940:
36:
1055:
639:
553:
465:
1074:
929:
436:
140:
325:
1234:
musical events and rituals. Clusters of paintings were often found in areas with notable acoustics, sometimes even replicating the sounds of the animals depicted on the walls. The human voice was also theorized to be used as an echolocation device to navigate darker areas of the caves where torches were less useful. Dots of red ochre are often found in spaces with the highest resonance, where the production of paintings was too difficult.
116:; it can occur over the course of millions of years. Caves can range widely in size, and are formed by various geological processes. These may involve a combination of chemical processes, erosion by water, tectonic forces, microorganisms, pressure, and atmospheric influences. Isotopic dating techniques can be applied to cave sediments, to determine the timescale of the geological events which formed and shaped present-day caves.
620:
400:
2328:, and red-painted speleothems in Ardales (Andalucía). Collectively, these results show that cave art in Iberia is older than 64.8 thousand years (ka). This cave art is the earliest dated so far and predates, by at least 20 ka, the arrival of modern humans in Europe, which implies Neandertal authorship."
1136:
in 1924, was also thought for many years to come from a cave, where it had been deposited after being predated on by an eagle. However, this is now debated (Hopley et al., 2013; Am. J. Phys. Anthrop.). Caves do form in the dolomite of the Ghaap
Plateau, including the Early, Middle and Later Stone Age
654:
Caves are found throughout the world, although the distribution of documented cave system is heavily skewed towards those countries where caving has been popular for many years (such as France, Italy, Australia, the UK, the United States, etc.). As a result, explored caves are found widely in Europe,
449:
Corrasional or erosional caves are those that form entirely by erosion by flowing streams carrying rocks and other sediments. These can form in any type of rock, including hard rocks such as granite. Generally there must be some zone of weakness to guide the water, such as a fault or joint. A subtype
1241:
provides one of the best examples for modern musical usages of caves. Not only are the caves utilized for reverberation, but for the dampening qualities of their abnormal faces as well. The irregularities in the walls of the
Cumberland Caverns diffuse sounds bouncing off the walls and give the space
2124:
2324:"we present dating results for three sites in Spain that show that cave art emerged in Iberia substantially earlier than previously thought. Uranium-thorium (U-Th) dates on carbonate crusts overlying paintings provide minimum ages for a red linear motif in La Pasiega (Cantabria), a hand stencil in
977:
Of these animals, the troglobites are perhaps the most unusual organisms. Troglobitic species often show a number of characteristics, termed troglomorphic, associated with their adaptation to subterranean life. These characteristics may include a loss of pigment (often resulting in a pale or white
119:
It is estimated that a cave cannot be more than 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) vertically beneath the surface due to the pressure of overlying rocks. This does not, however, impose a maximum depth for a cave which is measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point, as the amount of rock above
1233:
The importance of sound in caves predates a modern understanding of acoustics. Archaeologists have uncovered relationships between paintings of dots and lines, in specific areas of resonance, within the caves of Spain and France, as well as instruments depicting paleolithic motifs, indicators of
418:
Sea caves are found along coasts around the world. A special case is littoral caves, which are formed by wave action in zones of weakness in sea cliffs. Often these weaknesses are faults, but they may also be dykes or bedding-plane contacts. Some wave-cut caves are now above sea level because of
1474:
Laureano, Fernando V.; Karmann, Ivo; Granger, Darryl E.; Auler, Augusto S.; Almeida, Renato P.; Cruz, Francisco W.; Strícks, Nicolás M.; Novello, Valdir F. (15 November 2016). "Two million years of river and cave aggradation in NE Brazil: Implications for speleogenesis and landscape evolution".
135:
Caves can be classified in various other ways as well, including a contrast between active and relict: active caves have water flowing through them; relict caves do not, though water may be retained in them. Types of active caves include inflow caves ("into which a stream sinks"), outflow caves
1939:
1198:. This may have allowed rapid expansion of humans out of Africa and colonization of areas of the world such as Australia by 60–50,000 years ago. Throughout southern Africa, Australia, and Europe, early modern humans used caves and rock shelters as sites for rock art, such as those at
666:
contain many documented caves. As the world's expanses of soluble bedrock are researched by cavers, the distribution of documented caves is likely to shift. For example, China, despite containing around half the world's exposed limestone—more than 1,000,000 square kilometres
2185:
Marean, Curtis W.; Bar-Matthews, Miryam; Bernatchez, Jocelyn; Fisher, Erich; Goldberg, Paul; Herries, Andy I. R.; Jacobs, Zenobia; Jerardino, Antonieta; Karkanas, Panagiotis; Minichillo, Tom; Nilssen, Peter J.; Thompson, Erin; Watts, Ian; Williams, Hope M. (2007).
2163:
1000:
such as
Oligaphorura (formerly Archaphorura) schoetti are troglophiles, reaching 1.7 millimetres (0.067 in) in length. They have extensive distribution and have been studied fairly widely. Most specimens are female, but a male specimen was collected from
450:
of the erosional cave is the wind or aeolian cave, carved by wind-born sediments. Many caves formed initially by solutional processes often undergo a subsequent phase of erosional or vadose enlargement where active streams or rivers pass through them.
978:
coloration), a loss of eyes (or at least of optical functionality), an elongation of appendages, and an enhancement of other senses (such as the ability to sense vibrations in water). Aquatic troglobites (or stygobites), such as the endangered
2273:
D. L. Hoffmann; C. D. Standish; M. García-Diez; P. B. Pettitt; J. A. Milton; J. Zilhão; J. J. Alcolea-González; P. Cantalejo-Duarte; H. Collado; R. de Balbín; M. Lorblanchet; J. Ramos-Muñoz; G.-Ch. Weniger; A. W. G. Pike (2018).
962:(species that use caves, but cannot complete their life cycle fully in caves) and accidentals (animals not in one of the previous categories). Some authors use separate terminology for aquatic forms (for example,
543:
Anchialine caves are caves, usually coastal, containing a mixture of freshwater and saline water (usually sea water). They occur in many parts of the world, and often contain highly specialized and endemic fauna.
722:, with a depth of 2,204 m (7,231 ft). This was the first cave to be explored to a depth of more than 2,000 m (6,600 ft). (The first cave to be descended below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) was
427:, solutional caves have been flooded by the sea and are now subject to littoral erosion. Sea caves are generally around 5 to 50 metres (16 to 164 ft) in length, but may exceed 300 metres (980 ft).
590:
largely resemble surface braided streams with their passages separating and then meeting further down drainage. They usually form along one bed or structure, and only rarely cross into upper or lower beds.
