1213:. Similarly, the state has a direct social and economic interest in promoting trade, so it will define the forms of business enterprise that may operate within its territory, and lay down rules that will allow both the businesses and those that wish to contract with them a fair opportunity to gain value. This system worked well until social and commercial mobility increased. Now persons routinely trade and travel across state boundaries (both physically and electronically), so the need is to provide stability across state lines given that laws differ from one state to the next. Thus, once defined by the personal law, persons take their capacity with them like a passport whether or however they may travel. In this way, a person will not gain or lose capacity depending on the accident of the local laws, e.g. if A does not have capacity to marry her cousin under her personal law (a rule of
1407:– most states hold that a minor only must return the goods (consideration) if the goods are still in the minor's possession. Many states are requiring that the minor restore the adult (other party) to the state they were in before the contract was made. Minors are beginning to be held responsible for damages, wear, tear, etc. of the good in question upon return. A suit for tort is considered by some states to be an enforcement of the contract and is not allowed.
438:
1508:
the cause, if the resulting condition is such that individuals cannot care for themselves, or may act in ways that are against their interests, those persons are vulnerable through dependency and require the protection of the state against the risks of abuse or exploitation. Hence, any agreements that were made are voidable, and a court may declare that person a ward of the state and grant
1766:, receiver, or other similar legal functionary may be appointed to determine whether the entity shall continue to trade or be sold so that the creditors may receive all or a proportion of the money owing to them. During this time, the capacity of the entity is limited so that its liabilities are not increased unreasonably and to the detriment of the existing creditors.
1621:, that the afflicted person lacks legal capacity and allow a legal guardian to take over their financial and personal affairs. Procedures and court review have been established, dependent on the area of jurisdiction, to prevent exploitation of the incapacitated person by the guardian. The guardian periodically provides a financial accounting for court review.
1424:– accepting and giving legal force to an obligation. Express ratification (for a minor) is expressly stating, orally or in writing that he/she intends to be bound by the contract. Implied ratification is when the conduct of the minor is inconsistent with that of disaffirmance or when minor fails to disaffirm an executed contract within a reasonable period.
1401:– it must be timely. For example, a contract that goes beyond two years of reaching the age of majority would be considered ratified. Minors are still allowed to disaffirm, even if their age is misrepresented. They will not face tort violations. Some states do not allow disaffirmance if the consideration cannot be returned.
1375:
he/she cannot avoid obligations unless what was obtained was of no value. Upon repudiation of a contract, either party can apply to the court. The court may order restitution, damages, or discharge the contract. All contracts involving the transfer of real estate are considered valid until ruled otherwise.
1440:, while individuals under the age of 21 are regarded as minors, sections 35 and 36 of the Civil Law Act 1909 provide that certain contracts entered into by minors aged 18 and above are to be treated as though they were adults. Additionally, the Minors' Contracts Act 1987 as applicable in Singapore and in
1507:
Loss of mental capacity occurs in individuals may have an inherent physical condition that prevents them from achieving the normal levels of performance expected from persons of comparable age, or their inability to match current levels of performance may be caused by contracting an illness. Whatever
1459:
If individuals find themselves in a situation where they can no longer pay their debts, they lose their status as credit-worthy and become bankrupt. States differ on the means whereby their outstanding liabilities can be treated as discharged and on the precise extent of the limits that are placed on
1358:
As an example of liability in contract, the law in most of Canada provides that an infant is not bound by the contracts he or she enters into except for the purchase of necessaries and for beneficial contracts of service. Infants must pay fair price only for necessary goods and services. However, the
1635:
all persons from liability if they did not understand what they were doing or if they did, that they did not know it was wrong. The consequences of this excuse were that those accused were detained indefinitely or until the medical authorities certified that it was safe to release them back into the
1570:
Under
Singapore's Mental Capacity Act 2008, "a person lacks capacity in relation to a matter if at the material time the person is unable to make a decision for himself or herself in relation to the matter because of an impairment of, or a disturbance in the functioning of, the mind or brain". Where
1566:
under which decisions about the health, welfare, and financial assets of a person who has lost capacity may be dealt with in that person's interests. In
Ireland, the Assisted Decision-Making (Capacity) Act was passed in 2015. This Act addresses the capacity of people with intellectual disabilities.
