (44–4,440 kBq) for thorium.

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LSD was one of the materials tested in the MKULTRA program. The final phase of LSD testing involved surreptitious administration to unwitting non-volunteer subjects in normal life settings by undercover officers of the Bureau of Narcotics acting for the CIA.

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performed experiments on severe burn victims, most of them poor and black, without their knowledge or consent, with funding from the Army and in collaboration with the AEC. In the experiments, the subjects were exposed to additional burning, experimental

605:. Cutler chose to do the study in Guatemala because he would not have been permitted to do it in the United States. In 2010 when the research was revealed, the U.S. officially apologized to Guatemala for the studies. A lawsuit has been launched against 176:; she lost consciousness and was violently convulsed on the left side. The convulsion lasted five minutes and was succeeded by a coma. She returned to consciousness in twenty minutes from the beginning of the attack, and complained of some weakness and 2008:

monitored behind one-way glass. Several significant operational techniques were developed in this theater, including extensive research into sexual blackmail, surveillance technology, and the possible use of mind-altering drugs in field operations.

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gave 829 pregnant mothers in Tennessee what they were told were "vitamin drinks" that would improve the health of their babies. The mixtures contained radioactive iron and the researchers were determining how fast the radioisotope crossed into the

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As of 2007, no U.S. government researcher had been prosecuted for human experimentation. The preponderance of the victims of U.S. government experiments have not received compensation or, in many cases, acknowledgment of what was done to them.

10265: 1969:...assemble, collate, analyze and assimilate this information and will then undertake experimental investigations designed to develop new techniques of offensive/defensive intelligence use ... Potentially useful secret drugs (and various 1873:

to conceal evidence of its involvement in the experiment for 23 years. Cattell claimed that he did not know what the army had ordered him to inject into Blauer, saying: "We didn't know whether it was dog piss or what we were giving him."

10431: 10046: 9791: 635:. Numerous citizens contracted pneumonia-like illnesses, and at least one person died as a result. The family of the person who died sued the government for gross negligence, but a federal judge ruled in favor of the government in 1981. 1704:

paid Kligman to apply skin-blistering chemicals to the faces and backs of inmates at Holmesburg, in Kligman's words, "to learn how the skin protects itself against chronic assault from toxic chemicals, the so-called hardening process."

2257:" used. In November 2014, the American Psychological Association announced that they would hire a lawyer to investigate claims that they were complicit in the development of enhanced interrogation techniques that constituted torture. 2223:

techniques on detainees during the 21st century war on terror, to refine those techniques, and "to provide legal cover for torture, as well as to help justify and shape future procedures and policies", according to a 2010 report by

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handbook, which cited the MKULTRA studies and other secret research programs as the scientific basis for their interrogation methods. Cameron regularly traveled around the U.S. teaching military personnel about his techniques

2580:, who testified that the research was "an example of human experiments which were ideal because of their conformity with the highest ethical standards of human experimentation". The trials contributed to the formation of the 2272:

that "fires an invisible heat beam capable of causing unbearable pain." The device, dubbed "pain ray" by its critics, was rejected for fielding in Iraq due to Pentagon fears that it would be used as an instrument of torture.

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in the United States would be ethical and legal. Public outrage in the late 20th century over the discovery of government experiments on human subjects led to numerous congressional investigations and hearings, including the

9847: 9781: 1141:(6400 rem). Neither Albert Stevens nor any of his relatives were told that he never had cancer; they were led to believe that the experimental "treatment" had worked. His cremated remains were surreptitiously acquired by 1796:

and other vulnerable states in subjects. In order to "perfect techniques ... for the abstraction of information from individuals, whether willing or not", Project BLUEBIRD researchers experimented with a wide variety of

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Department of Pediatrics performed experiments on 113 newborns ranging in age from one hour to three days, in which they studied changes in blood pressure and blood flow. In one of the studies, researchers inserted a

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researchers irradiated the testicles of 232 prisoners to determine the effects of radiation on testicular function. When these inmates later left prison and had children, at least four of them had offspring born with

1270:. Similar experiments were performed on over 7,000 U.S. Army and Navy personnel during World War II. Nasal radium irradiation became a standard medical treatment and was used in over two and a half million Americans. 1027:

In 1962, the Hanford site again released I-131, stationing test subjects along its path to record its effect on them. The AEC also recruited Hanford volunteers to ingest milk contaminated with I-131 during this time.

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injected into some of the patients, 500 microcuries (19 MBq), was 50 times the "acceptable" dose for a healthy individual; for people with severe burns, this likely led to significantly increased death rates.

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is under constant scrutiny by the anti-vivisectionists who would not hesitate to play up the fact that you used for your tests human beings of a state institution. That the tests were wholly justified goes without

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vaccine, which had somehow become contaminated with bubonic plague. He did this without the consent of the patients, and without informing them of what he was doing. All of the subjects became sick and 13 died.

10255: 1137:, and he lived for another 20 years with the injected plutonium. Since Stevens received the highly radioactive Pu-238, his accumulated dose over his remaining life was higher than anyone has ever received: 64 1543:. The study was performed to determine how severely the substance injures/irritates the skin of children. After the studies, the children's blistered skin was removed with scissors and swabbed with peroxide. 10093: 2765:

Some authors have proposed a structured ethical framework based on an Ethics of Political Commemoration for offering institutional gestures of redress for transgressions, based on an approach similar to the

1223:, to track "how nutrients were digested". The children were not told that they were being fed radioactive chemicals; they were told by hospital staff and researchers that they were joining a "science club". 9994: 344:, Pennsylvania, causing permanent blindness in some of the children and painful lesions and inflammation of the eyes in many of the others. In the study, they refer to the children as "material used". 551:

and professor at the University of Chicago Medical School, purposely infected psychiatric patients at the Illinois State Hospital with malaria so that he could test experimental treatments on them.

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and cancer patients. Also at Sloan-Kettering, 300 healthy females were injected with live cancer cells without being told. The doctors stated that they knew at the time that it might cause cancer.

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It is desired that no document be released which refers to experiments with humans and might have adverse effect on public opinion or result in legal suits. Documents covering such work should be

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In the subsequent autopsy, Bartholow noted that some brain damage had occurred due to the electrodes but that she had died due to the cancer. Bartholow was criticized by fellow physicians and the

6500:"Theory improved treatment and understanding of stuttering:" Ethics concerns led researchers to conceal the experiment Decades later, the experiment's victims struggle to make sense of their past 1961:. Wolff requested that the CIA provide him any information they could find regarding "threats, coercion, imprisonment, deprivation, humiliation, torture, 'brainwashing', 'black psychiatry', and 10108: 5930:"Final report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate: together with additional, supplemental, and separate views" 1406:

experiments on mostly poor and Black cancer patients, who were not told what was being done to them. Patients were told that they were receiving a "treatment" that might cure their cancer, but

9711: 1505:, spraying chemicals over six cities in the United States and Canada, to test dispersal patterns of chemical weapons. Army records stated that the chemicals which were sprayed on the city of 547:

cited the precedent of the malaria experiments as part of their defense. The study continued at Stateville Penitentiary for 29 years. In related studies from 1944 to 1946, Dr. Alf Alving, a

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or lesser disorders. The children subsequently underwent painful experimentation without adult consent. Many were given spinal taps "for which they received no direct benefit." Reporters of

10259: 9925: 7866: 1750:, the U.S. Navy began identifying and testing truth serums, which they hoped could be used during interrogations of Soviet spies. Some of the chemicals tested on human subjects included 1277:, in 1956, researchers gave mentally disabled children radioactive calcium orally and intravenously. They also injected radioactive chemicals into malnourished babies and then collected 10493: 9602: 2568:, several of the Nazi doctors and scientists who were being tried for their human experiments cited past unethical studies performed in the United States in their defense, namely the 1565:

was now required for all research projects involving human subjects. Under the guidelines, seven research projects involving chemical weapons and human subjects were submitted by the

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Hammer Breslow, Lauren. "The Best Pharmaceuticals for Children Act of 2002: The Rise of the Voluntary Incentive Structure and Congressional Refusal to Require Pediatric Testing",

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without his consent, as part of military experiments, could not sue the U.S. Army for damages. Stanley was later awarded over $ 400,000 in 1996, two years after Congress passed a

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on prisoners. Stanley believed that his experiments would rejuvenate old men, control crime (which he believed had biological causes), and prevent the "unfit" from reproducing.

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The frequent screams of the patients that echoed through the hospital did not deter Cameron or most of his associates in their attempts to depattern their subjects completely.

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article resulted in a group of university faculty members sending a public letter to the university Board of Regents urging an external investigation into Markingson's death.

10204: 1611:'s report, the military maintained that Operation Top Hat was not subject to the guidelines requiring approval because it was a line of duty exercise in the Chemical Corps. 1145:

Center for Human Radiobiology in 1975 without the consent of surviving relatives. Some of the ashes were transferred to the National Human Radiobiology Tissue Repository at

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and on forearms and faces that were slightly abraded ... or in a few cases through spinal punctures". Approximately 700 people were infected as part of the study (including

755:) were dropped over parts of the U.S. state of Georgia to determine if the air-dropped mosquitoes could survive to take meals from humans. The mosquito tests were known as 573:

to test the effectiveness of penicillin in treating the STDs. They later tried infecting people with "direct inoculations made from syphilis bacteria poured into the men's

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began experimenting with a "truth drug" that would produce "uninhibited truthfulness" in an interrogated person. In studies running from 1947 to 1953, which were known as

1083:, Dr. William Sweet injected eleven terminally ill, comatose and semi-comatose patients with uranium in an experiment to determine, among other things, its viability as a 1091:, which all but one of the patients had (one being a misdiagnosis). Sweet, who died in 2001, maintained that consent had been obtained from the patients and next of kin. 481:

Rous closely monitored the articles he published since the 1930s, when revival of the anti-vivisectionist movement raised pressure against certain human experimentation.

9864: 994:) of iodine-131, and later performed abortions to study the women's embryos in an attempt to discover at what stage, and to what extent, radioactive iodine crosses the 9833: 2704: 1730:

techniques for the U.S. military and intelligence agencies, and to develop techniques for Americans to resist torture at the hands of enemy nations and organizations.

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From 1964 to 1968, the U.S. Army paid $ 386,486 to professors Albert Kligman and Herbert W. Copelan to perform experiments with mind-altering drugs on 320 inmates of

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John Marks. Many people in the American public were outraged when they learned of the experiments, and several congressional investigations took place, including the

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upon conclusion of the trial. The surgeon who sterilized the men said that it was necessary to "keep from contaminating the general population with radiation-induced

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Past examples of unethical experiments include the exposure of humans to chemical and biological weapons (including infections with deadly or debilitating diseases),

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have fully understood. Bartholow apologized for his actions and expressed regret that some knowledge had been gained "at the expense of some injury to the patient."

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Many of these experiments violated US law even at the time and were in some cases directly sponsored by government agencies or rogue elements thereof, including the

10316: 7859: 7776: 6952:"U.S. Senate: Joint Hearing before The Select Committee on Intelligence and The Subcommittee on Health and Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources" 1986:... it was fun, fun, fun. Where else could a red-blooded American boy lie, kill, cheat, steal, rape and pillage with the sanction and bidding of the All-highest? 10118: 9701: 9526: 2559: 1588:

was among the numerous projects not submitted for approval. It was termed a "local field exercise" by the Army and took place from September 15–19, 1953, at the

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disaster; as a result parents and family were not told what was being done with the body parts of their relatives. These studies should not be confused with the

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The San Antonio Contraceptive Study was a clinical research study published in 1971 about the side effects of oral contraceptives. Women coming to a clinic in

1200:. Four of the women's babies died from cancers as a result of the experiments, and the women experienced rashes, bruises, anemia, hair/tooth loss, and cancer. 6164:

Jody D, Lieberman JA, Geisler S, Szymanski S, Alvir JM (1990). "Behavioral response to methylphenidate and treatment outcome in first episode schizophrenia".

9913: 9903: 6418: 2101:. In the 21st century, many of the torture techniques developed in the MKULTRA studies and other programs were used at U.S. military and CIA prisons such as 4705: 1561:

formally adopted guidelines regarding the use of human subjects in chemical, biological, or radiological testing and research, where authorization from the

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Exposure of the American people to Iodine-131 from Nevada nuclear-bomb tests: review of the National Cancer Institute report and public health implications

4251: 2350:, on pregnant women at the Lying-In Hospital of the University of Chicago. The women experienced an abnormally high number of miscarriages and babies with 920: 260:

learned that in these five years, the brain of every child with cerebral palsy who died at Sonoma State was removed and studied without parental consent.

9582: 7852: 2853: 2250: 6877: 4961:, a secret effort to study the question of whether the tests could threaten the viability of life on earth. In 1953, Gabriel led to Project Sunshine..." 2196:

Various experiments were performed on people with schizophrenia who were stable, other experiments were performed on people with their first episode of

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Drugs were used primarily as an aid to interrogations, but MKULTRA/MKDELTA materials were also used for harassment, discrediting, or disabling purposes.

10158: 9476: 2474:, and inserted needles into their jugular veins and brachial arteries to extract large quantities of blood and, after massive blood loss which caused 418:. The study was not shut down until 1972, when its existence was leaked to the press, forcing the researchers to stop in the face of a public outcry. 10825: 10815: 9645: 9124: 4717: 4469: 2755: 938: 109: 4949: 2535:

In the 2010s, Facebook breached ethical guidelines by conducting a research experiment to manipulate 700,000 users' emotions without their consent.

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was trying to determine the effects of high levels of radiation on the human body. One of the doctors involved in the experiments was worried about

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worldwide, and examination of human bodies could reveal how readily it was taken up and hence how much damage it caused. Of particular interest was

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electric shocks to them over the course of weeks or months, often administering up to 360 shocks per person. He would then perform what he called "

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found that it was sprayed at levels so low as not to be harmful; it said that people were normally exposed to higher levels in urban environments.

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rods into the noses of schoolchildren, deliberately releasing radioactive chemicals over U.S. and Canadian cities, measuring the health effects of

221:, performed a wide variety of experiments on hundreds of prisoners. Many of the experiments involved testicular implants, where Stanley would take 7817: 2688:

In 1975, the Department of Health, Education and Welfare (DHEW) created regulations which included the recommendations laid out in the NIH's 1966

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complained about not having enough "human guinea pigs to try these extraordinary techniques". The MKULTRA project was under the direct command of

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The ethical, professional, and legal implications of this in the United States medical and scientific community were quite significant and led to

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Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Gadaleta D, Brenner R, Lesser MS, Kinon B (1984). "Methylphenidate challenge as a predictor of relapse in schizophrenia".

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The 1846 journals of Walter F. Jones of Petersburg, Virginia, describe how he poured boiling water onto the backs of naked slaves afflicted with

2420: 7035: 4106: 3974: 3711: 8659: 5307:), U.S. Institute of Medicine: Committee to Survey the Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite, National Academies Press, 1993, p. 379–80, ( 2427:

sandwiched this "wish to purchase incurably sick" enslaved people advert in between testimonials for his rheumatic cures and patent medicines (

2289:. This experiment attempted to use psychological abuse to induce stuttering in children who spoke normally. The experiment was designed by Dr. 1903:

In 1953, the CIA placed several of its interrogation and mind-control programs under the direction of a single program, known by the code name

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protections for research subjects. A 2005 FDA investigation cleared the university. Nonetheless, controversy around the case has continued. A

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on the health effects of radioactive iodine in newborns and pregnant women. In one study, researchers gave pregnant women between 100 and 200

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The guidelines, however, left a loophole; they did not define what types of experiments and tests required such approval from the Secretary.

1461:". Dr. Joseph Hamilton, one of the researchers who had worked with Heller on the experiments, said that the experiments "had a little of the 4364:

Atomic Energy Commission's Declassification Review of Reports on Human Experiments and the Public Relations and Legal Liability Consequences

9686: 4408: 4287: 1431: 1017:

in Detroit orally administered iodine-131 to 65 premature and full-term infants who weighed from 2.1 to 5.5 pounds (0.95 to 2.49 kg).

