974:
most individuals sign in their lives, and it affects property rights for all time, the process should be taken seriously. Many attorneys incorrectly assume that estate planning is a simple area of law. Some less-informed attorneys believe estate planning to be a simple, fast, and easy way to make a quick buck, this could not be farther from the truth. An attorney involved in estate planning should exercise diligence and thoroughly document their work in the event they find themselves exposed to a malpractice suit. Ignoring indications of UI by the estate planning attorney can put them in a precarious position of needing to explain why they redirected a testator's estate while their client was unduly influenced.
1049:, legal professionals, and health practitioners in identifying potential instances of UI. The experts included: (1) a licensed psychologist who specializes in forensic neuropsychology; (2) an expert in the criminal prosecution of elder abuse; (3) a probate attorney with extensive experience with conservatorships, estate planning, and undue influence; and (4) a professor of gerontology with expertise in elder abuse. The resulting product is referred to as the California Undue Influence Screening Tool (CUIST). The tool can be used to help identify instances of UI in all fifty states. The study revealed similarities in persons who were particularly susceptible to unduly influence such as:
31:
770:, not a single event. A manipulator may spend weeks, months, or even years before successfully unduly-influencing their victim. Anyone is susceptible to UI, but the elderly are particularly vulnerable. Perpetrators of UI operate in shadow, enacting their manipulation behind closed doors where there are no witnesses. A person being unduly influenced may become withdrawn,
1069:
Manipulation - Leveraging opportunity and vulnerabilities to take advantage of the victim. Situations are exploited in which the victim relinquishes assets that the influencer desires. These can take many forms such as depriving the victim of sleep or controlling nutrition, hydration, medication, and
785:
and undue influence. In assessing capacity, the practitioner evaluates an individual's ability to competently perform tasks (e.g., execute a will or give medical consent). These assessments give insight to the functioning of the cognitive capabilities at that moment in time. Conversely, screening for
754:
is supplanted by that of another. It is a legal term and the strict definition varies by jurisdiction. Generally speaking, it is a means by which a person gains control over their victims' decision making through manipulation tactics and unfair pressure, typically for financial gain. Historically, UI
973:
to bring a lawsuit against an attorney who executed a will that is later deemed to be a product of undue influence. Experienced estate attorneys tend to be vigilant of "red flags" indicative of undue influence during the drafting and execution of a will. Because a will is the most important document
831:
Elderly
Americans are living longer, and with this increased life expectancy, the prevalence of cognitive disorders associated with advanced age has also increased. A significant concentration of wealth is controlled by this aging demographic making them a potential target for exploitation. Modern
1076:
Deliberate isolation - Influencers work to isolate their victims in various ways. Some methods include, "poisoning relationships" with existing friends or family. Shielding the victim from their support network (e.g., friends and family). Firing existing caregivers, canceling medical appointments,
947:
Posturing as advocates and protectors of the victim to make onlookers less distrustful. An influencer will often act as though they are genuine advocates for the victim and maintain a superficial appearance of friendliness and care. However, when alone with the victim, perpetrators tend to neglect
909:
Isolating the victim from their family and support system. Influencers often restrict access to their victim and maintain physical control. Supervising visits, refusing visitation, and denying requests to speak to the victim are indicative of undue influence. If the victim requires medical care or
982:
Because of the secrecy and tactics leveraged by an influencer, direct evidence of wrongdoing is often impossible for the contestant of a will to produce. Access to the individual is typically controlled by the influencer so that friends and family are unable to observe the perpetrator engaging in
931:
Controlling the flow of information to manipulate the victim and their view of the world. Limiting the free flow of information enables the influencer to distort the truth. This allows the influencer to portray a false narrative to their victim which helps them facilitate their manipulation. This
939:
Relationship poisoning is a process by which a person instills thoughts and beliefs in their victim causing them to distrust third-parties. Statements such as - "Your children aren't even around", "I'm the only one that's here for you, nobody else cares" or, "your friends are only coming around
878:
Substance use – Illicit drugs, alcohol, or prescribed medication may alter a person's judgment. Drugs can also cause addiction, and the influencer may leverage the addiction to control the person. The influencer may refuse to give the addicted person their pain medication unless the victim does
1152:
The IPA analysis framework is the result of a task force formed by The
International Psychogeriatrics Association called Testamentary Capacity and Undue Influence. It consists of reviews on international law and common legal definitions of undue influence. The authors noted risk factors which
951:
Actively involving themselves in finances and financial instruments of the victim. An influencer will often initiate changes in financial documents. This may include directly or indirectly arranging for attorney's to alter estate documents. Perpetrators may attempt to become beneficiaries on
1088:. The American Bar Association Commission on Law and Aging and the American Psychological Association have analyzed similarities between cult members and domestic violence. These accounts share an element of power distinction between the alleged influencer and the vulnerable adult.