1374:
In contracts between an adult and an infant, adults are bound but infants may escape contracts at their option (i.e. the contract is voidable). Infants may ratify a contract on reaching age of majority. In the case of executed contracts, when the infant has obtained some benefit under the contract,
1464:
have spendthrift laws under which an irresponsible spender may be deemed to lack capacity to enter into contracts (in Europe, these are termed prodigality laws) and both sets of laws may be denied extraterritorial effect under public policy as imposing a potentially penal status on the individuals
1662:
Although individuals may have consumed a sufficient quantity of intoxicant or drug to reduce or eliminate their ability to understand exactly what they are doing, such conditions are self-induced and so the law does not generally allow any defense or excuse to be raised to any actions taken while
1575:
to make decisions concerning the "personal welfare" of the person lacking capacity, the "property and affairs" of the person, or both. Questions as to whether an individual has the capacity to make decisions either generally or with regard to a particular matter or class of matters are generally
1616:
or related documents, then the named legal guardian may be able to take over their financial and other affairs. If the afflicted person owns their property jointly with a spouse or other able person, the able person may be able to take over many of the routine financial affairs. Otherwise, it is
1428:
Generally, the courts base their determination on whether the minor, after reaching the age of majority, has had ample opportunity to consider the nature of the contractual obligations he or she entered into as a minor and the extent to which the adult party to the contract has performed. As one
1684:
partnerships as aggregate. In terms of capacity, this means that they are no more than the sum of the natural persons who conduct the business. The other group of states allows partnerships to have a separate legal personality which changes the capacity of the "firm" and those who conduct its
1473:
During times of war or civil strife, a state will limit the ability of its citizens to offer help or assistance in any form to those who are acting against the interests of the state. Hence, all commercial and other contracts with the "enemy", including terrorists, would be considered void or
1417:
or financial/social status (not excessive in value), (3) the minor must not be under the care of a parent/guardian who is required to supply the item. A minor could be held liable for a contract for the purchase of luxury items (those that are not in the financial/social/standard of living
1444:
provides that a contract entered into by a minor is not automatically unenforceable and that a "court may, if it is just and equitable to do so, require the defendant to transfer to the plaintiff any property acquired by the defendant under the contract, or any property representing it".
1611:
disease, or similar dementia. Such persons are often unable to consent to medical treatment but otherwise handle their financial and other personal matters. If the afflicted person has prepared documents beforehand about what to do in such cases, often in a revocable living
1636:
community. This consequence was felt to be too draconian, and so statutes have introduced new defenses that will limit or reduce the liability of those accused of committing offenses if they were suffering from a mental illness at the relevant time (see the
1370:
1996 c.223) declares all contracts, including necessities and beneficial contracts of service, are unenforceable against an infant. Only student loans and other contracts made specifically enforceable by statute will be binding on infants in that province.
1382:(typically under 18) can disaffirm a contract made, no matter the case. However, the entire contract must be disaffirmed. Depending on the jurisdiction, the minor may be required to return any of the goods still in his possession. Also,
1333:. Some laws, such as marriage laws, may differentiate between the sexes and allow women to marry at a younger age. There are instances in which a person may be able to gain capacity earlier than the prescribed time through a process of
1429:
court put it, "the purpose of the infancy doctrine is to protect 'minors from foolishly squandering their wealth through improvident contracts with crafty adults who would take advantage of them in the marketplace.
1225:). In Saskatchewan Canada, an exception to this law allows married persons to become the common law spouse of other(s) prior to divorcing the first spouse. This law is not honored amongst other Canadian provinces.
