140:
32:
1399:, University of the Witwatersrand, 1983; William Arthur Ramsden, "Some Historical Aspects of Supervening Impossibility of Performance of Contract" (1975) 38 Tydskrif vir Hedendaagse Romeins-Hollandse Reg 153, 284 and 370; William Arthur Ramsden, "Temporary Supervening Impossibility of Performance" (1977) 94 South African Law Journal
890:
For example, if
Ebenezer contracts to pay Erasmus £100 to paint his house on October 1, but the house burns to the ground before the end of September, Ebenezer is excused from his duty to pay Erasmus the £100, and Erasmus is excused from his duty to paint Ebenezer's house; however, Erasmus may still
993:
At common law, for the defence of "impossibility" to be raised performance must not merely be difficult or unexpectedly costly for one party, there must be no way for it to actually be accomplished. However, in the United States it is beginning to be recognized that "impossibility" under this
1246:, 1946, p 445 et seq; MacKinnon, Effect of War on Contract: Being an Attempted Analysis of the Doctrine of Discharge of Contract by Impossibility of Performance: With a Résumé of the Principal Cases decided in the English Courts during the Present War, 1917
1221:
As to impossibility of performance of contract during war, see Arnold Duncan McNair, "War-Time
Impossibility of Performance of Contract", Essays and Lectures Upon Some Legal Effects of War, Cambridge, at the University Press, 1920, Chapter 5,
1394:
As to supervening impossibility of performance in South Africa, see
William Arthur Ramsden, Supervening Impossibility of Performance in the South African Law of Contract, Juta & Co, 1985, ISBN 0-7021-1629-7; William Arthur Ramsden,
887:, based on a change in circumstances (or the discovery of preexisting circumstances), the nonoccurrence of which was an underlying assumption of the contract, that makes performance of the contract literally impossible.
1053:
Roy
Granville McElroy. Impossibility of Performance: A Treatise on the Law of Supervening Impossibility of Performance of Contract, Failure of Consideration, and Frustration. Cambridge, at the University Press. 1941.
994:
doctrine can also exist when the contemplated performance can be done but only at an excessive and unreasonable cost, i.e., commercial impracticability. On the other hand, some US sources see "impossibility" and
906:
1299:
Australian Law Times 5 (22 July 1916); and Yin, Kozlina, Green, Siliquini-Cinelli, Laryea and
Spagnolo, "Contracts which are impossible to perform", Contract Law: Cases and Materials, 2021 chapter 15.2.5,
401:
1458:
921:
Frustration usually involves impossibility of performance. As to whether the non-existence of the subject matter of a contract constitutes (initial) impossibility of performance, see
1365:
As to impossibility of performance in New
Zealand, see H Jenner Wily (ed), "Impossibility of Performance", The Abridgement of New Zealand Case Law, Butterworths, Wellington, 1964,
1152:
John D Wladis, "Common Law and
Uncommon Events: The Development of the Doctrine of Impossibility of Performance in English Contract Law" (1986 to 1987) 75 Georgetown Law Journal
1060:
Rudolf
Gottschalk. Impossibility of Performance in Contract. Stevens & Sons Ltd. London. 1938. With a supplement for the years 1938-1944. Stevens & Sons. London. 1945.
1146:
John Henry
Schlegel, "Of Nuts, and Ships, and Sealing Wax, Suez, and Frustrating Things - The Doctrine of Impossibility of Performance" (1968 to 1969) 23 Rutgers Law Review
980:
946:
In 1997, Downes said that impossibility and impracticability were separate in
England and Wales, and that impracticability was not usually found to result in frustration.
1077:
William R Anson. "Impossibility of Performance". Principles of the English Law of Contract. Sixth Edition. Oxford, at the Clarendon Press. 1891. Part 5. Chapter 4. Pages
406:
1176:
Richard A Posner and Andrew M Rosenfield, "Impossibility and Related Doctrines in Contract Law: An Economic Analysis" (1977) 6 The Journal of Legal Studies
674:
1403:; Jacques du Plessis, "Supervening Impossibility of Performance – A Conceptual Conundrum and Restatement of Principles" (2022) 33 Stellenbosch Law Review
779:
3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions
1283:, Butterworths, 1996, p 715; "Impossibility of Performance"/"Impossibility", The Australian Digest, 2nd Edition, Law Book Company of Australasia, 1966,
1275:
As to impossibility of performance in Australia, see Bradford A Caffrey, "Impossibility: Frustration Doctrine", Guidebook to Contract Law in Australia,
620:
669:
1098:
John D Lawson. "Discharge by Impossibility of Performance". The Principles of the American Law of Contracts at Law and in Equity. 1893. Chapter 13.
1369:, p 238; "Impossibility of Performance", Australian and New Zealand Commentary on Halsbury's Laws of England (Fourth Edition), Butterworths, 1974,
794:
361:
1139:
Victor Goldberg. "Impossibility and Related Excuses". Framing Contract Law: An Economic Perspective. Harvard University Press. 2006. Chapter 19.