1065:
Apparent authority of the influencer - The influencer will act as though that authority has been vested in them by the victim. Claiming to be the victim's spouse or romantic partner is another tactic an influencer may leverage to misrepresent themselves as having authority over the
935:
Emotional manipulation is often leveraged. Influencers tend to occupy a position to access their victim's medical records and other sensitive information. This helps them prey on their victim's emotions such as anxiety, depression, grief, fear, regret, humiliation, isolation, and
943:
Encouraging dependency — victims often find themselves dependent on the influencer for transportation, food, hydration, and medication. The influencer will often make threats to the victim to increase their dependency such as: "if I wasn't here, you'd be put into a nursing
968:
Lawsuits against estate planning attorneys have increased in recent years. Legal malpractice in trusts and estates is now considered to have the highest risk of exposure, representing 12% of all legal malpractice claims. Due to changes in privity laws, many states allow
932:
often includes restricting access to the victims' phone, not answering phone calls, responding to texts, using the victims' computer, and not allowing people to visit. If visitation does occur, the influencer is often nearby and will attempt to govern the interaction.
959:
Encouraging the victim to make rushed decisions at inappropriate times, such as changes to important documents while distressed( e.g. in the hospital or the same day as doctor visits and/or medical treatments).
1027:
Undue influence originated from
English common-law in a doctrine from 1617. Chancellor Bacon found that a woman who "worked on the simplicity and weakness" of an elderly man was guilty of undue influence.
1096:
Clinical models have been developed in an effort to assist clinicians and practitioners in determining if UI is present and to build a legal case. Some of the most prevalent models are discussed below.
987:
to be shifted to the alleged influencer if certain requirements are satisfied. Jurisdictions vary as to the requirements, but in general, the burden is shifted when the combination of a confidential or
940:
because they want to take advantage of you", are examples of relationship poisoning. These tactics are used to manipulate and isolate the victim while increasing their dependence on the perpetrator.
292:
1105:
The IDEAL model was developed by the psychiatrist Bennet Blum, M.D., it emphasized the social conditions frequently observed in cases of alleged undue influence. It focuses on five aspects:
1073:
Process over time - Undue influence occurs over time. Influencers often learn to decipher their victim's needs and desires, they will leverage them to gain a foothold in the persons' life.
875:
Diminished mental capacity – Mental function declines, particularly as a result of aging. A person having difficulty thinking clearly may look to another to think things through for them.
1070:
enacting mental pressure and physical harm. Pressuring the victim to make changes to documents when they are in pain, confused, or have recently undergone medical treatment.
793:
which occur over an extended period. To determine whether another person is leveraging unfair tactics on the victim, an assessment specific to undue influence is required.
1750:
774:
and passive. Physical signs of abuse may include unexplained bruising, scratches, and/or broken bones. Other signs may include missing or broken dentures, prescription
297:
840:
Some factors have been identified that increase the likelihood of a person being susceptible to manipulation. Some of these factors include, but are not limited to:
983:
manipulation, thus a challenger is often unable to provide direct evidence. In an effort to address this substantial power distinction, many states allow for the
2079:
1205:: while Mrs Snee's son exercised undue influence over her, it has no legal impact on the relationship between her and Contractors Bonding regarding her mortgage.