881:

on the human body, generally on people who were poor, sick, or powerless. Most of these tests were performed, funded, or supervised by the

378:

extract. He was later sued by the parents of some of the child subjects, who allegedly contracted syphilis as a result of his experiments.

2696:, known as "The Common Rule", requires the appointment and use of institutional review boards (IRBs) in experiments using human subjects. 10521: 10271: 10196: 10020: 7875: 7703:

National Research Council (U.S.). Committee to Review the CDC-NCI Feasibility Study of the Health Consequences from Nuclear Weapons Tests

6191:

Robinson D, Mayerhoff D, Alvir J, Cooper T, Lieberman J (1991). "Mood responses of remitted schizophrenics to methylphenidate infusion".

3367: 2693: 2528:

During the decade of 2000–2010, artificial blood was transfused into research subjects across the United States without their consent by

349: 6478: 1919:. The project received over $ 25 million, and involved hundreds of experiments on human subjects at eighty different institutions. 1885:

without his knowledge or consent. After falling from a hotel window nine days later, he died under suspicious circumstances. Until the

1596:, Alabama. The experiments used Chemical Corps personnel to test decontamination methods for biological and chemical weapons, including 10034: 9945: 9757: 9740: 6129:

Lieberman JA, Kane JM, Sarantakos S, Gadaleta D, Woerner M, Alvir J, Ramos-Lorenzi J (1987). "Prediction of relapse in schizophrenia".

4261: 3017: 2122: 1426:, performed whole body radiation experiments on more than 90 poor, black, advanced stage cancer patients with inoperable tumors at the 1003: 367: 7470: 569:, U.S. researchers used prostitutes to infect prison inmates, insane asylum patients, and Guatemalan soldiers with syphilis and other 10566: 10040: 8564: 3625: 2293:, one of the nation's most prominent speech pathologists, for the purpose of testing one of his theories on the cause of stuttering. 1514: 1953:

techniques, and to develop effective methods of interrogation. Most of the early studies are believed to have been performed by the

1604:. The personnel were deliberately exposed to these contaminants, were not volunteers, and were not informed of the tests. In a 1975 10679: 10078: 9802: 9654: 9597: 9592: 9133: 2591:

stated: "It is desired that no document be released which refers to experiments with humans that might have an adverse reaction on

2388:. Writing on the circumstances surrounding Markingson's death in the study, which was designed and funded by Seroquel manufacturer 2088: 9481: 6981: 10338: 9939: 8735: 8519: 7745: 6277:"The behavioral effect of m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and methylphenidate in first-episode schizophrenia and normal controls" 3883: 1427: 1168:

lab were given water that was contaminated with plutonium-239 so that researchers could study how plutonium is absorbed into the

890: 5334: 5030: 4868: 3442: 2978: 1006:

fed iodine-131 to 28 healthy infants through a gastric tube to test the concentration of iodine in the infants' thyroid glands.

410:

were alive. 28 of the original 399 men had died of syphilis, 100 were dead of related complications, 40 of their wives had been

9837: 9706: 9587: 8638: 8622: 7546: 7494: 6449: 5055: 5008: 4570: 1204: 964: 886: 5719:

Lee, M. A., Shlain, B. (1985). Acid Dreams, the Complete Social History of LSD: the CIA, the Sixties, and Beyond. Grove Press.

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to the water "to prevent putting detainees in a coma or killing them through over-ingestion of large amounts of plain water."

1133:

without informed consent. Stevens never had cancer; a surgery to remove cancerous cells was highly successful in removing the

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and adjust the procedure according to the results." As a result of the waterboarding experiments, doctors recommended adding

2228:. The report stated that: "Research and medical experimentation on detainees was used to measure the effects of large-volume 1825:. Project BLUEBIRD researchers dosed over 7,000 U.S. military personnel with LSD, without their knowledge or consent, at the 1292: 508: 172:

spasm; her eyes became fixed, with pupils widely dilated; lips were blue, and she frothed at the mouth; her breathing became

229:

prisoners and surgically implant them into living prisoners. In other experiments, he attempted to implant the testicles of

10426: 9753: 9729: 9182: 8558: 8483: 5682: 4363: 1854: 795: 337: 152: 6436:"Statement of APA Board of Directors: Outside Counsel to Conduct Independent Review of Allegations of Support for Torture" 6051:

Baumeister, Alan A. (2000). "The Tulane Electrical Brain Stimulation Program. A historical Case Study in Medical Ethics".

3394:

Reviews and Notes: History of Medicine: Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War

2397:

psychiatrist, Dr. Stephen C. Olson, oversights and biases in AstraZeneca's trial design, and the inadequacy of university

10693: 10342: 9874: 8648: 8606: 8539: 7806: 6611: 6564: 4145: 4091: 4067: 4043: 1866: 1862: 7800: 7794: 6422: 625:

In 1950, to conduct a simulation of a biological warfare attack, the U.S. Navy sprayed large quantities of the bacteria

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Acres of Skin: Human experiments at Holmesburg Prison, a story of abuse and exploitation in the name of medical science

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efforts. Despite these safeguards, unethical experimentation involving human subjects is still occasionally uncovered.

7437:

Frankel, Mark S. (1975). "The Development of Policy Guidelines Governing Human Experimentation in the United States".

7150:

Man, Medicine, and the State: The human body as an object of government sponsored medical research in the 20th century

6963: 6502: 4975: 10810: 10594: 10238: 10103: 9935: 9721: 9577: 9541: 9298: 9228: 9040: 7670: 7657: 6788: 6528:

The Stanford Prison Experiment: A Psychological Experiment about the Exploration of Human Behavior Under Imprisonment

5342: 5312: 2816: 2254: 2036:

isolation and sensory deprivation chamber where he kept patients locked in for weeks at a time. Cameron also induced

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Medical Apartheid: The Dark History of Medical Experimentation on Black Americans from Colonial Times to the Present

6353: 3846:

Biological, Chemical, and Radiological Terrorism: Emergency Preparedness and Response for the Primary Care Physician

3662: 2087:

In 1963, the CIA had synthesized many of the findings from its psychological research into what became known as the

896:

The experiments included a wide array of studies, such as feeding radioactive food to mentally disabled children or

10724: 10630: 10460: 10352: 10243: 9631: 9110: 2376:

while enrolled in an industry-sponsored pharmaceutical trial comparing three FDA-approved atypical antipsychotics:

1965:, or any combination of these, with or without chemical agents." According to Wolff, the research team would then: 1288:

inmates had blood samples taken which were mixed with radioactive chemicals and reinjected back into their bodies.

594: 459: 6800:

Veatch RM (1971). "Experimental pregnancy: the ethical complexities of experimentation with oral contraceptives".

2532:. Later studies showed the artificial blood caused a significant increase in the risk of heart attacks and death. 2442:, at four-hour intervals, because he thought that this might "cure" the disease by "stimulating the capillaries". 160: 10779: 10674: 10200: 9786: 8822: 8580: 6741:"A placebo-controlled double-blind crossover investigation of the side effects attributed to oral contraceptives" 5576: 4702: 4135: 4081: 3074: 1608: 1354:

among U.S. citizens who were exposed to fallout from the explosions, leading to between 1,100 and 21,000 deaths.

38: 6625: 5844: 661:, New York, were intentionally infected with viral hepatitis, for research whose purpose was to help discover a 10421: 8599: 8477: 8381: 7890: 7686: 6722: 5913: 5439: 3910: 3401: 3214:"The Strange Career of Leo Stanley: Remaking Manhood and Medicine at San Quentin State Penitentiary, 1913–1951" 2606:, and that women with radiation sickness, hair loss, and burned skin were suffering from "housewife syndrome". 2539: 2040:

comas in his subjects by giving them large injections of insulin, twice a day, for up to two months at a time.

1627: 1274: 1080: 516: 288:

Henry Heiman intentionally infected two mentally disabled boys—one four-year-old and one sixteen-year-old—with

4057: 2510:, and then submerged their feet in ice water. In another of the studies, they strapped 50 newborn babies to a 1833:. Years after these experiments, more than 1,000 of these soldiers suffered from several illnesses, including 1350:

were later determined to have released enough radiation to have caused from 11,000 to 212,000 excess cases of

10635: 10499: 10382: 10297: 10030: 9895: 9531: 8280: 8273: 8111: 5081: 3263: 2806: 2700: 2674: 2621: 2102: 1453:

prisoners. In return for their participation, he gave them $ 5 a month, and $ 100 when they had to receive a

1423: 1048: 712:. Olson died nine days later after falling to his death from a hotel window under suspicious circumstances. 602: 586: 570: 566: 559: 252:

in northern California served as a permanent drop-off location for mentally disabled children diagnosed with

203: 6236:"Methylphenidate response, psychopathology and tardive dyskinesia as predictors of relapse in schizophrenia" 2181:

from 1950 to 1973. The experiments were funded by the U.S. Army. In the studies, he dosed them with LSD and

2142:

Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operation with Respect to Intelligence Activities

1718:

The United States government funded and performed numerous psychological experiments, especially during the

10358: 9691: 8725: 8325: 8182: 5552: 2796: 2178: 1870: 1743: 1674: 411: 390: 191: 129: 69: 50: 26: 7683:

Adherence To and Compliance With Arms Control, Nonproliferation and Disarmament Agreements and Commitments

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Experiments in Torture: Human Subject Research and Experimentation in the "Enhanced" Interrogation Program

5757: 4609: 4033: 849:

A Study of the Vulnerability of Subway Passengers in New York City to Covert Attack with Biological Agents

554: 202:

on 29 young children without the knowledge or consent of their parents at Children's Hospital Boston (now

10334: 10148: 9203: 8870: 7932: 7766: 4944: 2719: 2629: 2628:

which recommended establishing independent review bodies to oversee experiments. These were later called

2225: 1916: 1238: 1146: 1142: 1125:, a Manhattan Project doctor in charge of the human experiments in California, had Stevens injected with 1024:

In an experiment in the 1960s, over 100 Alaskan citizens were continually exposed to radioactive iodine.

870: 864: 716: 524: 85: 77: 61: 6435: 3781: 2938:

Meyerowitz-Katz, Gideon; Wieten, Sarah; Arellano, María de Jesús Medina; Yamey, Gavin (April 14, 2022).

2415: 2342:

At Harvard University, in the late 1940s, researchers began performing experiments in which they tested

10689: 9253: 9208: 8705: 8690: 7844: 7572: 4210: 3736: 3500:

Black WC (February 1942). "The etiology of acute infectious gingivostomatitis (Vincent's stomatitis)".

2398: 2393: 2330: 1882: 1654: 1386:

and the ashes analyzed for radioisotopes. This project was kept secret primarily because it would be a

1014: 643: 544: 402: 81: 10104:

Middle-Atlantic Regional Center of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases Research

6951: 6859: 5929: 4211:"How the U.S. Government Exposed Thousands of Americans to Lethal Bacteria to Test Biological Warfare" 3737:"How the U.S. Government Exposed Thousands of Americans to Lethal Bacteria to Test Biological Warfare" 2521:, Texas to prevent pregnancies were not told they were participating in a research study or receiving 441:

and other researchers deliberately infected patients at several Michigan mental institutions with the

9607: 9521: 8859: 8669: 8320: 8166: 6338:

Complaint to Office of Human Research Protections Regarding Evidence of CIA Violations of Common Rule

6234:

Lieberman JA, Alvir J, Geisler S, Ramos-Lorenzi J, Woerner M, Novacenko H, Cooper T, Kane JM (1994).

4990: 4970: 2848: 2708: 2636: 2610: 2361:

medications on children. They continued their tests even after half of the children developed severe

2000: 1992: 1834: 1589: 1378: 878: 686: 590: 979:

in Washington, which contaminated a 500,000-acre (2,000 km) area containing three small towns.

10656: 9989: 9973: 9773: 8524: 8203: 7761:

Social-Psychological Needs and "Involuntary" Behavior as Illustrated by Compliance in Interrogation

6840: 4549: 2724: 2602:

was instructed to tell citizens downwind from bomb tests that the increases in cancers were due to

2494: 2126: 2016: 1491: 1477:. The exact number is unknown because researchers never followed up on the status of the subjects. 1469: 1047:— April 17, 1947 Atomic Energy Commission memo from Colonel O.G. Haywood, Jr. to Dr. Fidler at the 654: 606: 381: 1369:, researchers in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia tried to determine how much 10769: 10346: 10127: 10112: 10083: 9009: 8740: 8529: 8450: 7448:

Against Their Will: The Secret History of Medical Experimentation on Children in Cold War America

2988:

Against Their Will: The Secret History of Medical Experimentation on Children in Cold War America

2614: 2402: 2373: 2369: 1669:, to discover how they affect human skin, because workers at its chemical plants were developing 1122: 1057: 933: 897: 788: 729: 694: 558:

Letter from Dr. John C. Cutler requesting the collection of samples from deceased victims of the

7729: 7363:

Strangers at the Bedside: A History of How Law and Bioethics Transformed Medical Decision Making

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determined that the use of these materials abroad began in 1953, and possibly as early as 1950.

1076:

into six people to study how much uranium their kidneys could tolerate before becoming damaged.

10390: 10138: 9364: 9263: 9050: 9004: 8974: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8720: 8700: 8266: 7682: 6354:

Experiments in Torture: Medical Group Accuses CIA of Carrying Out Illegal Human Experimentation

5281:

B.M. Ansell, F. Antonini, L.E. Glynn: "Cantharides blisters in children with rheumatic fever".

2742: 2662:

established the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects. It mandated that the

2190: 2166: 2098: 1255: 1039: 916: 882: 829: 614: 454: 427: 96: 46: 34: 6689: 6663: 6404: 5419: 5386: 5355: 5129: 4920: 4832: 4730: 4526: 4520: 4395: 4159: 3754: 3698: 3570: 3539: 3472: 3292: 1121:, received "treatment" for his "cancer" at the U.C. San Francisco Medical Center in 1945. Dr. 10764: 10759: 10645: 10549: 10526: 9879: 9572: 9501: 9435: 9415: 9081: 8999: 8989: 8730: 8695: 8509: 8083: 7953: 7777:

Resources on Drug Experimentation and Related Mind Control Experiments by the U.S. Government

7036:"Addressing institutional trauma in health care: the case for a structured ethical framework" 6780: 6701: 6650: 6552: 6511: 6470: 5902: 5890: 5817: 5777: 5734: 5708: 5669: 5657: 5378: 5367: 5256: 5243: 5217: 5178: 5165: 4804: 4765: 4438: 4257:

American Nuclear Guinea Pigs: Three Decades of Radiation Experiments on U.S. Citizens: report

4235: 4184: 4171: 4140: 4086: 4062: 4038: 4021: 3928: 3870: 3831: 3594: 3582: 3551: 3527: 3322: 3307: 3251: 2811: 2663: 2659: 2599: 2079: 2065: 1759: 1562: 1192: 1161: 945:

to monitor government tests; it published results in 1995. Welsome later wrote a book called

908:

from nuclear bomb tests, injecting pregnant women and babies with radioactive chemicals, and

736: 721: 582: 536: 528: 500: 355: 249: 242: 137: 6003: 5746: 3844: 3280: 3197: 3178: 1535:

described a medical experiment in which researchers intentionally blistered the skin on the

10640: 10308: 10291: 10215: 9623: 9612: 9339: 9102: 8914: 8801: 8710: 8259: 8160: 8067: 8032: 7967: 7946: 5190: 4777: 3782:"Serratia has dark history in region: Army test in 1950 may have changed microbial ecology" 2828: 2787: 2269: 2242: 1785: 1662: 1658: 1510: 1403: 1231: 844: 807: 631:– considered harmless at the time – over the city of San Francisco during a project called 610: 6387: 5082:"Eugene Saenger, 90; physician conducted pivotal studies on effects of radiation exposure" 4632: 3147: 2595:

or result in legal suits. Documents covering such fieldwork should be classified Secret."