982:, live in bodies of water found in caves and get nutrients from detritus washed into their caves and from the feces of bats and other cave inhabitants. Other aquatic troglobites include cave fish, and
1194:
In southern Africa, early modern humans regularly used sea caves as shelter starting about 180,000 years ago when they learned to exploit the sea for the first time. The oldest known site is PP13B at
602:
form as irregular large rooms, galleries, and passages. These randomized three-dimensional rooms form from a rising water table that erodes the carbonate rock with hydrogen-sulfide enriched water.
584:
form from intersecting fissures of carbonate rock that have had fractures widened by chemical erosion. These fractures form high, narrow, straight passages that persist in widespread closed loops.
2439:
503:
Fracture caves are formed when layers of more soluble minerals, such as gypsum, dissolve out from between layers of less soluble rock. These rocks fracture and collapse in blocks of stone.
610:(vertical caves, potholes, or simply "pits") consist of a vertical shaft rather than a horizontal cave passage. They may or may not be associated with one of the above structural patterns.
385:
Lava caves include but are not limited to lava tubes. Other caves formed through volcanic activity include rifts, lava molds, open vertical conduits, inflationary, blisters, among others.
1242:
an almost recording studio-like quality. During the 20th century musicians began to explore the possibility of using caves as locations as clubs and concert halls, including the likes of
358:
flows downhill, its surface cools and solidifies. Hot liquid lava continues to flow under that crust, and if most of it flows out, a hollow tube remains. Such caves can be found in the
570:
resemble surface dendritic stream patterns; they are made up of passages that join downstream as tributaries. Branchwork caves are the most common of cave patterns and are formed near
1254:. Unlike today, these early performances were typically held in the mouths of the caves, as the lack of technology made depths of the interior inaccessible with musical equipment. In
1040:
Cave entrances often have typical florae. For instance, in the eastern temperate United States, cave entrances are most frequently (and often densely) populated by the bulblet fern,
124:
caves the maximum depth is determined on the basis of the lower limit of karst forming processes, coinciding with the base of the soluble carbonate rocks. Most caves are formed in
854:. It is 4.6 km (2.9 mi) in length, 80 m (260 ft) high and wide over most of its length, but over 140 m (460 ft) high and wide for part of its length.
734:
caves in
Georgia, (1,830 m or 6,000 ft, and 1,753 m or 5,751 ft respectively) are the current second- and third-deepest caves. The deepest outside Georgia is
731:
517:
Talus caves are formed by the openings among large boulders that have fallen down into a random heap, often at the bases of cliffs. These unstable deposits are called talus or
1957:
1026:
Because of the fragility of cave ecosystems, and the fact that cave regions tend to be isolated from one another, caves harbor a number of endangered species, such as the
596:
are formed when solution cavities are joined by mixing of chemically diverse water. The cavities form a pattern that is three-dimensional and random, resembling a sponge.
3076:
1129:. However, it is not generally thought that these early humans were living in the caves, but that they were brought into the caves by carnivores that had killed them.
2487:
1037:
Caves are visited by many surface-living animals, including humans. These are usually relatively short-lived incursions, due to the lack of light and sustenance.
1111:, Cooper's D, Gladysvale, Gondolin and Makapansgat have yielded a range of early human species dating back to between three and one million years ago, including
1141:; however, the caves that form along the escarpment's edge, like that hypothesised for the Taung Child, are formed within a secondary limestone deposit called
1994:
1646:"Merging the concepts of pseudokarst and paleoseismicity in Sweden: A unified theory on the formation of fractures, fracture caves, and angular block heape"
1145:. There is numerous evidence for other early human species inhabiting caves from at least one million years ago in different parts of the world, including
3915:
215:
The largest and most abundant solutional caves are located in limestone. Limestone dissolves under the action of rainwater and groundwater charged with H
2443:
727:
88:
is the science of exploration and study of all aspects of caves and the cave environment. Visiting or exploring caves for recreation may be called
3863:
3890:
2472:
2147:
3610:
3848:
3695:
1687:"Talus Caves: Geotourist Attractions Formed by Spheroidal and Exfoliation Weathering on Akure-Ado Inselbergs, Southwestern Nigeria"
658:
This is a rough generalization, as large expanses of North
America and Asia contain no documented caves, whereas areas such as the
1512:
1225:
have been found throughout the world dating from 64,800 years old for non-figurative art and 43,900 years old for figurative art.
3883:
1971:
1510:Комиссия спелеологии и карстоведения. Д. А. Тимофеев, В. Н. Дублянский, Т. З. Кикнадзе. Терминология карста. Базис карстования
843:
578:
occurs. Each passage or branch is fed by a separate recharge source and converges into other higher order branches downstream.
3083:
2157:
2110:
2040:
1586:
769:
316:). The acid then dissolves the limestone from below, rather than from above, by acidic water percolating from the surface.
1726:
487:
Glacier caves are formed by melting ice and flowing water within and under glaciers. The cavities are influenced by the
3788:
3690:
1914:
1628:
819:), a sloping, boulder strewn chamber with an area of 154,500 m (1,663,000 sq ft). The largest room in a
1821:
304:) gas rising from below, where reservoirs of oil give off sulfurous fumes. This gas mixes with groundwater and forms H
3905:
3900:
3452:
2580:
2257:
1569:
1455:
1428:
2006:
1178:
659:
2247:
3895:
3660:
2969:
2561:
2073:
3910:
3878:
3828:
1877:
1784:
3335:
2391:"Cave acoustics in prehistory: Exploring the association of Palaeolithic visual motifs and acoustic response"
1899:
1806:
3605:
1091:
found in caves come from a series of caves near
Krugersdorp and Mokopane in South Africa. The cave sites of
3868:
3310:
3022:
495:", though this latter term is properly reserved for bedrock caves that contain year-round ice formations.
3873:
3700:
2002:
1967:
1822:"Mammoth Cave Just Got A Little More "Mammoth" - Mammoth Cave National Park (U.S. National Park Service)"
932:
4066:
4061:
3813:
3655:
3650:
3640:
3595:
3325:
1113:
1262:
has been developed that generates sound by mallets striking stalactites, each with a different pitch.
847:
3620:
2663:
1537:
1382:
1062:
907:
800:
246:
1023:
are classified as trogloxenes, because they roost in caves by day and forage above ground at night.
3986:
3858:
2998:
2959:
2146:
Podestá, María
Mercedes; Raffino, Rodolfo A.; Paunero, Rafael Sebastián; Rolandi, Diana S. (2005).
