270:
public administration, private administration, private developers and users. The consideration of the other dimension (underground) in city planning holds a promising future for sustainable underground living, where it can contribute to making cities more liveable, resilient and inclusive. Historically planning of subsurface facilities has been subject to an ad-hoc development approach by separate sectors and disciplines. Successful integration of Urban
Underground Space into city planning however requires a synergy of several disciplines and stakeholders to achieve rational use of space resources.
32:
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89:
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etc. are some of the benchmark cities in this regard. Underground space as a valuable land resource can be integrated into a general urban resources management scheme and development policy, by rationalizing resource supply according to economic demand, and by coordinating stakeholders from the
351:
structures are essentially traditional homes that have then been buried, typically leaving at least one wall exposed for lighting and ventilation. However, because they are to be buried, the structures must be made of materials capable of surviving the increased weight and moisture of being
147:
Some advantages of underground houses include resistance to severe weather, quiet living space, an unobtrusive presence in the surrounding landscape, and a nearly constant interior temperature due to the natural insulating properties of the surrounding earth. One appeal is the
188:
Often, underground living structures are not entirely underground; typically, they can be exposed on one side when built into a hill. This exposure can significantly improve interior lighting, although at the expense of greater exposure to the elements.
241:(in particular Goal 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable), urban cities in developed economies of the world are increasingly looking "downwards" rather than expanding limited land resources at the surface.
380:
pipes and boxes a few metres across are assembled into the desired arrangement of rooms and hallways onsite, either atop the existing ground or below grade in excavated trenches, then buried. This approach can also be referred to as
228:
holes. There is a "chimney" placed higher than ground-level and a lower, ground-level, entrance. This orientation causes a continuous breeze throughout the house, reducing or eliminating the need for air conditioning.
395:
are partially or totally underground, in the sense that they are below grade. Though not as exotic as the other underground structures, those working in such urban underground structures are in fact living
156:
of underground dwellings. However, underground living does have certain disadvantages, such as the potential for flooding, which in some cases may require special pumping systems to be installed.
144:. Factories and office buildings can benefit from underground facilities for many of the same reasons as underground dwellings such as noise abatement, energy use, and security.
2094:
417:. The project would incorporate a very wide and deep shaft, within which would be built levels for habitation, all looking in toward a hollow core topped with a huge skylight.
311:
industry, they can be considerably more costly and dangerous to make than some of the alternatives. On the plus side, they can be quite deep. Some examples would be the
201:
and southern
Bavaria, "They had a round shape with a kettle-like widening at the bottom, from eleven to fifteen metres in diameter, and from two to four metres in depth".
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structures are not truly underground, in the sense of being below grade or buried beneath a berm. Instead, they are structures made of tightly packed earth, similar to
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are a common structure for underground living. Although the tunnelling techniques required to make them have been well developed by the
140:). Underground dwellings are an alternative to above-ground dwellings for some home seekers, including those who are looking to minimize
1079:, Vol. 2. Quebec: International Congress of Americanists, 1906, pp. 115â128. Reprinted Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint, 1968.
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957:. Urban Underground Space: A Growing Imperative Perspectives and Current Research in Planning and Design for Underground Space Use.
910:. Urban Underground Space: A Growing Imperative Perspectives and Current Research in Planning and Design for Underground Space Use.
863:. Urban Underground Space: A Growing Imperative Perspectives and Current Research in Planning and Design for Underground Space Use.
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857:"An integrated strategy for sustainable development of the urban underground: From strategic, economic and societal aspects"
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There is only written documentation of
Scythian and German subterranean dwellings. Remnants have been found in Switzerland,
904:"Why underground space should be included in urban planning policy â And how this will enhance an urban underground future"
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748:"Re-promoting Sustainable Underground Urbanization for Developed and Developing Countries in Our Modern History"
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1073:"Past and Present Subterranean Dwellings of the Tribes of North Eastern Asia and North Western America."
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588: â Enclosed space designated to protect occupants from radioactive debris from a nuclear explosion
535: â Series of linked subterranean spaces, umbrella article for underground dwellings and facilities
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It is the preferred mode of housing to communities in such extreme environments as
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In parts of rural
Australia, subterranean houses are built in a manner similar to
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underground living is so common that few even think of it as underground. Many
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695:[Austria's Subtterranean Nazi Legacy: Code Name: "Mountain Crystal"].
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368:. These structures share many properties with traditional adobe construction.