1207:

in Massachusetts, in an experiment sponsored by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission and the

1175:

An eighteen-year-old woman at an upstate New York hospital, expecting to be treated for a

385:

Doctor draws blood from a subject involved in the Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, circa 1932

8: 9546: 9496: 9450: 9445: 9425: 9400: 9344: 8984: 8832: 8685: 8591: 8287: 8245: 8210: 8039: 7627: 7592: 7490: 6142: 3237: 2838: 2715:, written by Dan Harms. It laid out many modern guidelines for ethical medical research. 2617:, a set of ethical principles for the medical community regarding human experimentation. 2547: 2322: 2265: 2032: 2012: 1912: 1858: 1336: 1278: 1227: 947: 905: 816: 760: 670: 632: 627: 598: 523:, beginning in the 1940s. The study was conducted by the Department of Medicine (now the 450: 434: 415: 7730:

Chair's Perspective on the Work of the Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments

5194: 4781: 3930:

The Cutter Incident: How America's First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis

3800: 2915: 2882: 2466:

In 1950, researchers at the Cleveland City Hospital ran experiments to study changes in

10820: 10739: 10651: 9567: 9536: 9410: 9405: 9172: 9167: 9076: 8851: 8827: 8434: 8371: 8153: 8104: 8060: 8025: 8004: 7974: 7897: 7451: 6985: 6813: 6216: 6076: 5327: 4006: 3752: 3233: 3102:"'I can do the child no good': Dr Sims and the Enslaved Infants of Montgomery, Alabama" 2514:

board, and turned them upside down so that all of their blood rushed into their heads.

2503: 2446: 2343: 2311: 2064:

The CIA leadership had serious concerns about these activities, as evidenced in a 1957

1954: 1558: 1450: 1419: 1347: 983: 874: 852: 784: 756: 740: 682: 532: 316: 296: 218: 7596:, October 22, 2001, via American Patriot Friends Network. Retrieved November 13, 2008. 6757: 6740: 6293: 6276: 3643: 3513: 3380: 2699:

On April 18, 1979, prompted by an investigative journalist's public disclosure of the

53:, but have become significantly less frequent with the advent and adoption of various 10734: 10455: 10326: 10220: 10153: 9440: 9324: 9278: 8979: 8964: 8837: 8770: 8534: 8231: 8217: 8196: 8146: 8132: 8118: 8046: 8018: 7981: 7960: 7925: 7918: 7834:

The Dark History of Medical Experimentation from the Nazis to Tuskegee to Puerto Rico

7823:

Physicians for Human Rights Accuses CIA of Carrying Out Illegal Human Experimentation

7706: 7666: 7653: 7636: 7617: 7523: 7476: 7455: 7404: 7385: 7366: 7347: 7328: 7309: 7290: 7271: 7252: 7233: 7227: 7212: 7191: 7172: 7153: 7134: 7113: 7094: 7073: 7014: 6907: 6821: 6784: 6762: 6669: 6532: 6298: 6257: 6208: 6173: 6146: 6111: 6068: 6031: 5874: 5854: 5848: 5797: 5688: 5480:"Files Show Tests For Truth Drug Began in O.S.S.; Marijuana Derivative Reported Used" 5382: 5338: 5308: 5262: 5223: 5133: 5122: 5061: 4924: 4913: 4874: 4812: 4683: 4576: 4530: 4492: 4486: 4466: 4414: 4344: 4288:"DOE Openness: Human Radiation Experiments: Roadmap to the Project: Experiments List" 4190: 4112: 3980: 3934: 3889: 3881: 3850: 3760: 3717: 3439: 3341: 3129: 3121: 3057: 2992: 2967: 2959: 2920: 2902: 2822: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2452: 2424: 2357:

In 1962, researchers at the Laurel Children's Center in Maryland tested experimental

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On April 26, 1976, the Church Committee of the United States Senate issued a report,

1798: 1789: 1770: 1697:

reported that 9 out of 10 prisoners at Holmesburg Prison were medical test subjects.

1638: 1631: 1585: 1552: 1391: 1285: 1157: 1104: 925:

American Nuclear Guinea Pigs: Three Decades of Radiation Experiments on U.S. Citizens

821: 764: 744: 398: 312: 148: 7543: 7500: 6612:"The deadly corruption of clinical trials. One patient's tragic, and telling, story" 6565:"The deadly corruption of clinical trials. One patient's tragic, and telling, story" 6220: 6080: 5978:

Journey into Madness. The Secret Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse,

4550:"Plutonium Files: How the U.S. Secretly Fed Radioactivity to Thousands of Americans" 1941: 10729: 10684: 10097: 9562: 9384: 9359: 9354: 9349: 8969: 8919: 8898: 8413: 8346: 8330: 8294: 8252: 8238: 8224: 8189: 8139: 7939: 7754: 7663:

Bravo for the Marshallese: Regaining Control in a Post-Nuclear, Post-Colonial World

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Medicine and Slavery: The Diseases and Health Care of Blacks in Antebellum Virginia

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Journey into Madness: The Secret Story of Secret CIA Mind Control and Medical Abuse

5202: 5198: 4789: 4785: 3509: 3485:

Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America before the Second World War,

3376: 3225: 3213: 3113: 2984: 2951: 2910: 2894: 2678: 2640: 2624:(NIH) Office for Protection of Research Subjects (OPRR) was created. It issued its 2351: 2297: 2130: 2020: 1826: 1766: 1387: 1366: 1340: 799: 540: 520: 374:, New York City injected 146 hospital patients (some of whom were children) with a 141: 101: 42: 10600:

Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction

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Subjected to Science: Human Experimentation in America Before the Second World War

5684:

The Secret Histories: Hidden Truths that Challenged the Past and Changed the World

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The American West at Risk: Science, Myths, and Politics of Land Abuse and Recovery

2713:

Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research

1373:

would be required to make the Earth uninhabitable. They realized that atmospheric

311:

in 29 prisoners resulting in the deaths of four test subjects. In 1906, Professor

10744: 10487: 10450: 10230: 10210: 9460: 9213: 8817: 8545: 8489: 8455: 8429: 8097: 7997: 7911: 7904: 7649: 7550: 7517: 7206: 7088: 6723:"Cheaper than Chimpanzees: Expanding the Use of Prisoners in Medical Experiments" 6526: 6506: 4958: 4953: 4747: 4709: 4370: 4001: 3446: 3148:"Preface to reprint of A Treatise on the Inhalation of the Vapour of Ether, 1847" 2898: 2767: 2529: 2326: 2307: 2290: 2282: 2201: 2028: 1898: 1886: 1755: 1747: 1438: 1374: 1370: 1362: 1327: 1176: 1169: 1010: 647: 199: 7306:

A question of torture: CIA Interrogation, From the Cold War to the War on Terror

6942:, Jeffrey T. Richelson, editor, September 10, 2001 (Retrieved February 18, 2010) 6935: 5544: 4662: 2883:"Ethics in scientific research: a lens into its importance, history, and future" 1619: 1234:, to total body irradiation (100–300 rad dose) to obtain data for the military. 468:

It may save you much trouble if you publish your paper... elsewhere than in the

10714: 10442: 9258: 9055: 8643: 8351: 8176: 7988: 7838: 7827: 7632: 7065: 6964:

Ex-sergeant compensated for LSD experiments Tests by Army, CIA done at Edgewood

6454: 5098: 3924: 3566: 3363:"Molluscum contagiosum: report of an institutional epidemic of fiftynine cases" 2801: 2648: 2592: 2581: 2483: 1774: 1650: 1646: 1597: 1593: 1566: 1377:

had provided them an opportunity to investigate this. Such tests had dispersed

1351: 1118: 1114: 928: 811: 725: 394: 363: 304: 253: 121: 7070:

The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code: Human Rights in Human Experimentation

6406:

ICRC Report on the Treatment of Fourteen "High Value Detainees" in CIA Custody

6369: 6342: 6064: 5504: 3229: 1013:

babies differently from full-term babies. In the experiment, researchers from

1009:

In 1953, the AEC sponsored a study to discover if radioactive iodine affected

724:

that the CIA conducted an open-air biological warfare experiment in 1955 near

353:

describing how he had deliberately infected two children in an orphanage with

10794: 9430: 9420: 8881: 8785: 8504: 8376: 8090: 8074: 6968: 3125: 2963: 2906: 2833: 2652: 2543: 2456: 2229: 2186: 2174: 2118: 1923: 1850: 1822: 1814: 1727: 1722:

era. Many of these experiments were performed to help develop more effective

1521: 1502: 1474: 1267: 1247: 1165: 1150: 1130: 1126: 751: 658: 226: 65: 16:

Experiments that were performed on humans in the US that are deemed unethical

7646:

The Treatment: The Story of Those Who Died in the Cincinnati Radiation Tests

7565: 6044: 3462:

Ed. Theodore E. Woodward, M.D., The Armed Forced Epidemiological Board, 1994

3414: 3040: 2249:

ran a company that was paid $ 81 million by the CIA, that, according to the

1494:

conducted experiments which exposed thousands of U.S. military personnel to

1254:

Between 1948 and 1954, funded by the federal government, researchers at the

735:

During the 1950s, the United States conducted a series of field tests using

10774: 10754: 10749: 9841: 9511: 9506: 9491: 9486: 9379: 9334: 9329: 9319: 9303: 9223: 8994: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8780: 8575: 8570: 8552: 8499: 8361: 7613:

Killing Our Own: The disaster of America's experience with atomic radiation

7519:

The Abuse of Man: An illustrated history of dubious medical experimentation

7061: 6499: 6332: 6327: 6072: 4809:

Testimony to U.S. Senate Committee on Governmental Affairs (ACHRE hearings)

3970: 3626:"U.S. apologizes for newly revealed syphilis experiments done in Guatemala" 3562: 3133: 2971: 2939: 2924: 2734: 2666:

come up with regulations to protect the rights of human research subjects.

2511: 2315: 2304: 2246: 2182: 2024: 1991:— George Hunter White, who oversaw drug experiments for the CIA as part of 1970: 1958: 1950: 1908: 1642: 1605: 1498:, in order to test the effectiveness of gas masks and protective clothing. 1407: 1382: 1220: 1134: 1108: 1088: 1084: 987: 976: 942: 666: 548: 341: 285: 273:

In the 1880s, in Hawaii, a Californian physician working at a hospital for

54: 10079:

Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security (formerly Center for Biosecurity)

7722:"'A Little Touch of Buchenwald': America's Secret Radiation Experiments", 6825: 6766: 6302: 6261: 6212: 6177: 6150: 6115: 6107: 1099:

From April 10, 1945, to July 18, 1947, eighteen people were injected with

10532: 10416: 10400: 10282: 10163: 9455: 9268: 9248: 9243: 9218: 9157: 9024: 8892: 8775: 8494: 8397: 8356: 6739:

Goldzieher JW, Moses LE, Averkin E, Scheel C, Taber BZ (September 1971).

5840: 4522:

The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War

3117: 2843: 2518: 2486:. The experiment was often performed multiple times on the same subject. 2389: 2385: 2354:(LBW). None of the women were told that they were being experimented on. 1878: 1739: 1601: 1578: 1540: 1495: 1442: 1332: 1300: 1208: 1073: 1065: 1061: 909: 701: 574: 485: 332:

In 1908, three Philadelphia researchers infected dozens of children with

300: 214: 7874: 7818:

Complete transcript of Clinton's apology for Human Radiation Experiments

7691: 6252: 6235: 5952:

I Swear by Apollo. Dr. Ewen Cameron and the CIA-Brainwashing Experiments

5606:

I Swear by Apollo: Dr. Ewen Cameron and the CIA-Brainwashing Experiments

4656: 4654: 4488:

The Plutonium Files:America's Secret Medical Experiments in the Cold War

4448:. Radiation Protection and the Human Radiation Experiments (23): 177–223 3882:

Frederick Adolf Paola; Robert Walker; Lois Lacivita Nixon, eds. (2009).

3663:"US says sorry for 'outrageous and abhorrent' Guatemalan syphilis tests" 3041:"Human Experimentation An Overview of Cold War Experimentation Programs" 1569:

for Secretary of the Army approval in August 1953. One project involved

743:, in 1954, was designed to test munitions loaded with uninfected fleas ( 10719: 9516: 9283: 8366: 8171: 7733: 6817: 6315: 6204: 4265: 4182: 2471: 2449: 2381: 2377: 2106: 2004: 1666: 1462: 1411: 1402:

Between 1960 and 1971, the Department of Defense funded non-consensual

1296: 1243: 1069: 968: 446: 438: 406: 333: 173: 156: 133: 125: 64:, injections of toxic and radioactive chemicals, surgical experiments, 7537: 7249:

Sentenced to Science: One Black Man's Story of Imprisonment in America

2219:

Medical professionals gathered and collected data on the CIA's use of

1957:

Medical School's human ecology study programs, under the direction of

1945:

Government report on government experimentation during Project MKUltra

1665:. Dow Chemical wanted to study the health effects of dioxin and other 1346:

In 1957, atmospheric nuclear explosions in Nevada, which were part of

9374: 9369: 9187: 9177: 9045: 9014: 8959: 6878:"Facebook emotion study breached ethical guidelines, researchers say" 6337: 4651: 3805: 3101: 2955: 2475: 2460: 2439: 2197: 1889:

revelations, the cause of Olson's death was covered up for 22 years.

1818: 1806: 1751: 1701: 1670: 1623: 1454: 1263: 1180: 1100: 995: 991: 972: 960: 833: 442: 371: 289: 7583:

Christopher et al., "Biological warfare. A historical perspective",

7185: 7130:

The Eleventh Plague: The Politics of Biological and Chemical Warfare

6904:"Historian examines U.S. ethics in Nuremberg Medical Trial tactics." 6809: 4002:

The Sword and the Dollar: Imperialism, Revolution, and the Arms Race

3753:

Howard Gordon Wilshire; Jane E. Nielson; Richard W. Hazlett (2008).

3362: 2986: 2459:

prisoners with cow blood, as part of an experiment sponsored by the

1922:

In a memo describing the purpose of one MKULTRA program subprogram,

1246:, and injections of radioactive isotopes. The amount of radioactive 1186: 168:

of some object in front of her; the arm presently was agitated with

10395: 10249: 9695: 9288: 9233: 9152: 9019: 8876: 8865: 8052: 7446:

Hornblum, Allen M.; Newman, Judith Lynn; Dober, Gregory J. (2013).

6590: 5215: 2603: 2499: 2489:

In a series of studies which were published in the medical journal

2479: 2467: 2347: 2261: 1962: 1838: 1830: 1782: 1778: 1719: 1693:

farmer seeing a fertile field for the first time." A 1964 issue of

1682: 1630:, such as those that Albert Kligman injected into prisoners at the 1574: 1570: 1536: 1525: 1506: 1358: 1312: 1197: 780: 709: 431: 375: 308: 278: 263: 238: 222: 10494:

Statement on Chemical and Biological Defense Policies and Programs

7739: 6233: 2937: 1949:

In 1954, the CIA's Project QKHILLTOP was created to study Chinese

1792:, and the use of other chemicals, among other methods, to produce 1164:

were injected with plutonium. In 1946, six employees of a Chicago

163:

the following day. Bartholow described his experiment as follows:

10573:

Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Reauthorization Act of 2013

10539:

Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness Response Act

9797:

Joint Program Executive Office of Chemical and Biological Defense

9162: 9147: 9091: 8665:

Program Executive Office, Assembled Chemical Weapons Alternatives

4805:"Nasal Radium Irradiation: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, Bad Ethics" 4230: 4228: 4016: 4014: 4005:, St. Martins Press, 1989, pp.74–81, Excerpt available online at: 2670: 2522: 2436: 2220: 2093: 2037: 1904: 1810: 1793: 1723: 1686: 1316: 1216: 1212: 1138: 825: 662: 512: 393:("Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male") was a 320: 274: 177: 37:

in the United States in the past are now considered to have been

21: 10556:

Biodefense and Pandemic Vaccine and Drug Development Act of 2005

9848:

Integrated National Biodefense Medical Countermeasures Portfolio

7430: 5301:

Veterans at Risk: The Health Effects of Mustard Gas and Lewisite

5219:

Veterans at Risk: the health effects of mustard gas and Lewisite

5011:. U.S. ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION Division of Biology and Medicine 2985:

Hornblum Allen M.; Newman Judith Lynn; Dober Gregory J. (2013).