905:
A person seeking to exert undue influence on another person usually does so by leveraging their position of apparent authority. Some of these tactics include:
1536:
Peisah, C.; Finkel, S.; Shulman, K.; Melding, P.; Luxenberg, J.; Heinik, J.; Jacoby, R.; Reisberg, B.; Stoppe, G.; Barker, A.; Firmino, H. (February 2009).
565:
1940:
2172:
670:
3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions
511:
832:
families are becoming more complex and dispersed. Given these factors, the number of will contests involving undue influence is expected to increase.
1489:
560:
685:
252:
828:) on young and healthy individuals illustrates that anyone, regardless of mental status, is a potential victim of UI under certain circumstances.
1015:
Once shifted, the proponent of the contested will is tasked with rebutting the presumption. The alleged influencer is required to prove that the
1969:
824:
may occur between the victim and influencer, as a result, the victim may even defend the perpetrator. The effectiveness of cult tactics (e.g.
758:
Undue influence is typically perpetrated by a person who is trusted by the victim and is dependent on them for emotional and physical needs.
872:
Dependency – When a victim is dependent upon the influencer for companionship, transportation, housekeeping, food, hydration, medicine, etc.
2101:
1704:"The anatomy of undue influence used by terrorist cults and traffickers to induce helplessness and trauma, so creating false identities"
847:
Isolation – Family conflict, living alone, no living relatives or physical factors such as distance or difficulties with communication.
762:
are often found to have unduly influenced their patients, however, anyone in a position of trust and authority over the victim (e.g.
499:
2424:
2165:
952:
brokerage and/or retirement accounts. Influencers tend to assist in securing legal documents such as competency letters and/or
730:
1042:
928:
Moving into the victims' home, changes in victim's spending habits, unexplained purchases, and/or using victims' credit cards.
1854:
703:
1059:
Isolation - The victim may live alone or in a remote area, suffering from family conflict or having no living relatives.
2158:
2048:
1629:
1915:
766:) may be guilty. This includes the victims' attorney, accountant, nursing home attendant, or even children. UI is a
2126:
316:
280:
1870:
1130:
The SCAM model was developed by Susan I. Bernantz, Ph.D., it contains four elements regarding undue influence:
309:
1080:
Result of consequences - Loss of assets, physical harm, neglect. Financial loss including home and/or savings.
575:
165:
2419:
60:
1801:
910:
has an appointment the influencer is unable to attend, they will often change or cancel the appointment.
1202:
723:
595:
321:
1703:
674:
2429:
2414:
2181:
1046:
892:
817:
570:
529:
441:
2022:
377:
90:
2002:"Malpractice Melee: Fending Off the Disgruntled and Disappointed, An Estate Planner's Field Guide"
1019:
made the will of their own volition, and was not under any influence at the time it was executed.
2261:
970:
699:
550:
359:
209:
1537:
1366:
948:
providing care such as personal hygiene, nutrition, hydration, medicine, and other basic needs.
275:
235:
160:
136:
118:
2409:
2363:
2009:
984:
844:
Age – Much like traditional scams, the elderly are especially susceptible to undue influence.
775:
716:
692:
555:
123:
859:
583:
420:
270:
149:
55:
50:
508:(also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)
8:
2368:
1751:"The Greatest Wealth Transfer In History: What's Happening And What Are The Implications"
339:
230:
95:
75:
1609:
2373:
2353:
2327:
2230:
1731:
1621:
1573:
1341:
1323:
1286:
Quinn, Mary Joy; Nerenberg, Lisa; Navarro, Adria E.; Wilber, Kathleen H. (2017-04-11).