1718:, i.e. "beyond the power" of the corporation, and so may be unenforceable by the corporation, but the rights and interests of innocent third parties dealing with the corporations are usually protected.
699:
1192:
Capacity covers day-to-day decisions, including: what to wear and what to buy, as well as, life-changing decisions, such as: whether to move into a care home or whether to have major surgery.
1255:
may be withdrawn, etc. As societies have developed more equal treatment based on gender, race and ethnicity, many of the older incapacities have been removed. For example,
704:
1663:
incapacitated. The most generous states do permit individuals to repudiate agreements as soon as sober, but the conditions to exercising this right are strict.
972:
1077:
3 Historically restricted in common law jurisdictions but generally accepted elsewhere; availability varies between contemporary common law jurisdictions
1259:
used to treat married women as lacking the capacity to own property or act independently of their husbands (the last of these rules was repealed by the
918:
967:
1795:
1092:
659:
1263:, which removed the wife's domicile of dependency for those marrying after 1974, so that a husband and wife could have different domiciles).
1260:
81:
1712:
of incorporation. The general rule is that anything not included in the corporation's capacity, whether expressly or by implication, is
1413:– for necessities, (1) the item contracted for must be necessary for minor's existence, (2) the value must be up to that of the current
413:
906:
1571:
an individual lacks capacity on grounds of mental illness or senility, a relative or other responsible person may obtain a lasting
387:
2055:
1813:
1533:
Is the inability to make a decision caused by an impairment of, or disturbance in the functioning of, a person's mind or brain?
1137:
1580:
and the court making the declaration may appoint one or more individuals to act as deputies for the person lacking capacity.
1110:
67:
1337:. Conversely, many states allow the inexperience of childhood to be an excusing condition to criminal liability and set the
1239:
Standardized classes of person have had their freedom restricted. These limitations are exceptions to the general policy of
1537:
The MCA states an individual is unable to make their own decision, if they are unable to do at least one of four things:
1676:
There is a clear division between the approach of states to the definition of partnerships. One group of states treats
1460:
their capacities during this time but, after discharge, they are returned to full capacity. In the United States, some
1835:
2007:
1558:, and all matters concerning persons who have lost, or expect soon to lose, mental capacity are regulated under the
1313:, in which (at least) one of the contracting parties is a minor, are voidable by the minor. For a minor to undergo
723:
687:
373:
1923:
1583:
This sort of problem sometimes arises when people suffer some form of medical problem such as unconsciousness,
1338:
716:
406:
1325:(s). The right to vote in the United States is currently set at 18 years, while the right to buy and consume
104:
1394:
not to be contracts due to the absence of promises of future action. A minor may not disavow such a trade.
1187:
982:
572:
1727:
1708:'s capacity depends on the law of the place of incorporation and the enabling provisions included in the
467:
1130:
1002:
728:
1251:
that a person of ordinary capacity might enjoy. For example, freedom of movement may be modified, the
1081:
2040:
1563:
1487:
977:
936:
848:
399:
329:
317:
224:
1709:
1559:
1523:
784:
497:
336:
2035:
1775:
1735:
1641:
1600:
1106:
957:
766:
616:
1203:, the state adopts a role of protector to the weaker and more vulnerable members of society. In
1604:
1334:
682:
642:
567:
543:
525:
357:
291:
267:
74:
41:
2045:
1234:
1123:
1099:
962:
530:
324:
251:
1959:
1731:
1694:
1657:
990:
827:
677:
556:
462:
457:
380:
275:
112:
1972:
1908:
915:(also implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing or duty to negotiate in good faith)
8:
1763:
1730:(LLCs) are legal persons. Some legal scholars have argued that they can be used to give
1681:
1677:
1653:
1555:
1306:
1240:
1204:
746:
637:
502:
482:
242:
215:
48:
1947:
1629:
1577:
1414:
1222:
1109:, and Canadian jurisprudence in both Québec and the common law provinces pertaining to
1032:
995:
837:
809:
775:
668:
653:
647:
621:
343:
206:
175:
1817:
2003:
1572:
1509:
1441:
1314:
889:
878:
599:
548:
539:
520:
477:
144:
1995:
1705:
1637:
1498:
1360:
1298:
912:
799:
794:
756:
751:
594:
577:
197:
24:
2050:
1989:
1839:
1502:
1294:
1196:
804:
534:
511:
350:
1595:, or often when older people become afflicted with some form of medical/mental
1520:
1513:
1348:
1326:
1322:
1209:
1171:
1050:
941:
872:
857:
605:
233:
161:
136:
2029:
1618:
1391:
1252:
1218:
1214:
841:
589:
562:
492:
283:
167:
60:
1750:
have limited capacity unless any contract made relates to union activities.