1962:
1069:. The art in the cave is dated between 7,300 BC and 700 AD; stenciled, mostly left hands are shown.
491:
of the ice, which tends to collapse the caves again. Glacier caves are sometimes misidentified as "
1019:, are trogloxenes and are often found in caves; they forage outside of the caves. Some species of
3472:
3345:
3092:
2991:
2522:
2457:
1387:
1211:
1119:
1016:
27:
176:
are the most frequently occurring caves. Such caves form in rock that is soluble; most occur in
3625:
3264:
3037:
3032:
2816:
2188:"Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene"
1278:
991:
3305:
1445:
1418:
212:, joints, and comparable features. Over time cracks enlarge to become caves and cave systems.
4023:
3630:
3005:
1559:
1403:
1215:
1167:
1125:
1042:
939:
864:
20:
1523:, The Commission for Speleology and Karst, Moscow Center of the Russian Geographical Society
753:. The second deepest is Ghar-e-Ghala at 562 m (1,844 ft) in the Parau massif near
4035:
3808:
3793:
3773:
3757:
3069:
2402:
2347:
2287:
2204:
1853:. El Centro Investigador del Sistema Acuífero de Quintana Roo A.C.(CINDAQ). 26 January 2023
1484:
1290:
1173:
1002:
958:(species that can live their entire lives in caves, but also occur in other environments),
575:
147:
1533:
700:
655:
Asia, North
America and Oceania, but are sparse in South America, Africa, and Antarctica.
8:
3991:
3715:
3710:
3600:
3382:
3027:
2554:
2338:
Aubert, M.; et al. (11 December 2019). "Earliest hunting scene in prehistoric art".
2325:
979:
488:
296:
are now believed to be examples of another type of solutional cave. They were formed by H
2406:
2351:
2291:
2208:
1488:
4013:
3998:
3823:
3517:
3259:
3254:
2954:
2811:
2783:
2631:
2371:
2272:
2228:
1509:
1324:
1238:
1058:
476:
2187:
3931:
3579:
3113:
2681:
2599:
2420:
2375:
2363:
2315:
2253:
2220:
2153:
2116:
2106:
2046:
2036:
2032:
1893:
1800:
1708:
1667:
1624:
1565:
1451:
1424:
1199:
1183:
1157:
1027:
887:
881:
719:
696:
472:
408:
242:
63:
4008:
3783:
3720:
3705:
3569:
3512:
3507:
3422:
3372:
3320:
3300:
3269:
2806:
2741:
2624:
2410:
2355:
2305:
2295:
2232:
2212:
2195:
1698:
1657:
1496:
1492:
1391:
1330:
891:
746:
556:
301:
285:
39:
74:
are smaller openings that extend a relatively short distance underground (such as
35:
3635:
3442:
3340:
3330:
3279:
3190:
3138:
2768:
1516:
1138:
1054:
983:
796:
791:, with a measured volume of 10,780,000 m (381,000,000 cu ft). The
711:
538:
382:
is a remarkably long and deep lava tube; it is 65.6 km long (40.8 mi).
379:
293:
209:
185:
164:
1662:
1645:
1594:
1077:
638:
4056:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3680:
3670:
3537:
3212:
3050:
2913:
2686:
2547:
2276:"U-Th dating of carbonate crusts reveals Neandertal origin of Iberian cave art"
1352:
1222:
1214:). Among the known sacred caves are China's Cave of a Thousand Buddhas and the
1207:
1195:
839:
777:
735:
723:
552:
359:
205:
120:
the lowest point is dependent on the topography of the landscape above it. For
2512:
2359:
136:("from which a stream emerges"), and through caves ("traversed by a stream").
78:). Caves which extend further underground than the opening is wide are called
4050:
3966:
3956:
3675:
3542:
3532:
3502:
3487:
3477:
3432:
3397:
3315:
3274:
3222:
3217:
3133:
2868:
2853:
2653:
2604:
2594:
2488:"Why Brandi Carlile, Steve Earle and More Are Performing in a Tennessee Cave"
2120:
2102:
2050:
1712:
1671:
1395:
1301:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1237:
Caves continue to provide usage for modern-day explorers of acoustics. Today
923:
824:
773:
424:
371:
367:
363:
313:
224:
112:
2300:
2275:
464:
3936:
3798:
3752:
3665:
3564:
3244:
3155:
2949:
2863:
2721:
2711:
2424:
2367:
2319:
2224:
1321: – Structure formed in a cave by the deposition of minerals from water
1206:
in China were used for shelter; other caves were used for burials (such as
1147:
1092:
1073:
1031:
1020:
997:
901:
871:
681:
627:
468:
459:
228:
75:
2096:
2029:
World
Heritage Sites: a Complete Guide to 1007 UNESCO World Heritage Sites
928:
4018:
4003:
3951:
3941:
3685:
3615:
3574:
3552:
3492:
3143:
2793:
2641:
2619:
2609:
1703:
1686:
1376:
1243:
1162:
1152:
1133:
955:
443:
435:
279:
201:
151:
139:
2216:
4030:
3803:
3645:
3295:
3239:
3195:
3118:
2964:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2858:
2828:
2798:
2731:
2658:
2636:
2310:
1318:
1312:
1188:
1096:
1080:
967:
959:
951:
897:
754:
512:
412:
289:
271:
266:
258:
254:
143:
85:
67:
43:
2415:
2390:
2065:
3946:
3818:
3527:
3412:
3402:
3185:
3175:
3170:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2843:
2833:
2788:
2773:
2758:
2726:
2701:
1272:
1247:
1100:
1087:
People have made use of caves throughout history. The earliest human
1066:
971:
963:
820:
784:
526:
347:
329:
324:
262:
250:
197:
177:
129:
125:
1878:"World's Deepest Caves List from The National Speleological Society"
1785:"World's Longest Caves List from The National Speleological Society"
200:, solutional caves result when rock is dissolved by natural acid in
3559:
3547:
3457:
3437:
3427:
3407:
3387:
3377:
3249:
3180:
3165:
2903:
2893:
2888:
2778:
2763:
2748:
2716:
1327: – River that runs wholly or partly beneath the ground surface
1306:
1298: – Natural pit or sinkhole that exposes groundwater underneath
1104:
1012:
875:
828:
816:
750:
715:
685:
631:
606:
571:
522:
492:
420:
404:
394:
351:
238:
231:. The dissolution process produces a distinctive landform known as
2184:
269:
and columns. These secondary mineral deposits in caves are called
3853:
3778:
3725:
3462:
3417:
3232:
3123:
2974:
2848:
2691:
2517:
1958:"China's "Supercave" Takes Title as World's Most Enormous Cavern"
1203:
851:
808:
647:
619:
340:
Caves formed at the same time as the surrounding rock are called
241:
and underground drainage. Limestone caves are often adorned with
2513:"Real Live Cave Music: Marvel at the World's Largest Instrument"
1846:
3961:
3497:
3482:
3467:
3392:
3202:
3160:
3128:
2736:
2696:
2614:
2473:"Cumberland Caverns: A Subterranean Concert Venue In Tennessee"
1295:
1284:
1108:
1088:
812:
667:(390,000 sq mi)—has relatively few documented caves.