1137:
Presence of a confidential and trusting relationship between the victim and perpetrator
702:, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to
625:
588:
430:
402:
368:
261:
246:
240:
214:
2337:
2317:
1850:
1735:
1723:
1684:
1676:
1625:
1565:
1557:
1446:
1438:
1315:
1307:
1085:
953:
866:
821:
797:
771:
482:
471:
192:
141:
132:
113:
70:
1577:
1327:
2358:
2291:
1970:"Trust And Estates Now Viewed As The Riskiest Practice Area For Malpractice Claims"
1842:
1715:
1666:
1617:
1549:
1299:
1287:
1041:
A focus group and a panel of experts were tasked to undertake a study to develop a
992:
with the donor and suspicious circumstances are found. Such circumstances include:
855:
505:
392:
387:
349:
344:
187:
170:
1303:
869:
are pernicious and contribute to a person becoming predisposed to undue influence.
809:
397:
104:
1895:
1719:
2322:
2286:
2215:
2210:
1836:
914:
782:
643:
534:
465:
450:
198:
45:
1846:
1553:
796:
Undue influence occurs in various circumstances including, but not limited to
2403:
2332:
1727:
1680:
1561:
1442:
1311:
434:
182:
155:
85:
2150:
1941:"Brace for Impact: The Rise in Trusts & Estate Claims Against Attorneys"
1777:
1671:
1655:"Neuropsychological Assessment of Testamentary Capacity and Undue Influence"
1654:
1288:"Developing an undue influence screening tool for Adult Protective Services"
1140:
initiation (active procurement) of financial transactions by the perpetrator
1062:
Fear - Instilling fear (e.g. threatening to place victim in a nursing home.)
882:
Recent bereavement – The death of a family member such as a spouse or child.
177:
2378:
2271:
2225:
2200:
2001:
1688:
1569:
1450:
1319:
1215:
825:
813:
638:
633:
620:
411:
65:
2312:
1220:
900:
476:
382:
287:
204:
1118:
the acquiescence of the victim as a result of the three previous factors
2307:
2276:
2235:
678:
661:
80:
2240:
1425:
Plotkin, Daniel A.; Spar, James E.; Horwitz, Howard L. (2016-09-01).
1053:
Vulnerability of the victim - Age, weakened physical or mental state.
989:
922:
850:
Terminal diagnosis – Being diagnosed with a terminal illness such as
763:
759:
751:
747:
629:
304:
30:
1426:
2266:
2256:
2220:
1016:
918:
896:
459:
354:
22:
2281:
2205:
2195:
996:
Old age and weakened physical or mental condition of the testator
801:
425:
1431:
Journal of the
American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online
1036:
851:
2383:
1802:"Psychological Stress and Cancer - National Cancer Institute"
1538:"The wills of older people: risk factors for undue influence"
1168:
dependency, especially if a change in circumstances occurred
1285:
816:. The common theme among these situations is the aspect of
805:
615:
1535:
605:
2049:"Good Estate Planning Process: A Panacea for Litigation"
755:
has been poorly understood, even in some legal circles.
695:
both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces
1916:"The Basics of Proving Undue Influence in a Court Case"
1008:
Domination or control over the donor by the beneficiary
963:
1005:
Participation of the beneficiary in procuring the gift
1091:
1011:
Secrecy, concealment, or failure to disclose the gift
913:
Controlling their victims through sleep deprivation,
2053:
Estate
Planning & Community Property Law Journal
1367:"What Is The Legal Definition Of "Undue Influence?""
879:
things for the influencer they wouldn't normally do.
746:(UI) is a psychological process by which a person's
698:
7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the
American
1424:
512:Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law
1084:Undue influence has been studied in the field of
2401:
1608:Liu, Pi-Ju; Wood, Stacey; Hanoch, Yaniv (2015),
2125:Stiegel, Lori A.; Quinn, Mary Joy (June 2017).
1002:Unnatural or unjust disposition of the property
667:2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions
1778:"Undue Influence: Everything You Need to Know"
2180:
2166:
1871:"What Is Undue Influence in Elder Law Cases?"
1607:
1147:
1037:The California Undue Influence Screening Tool
724:
2127:"Elder Abuse: The impact of undue influence"
2124:
2084:, vol. 213, July 20, 2009, p. 1109
781:A distinction is made between the nature of
778:, hearing aids or other assistive devices.