584:
1985:
1881:
1832:
1625:
1343:
1248:
1244:
1159:
1045:
1040:
1027:
818:
472:
307:
97:
1999:
1747:
1714:
1379:
1272:
1256:
883:
789:
694:
611:
188:
182:
1492:
1221:
that law by travelling to a state that does permit such a marriage (see
1759:
1596:
1461:
1454:
1390:
item in exchange for a cash payment are generally recognized through a
1302:
1167:
1085:
1068:
487:
259:
121:
1893:
1613:
1608:
1588:
1437:
1330:
1290:
1036:
711:
437:
1544:
Retain that information long enough to be able to make the decision.
1483:
1341:
to match the local experience of emerging behavioral problems (see
1310:
1155:
866:
761:
429:
130:
1318:
1286:
1200:
832:
1632:
1592:
1387:
1383:
55:
1685:
business and makes such partnerships more like corporations.
1352:
1567:
The general principles are set out in section 8 of the Act.
1367:
1591:, or delirious states, from accidents or illnesses such as
1584:
1022:
1162:
to have rights and liabilities (in this sense also called
1554:
In
England and Wales, this is a specific function of the
1012:
1960:
https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MCA2008?ProvIds=P14-#pr11-%7C
1547:
Weigh up the information available to make the decision.
1102:
both in Québec and in the country's common law provinces
1973:
https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/MCA2008?ProvIds=P15-#P15-%7C
1474:
suspended until a cessation of hostilities is agreed.
1493:
Insanity, mental illness, or mental/medical condition
1105:
7 Specific to civil law jurisdictions, the
American
1671:
1530:
Is the person unable to make a particular decision?
1975:Part 5 of the Mental Capacity Act 2008 (Singapore)
1856:South-Western College/West, Ohio, 2003 pp. 213–216
919:Contract A and Contract B in Canadian contract law
1843:Columbia Law Review (March, 1986) pp. 299, fn 123
1468:
2027:
1617:often necessary to petition a court, such as a
1074:2 Specific to civil and mixed law jurisdictions
1753:
1721:
1526:or MCA sets out a two-stage test of capacity:
1994:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1814:"Infants Act [RSBC 1996] Chapter 223"
1261:Domicile and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1973
1131:
407:
16:Legal aptitude to have rights and liabilities
1170:itself in regard to an entity other than a
1111:contractual and pre-contractual negotiation
1903:
1901:
1321:is determined by the minor's parent(s) or
1138:
1124:
414:
400:
1852:Jentz, Gaylord A. and Roger LeRoy Miller
1962:Mental Capacity Act 2008 s11 (Singapore)
1948:Mental Capacity Act 2008 s4 (Singapore)
1922:(eISB), electronic Irish Statute Book.
1898:
1868:, 192 Wis. 2d 576, 593 (1995), quoting
1154:is a quality denoting either the legal
2028:
1984:
1924:"electronic Irish Statute Book (eISB)"
1351:determines the potential liability of
907:Duty of honest contractual performance
1882:Civil Law Act 1909 s35-36 (Singapore)
1541:Understand information given to them.