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Congrès
International des AmĂŠricanistes, XVe session tenue Ă QuĂŠbec en 1906
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606: â Room used by Puebloans for religious rituals and political meetings
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refers to living below the ground's surface, whether in natural or manmade
624: â Underground structure associated mainly with the Atlantic Iron Age
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719:"TRANSFORMING OUR WORLD: THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT"
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There are various ways to develop structures for underground living.
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Earth-Sheltered Houses: How to Build an
Affordable Underground Home
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Types of underground living spaces and people, and related topics:
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693:"Ăsterreichs unterirdisches Nazi-Erbe: Codename "Bergkristall""
657: â Remains of an earth lodge built by First Nations people
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Underground living has been a feature of fiction, such as the
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Li, Huanqing; Li, Xiaozhao; Soh, Chee Kiong (2016-05-01).
456:. Some films are almost entirely set underground, such as
429:, are used by homeless people as shelter in large cities.
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331:, built underground to avoid the blistering heat of the
233:
Sustainable
Development of Urban Underground Space (UUS)
998:"Transitions to a High Density Urban Underground Space"
951:"Underground space needs an interdisciplinary approach"
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Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
579: â House partially or entirely surrounded by earth
572:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
570: â House partially or entirely surrounded by earth
809:
Journal of Rock
Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
752:
519: â Structures and sculptures cut into solid rock
335:. One of the traditional house types in China is the
645: â Earth-sheltered structure for growing plants
632:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
494:
1942:
Southern
African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
1046:
663: â Type of earth shelter with ancient origins
618: â Type of earth shelter with ancient origins
19:For figurative senses of living underground, see
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558: â Defensive military storage fortification
237:As a step towards achieving the United Nations'
901:
212:made surface structures vulnerable to daylight
902:Admiraal, Han; Cornaro, Antonia (2016-05-01).
612: â People who live in tunnels underground
376:structures are a very simple approach. Large
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1103:
726:United Nations: Sustainable Development Goals
468:also has underground shelters called Vaults.
675:
442:of the Shire as described in the stories of
1917:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
955:Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
908:Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
861:Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
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2081:
1890:History of hard rock miners' organizations
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564: â Hole or depression used as shelter
291:) have been used for millennia as shelter.
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76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1875:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
1722:North American Aerospace Defense Command
805:"Underground space planning in Helsinki"
552: â Below-ground floor of a building
487:is set in an imagined underground city.
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39:This article includes a list of general
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364:but without the binding properties of
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118:An example of an excavated house in
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691:Grothe, Solveig (20 October 2015).
651: â Excavated channel in ground
13:
2480:Naples underground geothermal zone
1815:Journey to the Center of the Earth
1717:Naples underground geothermal zone
745:
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
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1932:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
1927:International Union of Speleology
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183:AmundsenâScott South Pole Station
107:An underground jewellery shop in
16:Living below the ground's surface
630: â base located underground
497:
471:The majority of the early short
30:
1922:Institution of Mining Engineers
1687:Underground Great Wall of China
1117:
1022:
746:Li, Amy Huanqing (2021-03-01).
341:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
2526:Forestiere Underground Gardens
2389:Underground mining (soft rock)
2384:Underground mining (hard rock)
2369:Subsurface utility engineering
1937:Society of Economic Geologists
1905:National Speleological Society
1855:Wonderland (fictional country)
989:
949:Besner, Jacques (2016-05-01).
942:
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773:10.1088/1755-1315/703/1/012019
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339:, a cave house. Also, see the
1:
1362:Subterranean rivers of London
1071:Jochelson, Waldemar. (1906).
1038:
803:Vähäaho, Ilkka (2014-10-01).
433:
273:
2619:Semi-subterranean structures
2379:Underground mine ventilation
1895:National Mine Map Repository
1337:Jewel Cave National Monument
1015:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.750
92:An underground house in the
7:
2536:Underground House Las Vegas
1900:National Mining Association
1727:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
830:10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.05.005
490:
10:
2640:
2531:Underground House Colorado
2460:Underground City, Montreal
2455:Underground City (Beijing)
1840:Tunnels in popular culture
1682:Underground City, Montreal
1677:Underground City (Beijing)
1622:816 Nuclear Military Plant
1352:Mammoth Cave National Park
975:10.1016/j.tust.2015.10.025
928:10.1016/j.tust.2015.11.013
881:10.1016/j.tust.2015.12.011
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154:environmental friendliness
18:
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996:Bobylev, Nikolai (2016).