1077:treatments, and trips for medicine or care.
704:contractual and pre-contractual negotiation
16:Seizing control of a person's will for gain
2173:
2159:
1701:
854:typically causes the victim to experience
731:
717:
2134:National Center on Law & Elder Rights
1999:
1702:Hassan, S. A.; Shah, M. J. (2019-01-01).
1670:
1346:California Elder Justice Coalition (CEJC)
917:, or refusal to administer drugs such as
1896:"Relationship Poisoning | iraturkat.com"
2046:
1056:Dependency - Reliant on the influencer.
2402:
1834:
1772:
1770:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1364:
500:Duty of honest contractual performance
2154:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2032:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1531:
1529:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
862:which increases their susceptibility.
688:of International Commercial Contracts
1659:Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology
1652:
1648:
1646:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1292:Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1115:emotional manipulation of the victim
999:Lack of consideration of the bequest
964:Legal malpractice in estate planning
1767:
677:and other civil codes based on the
13:
2063:
2029:
1986:
1957:
1819:
1708:Ethics, Medicine and Public Health
1622:10.1016/b978-0-12-417148-0.00015-7
1457:
1100:
1092:Clinical models of undue influence
786:undue influence is focused on the
14:
2441:
1643:
1584:
1506:
1383:
1238:
1125:
1109:Isolation from friends and family
835:
2047:Spencer, Kevin R. (2018-12-01).
1835:Turkat, Ira Daniel, ed. (1985).
1748:
1121:the financial loss of the victim
502:(or doctrine of abuse of rights)
317:Enforcement of foreign judgments
281:Hague Choice of Court Convention
29:
2118:
2094:
1933:
1908:
1888:
1863:
1794:
1742:
2425:Legal doctrines and principles
1945:Insurance Focus - USI Affinity
1695:
1616:, Elsevier, pp. 309–327,
1542:International Psychogeriatrics
1365:Taylor, Gabriel (2021-03-27).
1358:
1334:
1191:
977:
310:Singapore Mediation Convention
1:
1304:10.1080/08946566.2017.1314844
1226:
1112:dependency on the perpetrator
684:5 Explicitly rejected by the
451:Quasi-contractual obligations
1653:Mart, Eric G. (2016-09-01).
1231:
1134:Susceptibility of the victim
865:Depression – The effects of
7:
2347:Related manipulation topics
2000:Streisand, Adam F. (2011).
1838:Behavioral Case Formulation
1720:10.1016/j.jemep.2019.03.002
1427:"Assessing Undue Influence"
1209:
1196:
1143:monetary loss of the victim
1031:
10:
2446:
2106:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov
1490:"Defining Undue Influence"
1203:Contractors Bonding v Snee
1173:Psychological risk factors
1157:Environmental risk factors
1148:The IPA analysis framework
1022:
890:
886:
818:psychological manipulation
322:Hague Judgments Convention
2346:
2300:
2249:
2188:
2182:Manipulation (psychology)
1847:10.1007/978-1-4899-3644-8
1614:Aging and Decision Making
1554:10.1017/S1041610208008120
1047:Adult Protective Services
971:third-party beneficiaries
893:Manipulation (psychology)
673:4 Specific to the German
378:Anticipatory repudiation
128:unequal bargaining power
2262:Character assassination
700:Uniform Commercial Code
675:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
360:Third-party beneficiary
332:Rights of third parties
210:Accord and satisfaction
2017:Cite journal requires
990:fiduciary relationship
431:Liquidated, stipulated
276:Forum selection clause
161:Frustration of purpose
2364:Internet manipulation
2250:Negative manipulation
2189:Positive manipulation
1672:10.1093/arclin/acw048
693:Canadian contract law
61:Abstraction principle
1184:cognitive impairment
522:Related areas of law
421:Specific performance
271:Choice of law clause
236:Contract of adhesion
150:Culpa in contrahendo
56:Meeting of the minds
51:Offer and acceptance
2369:Market manipulation
1494:www.americanbar.org
1178:physical disability