1095:of International Commercial Contracts
68:Conflict of laws in the United States
1866:Hauer v. Union State Bank of Wautoma
1688:
1666:
1285:varies, each state reflecting local
1732:legal capacity to software programs
1084:and other civil codes based on the
13:
1921:
1854:Business Law Today: The Essentials
1477:
1386:transactions such as purchasing a
1181:
14:
2067:
1329:is often set at 21 years by U.S.
1228:
1672:General and limited partnerships
909:(or doctrine of abuse of rights)
724:Enforcement of foreign judgments
688:Hague Choice of Court Convention
436:
374:Enforcement of foreign judgments
2016:
1978:
1965:
1952:
1941:
1758:When a business entity becomes
1741:
1699:
1647:
2056:Legal doctrines and principles
1915:
1887:
1875:
1859:
1846:
1824:
1806:
1788:
1469:Enemy aliens and/or terrorists
1339:age of criminal responsibility
717:Singapore Mediation Convention
1:
1833:A Consent Theory of Contracts
1781:
1628:, the traditional common law
1448:
1207:terms, this is the policy of
1091:5 Explicitly rejected by the
858:Quasi-contractual obligations
1872:, 99 Wis. 2d 241, 245 (1980)
1188:Natural person in French law
7:
1838:September 25, 2008, at the
1769:
1754:Insolvent business entities
1728:limited liability companies
1722:Limited Liability Companies
1562:. This makes provision for
1550:Communicate their decision.
1174:(in this sense also called
10:
2072:
1894:Minors' Contracts Act 1987
1692:
1651:
1564:lasting powers of attorney
1496:
1481:
1452:
1347:). For sexual crimes, the
1270:
1232:
1185:
729:Hague Judgments Convention
1488:Diminished responsibility
1266:
1080:4 Specific to the German
225:Lex loci delicti commissi
29:private international law
1991:Autonomous Organizations
1560:Mental Capacity Act 2005
1524:Mental Capacity Act 2005
1199:between a state and its
785:Anticipatory repudiation
535:unequal bargaining power
1928:www.irishstatutebook.ie
1776:Capacity in English law
1736:artificial intelligence
1107:Uniform Commercial Code
1082:BĂĽrgerliches Gesetzbuch
767:Third-party beneficiary
739:Rights of third parties
617:Accord and satisfaction
300:Substantive legal areas
1710:constitutive documents
838:Liquidated, stipulated
683:Forum selection clause
568:Frustration of purpose
358:Hague Trust Convention
292:Forum selection clause
268:Lex loci celebrationis
75:Public policy doctrine
2000:10.1017/9781108878203
1796:"Mental Capacity Act"
1277:The definition of an
1235:Testamentary capacity
1166:), or altogether the
1100:Canadian contract law
468:Abstraction principle
381:Anti-suit injunctions
252:Lex loci protectionis
90:Definitional elements
1909:"Assessing capacity"
1695:Corporate personhood
1658:Intoxication defense
1601:Huntington's disease
1578:judicial declaration
1195:As an aspect of the
1164:transaction capacity
929:Related areas of law
828:Specific performance
678:Choice of law clause
643:Contract of adhesion
557:Culpa in contrahendo
463:Meeting of the minds
458:Offer and acceptance
276:Choice of law clause
113:Forum non conveniens
1654:Provocation (legal)
1605:Alzheimer's disease
1556:Court of Protection
1241:freedom of contract
1093:UNIDROIT Principles
867:Promissory estoppel
747:Privity of contract
700:New York Convention
660:UNIDROIT Principles
503:Collateral contract
498:Implication-in-fact
483:Invitation to treat
243:Lex loci solutionis
216:Lex loci contractus
49:Incidental question
1830:Barnett, Randy E.