402:structures. For example,
142:impact on the environment
2624:Underground construction
2576:Earth shelters Australia
2356:underground construction
2013:Underground construction
1885:Cave Research Foundation
668:
539:Underground construction
529:: underground structures
2614:Subterranea (geography)
2316:Missile launch facility
1499:Missile launch facility
1372:Wind Cave National Park
764:2021E&ES..703a2019H
681:Jochelson 1906, p. 116.
523:Subterranea (geography)
214:strategic bombing raids
60:more precise citations.
2541:Underground World Home
1652:Chicago Tunnel Company
1291:Subterranean waterfall
1055:New Society Publishers
315:in Italy, declared by
204:In the final stage of
126:
111:
100:
2430:KĹbĂĄnya cellar system
2425:Houston tunnel system
2364:Rock-cut architecture
1667:KĹbĂĄnya cellar system
1657:Houston tunnel system
1637:AlmadĂŠn Mercury Mines
1632:The Caves of ĂgissĂĂ°a
517:Rock-cut architecture
117:
106:
91:
2505:Subterranean fiction
2500:Subterranean warfare
2062:Subterranean warfare
1835:Subterranea (comics)
1820:Moria (Middle-earth)
1800:Allegory of the cave
1784:Subterranean fiction
1002:Procedia Engineering
598:Icelandic turf house
449:The Underground City
220:Construction methods
2495:Subterranean Toledo
2490:Subterranean London
2410:Caves of Maastricht
2374:Tunnel construction
2155:Burial vault (tomb)
2018:Tunnel construction
1742:Subterranean Toledo
1737:Subterranean London
1627:Caves of Maastricht
967:2016TUSTI..55..224B
920:2016TUSTI..55..214A
873:2016TUSTI..55...67L
821:2014JRMGE...6..387V
512:Parent categories:
321:World Heritage Site
2609:Underground cities
2450:Underground living
2332:Underground hangar
2040:Mining engineering
2025:Underground living
1850:Underland (Narnia)
1765:Fictional features
1544:Underground hangar
1286:Subterranean river
1281:Subterranean fauna
637:Underwater habitat
600: â House type
406:proposed to build
404:Taisei Corporation
323:, and the town of
177:caves as those in
130:Underground living
127:
112:
101:
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2550:Earth shelters UK
2521:Bill Gates' house
2514:Earth shelters US
2284:Military features
2275:Ventilation shaft
2143:Civilian features
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1958:Cave conservation
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1606:Ventilation shaft
1385:Man-made features
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1064:978-0-86571-521-9
1045:Roy, Rob (2006).
477:The Machine Stops
150:energy efficiency
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2557:Underhill, Holme
2465:Mine exploration
2327:Underground base
2322:Scallywag bunker
2291:Air raid shelter
2270:Smuggling tunnel
2235:Underground city
2175:Dugout (shelter)
2112:Natural features
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2035:Mine exploration
1810:Greek Underworld
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1747:Turda Salt Mines
1732:Shanghai tunnels
1596:Smuggling tunnel
1539:Underground base
1534:Underground city
1449:Dugout (shelter)
1399:Air raid shelter
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1347:Lechuguilla Cave
1327:Castellana Caves
1296:Underground lake
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378:precast concrete
343:in Togo, Africa.
179:Matmâta, Tunisia
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66:February 2016
59:
55:
49:
48:
42:
37:
28:
27:
22:
2449:
2405:Cave dweller
2265:Storm cellar
2024:
1963:Cave dweller
1825:Nome Kingdom
1779:Hollow Earth
1692:Maginot Line
1591:Storm cellar
1409:Burial vault
1271:Rock shelter
1182:Glacier cave
1076:
1048:
1031:, p. 22
1024:
1005:
1001:
991:
958:
954:
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911:
907:
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755:
751:
741:
729:. Retrieved
725:
713:
701:. Retrieved
696:
686:
677:
655:Quiggly hole
544:
511:
485:E.M. Forster
470:
463:
457:
447:
440:hobbit holes
437:
427:storm drains
425:, including
420:
399:
396:underground.
388:
382:
371:
357:Rammed earth
355:
352:underground.
346:
302:
298:
294:
288:
282:
277:
236:
223:
206:World War II
203:
196:
187:
158:
146:
129:
128:
72:
63:
44:
2583:Coober Pedy
2475:Mole people
2420:Coober Pedy
2337:Spider hole
2220:Root cellar
2105:subterranea
2045:Mole people
2030:Mine rescue
1978:Cave rescue
1968:Cave diving
1712:Mogao Caves
1642:Coober Pedy
1601:Spider hole
1579:Septic tank
1519:Root cellar
1170:Paleoburrow
1119:Subterranea
1008:: 184â192.