663:
623:
439:
399:
333:
193:
189:
89:
3061:
2539:
1727:"Peldanga Labyrinth (Liepniekvalka Caves), Latvia - redzet.eu"
3447:
3207:
2753:
2706:
2648:
911:
643:
560:
518:
233:
181:
121:
59:
2145:
3522:
3227:
1915:"Iranian cavers discover one of the world's deepest shafts"
1787:. 21 August 2022. Archived from the original on 15 May 2006
1473:
1142:
804:
758:
710:—measured from its highest entrance to its lowest point—is
375:
355:
2933:
1940:"Hranice Abyss is believed to be 1200 m. deep (in Czech)"
1691:
Ethiopian
Journal of Environmental Studies and Management
1049:
1008:
987:
943:
2063:
738:
in Austria, which is 1,623 m (5,325 ft) deep.
282:
or the local level of the groundwater will be flooded.
1287: – Recreational pastime of exploring cave systems
1819:
1519:
D.A. Timofeev, V.N. Dublyansky, T.Z. Kiknadze, 1991,
278:
The portions of a solutional cave that are below the
1685:
Kolawole, F.; Anifowose, A. Y. B. (1 January 2011).
1644:
Mörner, Nils-Axel; Sjöberg, Rabbe (September 2018).
3916:
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
354:activity and are the most common primary caves. As
110:The formation and development of caves is known as
2456:
2098:Art & Place: Site-Specific Art of the Americas
1375:
1132:The first early hominid ever found in Africa, the
180:, but they can also form in other rocks including
2149:El arte rupestre de Argentina indígena: Patagonia
1684:
950:Cave-inhabiting animals are often categorized as
4048:
2395:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
2249:Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations
2458:"Music Went With Cave Art In Prehistoric Caves"
1880:. Archived from the original on 28 October 2017
1309: – Cave with significant vertical passages
1755:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1374:
3077:
2555:
2152:(in Spanish). Grupo Abierto Communicaciones.
1951:
1949:
1643:
1444:Lowe, J. John; Walker, Michael J. C. (2014).
26:"Cavern" redirects here. For other uses, see
2266:
1587:"Learning about caves; how caves are formed"
3891:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1744:
745:in a cave is 603 m (1,978 ft) in
670:
430:
419:later uplift. Elsewhere, in places such as
70:of rock and often extend deep underground.
3864:History of hard rock miners' organizations
3084:
3070:
2562:
2548:
1946:
1820:National Park Service (8 September 2022).
1443:
614:
2414:
2309:
2299:
1702:
1661:
1614:
1612:
1557:
1351:The UNESCO dates the art to 13,000–9,000
1315: – Science of cave and karst systems
3849:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
3696:North American Aerospace Defense Command
1872:
1870:
1868:
1766:
1584:
1161:in South Africa at the Cave of Hearths (
1072:
1053:
938:
927:
858:
637:
618:
551:
463:
434:
398:
323:
138:
34:
2388:
2094:
1995:"World's Biggest Cave Found in Vietnam"
1955:
1912:
1623:. Elsevier Academic Press. p. 84.
1416:
736:Lamprechtsofen Vogelschacht Weg Schacht
688:, US, at 675.9 km (420.0 mi).
4049:
2485:
2470:
2437:
2337:
1839:
1618:
1609:
1447:Reconstructing Quaternary Environments
1345:
1333: – Lake under the Earth's surface
1228:
1050:Archaeological and cultural importance
772:at 450 metres (1,480 ft), is the
703:, Mexico at 436 km (271 mi).
16:Natural void under the Earth's surface
3065:
2543:
2525:from the original on 24 November 2021
2245:
1865:
1593:. Project Underground. Archived from
1281: – Waterfall located underground
2389:Fazenda, Bruno (11 September 2017).
2166:from the original on 29 October 2021
2127:from the original on 29 October 2021
1992:
1469:
1467:
1404:participating institution membership
770:remotely operated underwater vehicle
547:
2139:
1763:, New Jersey, Prentice Hall, p. 207
1650:International Journal of Speleology
642:An entrance of the Torhola Cave in
13:
3789:Journey to the Center of the Earth
3691:Naples underground geothermal zone
2440:"Turns out, cavemen loved to sing"
2076:from the original on 14 April 2021
2066:"Cueva de las Manos, Río Pinturas"
1956:Vergano, Dan (28 September 2014).
1210:), or as religious sites (such as
388:
105:
14:
4078:
3906:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
3901:International Union of Speleology
2581:Glossary of caving and speleology
1464:
695:, and second longest overall, is
521:, and may be subject to frequent
245:formations produced through slow
2471:Farmer, Blake (11 August 2015).
1761:Surface Processes and Landforms
1179:Archaeological Site of Atapuerca
660:Madagascar dry deciduous forests
146:in Hall of the Mountain King of
3896:Institution of Mining Engineers
3661:Underground Great Wall of China
3091:
2970:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
2569:
2505:
2479:
2464:
2450:
2438:Whipps, Heather (3 July 2008).
2431:
2382:
2331:
2239:
2178:
2088:
2057:
2021:
1986:
1932:
1906:
1813:
1719:
1678:
1637:
1423:. Academic Press. p. 304.
1275: – Cave entrance barricade
844:Phong Nha-Kẻ Bàng National Park
3911:Society of Economic Geologists
3879:National Speleological Society
3829:Wonderland (fictional country)
2252:. CCC Publishing. p. 16.
2064:UNESCO World Heritage Centre.
1578:
1551:
1526:
1503:
1497:10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.08.009
1450:. Routledge. pp. 141–42.
1437:
1410:
1368:
1:
3336:Subterranean rivers of London
2486:Parton, Chris (4 June 2018).
2095:Renshaw, Amanda, ed. (2013).
1362:
793:largest known room by surface
732:Illyuzia-Mezhonnogo-Snezhnaya
532:
480:
158:
3869:National Mine Map Repository
3311:Jewel Cave National Monument
3023:List of UK caving fatalities
2070:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1417:Moratto, Michael J. (2014).