686:UNIDROIT Principles
460:Promissory estoppel
340:Privity of contract
293:New York Convention
253:UNIDROIT Principles
96:Collateral contract
91:Implication-in-fact
76:Invitation to treat
2420:Equitable defenses
2374:Media manipulation
2354:Crowd manipulation
2328:Influence-for-hire
2301:Other manipulation
2231:Predatory marriage
1610:"Choice and Aging"
954:powers of attorney
802:hostage situations
506:Duty of good faith
403:Fundamental breach
369:Breach of contract
298:UNCITRAL Model Law
262:Dispute resolution
247:Contra proferentem
241:Integration clause
215:Exculpatory clause
2397:
2396:
2338:Spin (propaganda)
2318:Good cop, bad cop
2081:Chapman v. Varela
1856:978-1-4899-3646-2
1342:"Undue Influence"
1086:social psychology
822:Traumatic bonding
798:domestic violence
741:
740:
584:England and Wales
492:Duties of parties
483:Negotiorum gestio
472:Unjust enrichment
193:Statute of frauds
142:Unconscionability
114:Misrepresentation
71:Mirror image rule
2437:
2430:Social influence
2415:Wills and trusts
2359:Confidence trick
2292:Social rejection
2175:
2168:
2161:
2152:
2151:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2131:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2089:
2076:
2061:
2060:
2044:
2027:
2026:
2020:
2015:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1966:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1832:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1789:
1788:
1774:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1674:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1605:
1582:
1581:
1533:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1486:
1455:
1454:
1422:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1298:(2–3): 157–185.
1283:
1162:social isolation
810:prisoners of war
733:
726:
719:
561:China (mainland)
530:Conflict of laws
393:Efficient breach
388:Exclusion clause
188:Illusory promise
171:Impracticability
33:
19:
18:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2393:
2389:Undue influence
2342:
2296:
2245:
2184:
2179:
2149:
2148:
2138:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2119:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2087:
2085:
2078:
2077:
2064:
2045:
2030:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
1998:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1925:
1923:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1880:
1878:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1833:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1757:
1747:
1743:
1700:
1696:
1651:
1644:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1606:
1585:
1534:
1507:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1487:
1458:
1423:
1384:
1375:
1373:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1284:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1212:
1199:
1194:
1165:family conflict
1150:
1128:
1103:
1101:The IDEAL model
1094:
1039:
1034:
1025:
985:burden of proof
980:
966:
923:pain medication
903:
889:
838:
744:Undue influence
737:
708:
580:United Kingdom
543:By jurisdiction
17:
12:
11:
5:
2443:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
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2361:
2356:
2350:
2348:
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2341:
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2335:
2330:
2325:
2323:Indoctrination
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2287:Smear campaign
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2253:
2251:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2216:Disinformation
2213:
2211:Child grooming
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2170:
2163:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2117:
2093:
2062:
2028:
2019:|journal=
1985:
1956:
1932:
1907:
1887:
1875:Loew Law Group
1862:
1855:
1818:
1806:www.cancer.gov
1793:
1766:
1741:
1694:
1665:(6): 554–561.
1642:
1630:
1583:
1505:
1456:
1437:(3): 344–351.