2310:

performed his "Obedience to Authority Study", also known as the

9749:

Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response

9293: 7781:

Khatchadourian, Raffi (December 7, 2012) "Operation Delirium",

7090:

The Ethics of Biomedical Research: An International Perspective

6128: 2507: 1458: 1446: 1259: 901: 578: 489: 210:, Massachusetts to discover whether doing so would be harmful. 207: 169: 10011:

National Medical Response Team/National Pharmacy Response Team

6423:"The Senate Committee's Report on the C.I.A.'s Use of Torture" 4225: 4011: 3681:"Johns Hopkins Univ. Faces $ 1 Billion Lawsuit Over STD Study" 2160: 1865:, which sponsored the injection, worked in collusion with the 1315:

to see if it would cross the placental barrier and affect the

759:. The U.S. engaged in at least two other EW testing programs, 9869: 9273: 8886: 7812: 6409:, International Committee of the Red Cross, February 14, 2007 6163: 3810: 2362: 869:

Researchers in the United States have performed thousands of

803: 675: 234: 230: 9653: 9132: 7813:

President Clinton apologizes for Human Radiation Experiments

7344:

American torture: from the Cold War to Abu Ghraib and beyond

7006: 6738: 6545: 6190: 6093: 4935:– deaths taken from 90% survival rate, applied to # of cases 2737:

in reaction to the case. Dissenting the original verdict in

2144:, In Book I, Chapter XVII, p. 389, this report states: 147:

In 1874, Mary Rafferty, an Irish servant woman, came to Dr.

10432:

Joint Biological Agent Identification and Diagnostic System

10047:

Bioterror Rapid Response and Advanced Technology Laboratory

10024: 10014: 10010: 9865:

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases

9792:

Global Emerging Infections Surveillance and Response System

7573:

The U.S. Biological Warfare and Biological Defense Programs

7000: 4905: 3285: 2358: 2301: 1513:, which was not thought to be harmful. A 1997 study by the 690: 9834:

National Interagency Confederation for Biological Research

8621: 7763:, Sociometry, Vol. 23, No. 2 (June 1960), pp. 120–147 7010:

International Handbook of White-Collar and Corporate Crime

6841:"Test of Controversial Artificial Blood Product a Failure" 6333:

Outside Academic Experts Respond to Experiments in Torture

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ACHRE Report:New Ethical Questions for Medical Researchers

3458:

Meiklejohn, Gordon N., M.D. "Commission on Influenza." in

2705:

United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare

2673:

was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the

2553: 2117:

MKULTRA activities continued until 1973 when CIA director

1853:

died when he was injected with a fatal dose of MDA at the

653:

From the 1950s to 1972, mentally disabled children at the

464:

wrote the following to Francis regarding the experiments:

7692:

Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments (ACHRE)

7628:

The Plutonium Files: America's Secret Medical Experiments

7562:, Sunday, November 24, 2002 (Retrieved February 18, 2010) 7544:

Bibliography of Chemical and Biological Warfare documents

6004:"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry" 5791: 5119: 4833:"Nasopharyngeal Radium Irradiation (NRI): Home | CDC RSB" 4748:"Nasal Radium Irradiation of Children Has Health Fallout" 4720:(Retrieved February 19, 2010) – see testimony of Honicker 4292:

Office of Environment, Health, Safety and Security (EHSS)

3058:"Report on Search for Human Radiation Experiment Records" 2730: 1931:

implanting suggestions and other forms of mental control.

1802: 1649:

research operations, using prisoners as subjects. Led by

705: 704:

and several other colleagues were unknowingly dosed with

319:

intentionally infected 24 Filipino prisoners with a live

10317:

National Intelligence Assessments on Infectious Diseases

8654:

U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense

7590:"Years Ago, The Military Sprayed Germs on U.S. Cities", 6438:. American Psychological Association. November 12, 2014. 4714:

Eleventh Meeting, February 19–20, 1995 – Washington D.C.

3173: 3171: 1708: 783:, New York City were injected with live cancer cells by 347:

In 1909, Frank Crazier Knowles published a study in the

10119:

Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies

9702:

National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center

7773:, Monday, August 15, 1977 (Retrieved February 18, 2010) 7578:

US Army Activities in the US Biological Warfare Program

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Children as Research Subjects: Science, ethics, and law

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Tulane: the emergence of a modern university, 1945–1980

5895: 5810: 5767: 5722: 5662: 4373:, presented as evidence during the 1994 ACHRE hearings. 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 2754:

On January 15, 1994, President Bill Clinton formed the

2560:

Human subject research legislation in the United States

912:

the testicles of prison inmates, amongst other things.

720:, December 17, 1979, p. 5 reported a claim by the 41:, because they were performed without the knowledge or 35:

experiments which were performed on human test subjects

10124:

National Center for Biodefense and Infectious Diseases

9920:

Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority

7726:– Volume 28, Number 4, December 2000, pp. 601–606 7398: 7208:

Lesser Harms: The Morality of Risk in Medical Research

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Alfred W. McCoy, "U.S. Has a History of Using Torture"

3965: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3644:"US sorry over deliberate sex infections in Guatemala" 2525:. Ten of the women became pregnant while on placebos. 1539:

of 41 children, who ranged in age from 8 to 14, using

855:

was also subject to a similar experiment by the Army.

237:

into living prisoners. Stanley also performed various

7186:

Grodin, Michael A.; Glantz, Leonard H., eds. (1994).

6515:, Monday, June 11, 2001 (Retrieved February 17, 2010) 6419:

United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence

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Subcommittee on Energy Conservation and Power of the

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In 1957, with funding from a CIA front organization,

597:) and the Guatemalan government. The team was led by 9087:

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

8515:

Unethical human experimentation in the United States

7876:

Nuclear weapons tests conducted by the United States

7496:

Human Experimentation: Before the Nazi Era and After

7147: 6860:"Experimental Blood Substitutes Unsafe, Study Finds" 6781:"Ethics and regulation of clinical research, 2nd ed" 6715: 6643: 6370:

Accounting for Torture: Being Faithful to our Values

6023: 5883: 5787: 5785: 5650: 5579:"MKULTRA was approved by the DCI on April 13, 1953" 5529: 5527: 5525: 5523: 5216:

Pechura, Constance M.; Rall, David P., eds. (1993).

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Wheelis, Mark; Rózsa, Lajos; Dando, Malcolm (2006).

3183: 2777: 1394:, which was undertaken during the same time period. 921:

United States House Committee on Energy and Commerce

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Bibliography of U.S. interrogation/torture research

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Biological warfare and disease/pathogen experiments

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The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism

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Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower

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Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower

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Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower

3703: 3327: 3317: 3315: 2854:

Allegations of biological warfare in the Korean War

2729:483 U.S. 669, that a U.S. serviceman who was given 2587:A secret AEC document dated April 17, 1947, titled 2251:

Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture

1979:

Dr. Harold Wolff, Cornell University Medical School

749:). In May 1955 over 300,000 uninfected mosquitoes ( 589:, the Pan American Health Sanitary Bureau (now the 7204: 6940:National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book 6921:"The Origins of Informed Consent – Nuremberg Code" 5587: 5585: 5121: 4991:"Britain snatched babies' bodies for nuclear labs" 4912: 3779: 3691: 3520: 3207: 3205: 1228:University of California Hospital in San Francisco 1149:, which keeps the remains of people who died with 6493: 5993:Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1990. 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5782: 5520: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5395: 5113: 4802: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4723: 4718:Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments 4470:Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments 2756:Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments 2392:, University of Minnesota Professor of Bioethics 2285:, 22 children were the subjects of the so-called 1531:A 1953 article in the medical/scientific journal 1187:Experiments involving other radioactive materials 954: 939:Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments 689:researcher, injected live cancer cells, known as 110:Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments 10792: 10545:Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 7600: 7360: 7287:Textbook of research ethics: theory and practice 7086: 6661: 5991:Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control, 5907: 5680: 4887: 4811:. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office. 4564: 4562: 4376: 4310: 4271: 3842: 3312: 2681:, and by a presidential commission known as the 2281:In 1939, at the Iowa Soldiers' Orphans' Home in 1501:From 1950 through 1953, the U.S. Army conducted 1311:, pregnant women were injected with radioactive 646:deliberately infected 200 female prisoners with 264:Pathogens, disease and biological warfare agents 10605:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1540 10561:Public Readiness and Emergency Preparedness Act 10197:Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction Program 9764:National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity 7740:Psychological/torture/interrogation experiments 7616:, by Harvey Wasserman, Delacorte Press, c1992, 7053: 6388:"Medical Ethics Lapses Cited in Interrogations" 5867: 5792:Cockburn, Alexander; Jeffrey St. Clair (1998). 5645:Psychiatry and the CIA: Victims of Mind Control 5582: 5432:"Ex-Inmates Sue Penn and Kligman over Research" 5258:Plague wars: a true story of biological warfare 5254: 5120:Cockburn, Alexander; Jeffrey St. Clair (1998). 5088:, October 6, 2007 (Retrieved February 18, 2010) 5047: 4763: 4595: 4400: 3202: 3014:"Ugly past of U.S. human experiments uncovered" 2647:He made the first judicial suggestion that the 2264:announced that it had partnered with a jail in 1765:Shortly thereafter, in 1950, the CIA initiated 1266:, Maryland schoolchildren as an alternative to 1191:Immediately after World War II, researchers at 814:, and a variety of biological agents including 10089:Center for Advancing Microbial Risk Assessment 9694:(National Biosurvelliance Integration Center, 7325:Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans 6450:"California Jail to Test Ray Gun on Prisoners" 5983: 5822: 5758:APPENDIX C: Documents Referring To Subprojects 5392: 5331:Undue Risk: Secret State Experiments on Humans 5176: 4735: 4518: 4512: 4388: 4186:Deadly cultures: biological weapons since 1945 3923: 3607:"U.S. sorry for Guatemala syphilis experiment" 2940:"Unethical studies of ivermectin for covid-19" 2626:Policies for the Protection of Human Subjects, 2576:. Subsequent investigation led to a report by 2260:In August 2010, the U.S. weapons manufacturer 858: 128:," performed surgical experiments on infants, 10517:Biological Weapons Anti-Terrorism Act of 1989 10256:Global Bio-Surveillance Technology Initiative 9639: 9118: 8716:Johnston Atoll Chemical Agent Disposal System 8649:U.S. Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 8607: 7860: 7007:Henry N. Pontell; Gilbert Geis, eds. (2007). 6929: 6668:. University of Illinois Press. p. 299. 5957: 5739: 5463: 4559: 4245: 4243: 3660: 3244: 2690:Policies for the Protection of Human Subjects 2470:blood flow: they injected people with spinal 1291:The U.S. Atomic Energy Commission funded the 1107:. Doses administered ranged from 95 to 5,900 847:system, as part of a field experiment called 124:, who is often referred to as "the father of 10094:Center for Biodefense and Emerging Pathogens 9687:DHS Chemical and Biological Defense Division 7379: 7108:Cina, Stephen J.; Perper, Joshua A. (2010). 6024:Mohr, Clarence L.; Joseph E. Gordon (2001). 5944: 5295: 5293: 5291: 4851: 4616: 4436: 4189:. Harvard University Press. pp. 27–28. 3947: 3333: 2268:, to use prisoners as test subjects for its 982:In 1953, the AEC ran several studies at the 277:injected six girls under the age of 12 with 49:. Such tests have been performed throughout 10801:Human subject research in the United States 10522:Soviet Nuclear Threat Reduction Act of 1991 10021:Chemical Biological Incident Response Force 7585:Journal of the American Medical Association 7251:. The Pennsylvania State University Press. 7060: 7027: 6626:"U of M Board of Regents Markingson Letter" 6374:National Religious Campaign Against Torture 6053:Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 6017: 5970: 5839: 5405:Kaye, Jonathan. "Retin-A's Wrinkled Past", 4919:. National Academies Press. 1999. pp. 4860: 4439:"The Human Plutonium Injection Experiments" 4294:. U.S. Department of Energy. Archived from 3368:Journal of the American Medical Association 2694:Title 45 of the Code of Federal Regulations 2337: 2161:Experiments on patients with mental illness 1713: 1577:, and five were experiments which involved 1281:for analysis from their brains and spines. 350:Journal of the American Medical Association 9946:Foreign Disease Weed Science Research Unit 9646: 9632: 9125: 9111: 8614: 8600: 7867: 7853: 7380:Shamoo, Adil E.; Resnik, David B. (2009). 7107: 6857: 6838: 6524: 6468: 6050: 5634:. New York: Bantam, 1989 (paperback 1990). 5591:Estabrooks, G.H. "Hypnosis comes of age". 5412: 5323: 5321: 4240: 3452: 3211: 3046:. United States General Accounting Office. 2173:performed experiments on 42 patients with 1657:, the studies were performed on behalf of 1397: 1307:In a 1967 study that was published in the 1056:Between 1946 and 1947, researchers at the 1004:University of Nebraska College of Medicine 915:Much information about these programs was 639:tests were continued until at least 1969. 581:children). The study was sponsored by the 414:, and 19 of their children were born with 368:Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research 136:for the treatment of conditions including 10567:Pandemic and All-Hazards Preparedness Act 10041:Aeromedical Biological Containment System 9995:Nebraska Biocontainment Patient Care Unit 9870:Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 9782:Assistant SECDEF for NCB Defense Programs 8565:Trinity and Beyond: The Atomic Bomb Movie 6799: 6756: 6292: 6251: 5542: 5299:Pechura, Constance M. and Rall, David P. 5288: 5149: 4988: 4682:. Pleasant Mount Press, Inc. p. 79. 4480: 4478: 4343:. Pleasant Mount Press, Inc. p. 79. 4252:US House Committee on Energy and Commerce 3623: 3487:Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995/1997 3449:Borgna Brunner. Retrieved March 25, 2010 2914: 2538:According to the 2008 report by the U.S. 1002:In another AEC study, researchers at the 511:was a controlled study of the effects of 10826:History of medicine in the United States 10816:Human rights abuses in the United States 10680:United States biological weapons program 9803:National Center for Medical Intelligence 9655:United States biological defense program 9134:United States biological weapons program 7341: 7246: 7225: 7166: 6783:. Yale University Press, 1986, p.71-72. 5980:New York: Bantam, 1989 (paperback 1990). 5222:. National Academies Press. p. 31. 5074: 3863: 3792: 3759:. Oxford University Press. p. 176. 3499: 3407: 3302: 3300: 3063:. U.S. Department of Defense. June 1997. 2414: 2089:KUBARK Counterintelligence Interrogation 1940: 1618: 1326: 1094: 553: 380: 198:In 1896, Dr. Arthur Wentworth performed 132:women, and girls as young as 13 without 20: 10339:National Strategy for Homeland Security 8736:Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility 8520:International Day against Nuclear Tests 7676: 7665:, by Holly M. Barker, Wadsworth, 2004. 7489: 7436: 7265: 7033: 6954:, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. August 3, 1977. 5879:The Search for the Manchurian Candidate 5318: 5053: 5031:"Dundee University Medical School; PDF" 4866: 4568: 4484: 4437:Moss, William; Eckhardt, Roger (1995). 4406: 3798: 3780:Tansey, Bernadette (October 31, 2004). 3360: 3038: 2554:Legal, academic and professional policy 2052:The Search for the Manchurian Candidate 1480: 1428:University of Cincinnati Medical Center 678:of patients infected with the disease. 642:Also in 1950, Dr. Joseph Stokes of the 617:for alleged involvement in the study. 445:virus by spraying the virus into their 115: 73:poor, racial minorities, or prisoners. 10793: 9838:National Interagency Biodefense Campus 9707:National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility 8623:United States chemical weapons program 7556:The History of Bioterrorism in America 7515: 7468: 7322: 6481:from the original on December 10, 2008 6469:Weinberger, Sharon (August 30, 2007). 5794:Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press 5124:Whiteout: The CIA, Drugs and the Press 4475: 4432: 4430: 3011: 2207: 2189:of the brain to stimulate it and take 1485: 1031: 10109:Center for Biodefense Immune Modeling 9627: 9106: 8660:U.S. Army Chemical Materials Activity 8595: 7848: 7809:– 1977 MKULTRA Congressional Hearings 7803:– 1977 MKULTRA Congressional Hearings 7797:– 1977 MKULTRA Congressional Hearings 7303: 6385: 5796:. New York: Verso. pp. 206–209. 5255:Mangold, Tom; Goldberg, Jeff (2000). 4746:Cherbonnier, Alice (October 1, 1997) 4677: 4460: 4413:. Nova Publishers. pp. 109–111. 4338: 4262:US Government Publishing Office (GPO) 4130: 4128: 3933:. Yale University Press. p. 37. 3495: 3493: 3297: 3099: 3039:Conahan, Frank (September 28, 1994). 2880: 2584:in an effort to prevent such abuses. 1709:Psychological and torture experiments 1637:From approximately 1951 to 1974, the 1614: 1293:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 791:elected him as their vice president. 509:Stateville Penitentiary Malaria Study 327: 95:that attempted to ensure that future 10427:Autonomous Pathogen Detection System 9754:Division of Select Agents and Toxins 9732:(Advisory Committee on Bioterrorism) 9730:National Counterproliferation Center 9712:National Bioforensic Analysis Center 8559:Reactor-grade plutonium nuclear test 8484:Fallout: An American Nuclear Tragedy 7751:Truth, torture, and the American way 7419: 7284: 7126: 6143:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800190013002 5713: 5060:. Nova Publishers. pp. 99–100. 4803:Stewart A. Farber (March 12, 1996). 4104: 3969: 3709: 2876: 2874: 2410: 2276: 2185:, and implanted electrodes into the 1999:Another of the MKULTRA subprojects, 1855:New York State Psychiatric Institute 1849:In 1952, professional tennis player 1546: 1068:in dosages ranging from 6.4 to 70.7 931:'s reports on radiation testing for 796:Project Shipboard Hazard and Defense 775:In 1963, 22 elderly patients at the 268: 9875:Edgewood Chemical Biological Center 8540:Radiation Exposure Compensation Act 7568:– Federation of American Scientists 6925:Bulletin of the History of Medicine 5967:, New York: Paddington Press, 1978. 5621:. New York: Paddington Press, 1978. 5506:HGP 36 :1945 - "K" Tablet & T.D 4575:. Nova Publishers. pp. 97–98. 4427: 4146:United States Department of Defense 4092:United States Department of Defense 4068:United States Department of Defense 4044:United States Department of Defense 3404:, July 15, 1995, vol. 123 no. 2 159 1863:United States Department of Defense 1503:Operation LAC (Large Area Coverage) 1322: 397:conducted between 1932 and 1972 in 13: 10260:Bio-Surveillance Management Office 9926:Homeland Security Research Program 9583:Korean War bio-warfare allegations 8766:Edgewood Arsenal human experiments 7566:Introduction to Biological Weapons 6525:Dischereit, Gabriel (March 2014). 5963:Scheflin, A.W., & Opton, E.M. 5617:Scheflin, A.W., & Opton, E.M. 4125: 3490: 3100:Kenny, Stephen C. (July 7, 2007). 3012:Stobbe, Mike (February 27, 2011). 2204:to see the effect on their minds. 1841:. Many of them attempted suicide. 1744:Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 1211:corporation, 73 children were fed 14: 10837: 10595:Global Health Security Initiative 10239:National Biosurveillance Strategy 9936:Plum Island Animal Disease Center 9578:Soviet biological weapons program 9542:Plum Island Animal Disease Center 9477:U.S. Army Biological Warfare Labs 7767:The CIA: Mind-Bending Disclosures 7705:, National Academies Press, 2003 5545:"Science, Technology and the CIA" 5337:), Routledge, 2001, pp. 179–80, ( 5285:, November 1953, 12 (4): 367–373. 5183:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 4989:Goncalves, Eddie (June 3, 2001). 4770:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 4525:. New York: Dial Press. pp. 4213:. Democracynow.org. July 13, 2005 3661:Chris McGreal (October 1, 2010). 3381:10.1001/jama.1909.92550090002002a 3264:A Dark Chapter In Medical History 2871: 2817:Human rights in the United States 2645:Strunk v. 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(2008). 7382:Responsible Conduct of Research 7211:. University of Chicago Press. 6919:Weindling, Paul (Spring 2001). 5023: 5001: 4982: 4964: 4938: 4825: 4796: 4766:"The Verdict: No harm, no foul" 4757: 4696: 4671: 4625: 4589: 4543: 4357: 4332: 4280: 4203: 4176: 4164: 4152: 4111:. Zed Books. pp. 152–154. 4074: 4050: 4026: 3993: 3979:. Zed Books. pp. 150–151. 3917: 3902: 3875: 3836: 3824: 3773: 3746: 3730: 3716:. Zed Books. pp. 147–149. 3673: 3654: 3636: 3617: 3599: 3587: 3575: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3477: 3465: 3433: 3387: 3361:Knowles, Frank Crazier (1909). 3354: 3340:. Routledge. pp. 104–105. 3273: 3256: 1871:New York State Attorney General 1230:exposed 29 patients, some with 777:Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital 185:Dr. Bartholow's research report 8478:National Atomic Testing Museum 8382:Nevada Test and Training Range 7687:Congressional Research Service 7439:Ethics in Science and Medicine 7384:. Oxford University Press US. 7346:. Melbourne Univ. Publishing. 7190:. Oxford University Press US. 6591:"Dan Markingson Investigation" 6343:Experiments in Torture (video) 5681:John S. Friedman, ed. (2005). 5440:The University of Pennsylvania 5203:10.1080/00963402.1991.11460053 4790:10.1080/00963402.1996.11456587 3911:Harvard Journal on Legislation 3402:American College of Physicians 3140: 3093: 3067: 3050: 3032: 3005: 2931: 2651:should be applied to American 2540:Congressional Research Service 2374:Dan Markingson died by suicide 1844: 1738:U.S. interest in developing a 1733: 1515:U.S. National Research Council 1275:Walter E. Fernald State School 1205:Walter E. Fernald State School 1081:Massachusetts General Hospital 1079:Between 1953 and 1957, at the 955:Radioactive iodine experiments 919:and kept secret. In 1986, the 794:From 1963 to 1974, as part of 484:In 1941, Dr. William C. Black 93:many institutions and policies 1: 10636:1989 California medfly attack 10500:Biological Weapons Convention 10298:Personnel Reliability Program 10031:Epidemic Intelligence Service 9896:Galveston National Laboratory 9532:One-Million-Liter Test Sphere 7587:. 6 August 1997;278(5):412-7. 7148:Eckart, Wolfgang Uwe (2006). 6858:Ed Edelson (April 28, 2008). 6758:10.1016/s0015-0282(16)38469-2 6386:Risen, James (June 6, 2010). 6294:10.1016/S0893-133X(96)00160-1 5954:. Montreal: Eden Press, 1987. 5764:(Retrieved February 18, 2010) 5608:. Montreal: Eden press, 1987. 5469:Andrew Goliszek, 2003: p. 226 4754:(Retrieved February 19, 2010) 4661:Abhilash R. Vaishnav (1994). 4633:"America's Deep, Dark Secret" 4008:(Retrieved February 18, 2010) 3885:Medical Ethics and Humanities 3624:Rob Stein (October 1, 2010). 3514:10.1016/S0022-3476(42)80125-0 3460:Histories' of the Commissions 2881:Miteu, Goshen D. (May 2024). 2860: 2807:Eugenics in the United States 2711:) released a report entitled 2701:Tuskegee syphilis experiments 2622:National Institutes of Health 2589:Medical Experiments in Humans 2365:damage from the medications. 1509:, Manitoba, Canada, included 1437:From 1963 to 1973, a leading 1424:Defense Atomic Support Agency 1331:Cover of the final report of 1049:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 975:into the atmosphere near the 965:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission 937:prompted the creation of the 708:as part of a CIA experiment, 693:cells, into prisoners at the 603:Tuskegee syphilis experiments 587:National Institutes of Health 571:sexually transmitted diseases 560:Guatemala syphilis experiment 488:a twelve-month-old baby with 108:, both of 1975, and the 1994 29:has his blood drawn, c. 1953. 10359:Strategic National Stockpile 9910:Integrated Research Facility 9692:DHS Office of Health Affairs 8823:Operation Davy Jones' Locker 8726:Pine Bluff Chemical Activity 7694:– National Security Archives 7652:Press, c2002, Durham, N.C., 7323:Moreno, Jonathan D. (2001). 7054:General and cited references 6984:. Eh.doe.gov. Archived from 6688:Shamoo & Resnick, 2009: 5553:George Washington University 5128:. New York: Verso. pp. 4957:"In 1949, the AEC undertook 3291:Shamoo & Resnick, 2009: 2899:10.1097/MS9.0000000000001959 2865: 2797:Experimentation on prisoners 2296:In 1961, in response to the 2179:Louisiana State Penitentiary 1490:From 1942 to 1944, the U.S. 1179:disorder, was injected with 873:to determine the effects of 391:Tuskegee syphilis experiment 192:American Medical Association 27:Tuskegee syphilis experiment 7: 10422:Biological Materials MASINT 10335:National Response Framework 10244:Laboratory Response Network 10205:Biological Threat Reduction 10149:Battelle Memorial Institute 9527:Horn Island Testing Station 8871:Methylphosphonyl difluoride 7724:Reviews in American History 7716: 7601:Human radiation experiments 7580:, 1977 Congressional report 7475:. Oxford University Press. 7247:Hornblum, Allen M. (2007). 7226:Hornblum, Allen M. 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Directed by Army general 1626:resulting from exposure to 1581:; all seven were approved. 