789:largest known room by volume
58:is a natural void under the
7:
3874:National Mining Association
3701:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
2003:National Geographic Society
1993:Owen, James (4 July 2009).
1968:National Geographic Society
1847:"CINDAQ 2022 Annual report"
1663:10.5038/1827-806X.47.3.2225
1265:
498:
10:
4083:
3814:Tunnels in popular culture
3656:Underground City, Montreal
3651:Underground City (Beijing)
3596:816 Nuclear Military Plant
3326:Mammoth Cave National Park
1591:Journey into amazing caves
1258:, Virginia, a functioning
1114:Australopithecus africanus
1032:liphistius trapdoor spider
921:
917:
862:
838:ever discovered is in the
536:
510:
457:
453:
392:
319:
227:) and naturally occurring
162:
66:. Caves often form by the
25:
18:
3924:
3841:
3766:
3745:
3738:
3621:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
3588:
3365:
3358:
3288:
3106:
3099:
3046:
3015:
2983:
2942:
2827:
2672:
2587:
2578:
2360:10.1038/s41586-019-1806-y
2326:Maltravieso (Extremadura)
1898:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1805:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1619:Culver, David C. (2004).
1538:Nova (American TV series)
1383:Oxford English Dictionary
933:Townsend's big-eared bats
908:Shuanghedong Cave Network
801:Gunung Mulu National Park
676:The cave system with the
366:, the basaltic plains of
3987:Underground construction
3859:Cave Research Foundation
2999:Cave of Forgotten Dreams
1999:National Geographic News
1963:National Geographic News
1759:Easterbrook, Don, 1999,
1564:. New Leaf. p. 38.
1558:Silvestru, Emil (2008).
1338:
1083:in a cave in Puerto Rico
954:(cave-limited species),
671:Records and superlatives
506:
431:Corrasional or erosional
3473:Missile launch facility
3346:Wind Cave National Park
2992:Diving into the Unknown
2301:10.1126/science.aap7778
1388:Oxford University Press
1120:Australopithecus sediba
1017:Mexican free-tailed bat
935:in a cave in California
680:of surveyed passage is
615:Geographic distribution
370:, and in other places.
150:, a solutional cave in
28:Cavern (disambiguation)
3626:Chicago Tunnel Company
3265:Subterranean waterfall
3038:Tham Luang cave rescue
3033:Riesending cave rescue
1420:California Archaeology
1396:10.1093/OED/8886318356
1279:Subterranean waterfall
1187:in Indonesia, and the
1084:
1070:
992:Texas blind salamander
947:
936:
743:deepest vertical shaft
651:
635:
563:
484:
446:
415:
403:Painted Cave, a large
337:
155:
47:
3641:Kőbánya cellar system
3631:Houston tunnel system
3611:Almadén Mercury Mines
3606:The Caves of Ægissíða
3006:The Underground Eiger
2035:. 2014. p. 607.
1621:Encyclopedia of Caves
1216:sacred caves of Crete
1191:in southern Siberia.
1168:Homo neanderthalensis
1126:Paranthropus robustus
1076:
1057:
1043:Cystopteris bulbifera
942:
931:
865:List of longest caves
859:Five longest surveyed
691:The longest surveyed
678:greatest total length
641:
622:
582:Angular network caves
555:
471:in Big Four Glacier,
467:
438:
402:
327:
142:
38:
21:Cave (disambiguation)
4036:Subterranean warfare
3809:Subterranea (comics)
3794:Moria (Middle-earth)
3774:Allegory of the cave
3758:Subterranean fiction
2246:Olsen, Brad (2004).
2105:. pp. 354–355.
1704:10.4314/ejesm.v4i3.1
1291:Caving organizations
1202:. Caves such as the
1174:Homo heidelbergensis
1034:, and the gray bat.
1003:St Cuthberts Swallet
576:groundwater recharge
148:Ogof Craig a Ffynnon
19:For other uses, see
3992:Tunnel construction
3716:Subterranean Toledo
3711:Subterranean London
3601:Caves of Maastricht
3028:Alpazat cave rescue
2673:Types and formation
2407:2017ASAJ..142.1332F
2401:(1332): 1332–1349.
2352:2019Natur.576..442A
2292:2018Sci...359..912H
2217:10.1038/nature06204
2209:2007Natur.449..905M
1913:Brocklebank, Tony.
1489:2016Geomo.273...63L
1386:(Online ed.).
1229:Caves and acoustics
980:Alabama cave shrimp
946:in a Slovenian cave
848:Quảng Bình Province
350:are formed through
237:, characterized by
204:that seeps through
4014:Mining engineering
3999:Underground living
3824:Underland (Narnia)
3739:Fictional features
3518:Underground hangar
3260:Subterranean river
3255:Subterranean fauna
2955:Cave-dwelling Jews
2702:Estavelle/Inversac
1974:on 31 January 2017
1515:2013-02-15 at the
1325:Subterranean river
1239:Cumberland Caverns
1085:
1071:
1059:Cueva de las Manos
948:
937:
708:deepest known cave
652:
636:
564:
485:
447:
416:
338:
156:
48:
4067:Fluvial landforms
4062:Erosion landforms
4044:
4043:
3932:Cave conservation
3837:
3836:
3734:
3733:
3580:Ventilation shaft
3359:Man-made features
3354:
3353:
3059:
3058:
2837:(Cave formations)
2600:Cave conservation
2416:10.1121/1.4998721
2346:(7787): 442–445.
2286:(6378): 912–915.
2203:(7164): 905–908.
2159:978-987-1121-16-8
2112:978-0-7148-6551-5
2042:978-1-77085-640-0
2033:UNESCO Publishing
1919:Darkness Below UK
1521:Karst Terminology
1402:(Subscription or
1184:Homo floresiensis
1158:Homo rhodesiensis
1028:Tooth cave spider
888:Sistema Sac Actun
882:Sistema Ox Bel Ha
825:Salle de la Verna
697:Sistema Ox Bel Ha
588:Anastomotic caves
548:Physical patterns
473:Big Four Mountain
409:Santa Cruz Island
243:calcium carbonate
4074:
4009:Mine exploration
3784:Greek Underworld
3743:
3742:
3721:Turda Salt Mines
3706:Shanghai tunnels
3570:Smuggling tunnel
3513:Underground base
3508:Underground city
3423:Dugout (shelter)
3373:Air raid shelter
3363:
3362:
3321:Lechuguilla Cave
3301:Castellana Caves
3270:Underground lake
3104:
3103:
3100:Natural features
3086:
3079:
3072:
3063:
3062:
2682:Anchihaline cave
2664:Caves by country
2564:
2557:
2550:
2541:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2468:
2462:
2461:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2442:. Archived from
2435:
2429:
2428:
2418:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2313:
2303:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2192:
2182:
2176:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2031:(6th ed.).