1802:. 17 January 2024.
1415:standard of living
913:Duty of good faith
810:Fundamental breach
776:Breach of contract
705:UNCITRAL Model Law
669:Dispute resolution
654:Contra proferentem
648:Integration clause
622:Exculpatory clause
207:Lex loci rei sitae
176:Habitual residence
154:Connecting factors
1726:In American law,
1689:Juridical persons
1667:Business entities
1573:power of attorney
1510:power of attorney
1442:England and Wales
1315:medical procedure
1243:and the detailed
1176:legal personality
1148:
1147:
991:England and Wales
899:Duties of parties
890:Negotiorum gestio
879:Unjust enrichment
600:Statute of frauds
549:Unconscionability
521:Misrepresentation
478:Mirror image rule
424:
423:
145:Lis alibi pendens
2063:
2041:Conflict of laws
2020:
2014:
2013:
1982:
1976:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1905:
1896:
1891:
1885:
1879:
1873:
1870:Halbman v. Lemke
1863:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1820:on 17 June 2004.
1816:. Archived from
1810:
1804:
1803:
1792:
1746:In some states,
1706:juridical person
1704:The extent of a
1512:to an appointed
1499:Insanity defense
1432:
1369:
1361:British Columbia
1299:marriageable age
1293:in defining the
1140:
1133:
1126:
968:China (mainland)
937:Conflict of laws
800:Efficient breach
795:Exclusion clause
595:Illusory promise
578:Impracticability
440:
426:
425:
416:
409:
402:
198:Lex loci arbitri
82:Hague Conference
42:Characterisation
25:Conflict of laws
21:
20:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2017:
2010:
1983:
1979:
1970:
1966:
1957:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1920:
1916:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1880:
1876:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1847:
1840:Wayback Machine
1829:
1825:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1772:
1756:
1744:
1724:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1674:
1669:
1660:
1650:
1642:mental disorder
1630:M'Naghten Rules
1505:
1503:Mental disorder
1495:
1490:
1480:
1478:Mental capacity
1471:
1457:
1451:
1430:
1305:, etc. In many
1295:age of majority
1275:
1269:
1237:
1231:
1197:social contract
1190:
1184:
1182:Natural persons
1144:
1115:
987:United Kingdom
950:By jurisdiction
420:
351:Forced heirship
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2069:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2036:Capacity (law)
2022:
2021:
2015:
2008:
1977:
1964:
1951:
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1845:
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1701:
1698:
1693:Main article:
1690:
1687:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1649:
1646:
1576:resolved by a
1552:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1514:legal guardian
1494:
1491:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1450:
1447:
1426:
1425:
1419:
1408:
1402:
1349:age of consent
1323:legal guardian
1271:Main article:
1268:
1265:
1230:
1229:Legal capacity
1227:
1217:), she cannot
1210:parens patriae
1183:
1180:
1172:natural person
1146:
1145:
1143:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1113:
1103:
1098:6 Specific to
1096:
1089:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1067:1 Specific to
1064:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1030:
1025:
1017:
1016:
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945:
944:
942:Commercial law
939:
931:
930:
926:
925:
924:
923:
922:
921:
910:
901:
900:
896:
895:
894:
893:
886:
881:
876:
873:Quantum meruit
869:
861:
860:
854:
853:
852:
851:
846:
845:
844:
830:
822:
821:
815:
814:
813:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
787:
779:
778:
772:
771:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
741:
740:
736:
735:
734:
733:
732:
731:
721:
720:
719:
709:
708:
707:
702:
692:
691:
690:
680:
672:
671:
665:
664:
663:
662:
657:
650:
645:
640:
638:Parol evidence
632:
631:
630:Interpretation
627:
626:
625:
624:
619:
614:
609:
606:Non est factum
602:
597:
592:
587:
582:
581:
580:
575:
570:
560:
553:
552:
551:
537:
528:
523:
515:
514:
508:
507:
506:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
447:
446:
442:
441:
433:
432:
422:
421:
419:
418:
411:
404:
396:
393:
392:
391:
390:
384:
383:
377:
376:
368:
367:
363:
362:
361:
360:
354:
353:
347:
346:
340:
339:
333:
332:
327:
321:
320:
315:
310:
302:
301:
297:
296:
295:
294:
288:
287:
279:
278:
272:
271:
263:
262:
256:
255:
247:
246:
238:
237:
234:Lex loci actus
229:
228:
220:
219:
211:
210:
202:
201:
193:
192:
185:
179:
178:
172:
171:
164:
156:
155:
151:
150:
149:
148:
140:
139:
137:Forum shopping
134:
126:
125:
117:
116:
108:
107:
101:
100:
92:
91:
87:
86:
85:
84:
78:
77:
71:
70:
64:
63:
58:
52:
51:
45:
44:
36:
35:
31:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2039:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2031:
2019:
2011:
2009:9781108839938
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1986:Bayern, Shawn
1981:
1974:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1944:
1929:
1925:
1918:
1910:
1904:
1902:
1895:
1890:
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1878:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1827:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:
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1791:
1787:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1765:
1764:administrator
1761:
1751:
1749:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1696:
1686:
1683:
1679:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1620:
1619:probate court
1615:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
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1561:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
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1529:
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1527:
1525:
1522:
1517:
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1511:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1466:
1463:
1456:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1434:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:Disaffirmance
1397:
1396:
1395:
1393:
1392:legal fiction
1389:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1365:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1307:jurisdictions
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:right to vote
1250:
1246:
1242:
1236:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1215:consanguinity
1212:
1211:
1206:
1205:public policy
1202:
1198:
1193:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1141:
1136:
1134:
1129:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:jurisdictions
1070:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
1003:United States
1001:
997:
994:
992:
989:
988:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
955:
954:
953:
949:
948:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
933:
932:
928:
927:
920:
917:
916:
914:
911:
908:
905:
904:
903:
902:
898:
897:
892:
891:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
874:
870:
868:
865:
864:
863:
862:
859:
856:
855:
850:
847:
843:
842:penal damages
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:Money damages
831:
829:
826:
825:
824:
823:
820:
817:
816:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
786:
783:
782:
781:
780:
777:
774:
773:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
743:
742:
738:
737:
730:
727:
726:
725:
722:
718:
715:
714:
713:
710:
706:
703:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
689:
686:
685:
684:
681:
679:
676:
675:
674:
673:
670:
667:
666:
661:
658:
656:
655:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
633:
629:
628:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
612:Unclean hands
610:
608:
607:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
574:
573:Impossibility
571:
569:
566:
565:
564:
563:Force majeure
561:
559:
558:
554:
550:
547:
546:
545:
544:public policy
541:
538:
536:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
518:
517:
516:
513:
510:
509:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
493:Consideration
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
449:
448:
444:
443:
439:
435:
434:
431:
428:
427:
417:
412:
410:
405:
403:
398:
397:
395:
394:
389:
386:
385:
382:
379:
378:
375:
372:
371:
370:
369:
365:
364:
359:
356:
355:
352:
349:
348:
345:
342:
341:
338:
335:
334:
331:
328:
326:
323:
322:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
304:
303:
299:
298:
293:
290:
289:
286:
285:
281:
280:
277:
274:
273:
270:
269:
265:
264:
261:
258:
257:
254:
253:
249:
248:
245:
244:
240:
239:
236:
235:
231:
230:
227:
226:
222:
221:
218:
217:
213:
212:
209:
208:
204:
203:
200:
199:
195:
194:
191:
190:
186:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
173:
170:
169:
168:Lex domicilii
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
157:
153:
152:
147:
146:
142:
141:
138:
135:
133:
132:
128:
127:
124:
123:
119:
118:
115:
114:
110:
109:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
95:
94:
93:
89:
88:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
72:
69:
66:
65:
62:
61:Choice of law
59:
57:
54:
53:
50:
47:
46:
43:
40:
39:
38:
37:
34:Preliminaries
33:
32:
26:
23:
22:
19:
2046:Contract law
2018:
1990:
1980:
1967:
1954:
1943:
1931:. Retrieved
1927:
1917:
1889:
1877:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1831:
1826:
1818:the original
1808:
1799:
1790:
1757:
1748:trade unions
1745:
1742:Trade unions
1734:, including
1725:
1713:
1703:
1700:Corporations
1675:
1661:
1648:Intoxication
1626:Criminal Law
1623:
1587:, extensive
1582:
1569:
1553:
1536:
1518:
1506:
1472:
1458:
1435:
1427:
1422:Ratification
1421:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1377:
1373:
1363:
1357:
1344:doli incapax
1342:
1335:emancipation
1282:
1278:
1276:
1249:civil rights
1238:
1208:
1194:
1191:
1175:
1163:
1151:
1149:
1046:Criminal law
1028:Property law
983:Saudi Arabia
888:
871:
652:
604:
555:
473:Posting rule
452:
430:Contract law
388:Revenue rule
312:
282:
266:
250:
241:
232:
223:
214:
205:
196:
187:
166:
143:
129:
120:
111:
98:Jurisdiction
18:
1933:28 November
1715:ultra vires
1644:defenses).
1405:Obligations
1364:Infants Act
1273:Minor (law)
1257:English law
884:Restitution
695:Arbitration
366:Enforcement
189:Lex patriae
183:Nationality
2030:Categories
1782:References
1652:See also:
1597:disability
1497:See also:
1482:See also:
1465:affected.
1455:Bankruptcy
1453:See also:
1449:Bankruptcy
1303:voting age
1291:prejudices
1233:See also:
1186:See also:
1168:personhood
1086:pandectist
1069:common law
849:Rescission
757:Delegation
752:Assignment
540:Illegality
488:Firm offer
260:Proper law
122:Lex causae
1760:insolvent
1609:Lewy body
1589:paralysis
1438:Singapore
1411:Liability
1355:accused.
1331:state law
1311:contracts
1088:tradition
958:Australia
805:Deviation
712:Mediation
445:Formation
105:Procedure
1988:(2021).
1836:Archived
1770:See also
1638:insanity
1599:such as
1484:Insanity
1309:, legal
1201:citizens
1156:aptitude
1152:capacity
1051:Evidence
1023:Tort law
996:Scotland
819:Remedies
762:Novation
585:Hardship
512:Defences
453:Capacity
344:Property
330:Marriage
318:Contract
313:Capacity
284:Dépeçage
162:Domicile
131:Lex fori
1682:limited
1678:general
1633:excused
1624:In the
1593:strokes
1418:range).
1327:alcohol
1319:consent
1287:culture
1223:nullity
1041:estates
973:Ireland
590:Set-off
531:Threats
526:Mistake
337:Divorce
2051:Rights
2006:
1800:NHS.uk
1462:states
1388:retail
1384:barter
1279:infant
1267:Minors
1160:person
1150:Legal
1039:, and
1037:trusts
1011:Other
963:Canada
308:Status
56:Renvoi
1762:, an
1614:trust
1380:minor
1353:adult
1283:minor
1245:human
1219:evade
1158:of a
1059:Notes
1033:Wills
1015:areas
978:India
840:, or
790:Cover
2004:ISBN
1935:2016
1680:and
1656:and
1640:and
1585:coma
1521:UK's
1519:The
1501:and
1486:and
1368:RSBC
1289:and
1247:and
542:and
533:and
325:Tort
27:and
1996:doi
1436:In
1281:or
1178:).
1013:law
2032::
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1926:.
1900:^
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