1239:Medical College of Virginia 1147:Washington State University 1143:Argonne National Laboratory 923:released a report entitled 871:human radiation experiments 865:Human radiation experiments 859:Human radiation experiments 717:The San Francisco Chronicle 525:Pritzker School of Medicine 161:died from a massive seizure 86:Central Intelligence Agency 78:Centers for Disease Control 62:human radiation experiments 10: 10842: 10690:Aeromedical Isolation Team 8706:Edgewood Chemical Activity 8691:Anniston Chemical Activity 7807:MKULTRA Victim Testimony C 7801:MKULTRA Victim Testimony B 7795:MKULTRA Victim Testimony A 7549:February 11, 2021, at the 7469:Jonsen, Albert R. (1998). 7424: 7342:Otterman, Michael (2007). 7266:Lederer, Susan E. (1997). 6531:. Bod Third Party Titles. 6030:. LSU Press. p. 123. 5687:. Macmillan. p. 146. 5054:LeBaron, Wayne D. (1998). 4867:LeBaron, Wayne D. 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Rothman (1992). 7304:McCoy, Alfred W. (2006). 7167:Goliszek, Andrew (2003). 7127:Cole, Leonard A. (1996). 7087:Brody, Baruch A. (1998). 6700:Cina & Perper, 2010: 6662:Savitt, Todd Lee (2002). 6065:10.1076/jhin.9.3.262.1787 5366:Cina & Perper, 2010: 5261:. Macmillan. p. 37. 5242:Cina & Perper, 2010: 4971:U.S. Department of Energy 4708:October 18, 2012, at the 4678:Perni, Holliston (2005). 4339:Perni, Holliston (2005). 4170:Cina & Perper, 2010: 3843:Melnick, Alan L. (2008). 3550:Cina & Perper, 2010: 3502:The Journal of Pediatrics 3306:Cina & Perper, 2010: 3238:10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.210 3230:10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.210 3218:Pacific Historical Review 2849:Three Identical Strangers 2709:Health and Human Services 2637:Kentucky Court of Appeals 2611:World Medical Association 2001:Operation Midnight Climax 1993:Operation Midnight Climax 1379:radioactive contamination 879:radioactive contamination 832:, the causative agent of 687:Sloan-Kettering Institute 674:an extract made from the 591:World Health Organization 10811:Clinical research ethics 10262:(BMO) (part of JPEO-CBD) 9990:State Health Departments 9974:Local Health Departments 8644:U.S. Army Chemical Corps 8525:Nevada Desert Experience 7788: 7635:, The Dial Press, 1999, 7605: 7152:. Franz Steiner Verlag. 7013:. Springer. p. 62. 5436:The Pennsylvania Gazette 5144:heller oregon testicles. 5057:America's nuclear legacy 4870:America's nuclear legacy 4596:Pacchioli David (1996). 4572:America's nuclear legacy 4485:Welsome, Eileen (1999). 4410:America's nuclear legacy 3337:In the Name of the Child 2725:United States v. Stanley 2566:Nuremberg Medical Trials 2495:University of California 2338:Pharmacological research 2127:investigative journalist 2017:Allan Memorial Institute 1742:began in 1943, when the 1714:U.S. government research 1492:Chemical Warfare Service 1470:University of Washington 1273:In another study at the 887:Atomic Energy Commission 843:into the tunnels of the 824:(the causative agent of 770: 655:Willowbrook State School 620: 607:Johns Hopkins University 531:in conjunction with the 421: 10770:Isolation (health care) 10740:Biological warfare (BW) 10113:University of Rochester 10084:Henry L. Stimson Center 9010:XM736 8-inch projectile 8741:Umatilla Chemical Depot 8530:Nuclear weapons testing 8451:Pacific Proving Grounds 7431:"Human Research Report" 6982:"Final report of ACHRE" 6845:ABC News, "The Blotter" 6281:Neuropsychopharmacology 6240:Neuropsychopharmacology 5442:. January–February 2001 4680:A Heritage of Hypocrisy 4664:The Tech online edition 4519:Eileen Welsome (1999). 4341:A Heritage of Hypocrisy 4136:"Shady Grove (revised)" 3849:. Springer. p. 2. 3786:San Francisco Chronicle 3155:Wood Library and Museum 2615:Declaration of Helsinki 2493:, researchers from the 2386:Risperdal (risperidone) 2370:University of Minnesota 1799:psychoactive substances 1520:To test whether or not 1398:Irradiation experiments 1215:containing radioactive 1123:Joseph Gilbert Hamilton 1058:University of Rochester 934:The Albuquerque Tribune 898:conscientious objectors 891:U.S. federal government 789:American Cancer Society 730:whooping cough bacteria 695:Ohio State Penitentiary 517:Stateville Penitentiary 284:In 1895, New York City 217:, chief surgeon at the 153:Good Samaritan Hospital 9394:Operations and testing 9365:Flettner rotor bomblet 9005:M687 155 mm projectile 8975:M360 105 mm projectile 8935:M121 155 mm projectile 8930:M110 155 mm projectile 8925:M104 155 mm projectile 8721:Newport Chemical Depot 8701:Deseret Chemical Depot 8639:2nd Chemical Battalion 8632:centers and institutes 8331:Carson National Forest 7648:, by Martha Stephens, 7472:The Birth of Bioethics 7169:In The Name of Science 6505:July 12, 2015, at the 6471:"No Pain Ray for Iraq" 4952:March 4, 2016, at the 4857:Goliszek, 2003: p. 253 4622:Goliszek, 2003: p. 139 4598:"Subjected to Science" 4105:Blum, William (2006). 4082:"Eager Belle, Phase I" 3953:Goliszek, 2003: p. 228 3710:Blum, William (2006). 3445:March 6, 2010, at the 2991:. Palgrave Macmillan. 2752: 2683:Rockefeller Commission 2598:At the same time, the 2432: 2191:electroencephalography 2158: 2135:Rockefeller Commission 2099:School of the Americas 2085: 2068:Report, which stated: 2047: 1988: 1982: 1974:necessary experiments. 1946: 1939: 1881:was given a dosage of 1788:and subsequent forced 1634: 1361:, in studies known as 1343: 1339:on the natives of the 1284:In 1961 and 1962, ten 1262:into the noses of 582 1256:Johns Hopkins Hospital 1044: 883:United States military 830:Francisella tularensis 615:Rockefeller Foundation 562: 479: 428:University of Michigan 386: 188: 120:Throughout the 1840s, 106:Rockefeller Commission 97:human subject research 82:United States military 30: 10765:Entomological warfare 10666:Defunct organizations 10646:Wood Green ricin plot 10550:Project Bioshield Act 10527:Executive Order 13139 9880:Dugway Proving Ground 9573:Entomological warfare 9502:Dugway Proving Ground 9436:Operation Magic Sword 9416:Operation Dark Winter 9082:Dugway sheep incident 9000:M60 105 mm projectile 8990:M44 generator cluster 8731:Pueblo Chemical Depot 8696:Blue Grass Army Depot 8679:Industrial facilities 8510:Desert Rock exercises 6712:Hornblum, 1999: p. 80 6512:San Jose Mercury News 6108:10.1176/ajp.141.5.633 5965:The Mind Manipulators 5619:The Mind Manipulators 5460:Hornblum, 2007: p. 52 5379:Harriet A. Washington 5155:Goliszek, 2003: Ch. 4 4369:June 6, 2013, at the 4141:Defense Health Agency 4087:Defense Health Agency 4063:Defense Health Agency 4039:Defense Health Agency 3334:Roger Cooter (1992). 2812:Henry Cotton (doctor) 2747: 2664:Public Health Service 2660:National Research Act 2600:Public Health Service 2418: 2378:Seroquel (quetiapine) 2372:research participant 2177:and prisoners in the 2146: 2080:CIA Inspector General 2070: 2043: 1984: 1967: 1944: 1928: 1907:, after CIA director 1867:Department of Justice 1663:Johnson & Johnson 1661:, the U.S. Army, and 1651:Dr. Albert M. Kligman 1622: 1563:Secretary of the Army 1330: 1193:Vanderbilt University 1162:University of Chicago 1095:Plutonium experiments 1036: 853:Chicago subway system 737:entomological weapons 722:Church of Scientology 665:. From 1963 to 1966, 583:Public Health Service 557: 537:U.S. State Department 529:University of Chicago 501:Journal of Pediatrics 466: 455:Rockefeller Institute 384: 356:Molluscum contagiosum 338:St. Vincent Orphanage 250:Sonoma State Hospital 243:forced sterilizations 165: 138:vesicovaginal fistula 24: 10641:2001 anthrax attacks 10309:Medical intelligence 10292:Select Agent Program 10216:Project Clear Vision 9613:War Research Service 9603:U.S. bio-weapons ban 9340:E48 particulate bomb 9034:Protective equipment 8915:BLU-80/B Bigeye bomb 8802:Operation Ranch Hand 8711:Hawthorne Army Depot 7677:Government documents 7491:Kalechofsky, Roberta 6988:on December 12, 2006 6328:Related Publications 6166:Psychopharmacol Bull 5080:Thomas H. Maugh II, 4612:on January 10, 2013. 4260:, Washington, D.C.: 3801:"Serratia: Overview" 3421:. CDC. June 25, 2008 2829:Operation Crossroads 2788:United States portal 2502:through the babies' 2382:Zyprexa (olanzapine) 2287:"monster" experiment 2270:Active Denial System 1659:Dow Chemical Company 1590:Army Chemical School 1511:zinc cadmium sulfide 1481:Chemical experiments 1404:whole body radiation 1244:antibiotic treatment 1232:rheumatoid arthritis 845:New York City Subway 808:zinc cadmium sulfide 611:Bristol-Myers Squibb 515:on the prisoners of 116:Surgical experiments 9547:Vigo Ordnance Plant 9497:Deseret Test Center 9451:Operation Whitecoat 9446:Operation Polka Dot 9426:Operation Drop Kick 9401:Operation Sea-Spray 8985:M43 BZ cluster bomb 8833:Operation Steel Box 8686:Anniston Army Depot 7593:Wall Street Journal 7558:, Richard Sanders, 7522:. Ardor Scribendi. 7285:Loue, Sana (2000). 6802:Hastings Cent. Rep. 6779:Levine, Robert J. 6253:10.1038/npp.1994.40 6131:Arch Gen Psychiatry 5595:, 44–50, April 1971 5509:, December 21, 2014 5328:Moreno, Jonathan D. 5195:1991BuAtS..47j..30F 5099:"Human Experiments" 4839:. February 11, 2019 4782:1996BuAtS..52a..32G 4608:(1). Archived from 4602:Research/Penn State 4058:"Big Jack, Phase A" 3630:The Washington Post 3212:Blue Ethan (2009). 2839:Operation Whitecoat 2743:Sandra Day O'Connor 2735:private claims bill 2548:genetic engineering 2542:, "Developments in 2323:Stanford University 2266:Castaic, California 2208:Torture experiments 2033:sensory deprivation 2013:Donald Ewen Cameron 1913:Dr. Sidney Gottlieb 1859:Columbia University 1486:Nonconsensual tests 1441:, Dr. Carl Heller, 1418:From 1960 to 1971, 1337:radioactive fallout 1279:cerebrospinal fluid 1032:Uranium experiments 948:The Plutonium Files 906:radioactive fallout 889:, or various other 761:Operation Drop Kick 671:New York University 633:Operation Sea-Spray 628:Serratia marcescens 599:John Charles Cutler 451:Francis Peyton Rous 416:congenital syphilis 248:From 1955 to 1960, 213:From 1913 to 1951, 10657:2013 ricin letters 10652:2003 ricin letters 10199:, implemented the 10128:George Mason Univ. 9568:Biological warfare 9537:Pine Bluff Arsenal 9411:Operation Big Itch 9406:Operation Big Buzz 9168:Enterotoxin type B 9077:CB military symbol 8828:Operation Geranium 8630:Units, formations, 8377:Sand Springs Range 7836:– video report by 7825:– video report by 7503:on August 21, 2011 7452:Palgrave Macmillan 7066:Grodin, Michael A. 6649:Washington, 2008: 6458:. August 23, 2010. 6392:The New York Times 6205:10.1007/bf02244317 6193:Psychopharmacology 5484:The New York Times 4446:Los Alamos Science 4298:on August 30, 2023 3650:. October 1, 2010. 3613:. October 1, 2010. 3483:Lederer, Susan E. 3270:February 11, 2009. 3118:10.1093/shm/hkm036 3079:Sumter County Whig 2707:(later renamed to 2504:umbilical arteries 2447:Harvard University 2433: 2344:diethylstilbestrol 2312:Milgram Experiment 2200:. They were given 1955:Cornell University 1947: 1635: 1615:Holmesburg program 1559:United States Army 1557:In June 1953, the 1420:Dr. Eugene Saenger 1348:Operation Plumbbob 1344: 1156:Three patients at 1087:treatment against 990:(3.7 and 7.4 984:University of Iowa 875:ionizing radiation 785:Chester M. Southam 757:Operation Big Buzz 746:Xenopsylla cheopis 741:Operation Big Itch 683:Chester M. Southam 567:study in Guatemala 565:In a 1946 to 1948 563: 533:United States Army 457:and editor of the 387: 328:Early 20th century 317:Harvard University 219:San Quentin Prison 31: 10788: 10787: 10735:Biological hazard 10703: 10702: 10581: 10580: 10469: 10468: 10456:Biosafety cabinet 10368: 10367: 10327:Disaster response 10221:Project Jefferson 10176: 10175: 10172: 10171: 10154:SRI International 10056: 10055: 9955: 9954: 9811: 9810: 9621: 9620: 9441:Operation May Day 9325:E133 cluster bomb 9197:Researched agents 9141:Weaponized agents 9100: 9099: 8980:M426 8-inch shell 8965:M23 chemical mine 8846: 8845: 8838:Operation Red Hat 8771:Operation Top Hat 8589: 8588: 8535:Project Plowshare 8464: 8463: 7711:978-0-309-08713-1 7641:978-0-385-31402-2 7622:978-0-440-04567-0 7529:978-1-893357-21-1 7482:978-0-19-517147-1 7461:978-0-230-34171-5 7420:Further resources 7410:978-0-7679-1547-2 7391:978-0-19-536824-6 7372:978-0-465-08210-0 7353:978-0-522-85333-9 7334:978-0-415-92835-9 7315:978-0-8050-8041-4 7296:978-0-306-46448-5 7277:978-0-8018-5709-6 7258:978-0-271-03336-5 7239:978-0-415-91990-6 7218:978-0-226-31452-5 7197:978-0-19-507103-0 7178:978-0-312-30356-3 7159:978-3-515-08794-0 7140:978-0-8050-7214-3 7119:978-1-4419-1368-5 7110:When Doctors Kill 7100:978-0-19-509007-9 7079:978-0-19-510106-5 7020:978-0-387-34110-1 6966:, March 7, 1996, 6908:Cornell Chronicle 6727:Prison Legal News 6675:978-0-252-00874-0 6538:978-3-656-61393-0 6425:December 9, 2014. 6037:978-0-8071-2553-3 5860:978-0-8050-7983-8 5803:978-1-85984-258-4 5694:978-0-312-42517-3 5383:Medical Apartheid 5268:978-0-312-20353-5 5229:978-0-309-04832-3 5139:978-1-85984-258-4 5086:Los Angeles Times 5067:978-1-56072-556-5 4930:978-0-309-06175-9 4880:978-1-56072-556-5 4818:978-0-7881-4869-9 4689:978-0-9767489-7-7 4582:978-1-56072-556-5 4536:978-0-385-31402-2 4498:978-0-385-31402-2 4420:978-1-56072-556-5 4350:978-0-9767489-7-7 4196:978-0-674-01699-6 4118:978-1-84277-827-2 3999:Michael Parenti, 3986:978-1-84277-827-2 3940:978-0-300-12605-1 3895:978-0-7637-6063-2 3856:978-0-387-47231-7 3766:978-0-19-514205-1 3723:978-1-84277-827-2 3347:978-0-203-41223-7 2998:978-0-230-34171-5 2823:Medical Apartheid 2578:Andrew Conway Ivy 2574:Joseph Goldberger 2482:, measured their 2453:Edwin Joseph Cohn 2429:The Alabama Times 2425:Wetumpka, Alabama 2411:Other experiments 2277:Academic research 2253:, developed the " 2238:Sleep deprivation 2214:Holmesburg Prison 2171:Tulane University 2066:Inspector General 2050:— John D. Marks, 1771:Project Artichoke 1639:Holmesburg Prison 1632:Holmesburg Prison 1609:Inspector General 1586:Operation Top Hat 1553:Operation Top Hat 1547:Operation Top Hat 1445:the testicles of 1392:Baby Tooth Survey 1286:Utah State Prison 1158:Billings Hospital 1105:Manhattan Project 841:Bacillus globigii 822:Coxiella burnetii 817:Bacillus globigii 765:Operation May Day 498:published in the 399:Tuskegee, Alabama 313:Richard P. Strong 269:Late 19th century 149:Roberts Bartholow 25:A subject of the 10833: 10730:Biological agent 10685:Sunshine Project 10619: 10618: 10478: 10477: 10379: 10378: 10341:(DHS; including 10190:Threat reduction 10187: 10186: 10159:Idaho Technology 10098:Brown University 10070:Academic centers 10067: 10066: 9964: 9963: 9822: 9821: 9675: 9674: 9666: 9665: 9648: 9641: 9634: 9625: 9624: 9563:Biological agent 9385:M33 cluster bomb 9360:E96 cluster bomb 9355:E86 cluster bomb 9350:E77 balloon bomb 9127: 9120: 9113: 9104: 9103: 8970:M34 cluster bomb 8920:M1 chemical mine 8756: 8755: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8593: 8592: 8347:Nevada Test Site 8311: 8310: 7869: 7862: 7855: 7846: 7845: 7755:Jennifer Harbury 7560:Race and History 7533: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7499:. Archived from 7486: 7465: 7450:. New York, NY: 7442: 7414: 7403:. Random House. 7395: 7376: 7357: 7338: 7319: 7300: 7281: 7262: 7243: 7222: 7201: 7182: 7163: 7144: 7123: 7104: 7083: 7062:Annas, George J. 7048: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6993: 6978: 6972: 6961: 6955: 6949: 6943: 6933: 6927: 6917: 6911: 6902:Bernard, Larry. 6900: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6889: 6874: 6868: 6867: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6836: 6830: 6829: 6797: 6791: 6777: 6771: 6770: 6760: 6736: 6730: 6719: 6713: 6710: 6704: 6698: 6692: 6686: 6680: 6679: 6659: 6653: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6636: 6622: 6616: 6615: 6608: 6602: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6586: 6580: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6542: 6522: 6516: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6446: 6440: 6439: 6432: 6426: 6416: 6410: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6383: 6377: 6367: 6361: 6351: 6345: 6313: 6307: 6306: 6296: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6255: 6231: 6225: 6224: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6161: 6155: 6154: 6126: 6120: 6119: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 6000: 5994: 5987: 5981: 5974: 5968: 5961: 5955: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5937: 5926: 5920: 5911: 5905: 5899: 5893: 5889:Otterman, 2007: 5887: 5881: 5873:Marks, John D., 5871: 5865: 5864: 5837: 5820: 5816:Otterman, 2007: 5814: 5808: 5807: 5789: 5780: 5776:Otterman, 2007: 5774: 5765: 5755: 5749: 5745:Goliszek, 2003: 5743: 5737: 5731: 5720: 5717: 5711: 5705: 5699: 5698: 5678: 5672: 5668:Otterman, 2007: 5666: 5660: 5656:Otterman, 2007: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5635: 5628: 5622: 5615: 5609: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5580: 5573:Church Committee 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559: 5540: 5534: 5531: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5501: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5461: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5428: 5422: 5418:Hornblum, 1998: 5416: 5410: 5403: 5390: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5354:Hornblum, 1998: 5352: 5346: 5325: 5316: 5297: 5286: 5283:Clinical Science 5279: 5273: 5272: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5127: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5095: 5089: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5051: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5016: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4986: 4980: 4968: 4962: 4942: 4936: 4934: 4918: 4909: 4903: 4900: 4885: 4884: 4864: 4858: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4761: 4755: 4744: 4733: 4727: 4721: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4658: 4649: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4639:. April 29, 2004 4629: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4613: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4566: 4557: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4424: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4383: 4374: 4361: 4355: 4354: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4303: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4247: 4238: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4218: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4148:. December 2003. 4132: 4123: 4122: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4054: 4048: 4047: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4009: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3967: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3921: 3915: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3879: 3873: 3869:Hornblum, 1998: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3750: 3744: 3734: 3728: 3727: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3687:. April 1, 2015. 