2025:
2019:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2005:. Archived from
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1970:. Archived from
1953:
1944:
1943:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1874:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1804:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1764:
1757:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1706:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1665:
1641:
1635:
1634:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1582:
1576:
1575:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1534:"How Caves Form"
1530:
1524:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1399:
1379:
1372:
1356:
1349:
1331:Underground lake
984:cave salamanders
892:Sistema Dos Ojos
747:Vrtoglavica Cave
726:in France.) The
594:Spongework caves
568:Branchwork caves
557:Castellana Caves
482:
302:hydrogen sulfide
286:Lechuguilla Cave
249:. These include
170:Solutional caves
40:Lechuguilla Cave
4082:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4071:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4040:
3920:
3833:
3762:
3730:
3636:Kosvinsky Kamen
3584:
3443:Fallout shelter
3413:Crypt Mausoleum
3350:
3341:Veryovkina Cave
3331:Reed Flute Cave
3284:
3191:Solutional cave
3139:Communal burrow
3095:
3090:
3060:
3055:
3042:
3011:
2984:Popular culture
2979:
2938:
2836:
2831:
2823:
2769:Solutional cave
2674:
2668:
2583:
2574:
2568:
2538:
2528:
2526:
2511:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2484:
2480:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2451:
2446:on 22 May 2015.
2436:
2432:
2387:
2383:
2336:
2332:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2244:
2240:
2190:
2183:
2179:
2169:
2167:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2130:
2128:
2113:
2093:
2089:
2079:
2077:
2062:
2058:
2043:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2012:
2010:
2009:on 27 July 2009
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1954:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1911:
1907:
1891:
1890:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1866:
1856:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1814:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1782:
1767:
1758:
1745:
1735:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1683:
1679:
1642:
1638:
1631:
1617:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:Wayback Machine
1508:
1504:
1472:
1465:
1458:
1442:
1438:
1431:
1415:
1411:
1401:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1268:
1231:
1139:Wonderwerk Cave
1052:
926:
920:
868:
861:
836:largest passage
797:Sarawak Chamber
787:is the world's
766:underwater cave
712:Veryovkina Cave
693:underwater cave
673:
617:
550:
541:
539:Anchialine cave
535:
515:
509:
501:
462:
456:
433:
397:
391:
389:Sea or littoral
322:
311:
307:
299:
294:Carlsbad Cavern
222:
218:
167:
165:Solutional cave
161:
108:
106:Formation types
46:, United States
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4080:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4027:
4026:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3984:
3982:Trench warfare
3979:
3977:Tunnel network
3974:
3972:Tunnel warfare
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3928:
3926:
3925:Related topics
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3887:
3886:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3749:
3747:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Mount Yamantau
3678:
3673:
3671:Mines of Paris
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3556:
3555:
3545:
3540:
3538:Secret passage
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3369:
3367:
3360:
3356:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3306:Hang Sơn Đoòng
3303:
3298:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3236:
3235:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3213:Lava tree mold
3210:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3101:
3097:
3096:
3089:
3088:
3081:
3074:
3066:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2960:Cave monastery
2957:
2952:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2914:Speleoseismite
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2840:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2687:Breathing cave
2684:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2591:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2567:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2537:
2536:
2504:
2478:
2463:
2460:. 5 July 2008.
2449:
2430:
2381:
2330:
2265:
2258:
2238:
2177:
2158:
2138:
2111:
2087:
2056:
2041:
2020:
1985:
1945:
1931:
1905:
1864:
1838:
1812:
1765:
1743:
1718:
1677:
1656:(3): 393–405.
1636:
1630:978-0121986513
1629:
1608:
1585:John Burcham.
1577:
1570:
1550:
1525:
1502:
1463:
1456:
1436:
1429:
1409:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1304:
1299:
1293:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1230:
1227:
1223:cave paintings
1212:Buddhist caves
1208:rock-cut tombs
1200:Giant's Castle
1196:Pinnacle Point
1051:
1048:
1011:, such as the
922:Main article:
919:
916:
915:
914:
905:
895:
885:
879:
863:For more, see
860:
857:
856:
855:
840:Son Doong Cave
832:
827:in the French
781:
778:Czech Republic
768:bottomed by a
762:
739:
724:Gouffre Berger
704:
689:
672:
669:
616:
613:
612:
611:
603:
600:Ramiform caves
597:
591:
585:
579:
549:
546:
537:Main article:
534:
531:
511:Main article:
508:
505:
500:
497:
489:very slow flow
458:Main article:
455:
452:
432:
429:
393:Main article:
390:
387:
360:Canary Islands
321:
318:
309:
305:
297:
220:
216:
206:bedding planes
163:Main article:
160:
157:
107:
104:
80:endogene caves
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4079:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3967:Civil defense
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3957:Cave painting
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:Organisations
3840:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3750:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3676:Mustang Caves
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3551:
3550:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3543:Semi-basement
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3533:Subway system
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3503:Utility vault
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3488:Rock-cut tomb
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3478:Passage grave
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3433:Earth shelter
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3398:Blast shelter
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Kazumura Cave
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3275:Volcanic pipe
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3234:
3231:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3223:Maternity den
3221:
3219:
3218:Magma chamber
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3134:Burrow fossil
3132:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3082:
3080:
3075:
3073:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3045:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:Dogtooth spar
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:Calcite rafts