926:
1287:, divn 4 of "VII Contracts", col 394; Stewart, Swain and Fairweather, Contract Law: Principles and Context, Cambridge University Press, 2019,
1133:
D J Joubert. "Physical Possibility of Performance". General Principles of the Law of Contract. Juta & Co Ltd. 1987. Chapter 13. Page 124.
49:
1226:; Henry Campbell, "Impossibility of Performance", The Law of War and Contract, Humphrey Milford, Oxford University Press, 1918, chapter 5,
1189:
Edwin W Patterson. "Impossibility of Performance and Frustration of Purpose". Cases and Materials on Contracts II. Foundation Press. 1935.
96:
1063:"Impossibility and Mistake". Halsbury's Laws of England. Fifth Edition. Volume 9(1). Paragraph 888 et seq. Fourth Edition. Reissue. 1998.
938:
68:
1262:; and Coleman Philipson, "Where new circumstances would make lawful fulfilment impossible", The Effect of War on Contracts, 1909, p 78
1234:; K V R Townsend, "Impossibility of Performance of Contracts due to War-Time Governmental Interference" (1941) 8 Current Legal Thought
1070:
S Martin Leake. "Impossibility of Performance". A Digest of Principles of the Law of Contracts. Third Edition. Stevens and Sons. 1892.
1404:
1235:
1171:
922:
608:
75:
1435:
1177:
1165:
1147:
1431:
1411:
1400:
1279:, CCH Australia, 1991, chapter 14, p 357; J W Carter and D J Harland, "Impossibility of Performance", Contract Law in Australia,
1239:
1159:
1153:
839:
82:
1430:, Juta & Company, 1966, p 95; A J Kerr, "Breach, Supervening Impossibility and Risk" (1978) 95 South African Law Journal
1119:
William Wait. "Impossible Contracts". A Treatise Upon Some of the General Principles of the Law. 1885. Volume 7. Chapter 32.
812:
1434:; and Martin Brassey, "The Effect of Supervening Impossibility of Performance on a Contract of Employment" Acta Juridica
1426:, Juta, 1991, p 514; J T R Gibson, "Supervening Impossibility of Performance", South African Mercantile and Company Law,
1126:
Mindy Chen-Wishart. "Physical impossibility". Contract Law. Fifth Edition. Oxford University Press. 2015. Chapter 7.3.2.
64:
1084:
Frederick Pollock. "Impossible Agreements". Principles of Contract. Fifth Edition. Stevens and Sons. 1889. Chapter 8.
115:
1410:; A J Kerr, "The Effect of Leases on Supervening Impossibility of Performance" (1977) 94 South African Law Journal
425:
389:
1091:
William T Brantly. "Impossibility of Performance". Law of Contract. Second Edition. M Curlander. 1912. Chapter 4.
1377:
NZLJ 55 and 72 (7 and 21 March 1950); "Discharge of Contract: By Subsequent Impossibility of Performance" (1931)
1170:
Christopher J Bruce, "An Economic Analysis of the Impossibility Doctrine" (1982) 11 The Journal of Legal Studies
1112:
Charles Fisk Beach. "Impossible Contracts". A Treatise on the Modern Law of Contracts.1897. Volume 1. Chapter 6.
1164:
J Denson Smith, "Some Practical Aspects of the Doctrine of Impossibility" (1937 to 1938) 32 Illinois Law Review
418:
53:
20:
1418:, para 249 at p 170; Louis F van Huyssteen and Catherine J Maxwell, Contract Law in South Africa, 2021, paras
1238:; "Impossiblity of Performance of Contracts due to War-Time Regulations" (1918 to 1919) 32 Harvard Law Review
1454:
1396:
1258:, 1919, p 118 et seq; Trotter, Supplement to the Law of Contract during War, 1915, pp 76, 77 and 78 et seq
1105:
John D Lawson. "Impossibility of Performance". Rights, Remedies and Practice. 1890. Volume 5. Chapter 119.
684:
1414:; "Termination by supervening impossibility of performance", The Law of South Africa, Butterworths, 2006,
902:, which mandates that payments continue even if completion of the contract becomes physically impossible.
89:
1487:
1344:
1331:
169:
1113:
1040:
832:
704:
430:
783:
1029:
899:
679:
638:
550:
1373:, para C1231 at p 75 et seq. "Contract: Impossibility of Performance" in "Case and Comment" (1950)
1330:
T Anthony Downes. "Impossibility". Textbook on Contract. Fifth Edition. 1997. Section 11.4.2.1 at
486:
199:
1227:
1092:
808:
659:
468:
318:
42:
1196:
George P Costigan. "Impossibility of Performance of Contracts". Cases on the Law of Contracts.
1106:
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664:
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529:
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164:
159:
1291:
et seq; Yorston and Fortescue, "Impossibility of Performance", Australian Mercantile Law,
617:(also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)
8:
1477:
448:
339:
204:
184:
19:
This article is about the excuse for non-performance of a contract. For other uses, see
811:, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to
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697:
539:
511:
477:
370:
355:
349:
323:
971:
Wilkins and Davies Construction Co Ltd v Geraldine Corporation NZLR 985 is relevant.