1382:
1357:
1333:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1211:
1208:
1207:
1206:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1187:mental illness
1185:
1182:
1179:
1170:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1127:
1126:The SCAM model
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1102:
1099:
1093:
1090:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1024:
1021:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
979:
976:
965:
962:
961:
960:
957:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
926:
915:overmedication
911:
888:
885:
884:
883:
880:
876:
873:
870:
863:
848:
845:
837:
836:Susceptibility
834:
739:
738:
736:
735:
728:
721:
713:
710:
709:
707:
706:
696:
691:6 Specific to
689:
682:
671:
668:
665:
660:1 Specific to
657:
654:
653:
649:
648:
647:
646:
641:
636:
623:
618:
610:
609:
601:
600:
599:
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593:
592:
591:
586:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
545:
544:
540:
539:
538:
537:
535:Commercial law
532:
524:
523:
519:
518:
517:
516:
515:
514:
503:
494:
493:
489:
488:
487:
486:
479:
474:
469:
466:Quantum meruit
462:
454:
453:
447:
446:
445:
444:
439:
438:
437:
423:
415:
414:
408:
407:
406:
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395:
390:
385:
380:
372:
371:
365:
364:
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352:
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342:
334:
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329:
328:
327:
326:
325:
324:
314:
313:
312:
302:
301:
300:
295:
285:
284:
283:
273:
265:
264:
258:
257:
256:
255:
250:
243:
238:
233:
231:Parol evidence
225:
224:
223:Interpretation
220:
219:
218:
217:
212:
207:
202:
199:Non est factum
195:
190:
185:
180:
175:
174:
173:
168:
163:
153:
146:
145:
144:
130:
121:
116:
108:
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101:
100:
99:
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88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2442:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
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2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
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2390:
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2377:
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2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
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2351:
2349:
2345:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2333:Interrogation
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
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2255:
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2227:
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2222:
2219:
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2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2135:
2128:
2121:
2107:
2103:
2102:"Law section"
2097:
2083:
2082:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2059:(1): 137–159.
2058:
2054:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2011:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1975:
1974:www.lmick.com
1971:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1921:
1917:
1911:
1897:
1891:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1858:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1825:
1823:
1807:
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1649:
1647:
1633:
1631:9780124171480
1627:
1623:
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1615:
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1510:
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1237:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1186:
1183:
1181:substance use
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1106:
1098:
1089:
1087:
1079:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1029:
1020:
1018:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
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995:
994:
993:
991:
986:
975:
972:
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946:
942:
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930:
927:
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920:
916:
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908:
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906:
902:
898:
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881:
877:
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871:
868:
864:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:
843:
842:
841:
833:
829:
827:
823:
819:
815:
814:dictatorships
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
789:
784:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
753:
749:
745:
734:
729:
727:
722:
720:
715:
714:
712:
711:
705:
701:
697:
694:
690:
687:
683:
680:
676:
672:
669:
666:
664:jurisdictions
663:
659:
658:
656:
655:
651:
650:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
631:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
612:
611:
607:
603:
602:
597:
596:United States
594:
590:
587:
585:
582:
581:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
547:
546:
542:
541:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
526:
525:
521:
520:
513:
510:
509:
507:
504:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
491:
490:
485:
484:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
467:
463:
461:
458:
457:
456:
455:
452:
449:
448:
443:
440:
436:
435:penal damages
432:
429:
428:
427:
426:Money damages
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
416:
413:
410:
409:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
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370:
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361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
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336:
335:
331:
330:
323:
320:
319:
318:
315:
311:
308:
307:
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303:
299:
296:
294:
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289:
286:
282:
279:
278:
277:
274:
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269:
268:
267:
266:
263:
260:
259:
254:
251:
249:
248:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
229:
228:
227:
226:
222:
221:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
205:Unclean hands
203:
201:
200:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
172:
169:
167:
166:Impossibility
164:
162:
159:
158:
157:
156:Force majeure
154:
152:
151:
147:
143:
140:
139:
138:
137:public policy
134:
131:
129:
125:
122:
120:
117:
115:
112:
111:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
86:Consideration
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
57:
54:
52:
49:
47:
44:
43:
42:
41:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
24:
21:
20:
2410:Contract law
2388:
2379:Nudge theory
2272:Intimidation
2226:Love bombing
2201:Brainwashing
2139:December 13,
2137:. Retrieved
2133:
2120:
2109:. Retrieved
2105:
2096:
2086:, retrieved
2080:
2056:
2052:
2010:cite journal
1977:. Retrieved
1973:
1948:. Retrieved
1944:
1935:
1924:. Retrieved
1922:. 2017-04-28
1919:
1910:
1899:. Retrieved
1890:
1879:. Retrieved
1877:. 2020-03-19
1874:
1865:
1837:
1810:. Retrieved
1808:. 2012-12-17
1805:
1796:
1785:. Retrieved
1781:
1758:. Retrieved
1754:
1749:Hall, Mark.