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2654:Speleogenesis
2652:
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2633:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Cave painting
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2595:Biospeleology
2593:
2592:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2542:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2508:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2467:
2459:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2269:
2261:
2259:9781888729160
2255:
2251:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2197:
2189:
2181:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2103:Phaidon Press
2100:
2099:
2091:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1941:
1935:
1920:
1916:
1909:
1901:
1895:
1879:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1808:
1802:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1762:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1732:
1731:www.redzet.eu
1728:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1622:
1615:
1613:
1597:on 3 May 2009
1596:
1592:
1588:
1581:
1573:
1571:9780890514962
1567:
1563:
1562:
1561:The Cave Book
1554:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1477:Geomorphology
1470:
1468:
1459:
1457:9781317753711
1453:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1432:
1430:9781483277356
1426:
1422:
1421:
1413:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1332:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:List of caves
1300:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1263:
1261:
1257:
1256:Luray Caverns
1253:
1252:Benny Goodman
1249:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1177:in Europe at
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1068:
1064:
1063:Perito Moreno
1060:
1056:
1047:
1045:
1044:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1021:cave crickets
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1004:
999:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
945:
941:
934:
930:
925:
924:Biospeleology
913:
909:
906:
903:
899:
896:
893:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
873:
870:
869:
866:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
779:
775:
774:Hranice Abyss
771:
767:
763:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:
668:
665:
662:and parts of
661:
656:
649:
645:
640:
633:
629:
625:
621:
609:
608:
604:
601:
598:
595:
592:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
573:
569:
566:
565:
562:
558:
554:
545:
540:
530:
528:
524:
520:
514:
504:
496:
494:
490:
478:
474:
470:
466:
461:
451:
445:
441:
437:
428:
426:
425:Phang Nga Bay
422:
414:
410:
406:
401:
396:
386:
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:Kazumura Cave
369:
368:Eastern Idaho
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
343:
342:primary caves
335:
331:
326:
317:
315:
314:sulfuric acid
303:
295:
291:
287:
283:
281:
276:
274:
273:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
247:precipitation
244:
240:
236:
235:
230:
229:organic acids
226:
225:carbonic acid
213:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:. Except for
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
131:
127:
123:
117:
115:
114:
113:speleogenesis
103:
101:
100:
96:
92:
87:
83:
81:
77:
76:rock shelters
73:
72:Exogene caves
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
3937:Cave dweller
3799:Nome Kingdom
3753:Hollow Earth
3666:Maginot Line
3565:Storm cellar
3383:Burial vault
3245:Rock shelter
3156:Glacier cave
3150:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2950:Cave dweller
2864:Cave popcorn
2803:Underground
2722:Karst spring
2712:Glacier cave
2570:
2527:. Retrieved
2516:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2492:RollingStone
2491:
2481:
2466:
2452:
2444:the original
2433:
2398:
2394:
2384:
2343:
2339:
2333:
2283:
2279:
2268:
2248:
2241:
2200:
2194:
2180:
2168:. Retrieved
2148:
2141:
2129:. Retrieved
2097:
2090:
2078:. Retrieved
2069:
2059:
2028:
2023:
2011:. Retrieved
2007:the original
1998:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1961:
1934:
1922:. Retrieved
1918:
1908:
1882:. Retrieved
1855:. Retrieved
1850:
1841:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:
1815:
1789:. Retrieved
1760:
1734:. Retrieved
1730:
1721:
1694:
1690:
1680:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1620:
1599:. Retrieved
1595:the original
1590:
1580:
1560:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1528:
1520:
1505:
1480:
1476:
1446:
1439:
1419:
1412:
1381:
1370:
1347:
1236:
1232:
1221:Paleolithic
1220:
1193:
1182:
1172:
1166:
1156:
1151:in China at
1148:Homo erectus
1146:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1112:
1093:Sterkfontein
1086:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1025:
1007:
998:Cave insects
996:
986:such as the
976:
956:troglophiles
949:
902:South Dakota
872:Mammoth Cave
835:
792:
788:
765:
764:The deepest
742:
707:
692:
682:Mammoth Cave
677:
657:
653:
628:Slovak Karst
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
567:
542:
516:
502:
486:
469:Glacier cave
460:Glacier cave
448:
417:
384:
346:
341:
339:
328:Exploring a
284:
277:
270:
232:
214:
192:, salt, and
173:
169:
168:
134:
118:
111:
109:
98:
94:
90:
84:
79:
71:
55:
51:
49:
32:
4019:Mole people
4004:Mine rescue
3952:Cave rescue
3942:Cave diving
3686:Mogao Caves
3616:Coober Pedy
3575:Spider hole
3553:Septic tank
3493:Root cellar
3144:Paleoburrow
3093:Subterranea
2829:Speleothems
2742:Exploration
2642:Troglofauna
2610:Cave survey
2588:Main topics
2311:10498/21578
1978:20 December
1826:www.nps.gov
1601:8 September
1244:Dinah Shore
1163:Makapansgat
1153:Zhoukoudian
1134:Taung Child
1081:petroglyphs
968:stygophiles
960:trogloxenes
952:troglobites
624:Domica Cave
444:Mount Sodom
292:and nearby
280:water table
272:speleothems
267:soda straws
259:stalagmites
255:stalactites
202:groundwater
174:karst caves
152:South Wales
144:Speleothems
130:dissolution
4051:Categories
4031:Speleology
4024:in fiction
3804:Pellucidar
3646:Kome Caves
3296:Balve Cave
3240:Pit crater
3196:Talus cave
3119:Ant colony
2965:Kome Caves
2929:Stalagnate
2924:Stalagmite
2919:Stalactite
2909:Soda straw
2899:Shelfstone
2859:Cave pearl
2834:Speleogens
2799:Talus cave
2732:Ley tunnel
2659:Speleology
2637:Stygofauna
1857:3 February
1831:6 November
1697:(3): 1–6.
1406:required.)
1363:References
1319:Speleothem
1313:Speleology
1189:Denisovans
1097:Swartkrans
972:stygoxenes
964:stygobites
898:Jewel Cave
755:Kermanshah
533:Anchialine
527:landslides
513:Talus cave
477:Washington
413:California
348:Lava tubes
290:New Mexico
263:helictites
251:flowstones
198:salt caves
159:Solutional
99:spelunking
86:Speleology
68:weathering
44:New Mexico
3947:Cave gate
3819:Underdark
3767:Exemplars
3589:Exemplars
3528:Wine cave
3403:Catacombs
3289:Exemplars
3186:Show cave
3176:Lava tube
3171:Lava cave
3016:Incidents
2943:Dwellings
2884:Helictite
2879:Frostwork
2874:Flowstone
2844:Anthodite
2817:Waterfall
2789:Suffosion
2774:Show cave
2759:Salt cave
2727:Lava cave
2675:processes
2625:Equipment
2376:209311825
2121:865298990
2051:910986576
1924:1 January
1884:28 August
1713:1998-0507
1672:0392-6672
1483:: 63–77.
1273:Cave gate
1248:Roy Acuff
1101:Kromdraai
1067:Argentina
1005:in 1969.