1422:
to 398; "Rendering performance impossible", Wille's Principles of South African Law,
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179:
1407:
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for the value of any benefit he conferred on Ebenezer before his house burned down.
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296:
279:
1295:, 1978, p 104; "Impossibility of Performance arising from an Act of State" (1916)
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Supervening Impossibility of Performance in the South African Law of Contract
1381:
NZLJ 286 (27 October 1931); Northey and Leys, Commercial Law in New Zealand,
1034:
1018:
543:
291:
264:
194:
1158:"The Principle of Impossibility in Contract" (1940) 56 Law Quarterly Review
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The parties to a contract may choose to ignore impossibility by inserting a
286:
1321:
Queensland Justice of the Peace and Local Authorities' Journal 149 and 173.
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1250:; Trotter, The Law of Contract during War, 1914, p 57, 58 and 59 et seq
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189:
985:
A contract may be ended by supervening impossibility of performance.
738:
413:
139:
31:
884:
568:
463:
131:
534:
943:
A contract may be frustrated by impossibility of performance.
1343:
T Anthony Downes. Textbook on Contract. Fifth Edition. 1997.
981:
Supervening impossibility of performance in South African law
724:
16:
In law, the impossibility of performing a contractual duty
910:
714:
804:
both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces
1182:"Impossibility of Performance" (1870) 49 The Law Times
953:
case that established the doctrine of impossibility at
883:
is an excuse for the nonperformance of duties under a
1254:; Trotter, The Law of Contract during and after War,
807:
7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the American
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
621:Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law
1469:
776:2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions
1450:Transatlantic Financing Corp. v. United States
1356:3 B.&S. 826, 122 Eng.Rep. 309 (K.B. 1863).
1067:. Chapter 7. Paragraph 888 at page 644 et seq.
833:
939:Impossibility of performance in English law
813:contractual and pre-contractual negotiation
840:
826:
1242:; Weber, The Effect of War on Contracts,
923:McRae v Commonwealth Disposals Commission
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
998:as being related but separate defences.
862:impossibility of performance of contract
1470:
609:Duty of honest contractual performance
1313:The Australian Digest, 2nd Ed, 1966,
909:to perform a contract as a result of
797:of International Commercial Contracts
932:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
891:be able to sue under the theory of
786:and other civil codes based on the
13:
14:
1499:
1212:Sources also speak of a principle
988:
611:(or doctrine of abuse of rights)
426:Enforcement of foreign judgments
390:Hague Choice of Court Convention
138:
30:
1441:
974:
41:needs additional citations for
1388:
1359:
1350:
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1307:
1269:
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966:
419:Singapore Mediation Convention
65:"Impossibility of performance"
21:Impossibility (disambiguation)
1:
1047:
793:5 Explicitly rejected by the
560:Quasi-contractual obligations
1200:. 1932. Chapter 8. Page 700.
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858:impossibility of performance
7:
1001:
10:
1504:
1041:Ultra posse nemo obligatur
978:
936:
431:Hague Judgments Convention
18:
1030:Hell or high water clause
900:hell or high water clause
782:4 Specific to the German
487:Anticipatory repudiation
237:unequal bargaining power
809:Uniform Commercial Code
784:Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch
469:Third-party beneficiary
441:Rights of third parties
319:Accord and satisfaction
1385:, 1974, pp 178 to 189.
1193:. Chapter 3. Page 285.
540:Liquidated, stipulated
385:Forum selection clause
270:Frustration of purpose
1008:Impossibility defense
802:Canadian contract law
170:Abstraction principle
1455:363 F.2d 312
631:Related areas of law
530:Specific performance
380:Choice of law clause
345:Contract of adhesion
259:Culpa in contrahendo
165:Meeting of the minds
160:Offer and acceptance
50:improve this article
795:UNIDROIT Principles
569:Promissory estoppel
449:Privity of contract
402:New York Convention
362:UNIDROIT Principles
205:Collateral contract
200:Implication-in-fact
185:Invitation to treat
1488:Equitable defenses
1317:, col 404. (1951)
615:Duty of good faith
512:Fundamental breach
478:Breach of contract
407:UNCITRAL Model Law
371:Dispute resolution
356:Contra proferentem
350:Integration clause
324:Exculpatory clause
960:Taylor v Caldwell
933:England and Wales
893:unjust enrichment
850:
849:
693:England and Wales
601:Duties of parties
592:Negotiorum gestio
581:Unjust enrichment
302:Statute of frauds
251:Unconscionability
223:Misrepresentation
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852:The doctrine of
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1277:4th Edition
1065:Volume 9(1)
967:New Zealand
586:Restitution
397:Arbitration
1478:Common law
1472:Categories
1371:Chapter 20
1048:References
955:common law
907:impossible
788:pandectist
771:common law
551:Rescission
459:Delegation
454:Assignment
242:Illegality
190:Firm offer
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1459:D.C. Cir.
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698:Scotland
521:Remedies
464:Novation
287:Hardship
214:Defences
155:Capacity
1408:Sabinet
1293:15th Ed
1230:et seq
1081:to 321.
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675:Ireland
292:Set-off
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