3677: 3671: 3670: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3621: 3615: 3614: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3581:Hornblum, 1999: 3579: 3573: 3560: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3518: 3517: 3497: 3488: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3456: 3450: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3411: 3405: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3331: 3325: 3321:Hornblum, 1998: 3319: 3310: 3304: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3262:Rebecca Leung. " 3260: 3254: 3250:Hornblum, 1998: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3209: 3200: 3194: 3181: 3175: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3152: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3088: 3086: 3075:"J. Marion Sims" 3071: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3045: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3020:on March 2, 2013 3009: 3003: 3002: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2956:10.1136/bmj.o917 2935: 2929: 2928: 2918: 2893:(5): 2395–2398. 2878: 2790: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2679:Church Committee 2641:Samuel Steinfeld 2431:, April 9, 1841) 2352:low birth weight 2298:Nuremberg Trials 2193:(EEG) readings. 2131:Church Committee 2083: 2055: 2021:Montreal, Quebec 1995: 1980: 1959:Dr. Harold Wolff 1937: 1827:Edgewood Arsenal 1769:, later renamed 1767:Project Bluebird 1533:Clinical Science 1422:, funded by the 1388:public relations 1367:Project SUNSHINE 1341:Marshall Islands 1323:Fallout research 1072:per kilogram of 1052: 927:. In the 1990s, 541:Nuremberg trials 521:Joliet, Illinois 426:In 1941, at the 241:experiments and 186: 142:Neonatal tetanus 130:enslaved African 112:, among others. 102:Church Committee 51:American history 43:informed consent 10841: 10840: 10836: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10791: 10790: 10789: 10784: 10760:Decontamination 10745:Biosurveillance 10699: 10667: 10661: 10623: 10622:Past biological 10610: 10587: 10577: 10505: 10488:Geneva Protocol 10465: 10451:Biosafety level 10437: 10405: 10374: 10364: 10321: 10303: 10277: 10231:Biosurveillance 10225: 10211:Project Bacchus 10182: 10168: 10140: 10133: 10072:and think tanks 10071: 10062: 10052: 9999: 9978: 9951: 9884: 9853: 9826: 9817: 9807: 9768: 9735: 9716: 9670: 9657: 9652: 9622: 9617: 9551: 9465: 9461:Project Bacchus 9389: 9308: 9192: 9188:Wheat stem rust 9136: 9131: 9101: 9096: 9065: 9029: 8903: 8842: 8818:Operation CHASE 8806: 8790: 8751: 8745: 8674: 8631: 8625: 8620: 8590: 8585: 8546:The Atomic Cafe 8490:Alvin C. Graves 8470: 8460: 8439: 8418: 8402: 8386: 8335: 8306: 8300: 8281:Upshot–Knothole 8274:Tumbler–Snapper 7878: 7873: 7791: 7742: 7719: 7679: 7650:Duke University 7608: 7603: 7571:Franz, et al., 7551:Wayback Machine 7540: 7530: 7506: 7504: 7483: 7462: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7392: 7373: 7365:. Basic Books. 7354: 7335: 7316: 7297: 7278: 7259: 7240: 7219: 7198: 7179: 7160: 7141: 7120: 7101: 7080: 7056: 7051: 7041: 7039: 7032: 7028: 7021: 7005: 7001: 6991: 6989: 6980: 6979: 6975: 6962: 6958: 6950: 6946: 6934: 6930: 6918: 6914: 6901: 6897: 6887: 6885: 6884:. 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October 2002. 4032: 4031: 4027: 4019: 4012: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3968: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3941: 3922: 3918: 3907: 3903: 3896: 3880: 3876: 3868: 3864: 3857: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3825: 3815: 3813: 3797: 3793: 3778: 3774: 3767: 3751: 3747: 3743:, July 13, 2005 3735: 3731: 3724: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3692: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3659: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3622: 3618: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3593:Rothman, 1992: 3592: 3588: 3580: 3576: 3561: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3498: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3471:Halpern, 2006: 3470: 3466: 3457: 3453: 3447:Wayback Machine 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3392: 3388: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3313: 3305: 3298: 3290: 3286: 3279:Lederer, 1997: 3278: 3274: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3245: 3210: 3203: 3195: 3184: 3177:Lederer, 1997: 3176: 3169: 3159: 3157: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3141: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3082: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3037: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2983: 2979: 2936: 2932: 2879: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2786: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2768:just war theory 2739:U.S. v. Stanley 2562: 2556: 2530:Northfield Labs 2506:and into their 2413: 2340: 2327:Philip Zimbardo 2316:electric shocks 2308:Stanley Milgram 2291:Wendell Johnson 2283:Davenport, Iowa 2279: 2210: 2202:methylphenidate 2163: 2115: 2084: 2077: 2062: 2057: 2049: 2029:psychic driving 1997: 1990: 1981: 1978: 1938: 1935: 1901: 1899:Project MKUltra 1895: 1887:Project MKUltra 1847: 1756:anticholinergic 1748:Project CHATTER 1736: 1716: 1711: 1617: 1573:, one involved 1555: 1549: 1488: 1483: 1439:endocrinologist 1400: 1375:nuclear testing 1371:nuclear fallout 1363:Project GABRIEL 1325: 1189: 1177:pituitary gland 1170:digestive tract 1153:in their body. 1103:as part of the 1097: 1054: 1046: 1034: 1015:Harper Hospital 999:to that gland. 967:(AEC) released 957: 867: 861: 773: 648:viral hepatitis 623: 453:, based at the 424: 330: 299:doctors in the 271: 266: 187: 184: 118: 17: 12: 11: 5: 10839: 10829: 10828: 10823: 10818: 10813: 10808: 10803: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10715:Agro-terrorism 10711: 10709: 10708:Related topics 10705: 10704: 10701: 10700: 10698: 10697: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10671: 10669: 10663: 10662: 10660: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10627: 10625: 10616: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10602: 10597: 10591: 10589: 10588:representation 10583: 10582: 10579: 10578: 10576: 10575: 10570: 10564: 10558: 10553: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10497: 10491: 10484: 10482: 10475: 10471: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10464: 10463: 10458: 10453: 10447: 10445: 10443:Biocontainment 10439: 10438: 10436: 10435: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10413: 10411: 10407: 10406: 10404: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10387: 10385: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10362: 10356: 10350: 10331: 10329: 10323: 10322: 10320: 10319: 10313: 10311: 10305: 10304: 10302: 10301: 10295: 10288: 10286: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10275: 10269: 10263: 10253: 10247: 10241: 10235: 10233: 10227: 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9559: 9557: 9556:Related topics 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9484: 9479: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9397: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9251: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9206: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9193: 9191: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9175: 9170: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9130: 9129: 9122: 9115: 9107: 9098: 9097: 9095: 9094: 9089: 9084: 9079: 9073: 9071: 9070:Related topics 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9056:People sniffer 9053: 9048: 9043: 9037: 9035: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8911: 8909: 8905: 8904: 8902: 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8277: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8207: 8204:Roller Coaster 8200: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8177:Project 58/58A 8174: 8169: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8079: 8078: 8064: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8043: 8036: 8029: 8022: 8015: 8008: 8001: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7989:Starfish Prime 7978: 7971: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7943: 7936: 7929: 7922: 7915: 7908: 7901: 7894: 7886: 7884: 7880: 7879: 7872: 7871: 7864: 7857: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7839:Democracy Now! 7831: 7828:Democracy Now! 7820: 7815: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7790: 7787: 7786: 7785: 7783:The New Yorker 7779: 7774: 7764: 7757: 7748: 7741: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7727: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7695: 7689: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7673: 7660: 7643: 7633:Eileen Welsome 7624: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7588: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7553: 7539: 7536: 7535: 7534: 7528: 7513: 7487: 7481: 7466: 7460: 7443: 7441:. Vol. 2. 7434: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7415: 7409: 7396: 7390: 7377: 7371: 7358: 7352: 7339: 7333: 7320: 7314: 7301: 7295: 7282: 7276: 7263: 7257: 7244: 7238: 7223: 7217: 7202: 7196: 7183: 7177: 7164: 7158: 7145: 7139: 7124: 7118: 7105: 7099: 7084: 7078: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7049: 7026: 7019: 6999: 6973: 6956: 6944: 6928: 6912: 6895: 6869: 6850: 6831: 6792: 6772: 6731: 6714: 6705: 6693: 6681: 6674: 6654: 6642: 6617: 6603: 6581: 6556: 6544: 6537: 6517: 6492: 6461: 6455:Democracy Now! 6441: 6427: 6411: 6397: 6378: 6376:(cited by PHR) 6362: 6360:, June 8, 2010 6358:Democracy Now! 6346: 6308: 6267: 6226: 6183: 6156: 6137:(7): 597–603. 6121: 6086: 6059:(3): 262–278. 6043: 6036: 6016: 5995: 5989:Weinstein, H. 5982: 5969: 5956: 5943: 5921: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5866: 5859: 5821: 5809: 5802: 5781: 5766: 5750: 5738: 5721: 5712: 5700: 5693: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5643:Weinstein, H. 5636: 5623: 5610: 5597: 5593:Science Digest 5581: 5565: 5535: 5519: 5496: 5471: 5462: 5453: 5423: 5411: 5409:, Spring 1997. 5391: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5317: 5287: 5274: 5267: 5247: 5235: 5228: 5208: 5169: 5164:Moreno, 2001: 5157: 5148: 5138: 5112: 5090: 5073: 5066: 5046: 5022: 5000: 4981: 4963: 4937: 4929: 4904: 4886: 4879: 4859: 4850: 4824: 4817: 4795: 4756: 4734: 4729:Eckart, 2006: 4722: 4695: 4688: 4670: 4650: 4624: 4615: 4588: 4581: 4558: 4554:Democracy Now! 4542: 4535: 4511: 4497: 4491:. Dial Press. 4474: 4459: 4426: 4419: 4399: 4394:Moreno, 2001: 4387: 4375: 4356: 4349: 4331: 4309: 4279: 4270: 4239: 4224: 4202: 4195: 4175: 4163: 4158:Moreno, 2001: 4151: 4124: 4117: 4097: 4073: 4049: 4034:"Whistle Down" 4025: 4010: 3992: 3985: 3955: 3946: 3939: 3925:Offit, Paul A. 3916: 3901: 3894: 3874: 3862: 3855: 3835: 3823: 3791: 3772: 3765: 3745: 3741:Democracy Now! 3729: 3722: 3702: 3697:Moreno, 2001: 3690: 3672: 3653: 3635: 3616: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3567:Michael Grodin 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3489: 3476: 3464: 3451: 3432: 3406: 3386: 3353: 3346: 3326: 3311: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3255: 3243: 3224:(2): 210–241. 3201: 3182: 3167: 3139: 3112:(2): 223–241. 3092: 3066: 3049: 3031: 3004: 2997: 2977: 2930: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2802:Belmont Report 2799: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2775: 2772: 2649:Nuremberg Code 2593:public opinion 2582:Nuremberg Code 2558:Main article: 2555: 2552: 2484:blood pressure 2412: 2409: 2346:, a synthetic 2339: 2336: 2329:conducted the 2278: 2275: 2243:James Mitchell 2209: 2206: 2162: 2159: 2114: 2111: 2103:Guantanamo Bay 2075: 2061: 2058: 2042: 1983: 1976: 1971:brain damaging 1933: 1897:Main article: 1894: 1891: 1846: 1843: 1775:Paul F. Gaynor 1735: 1732: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1647:dermatological 1616: 1613: 1598:sulfur mustard 1594:Fort McClellan 1567:Chemical Corps 1551:Main article: 1548: 1545: 1487: 1484: 1482: 1479: 1399: 1396: 1352:thyroid cancer 1324: 1321: 1295:to administer 1188: 1185: 1119:stomach cancer 1115:Albert Stevens 1096: 1093: 1035: 1033: 1030: 956: 953: 929:Eileen Welsome 863:Main article: 860: 857: 812:sulfur dioxide 772: 769: 726:Tampa, Florida 622: 619: 435:Thomas Francis 423: 420: 395:clinical study 364:Hideyo Noguchi 329: 326: 305:bubonic plague 270: 267: 265: 262: 254:cerebral palsy 182: 122:J. Marion Sims 117: 114: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10838: 10827: 10824: 10822: 10819: 10817: 10814: 10812: 10809: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10798: 10796: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10731: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10721: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10712: 10710: 10706: 10695: 10691: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10672: 10670: 10664: 10658: 10655: 10653: 10650: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10626: 10620: 10617: 10613: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10592: 10590: 10586:International 10584: 10574: 10571: 10568: 10565: 10562: 10559: 10557: 10554: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10540: 10537: 10534: 10531: 10528: 10525: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10508: 10501: 10498: 10495: 10492: 10489: 10486: 10485: 10483: 10479: 10476: 10472: 10462: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10384: 10380: 10377: 10375:and equipment 10371: 10360: 10357: 10354: 10351: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10328: 10324: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10310: 10306: 10299: 10296: 10293: 10290: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10280: 10273: 10270: 10267: 10264: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10251: 10248: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10236: 10234: 10232: 10228: 10222: 10219: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10195: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10185: 10179: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10146: 10144: 10142: 10136: 10129: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10114: 10110: 10107: 10105: 10102: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10076: 10074: 10068: 10065: 10059: 10048: 10045: 10042: 10039: 10036: 10032: 10029: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10008: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9987: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9972: 9971: 9969: 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9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9431:Operation LAC 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9421:Operation Dew 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9396: 9392: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9311: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9264:Potato blight 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9210: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9199: 9195: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9164: 9161: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9145: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9128: 9123: 9121: 9116: 9114: 9109: 9108: 9105: 9093: 9090: 9088: 9085: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9068: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9052: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8912: 8910: 8906: 8900: 8897: 8894: 8891: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8853: 8849: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8815: 8813: 8809: 8803: 8800: 8799: 8797: 8793: 8787: 8786:Operation LAC 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8748: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8628: 8624: 8617: 8612: 8610: 8605: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8594: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8550: 8548: 8547: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8505:Corbin Harney 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8467: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8446: 8442: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8409: 8405: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8303: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8285: 8282: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8264: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8201: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8180: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8162: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8137: 8134: 8130: 8127: 8123: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8112:Little Feller 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8075:Hardtack Teak 8072: 8071: 8069: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8041: 8037: 8034: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8002: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7969: 7965: 7962: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7941: 7937: 7934: 7933:Buster–Jangle 7930: 7927: 7923: 7920: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7902: 7899: 7895: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7870: 7865: 7863: 7858: 7856: 7851: 7850: 7847: 7841: 7840: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7808: 7805: 7802: 7799: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7778: 7775: 7772: 7771:Time Magazine 7768: 7765: 7762: 7759:Biderman, A. 7758: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7672: 7671:0-534-61326-8 7668: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7658:0-8223-2811-9 7655: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7623: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7610: 7609: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7574: 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Routledge. 7326: 7321: 7317: 7311: 7307: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7273: 7270:. JHU Press. 7269: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7250: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232:. Routledge. 7231: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7203: 7199: 7193: 7189: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7170: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7151: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7133:. MacMillan. 7132: 7131: 7125: 7121: 7115: 7111: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7091: 7085: 7081: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7058: 7037: 7030: 7022: 7016: 7012: 7011: 7003: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6969:Baltimore Sun 6965: 6960: 6953: 6948: 6941: 6937: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6916: 6910: 6909: 6905: 6899: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6846: 6842: 6835: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6796: 6790: 6789:0-8067-1112-4 6786: 6782: 6776: 6768: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6751:(9): 609–23. 6750: 6746: 6745:Fertil Steril 6742: 6735: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6677: 6671: 6667: 6666: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6631: 6627: 6621: 6613: 6607: 6592: 6585: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6554: 6548: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6529: 6521: 6514: 6513: 6508: 6504: 6501: 6496: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6465: 6457: 6456: 6451: 6445: 6437: 6431: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6407: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6382: 6375: 6371: 6366: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6286: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6246:(2): 107–18. 