821:show cave
799:, in the
785:Miao Room
607:Pit caves
572:sinkholes
523:rockfalls
493:ice caves
330:lava tube
239:sinkholes
178:limestone
126:limestone
95:potholing
3560:Stepwell
3548:Sewerage
3458:Hypogeum
3438:Erdstall
3428:Dry well
3408:Casemate
3388:Borehole
3378:Basement
3250:Sinkhole
3181:Pit Cave
3166:Ice cave
3051:Category
2904:Snottite
2894:Rimstone
2889:Moonmilk
2779:Sinkhole
2764:Sea cave
2749:Pit cave
2717:Ice cave
2523:Archived
2425:28964077
2368:31827284
2320:29472483
2225:17943129
2164:Archived
2131:27 March
2125:Archived
2074:Archived
1894:cite web
1801:cite web
1513:Archived
1307:Pit cave
1266:See also
1137:site of
1105:Drimolen
1013:gray bat
990:and the
894:, Mexico
884:, Mexico
876:Kentucky
829:Pyrenees
817:Malaysia
751:Slovenia
716:Abkhazia
686:Kentucky
632:Slovakia
499:Fracture
442:cave in
421:Thailand
405:sea cave
395:Sea cave
352:volcanic
186:dolomite
3854:Bergamt
3779:Batcave
3726:Yaodong
3463:Manhole
3453:Foxhole
3418:Dungeon
3124:Aquifer
2975:Yaodong
2849:Boxwork
2692:Cave-in
2518:YouTube
2403:Bibcode
2348:Bibcode
2288:Bibcode
2280:Science
2233:4387442
2205:Bibcode
2170:1 March
2080:7 April
2013:29 July
1791:11 June
1485:Bibcode
1204:yaodong
1089:fossils
918:Ecology
852:Vietnam
823:is the
809:Sarawak
776:in the
720:Georgia
701:Yucatán
648:Finland
454:Glacier
364:Jeju-do
320:Primary
64:surface
3962:Caving
3884:Grotto
3498:Tunnel
3483:Quarry
3393:Bunker
3280:Warren
3203:Cenote
3161:Grotto
3129:Burrow
3114:Alcove
2784:Spring
2697:Cenote
2620:Diving
2615:Caving
2573:topics
2497:4 June
2423:
2374:
2366:
2340:Nature
2318:
2256:
2231:
2223:
2196:Nature
2156:
2119:
2109:
2049:
2039:
1851:CINDAQ
1736:17 May
1711:
1670:
1627:
1568:
1543:1 July
1454:
1427:
1377:"cave"
1296:Cenote
1285:Caving
1250:, and
1109:Malapa
970:, and
813:Borneo
664:Brazil
574:where
380:Hawaii
334:Hawaii
210:faults
194:gypsum
190:marble
91:caving
56:cavern
4057:Caves
3746:Types
3448:Fogou
3366:Types
3208:Karst
3107:Types
2812:River
2754:Ponor
2707:Foiba
2649:Karst
2632:Fauna
2529:5 May
2372:S2CID
2229:S2CID
2191:(PDF)
1400:
1339:Notes
1260:organ
1078:Taíno
912:China
728:Sarma
644:Lohja
561:Italy
519:scree
507:Talus
374:near
234:karst
182:chalk
122:karst
97:, or
60:Earth
3523:Well
3468:Mine
3228:Nest
3151:Cave
2832:and
2807:Lake
2794:Sump
2737:Mine
2571:Cave
2531:2020
2499:2018
2421:PMID
2364:PMID
2316:PMID
2254:ISBN
2221:PMID
2172:2021
2154:ISBN
2133:2021
2117:OCLC
2107:ISBN
2082:2021
2047:OCLC
2037:ISBN
2015:2009
1980:2014
1926:2017
1900:link
1886:2007
1859:2023
1833:2022
1807:link
1793:2023
1738:2020
1709:ISSN
1668:ISSN
1625:ISBN
1603:2009
1566:ISBN
1545:2013
1452:ISBN
1425:ISBN
1171:and
1143:tufa
1123:and
1015:and
1009:Bats
944:Olms
904:, US
878:, US
834:The
805:Miri
783:The
759:Iran
741:The
730:and
706:The
525:and
483:1920
440:Salt
376:Hilo
356:lava
52:cave
3233:Bee
2934:Vug
2411:doi
2399:142
2356:doi
2344:576
2306:hdl
2296:doi
2284:359
2213:doi
2201:449
1699:doi
1658:doi
1493:doi
1481:273
1392:doi
1165:),
1103:B,
988:olm
974:).
846:in
842:in
795:is
757:in
749:in
714:in
699:in
684:in
626:in
423:'s
332:in
300:S (
288:in
172:or
128:by
62:'s
54:or
4053::
2521:.
2515:.
2490:.
2419:.
2409:.
2397:.
2393:.
2370:.
2362:.
2354:.
2342:.
2314:.
2304:.
2294:.
2282:.
2278:.
2227:.
2219:.
2211:.
2199:.
2193:.
2162:.
2123:.
2115:.
2101:.
2072:.
2068:.
2045:.
2001:.
1997:.
1966:.
1960:.
1948:^
1917:.
1896:}}
1892:{{
1867:^
1849:.
1824:.
1803:}}
1799:{{
1768:^
1746:^
1729:.
1707:.
1693:.
1689:.
1666:.
1654:47
1652:.
1648:.
1611:^
1589:.
1536:.
1491:.
1479:.
1466:^
1390:.
1380:.
1353:BP
1246:,
1218:.
1181:,
1155:,
1117:,
1107:,
1099:,
1095:,
1065:,
1061:,
1046:.
1030:,
994:.
966:,
910:,
900:,
874:,
850:,
815:,
811:,
807:,
718:,
559:,
529:.
481:c.
479:,
475:,
411:,
407:,
378:,
362:,
344:.
308:SO
275:.
265:,
261:,
257:,
253:,
219:CO
208:,
188:,
184:,
132:.
102:.
93:,
82:.
50:A
42:,
3085:e
3078:t
3071:v
2563:e
2556:t
2549:v
2533:.
2501:.
2475:.
2427:.
2413::
2405::
2378:.
2358::
2350::
2322:.
2308::
2298::
2290::
2262:.
2235:.
2215::
2207::
2174:.
2135:.
2084:.
2053:.
2017:.
1982:.
1942:.
1928:.
1902:)
1888:.
1861:.
1835:.
1809:)
1795:.
1740:.
1715:.
1701::
1695:4
1674:.
1660::
1633:.
1605:.
1574:.
1547:.
1499:.
1495::
1487::
1460:.
1433:.
1398:.
1394::
1355:.
890:/
867:.
831:.
803:(
780:.
761:.
650:)
646:(
634:)
630:(
336:.
312:(
310:4
306:2
298:2
223:(
221:3
217:2
154:.
30:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