961:: 224â228.
914:: 214â220.
699:(in German)
697:Der Spiegel
610:Mole people
568:Earth house
454:Jules Verne
325:Coober Pedy
299:Constructed
255:Minneapolis
226:prairie dog
199:Mecklenburg
181:, and even
171:Coober Pedy
168:Australia's
109:Coober Pedy
58:introducing
21:Underground
2603:Categories
2057:Speleology
2050:in fiction
1830:Pellucidar
1672:Kome Caves
1322:Balve Cave
1266:Pit crater
1222:Talus cave
1145:Ant colony
1039:References
622:Souterrain
434:In fiction
408:Alice City
348:Earth berm
274:Structures
41:references
2351:quarrying
2245:Wine cave
2165:Catacombs
1973:Cave gate
1845:Underdark
1793:Exemplars
1615:Exemplars
1554:Wine cave
1429:Catacombs
1315:Exemplars
1212:Show cave
1202:Lava tube
1197:Lava cave
983:0886-7798
936:0886-7798
889:0886-7798
867:: 67â82.
839:1674-7755
790:235292268
782:1755-1307
661:Zemlyanka
616:Pit-house
329:Australia
251:Hong Kong
247:Singapore
2306:Casemate
2260:Stepwell
2200:Hypogeum
2190:Erdstall
2180:Dry well
2160:Borehole
2150:Basement
2134:Sinkhole
1586:Stepwell
1574:Sewerage
1484:Hypogeum
1464:Erdstall
1454:Dry well
1434:Casemate
1414:Borehole
1404:Basement
1276:Sinkhole
1207:Pit Cave
1192:Ice cave
1029:Roy 2006
643:Walipini
550:Basement
491:See also
459:THX 1138
362:concrete
267:Montreal
263:Shanghai
243:Helsinki
124:Slovakia
120:Brhlovce
2567:Malator
2485:Sapping
2205:Manhole
2170:Dungeon
1880:Bergamt
1805:Batcave
1752:Yaodong
1489:Manhole
1479:Foxhole
1444:Dungeon
1150:Aquifer
963:Bibcode
916:Bibcode
869:Bibcode
817:Bibcode
760:Bibcode
731:7 April
703:11 July
483:author
481:British
475:story "
422:Tunnels
373:Culvert
337:Yaodong
333:Outback
304:Dugouts
289:Natural
193:History
161:Italy's
54:improve
2347:Mining
2318:(silo)
2296:Bunker
2225:Tunnel
2129:Grotto
2124:Cenote
1988:Caving
1910:Grotto
1524:Tunnel
1509:Quarry
1419:Bunker
1306:Warren
1229:Cenote
1187:Grotto
1155:Burrow
1140:Alcove
1061:
981:
934:
887:
837:
788:
780:
649:Trench
556:Bunker
462:. The
366:cement
317:UNESCO
309:mining
175:Berber
43:, but
2353:, and
2195:Fogou
1772:Types
1474:Fogou
1392:Types
1234:Karst
1133:Types
786:S2CID
722:(PDF)
669:Notes
479:" by
415:Japan
412:Tokyo
400:Shaft
389:Urban
295:Caves
284:Caves
259:Tokyo
134:caves
98:Italy
2240:Well
2119:Cave
1549:Well
1494:Mine
1254:Nest
1177:Cave
1059:ISBN
979:ISSN
932:ISSN
885:ISSN
835:ISSN
778:ISSN
733:2022
705:2022
604:Kiva
446:and
239:SDGs
152:and
1259:Bee
1075:In
1010:doi
1006:165
971:doi
924:doi
877:doi
825:doi
768:doi
756:703
452:by
410:in
327:in
2605::
2349:,
1057:.
1053:.
1004:.
1000:.
977:.
969:.
959:55
953:.
930:.
922:.
912:55
906:.
883:.
875:.
865:55
859:.
847:^
833:.
823:.
811:.
807:.
784:.
776:.
766:.
754:.
750:.
724:.
319:a
301:)/
265:,
261:,
257:,
253:,
249:,
245:,
216:.
185:.
173:,
166:,
122:,
96:,
2096:e
2089:t
2082:v
1111:e
1104:t
1097:v
1067:.
1018:.
1012::
985:.
973::
965::
938:.
926::
918::
891:.
879::
871::
841:.
827::
819::
813:6
792:.
770::
762::
735:.
707:.
385:.
297:(
287:(
79:)
73:(
68:)
64:(
50:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