6245: 6241: 6237: 6230: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6199:(2): 247–52. 6198: 6194: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6172:(2): 224–30. 6171: 6167: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6144: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6125: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6039: 6033: 6029: 6028: 6020: 6005: 5999: 5992: 5986: 5979: 5973: 5966: 5960: 5953: 5947: 5931: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5901:McCoy, 2006: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5842: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5828: 5826: 5819: 5813: 5805: 5799: 5795: 5788: 5786: 5779: 5773: 5771: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5733:McCoy, 2006: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5696: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5633: 5627: 5620: 5614: 5607: 5601: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5569: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5508: 5507: 5500: 5485: 5481: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5344: 5343:0-415-92835-4 5340: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5324: 5322: 5314: 5313:0-309-04832-X 5310: 5306: 5302: 5296: 5294: 5292: 5284: 5278: 5270: 5264: 5260: 5259: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5212: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5189:(10): 30–39. 5188: 5184: 5180: 5173: 5167: 5161: 5152: 5145: 5141: 5135: 5131: 5126: 5125: 5116: 5100: 5094: 5087: 5083: 5077: 5069: 5063: 5059: 5058: 5050: 5032: 5026: 5015:September 26, 5010: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4941: 4932: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4908: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4876: 4872: 4871: 4863: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4828: 4820: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4799: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4732: 4726: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4704: 4699: 4691: 4685: 4681: 4674: 4666: 4665: 4657: 4655: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4592: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4573: 4565: 4563: 4556:, May 5, 2004 4555: 4551: 4546: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4515: 4500: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4481: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4447: 4440: 4433: 4431: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4403: 4397: 4391: 4382: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4360: 4352: 4346: 4342: 4335: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4274: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4258: 4253: 4246: 4244: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4212: 4206: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4187: 4179: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4155: 4147: 4143: 4142: 4137: 4131: 4129: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4077: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4059: 4053: 4045: 4041: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4015: 4007: 4004: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3982: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3971:Blum, William 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3950: 3942: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3912: 3905: 3897: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3852: 3848: 3847: 3839: 3833: 3827: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3776: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3749: 3742: 3738: 3733: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3714: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3686: 3685:CBS Baltimore 3682: 3676: 3668: 3664: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3547: 3541: 3538:Brody, 1998: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3515: 3511: 3508:(2): 145–60. 3507: 3503: 3496: 3494: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3461: 3455: 3448: 3444: 3441: 3436: 3420: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3369: 3364: 3357: 3349: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3309: 3303: 3301: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3269: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3208: 3206: 3199: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3156: 3149: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3096: 3080: 3076: 3070: 3059: 3053: 3042: 3035: 3019: 3015: 3008: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2989: 2981: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2934: 2926: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2875: 2870: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2834:Operation Dew 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2778: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2759: 2757: 2751: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2675:U.S. Congress 2672: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2658:In 1974, the 2656: 2654: 2653:jurisprudence 2650: 2646: 2643:dissented in 2642: 2638: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2618: 2616: 2612: 2609:In 1964, the 2607: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2572:conducted by 2571: 2567: 2561: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2544:biotechnology 2541: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2457:Massachusetts 2454: 2451: 2448: 2445:In 1942, the 2443: 2441: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2421:S. J. Sorelle 2417: 2408: 2406: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2335: 2332: 2328: 2325:psychologist 2324: 2319: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2274: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230:waterboarding 2227: 2222: 2217: 2215: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2175:schizophrenia 2172: 2168: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2143: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119:Richard Helms 2110: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2081: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2056: 2053: 2046: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2009: 2006: 2002: 1996: 1994: 1987: 1975: 1972: 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1952: 1943: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1924:Richard Helms 1920: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1890: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1851:Harold Blauer 1842: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1731: 1729: 1728:interrogation 1725: 1721: 1706: 1703: 1700:In 1967, the 1698: 1696: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1681:inflammatory 1678: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1554: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1522:sulfuric acid 1518: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1478: 1476: 1475:birth defects 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1357:Early in the 1355: 1353: 1349: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1329: 1320: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1305: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1269: 1268:adenoidectomy 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1248:phosphorus-32 1245: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1222: 1221:radioisotopes 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1201: 1199: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1173: 1171: 1167: 1166:metallurgical 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1151:radioisotopes 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1092: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1053: 1050: 1043: 1041: 1029: 1025: 1022: 1018: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1000: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 952: 951: 949: 944: 940: 936: 935: 930: 926: 922: 918: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 894: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 866: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 831: 827: 823: 820: 818: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 778: 768: 766: 762: 758: 754: 753: 752:Aedes aegypti 748: 747: 742: 738: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 700:In 1953, Dr. 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 679: 677: 672: 668: 664: 660: 659:Staten Island 656: 651: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 630: 629: 618: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 561: 556: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 505: 503: 502: 496: 491: 487: 482: 478: 475: 471: 465: 463: 461: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 433: 429: 419: 417: 413: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 383: 379: 377: 373: 369: 365: 362:In 1911, Dr. 360: 358: 357: 352: 351: 345: 343: 339: 335: 325: 322: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 294: 291: 287: 282: 280: 276: 261: 259: 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 236: 233:, goats, and 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 196: 193: 181: 179: 175: 171: 164: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 113: 111: 107: 103: 98: 94: 89: 87: 83: 79: 74: 71: 67: 66:interrogation 63: 58: 56: 52: 48: 47:test subjects 44: 40: 36: 28: 23: 19: 10775:Select agent 10755:CBRN defense 10750:Bioterrorism 10668:and programs 10490:(1925, 1975) 10183:and projects 10063:governmental 9842:Fort Detrick 9827:departmental 9512:Fort Douglas 9507:Fort Detrick 9492:Building 470 9487:Building 257 9482:Building 101 9380:M143 bomblet 9335:E23 munition 9330:E14 munition 9320:E120 bomblet 9304:Yellow fever 9224:Dengue fever 9086: 8955:M139 bomblet 8950:M138 bomblet 8945:M134 bomblet 8940:M125 bomblet 8781:Project SHAD 8752:and projects 8576:Louis Vitale 8571:Vela Uniform 8563: 8553:Radio Bikini 8551: 8544: 8514: 8500:Chuck Hansen 8482: 8362:Rainier Mesa 7837: 7826: 7782: 7770: 7760: 7750: 7723: 7702: 7662: 7645: 7626: 7611: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7559: 7518: 7507:February 18, 7505:. Retrieved 7501:the original 7495: 7471: 7447: 7438: 7400: 7381: 7362: 7343: 7324: 7305: 7289:. Springer. 7286: 7267: 7248: 7228: 7207: 7187: 7168: 7149: 7129: 7112:. Springer. 7109: 7089: 7069: 7040:. Retrieved 7029: 7009: 7002: 6992:December 16, 6990:. Retrieved 6986:the original 6976: 6967: 6959: 6947: 6939: 6931: 6924: 6915: 6906: 6898: 6886:. Retrieved 6882:The Guardian 6881: 6872: 6863: 6853: 6844: 6834: 6801: 6795: 6775: 6748: 6744: 6734: 6726: 6717: 6708: 6696: 6684: 6664: 6657: 6645: 6635:February 14, 6633:. Retrieved 6629: 6620: 6606: 6596:February 14, 6594:. Retrieved 6584: 6572:. Retrieved 6569:Mother Jones 6568: 6559: 6551:Loue, 2000: 6547: 6527: 6520: 6510: 6509:, Jim Dyer, 6495: 6485:December 13, 6483:. Retrieved 6474: 6464: 6453: 6444: 6430: 6414: 6405: 6400: 6391: 6381: 6373: 6365: 6357: 6349: 6319: 6311: 6284: 6280: 6270: 6243: 6239: 6229: 6196: 6192: 6186: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6102:(5): 633–8. 6099: 6095: 6089: 6056: 6052: 6046: 6026: 6019: 6009:February 14, 6007:. Retrieved 5998: 5990: 5985: 5977: 5972: 5964: 5959: 5951: 5950:Gillmor, D. 5946: 5936:December 16, 5934:. Retrieved 5924: 5917: 5909: 5897: 5885: 5878: 5869: 5849: 5812: 5793: 5761: 5753: 5741: 5715: 5707:Cole, 1996: 5703: 5683: 5676: 5664: 5652: 5644: 5639: 5631: 5626: 5618: 5613: 5605: 5604:Gillmor, D. 5600: 5592: 5572: 5568: 5558:December 16, 5556:. Retrieved 5548: 5538: 5513:September 9, 5511:, retrieved 5505: 5499: 5489:September 9, 5487:. Retrieved 5483: 5474: 5465: 5456: 5444:. Retrieved 5435: 5426: 5414: 5406: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5335:Google Books 5330: 5305:Google Books 5300: 5282: 5277: 5257: 5250: 5238: 5218: 5211: 5186: 5182: 5172: 5160: 5151: 5143: 5123: 5115: 5105:December 16, 5103:. Retrieved 5093: 5085: 5076: 5056: 5049: 5039:December 16, 5037:. Retrieved 5025: 5013:. Retrieved 5003: 4995:The Guardian 4994: 4984: 4974: 4966: 4945: 4940: 4914: 4907: 4869: 4862: 4853: 4841:. Retrieved 4836: 4827: 4808: 4798: 4776:(1): 32–40. 4773: 4769: 4759: 4751: 4725: 4713: 4698: 4679: 4673: 4663: 4643:February 18, 4641:. Retrieved 4636: 4627: 4618: 4610:the original 4605: 4601: 4591: 4571: 4553: 4545: 4521: 4514: 4502:. Retrieved 4487: 4462: 4450:. Retrieved 4445: 4409: 4402: 4390: 4359: 4340: 4334: 4302:February 23, 4300:. Retrieved 4296:the original 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264:– via 4256: 4234:Loue, 2000: 4217:December 16, 4215:. Retrieved 4205: 4185: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4139: 4107: 4100: 4085: 4076: 4061: 4052: 4037: 4028: 4020:Loue, 2000: 4000: 3995: 3975: 3949: 3929: 3919: 3909: 3904: 3884: 3877: 3865: 3845: 3838: 3830:Cole, 1996: 3826: 3816:November 23, 3814:. 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Retrieved 3018:the original 3007: 2987: 2980: 2947: 2943: 2933: 2890: 2886: 2821: 2764: 2760: 2753: 2748: 2738: 2723: 2718:In 1987 the 2717: 2712: 2698: 2689: 2687: 2668: 2657: 2644: 2634: 2625: 2619: 2608: 2597: 2588: 2586: 2563: 2546:, including 2537: 2534: 2527: 2516: 2512:circumcision 2490: 2488: 2465: 2455:injected 64 2444: 2434: 2428: 2404:Mother Jones 2403: 2394:Carl Elliott 2367: 2356: 2341: 2320: 2305:psychologist 2295: 2280: 2259: 2247:Bruce Jessen 2218: 2211: 2195: 2183:bulbocapnine 2167:Robert Heath 2164: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2141: 2139: 2116: 2086: 2071: 2063: 2051: 2048: 2044: 2025:high voltage 2010: 1998: 1989: 1985: 1968: 1951:brainwashing 1948: 1929: 1921: 1909:Allen Dulles 1902: 1876: 1848: 1801:, including 1764: 1737: 1717: 1699: 1695:Medical News 1694: 1691: 1679: 1643:Pennsylvania 1636: 1602:nerve agents 1583: 1579:nerve agents 1556: 1532: 1530: 1519: 1500: 1489: 1467: 1436: 1417: 1408:the Pentagon 1401: 1383:strontium-90 1356: 1345: 1308: 1306: 1290: 1283: 1272: 1253: 1236: 1225: 1202: 1190: 1174: 1155: 1135:benign tumor 1113: 1098: 1089:brain tumors 1085:chemotherapy 1078: 1055: 1051:in Tennessee 1045: 1037: 1026: 1023: 1019: 1008: 1001: 981: 977:Hanford site 958: 946: 943:Bill Clinton 932: 924: 914: 900:, inserting 895: 868: 848: 840: 838: 815: 793: 774: 750: 745: 734: 715: 714: 699: 680: 667:Saul Krugman 652: 641: 636: 626: 624: 564: 549:nephrologist 545:Nazi doctors 506: 499: 494: 483: 480: 473: 469: 467: 458: 425: 388: 361: 354: 348: 346: 342:Philadelphia 331: 295: 286:pediatrician 283: 272: 257: 247: 212: 197: 189: 166: 146: 119: 90: 75: 59: 55:safeguarding 32: 18: 10533:Patriot Act 10510:Legislation 10417:Cell CANARY 10401:Respirators 10283:Biosecurity 10164:Phoenix Air 10141:contractors 9456:Project 112 9269:Psittacosis 9249:Melioidosis 9244:Lassa fever 9158:Brucellosis 9061:M1135 NBCRV 9025:Weteye bomb 8893:Mustard gas 8795:Operational 8776:Project 112 8495:Reed Hadley 8398:Salmon Site 8391:Mississippi 8357:Pahute Mesa 8183:Quicksilver 8084:Hardtack II 7954:Cornerstone 6322:, June 2010 6287:(1): 61–8. 5976:Thomas, G. 5841:Naomi Klein 5630:Thomas, G. 5446:November 9, 5387:pp. 249–262 4979:, July 1954 4843:February 7, 4837:www.cdc.gov 4667:. The Tech. 4504:December 6, 4452:December 6, 3699:pp. 233–234 3425:December 4, 3293:pp. 238–239 3160:November 1, 2844:Project 112 2613:passed the 2564:During the 2519:San Antonio 2390:AstraZeneca 2187:septal area 2125:request by 2073:circles ... 2054:, Chapter 8 1879:Frank Olson 1845:Drug deaths 1760:scopolamine 1740:truth serum 1734:Truth serum 1496:mustard gas 1430:during the 1333:Project 4.1 1301:thorium-234 1260:radium rods 1209:Quaker Oats 1074:body weight 1066:uranium-235 1062:uranium-234 988:microcuries 910:irradiating 702:Frank Olson 432:virologists 301:Philippines 215:Leo Stanley 200:spinal taps 10795:Categories 10720:Biodefense 10383:Protection 10373:Technology 10361:(CDC, DHS) 10285:/Biosurety 10274:(Civilian) 10252:(EPA, CDC) 10207:(DoD) plus 10139:Government 9850:(DHHS/DoD) 9799:(JPEO-CBD) 9517:Fort Terry 9470:Facilities 9284:Rinderpest 9239:Hantavirus 9173:Rice blast 8995:M55 rocket 8750:Operations 8656:(USAMRICD) 8367:Yucca Flat 8321:Alamogordo 8314:New Mexico 8260:Touchstone 8172:Project 57 8167:Project 56 8161:Praetorian 8068:Hardtack I 8033:Greenhouse 7968:Crossroads 7947:Charioteer 7883:Operations 7734:Ruth Faden 7042:August 15, 6804:(1): 2–3. 6372:, (video) 5918:Z Magazine 5101:. Netti.fi 4266:HathiTrust 2861:References 2741:, Justice 2491:Pediatrics 2472:anesthesia 2450:biochemist 2107:Abu Ghraib 2005:safehouses 1835:depression 1805:, heroin, 1790:withdrawal 1667:herbicides 1541:cantharide 1463:Buchenwald 1451:Washington 1443:irradiated 1412:litigation 1297:radium-224 1219:and other 1109:nanocuries 1070:micrograms 1042:'secret'. 1040:classified 969:iodine-131 917:classified 893:agencies. 486:inoculated 449:passages. 439:Jonas Salk 407:penicillin 334:tuberculin 258:60 Minutes 174:stertorous 157:Cincinnati 134:anesthesia 126:gynecology 84:, and the 10821:Suffering 10624:incidents 10410:Detection 9375:M115 bomb 9370:M114 bomb 9313:Munitions 9178:Tularemia 9015:MC-1 bomb 8960:M2 mortar 8908:Munitions 8430:Parachute 8288:Whetstone 8246:Tinderbox 8211:Sandstone 8126:Musketeer 8040:Grenadier 8012:Flintlock 6651:pp. 60–63 6324:See also: 5903:pp. 50–53 5875:Chapter 8 5818:pp. 45–47 5778:pp. 24–25 5735:pp. 28–30 5709:pp. 31–32 5670:pp. 21–22 5368:pp. 92–93 5166:pp. 40–43 4997:. London. 4236:pp. 19–23 4022:pp. 26–29 3914:, Vol. 40 3806:eMedicine 3669:. London. 3375:: 671–3. 3323:pp. 76–77 3268:CBS News, 3126:1477-4666 3024:April 14, 2964:1756-1833 2907:2049-0801 2866:Citations 2722:ruled in 2635:In 1969, 2476:paralysis 2461:U.S. Navy 2440:pneumonia 2368:In 2004, 2321:In 1971, 2198:psychosis 1819:mescaline 1807:marijuana 1786:addiction 1781:, forced 1752:mescaline 1702:U.S. Army 1671:chloracne 1624:Chloracne 1571:vesicants 1468:In 1963, 1455:vasectomy 1264:Baltimore 1258:inserted 1181:plutonium 1101:plutonium 1060:injected 1011:premature 996:placental 973:xenon-133 961:Green Run 834:Tularemia 681:In 1952, 539:. At the 527:) at the 443:influenza 401:, by the 372:Manhattan 297:U.S. Army 290:gonorrhea 223:testicles 39:unethical 33:Numerous 10481:Treaties 10434:(JBAIDS) 10396:NBC suit 10258:(GBTI), 10250:BioWatch 10181:Programs 10126:(NCBID; 9960:Response 9889:Civilian 9858:Military 9818:research 9696:BioWatch 9345:E61 bomb 9289:Smallpox 9234:Glanders 9214:Bird flu 9153:Botulism 9020:M47 bomb 8877:Phosgene 8866:Chlorine 8811:Disposal 8759:Research 8423:Colorado 8414:Amchitka 8326:Carlsbad 8154:Plumbbob 8105:Latchkey 8061:Guardian 8053:Cannikin 8026:Fusileer 8005:Fishbowl 7975:Crosstie 7898:Aqueduct 7717:Journals 7685:- U. 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