1744:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1662:
1658:
1635:, retrieved
1613:
1545:
1541:
1497:. Retrieved
1493:
1434:
1430:
1374:. Retrieved
1371:Oxford Legal
1370:
1360:
1349:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1295:
1291:
1216:Mind control
1172:
1171:
1156:
1155:
1151:
1129:
1104:
1095:
1083:
1040:
1026:
1014:
981:
967:
904:
839:
830:
826:love bombing
795:
790:
787:
780:
767:
757:
743:
742:
639:Criminal law
621:Property law
576:Saudi Arabia
481:
464:
245:
197:
148:
127:
66:Posting rule
23:Contract law
2313:Gaslighting
1920:Hackard Law
1548:(1): 7–15.
1221:Elder abuse
1192:New Zealand
978:Presumption
936:loneliness.
901:Gaslighting
477:Restitution
288:Arbitration
2404:Categories
2308:Entrapment
2277:Mind games
2236:Propaganda
2111:2021-12-12
2088:2021-12-12
1979:2021-12-13
1950:2021-12-17
1926:2021-12-14
1901:2021-12-31
1881:2021-12-14
1812:2021-12-10
1787:2021-12-14
1760:2021-12-10
1714:: 97–107.
1637:2021-12-10
1499:2021-12-20
1376:2021-12-09
1351:2021-12-12
1227:References
1045:to assist
891:See also:
867:depression
776:eyeglasses
772:depressive
760:Caregivers
679:pandectist
662:common law
442:Rescission
350:Delegation
345:Assignment
133:Illegality
81:Firm offer
2241:Seduction
1782:UpCounsel
1736:151201448
1728:2352-5525
1681:0887-6177
1562:1041-6102
1443:1093-6793
1312:0894-6566
1232:Citations
1153:include:
791:of events
764:fiduciary
752:judgement
748:free will
681:tradition
551:Australia
398:Deviation
305:Mediation
38:Formation
2267:Coercion
2257:Bullying
2221:Flattery
1689:27480988
1578:22488750
1570:19040788
1451:27644868
1328:46487332
1320:28398137
1210:See also
1197:Case law
1032:Research
1017:testator
919:naloxone
897:Coercion
783:capacity
644:Evidence
616:Tort law
589:Scotland
412:Remedies
355:Novation
178:Hardship
105:Defences
46:Capacity
2282:Mobbing
2206:Bribery
2196:Big lie
1066:victim.
1023:History
887:Tactics
788:process
768:process
634:estates
566:Ireland
183:Set-off
124:Threats
119:Mistake
1853:
1755:Forbes
1734:
1726:
1687:
1679:
1628:
1576:
1568:
1560:
1449:
1441:
1326:
1318:
1310:
944:home".
925:, etc.
899:, and
860:trauma
856:stress
852:cancer
812:, and
632:, and
630:trusts
604:Other
556:Canada
2384:Shill
2130:(PDF)
1732:S2CID
1574:S2CID
1324:S2CID
806:cults
652:Notes
626:Wills
608:areas
571:India
433:, or
383:Cover
2141:2021
2023:help
1851:ISBN
1724:ISSN
1685:PMID
1677:ISSN
1626:ISBN
1566:PMID
1558:ISSN
1447:PMID
1439:ISSN
1316:PMID
1308:ISSN
1043:tool
858:and
750:and
135:and
126:and
1843:doi
1716:doi
1667:doi
1618:doi
1550:doi
1300:doi
606:law
2406::
2132:.
2104:.
2065:^
2057:11
2055:.
2051:.
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2014::
2012:}}
2008:{{
1988:^
1972:.
1959:^
1943:.
1918:.
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1845::
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1354:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
