53:
403:
627:. Until 1944 there were more than a million secret high school students in Poland. At least 18,000 students passed their final school exams and received their certificates. This led to a bizarre situation in which students of formally non-existent high schools entered formally non-existent universities. Most of these certificates were issued on pre-war forms with the dates forged to indicate either 1938 or 1939. These were later accepted by post-war Polish universities.
1107:
461:
For the non-German population of the East there can be no type of school above the four-grade rudimentary school. The job of these schools should be confined to the teaching of counting (no higher than up to 500), the writing of one's name, and the teaching that God's commandment means obedience to
529:
notes that the
Organization undertook the education of a million children. By 1942, about 1,500,000 students took part in underground primary education; in 1944, the clandestine secondary school system covered 100,000 people and the secret university level courses about 10,000.
599:
Almost 10,000 students received master's degrees at the secret universities and several hundred others received doctorates. Secret printing houses that sprang up across Poland shortly after the war started, provided the facilities of secret learning with handbooks and scripts.
469:
On the territories incorporated into the Reich, education in Polish was banned and punished with death. Throughout Polish territory, the
Germans abolished all university education for non-Germans. All
477:
473:
were closed. Their equipment and most of the laboratories were taken to
Germany and divided among the German universities while the buildings were turned into offices and military barracks.
17:
677:
This is a partial list of professors who risked their lives teaching under the Nazi and Soviet occupations. Dates of death are given for those executed for their teaching activities.
831:
373:
1019:
1081:
Wydział Prawa i Nauk Społecznych
Uniwersytetu Stefana Batorego w Wilnie 1919-1939, - przyczynek do dziejów szkolnictwa wyższego w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym
390:, education often took place underground. Secretly conducted education prepared scholars and workers for the postwar reconstruction of Poland and countered
837:
647:
537:
alone. Underground Law and Social
Sciences faculties, as well as Humanities, Medical, Theological, Mathematical and Biology faculties were kept alive at
533:
The net of underground university faculties spread rapidly and by 1944 there were more than 300 lecturers and 3,500 students at various courses at the
430:
1171:
1176:
819:
366:
492:
However, many teachers, professors and educational activists organized underground courses all around the country, reviving the tradition of
52:
1083:
1055:
359:
951:
77:
1037:
589:
426:
143:
968:
510:
actively lectured to small groups in private apartments. The attendants were constantly risking deportation and death.
391:
331:
466:
By 1941, the number of children attending elementary school in the
General Government was half of the pre-war number.
1015:
992:
418:
342:
57:
34:
787:
732:
561:
192:
87:
1145:
Encuentros de
Historia Comparada Hispano-Polaca / Spotkania poświęcone historii porównawczej hiszpańsko-polskiej
470:
257:
514:
163:
757:
738:
277:
885:
503:
298:
113:
72:
1140:
1126:(1939–1945), vol. 3 "Noc", Instytut Wydawniczy Pax, Warsaw, 1986, p. 34. See: racial theories of
1098:
Footnote: information is uncertain, he possibly taught pedagogy and/or psychology, possibly in Kraków
499:
480:, which educated many Polish artists. It inspired also a number of theater creators cooperating with
422:
138:
82:
635:
507:
287:
246:
220:
168:
42:
881:
769:
553:
267:
210:
200:
118:
1052:
Mikołaj
Tarkowski, Przyczynek do dziejów szkolnictwa wyzszego w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym,
775:
862:
763:
387:
133:
108:
236:
825:
654:
303:
262:
123:
793:
453:. The only schools that remained opened were trade schools and courses for factory workers.
891:
708:
661:
for the education of priests. One well-known seminary was run by the
Archbishop of Kraków,
638:(NCOs) while the regional headquarters organized officer courses and special training. The
630:
There was also a net of secret military colleges in most major cities. Until 1944, most of
534:
406:
1080:
1053:
726:
8:
781:
662:
948:
714:
702:
692:
549:
538:
434:
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272:
231:
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1034:
1011:
988:
917:
720:
612:
494:
877:
1127:
980:
907:
901:
604:
462:
the
Germans, honesty, industry and politeness. Reading I do not consider essential.
454:
148:
1133:
1087:
1059:
1041:
955:
849:
772:, linguistics (responsible for organizing much of Kraków's underground education)
696:
608:
596:
and included 17 different units, among them the faculty of medicine and surgery.
445:
needed no higher education and the whole nation was to be turned into uneducated
438:
686:
402:
929:
Ukrainian education in occupied Poland was more developed than before the war.
895:
577:
481:
581:
1165:
1003:
806:
526:
525:), which took care of the underground primary and secondary level education.
291:
250:
224:
1151:
666:
313:
585:
853:
639:
607:, trade schools and special courses on forbidden subjects, such as the
205:
1155:
857:
1035:
Tajna edukacja cywilna w latach wojenno-okupacyjnych Polski 1939-1945
631:
616:
185:
653:
Religious education and training also took place. Prominently, the
593:
557:
658:
643:
588:. The latter university was composed mostly of the professors of
542:
450:
446:
624:
620:
573:
569:
741:, history of philosophy, history of aesthetics, history of art
397:
911:
442:
153:
27:
Overview of education in occupied Poland during World War II
646:
Association) opened its own NCO school in Warsaw nicknamed
552:, Warsaw University, Stefan Batory University in Wilno and
545:) from 1939 until 1944 with lectures, seminars and exams.
873:
These are some notable underground-university students:
487:
513:
Most of the underground education was organized by the
392:
German and Soviet threats to eradicate Polish culture
1008:
God's Playground: A History of Poland in Two Volumes
672:
18:
Underground education in Poland during World War II
1154:, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich - Wydawnictwo.
868:
431:areas directly incorporated into the Soviet Union
425:of Polish territory, Poland was divided into the
1163:
1141:Polish Universities During the Second World War
1108:Dzieje Najnowsze kwartalnik poswiecony historii
409:1941 - Education in Poland during World War II
367:
1110:bazhum.muzhp.pl 1998 Retrieved 31 March 2023
943:
941:
1072:
1070:
1068:
949:Chapter XIII - GERMANIZATION AND SPOLIATION
398:Background: repressions of Polish education
1136:, Instytut Lwowski, Warsaw, ISSN 1230-0829
809:, historian, imprisoned (but not executed)
427:areas directly incorporated into the Reich
374:
360:
938:
634:regiments had their military schools for
603:The professors organized a net of secret
1065:
401:
1172:Education in Poland during World War II
14:
1164:
924:
665:and trained future Cardinal and Pope,
1177:Polish resistance during World War II
1116:
488:Resistance: the underground education
961:
478:Staatliche Kunstgewerbeschule Krakau
548:The main universities included the
24:
25:
1188:
1010:, Oxford University Press, 2005,
969:HITLER'S PLANS FOR EASTERN EUROPE
619:. A special case were the secret
673:Underground-university lecturers
471:institutions of higher education
51:
869:Underground-university students
519:Tajna Organizacja Nauczycielska
413:After the Polish defeat in the
1152:Okupacja Hitlerowska 1941-1944
1101:
1092:
1046:
1024:
997:
974:
284:Non-integrated but recognizing
258:National Military Organization
13:
1:
932:
211:National Security Corps (PKB)
515:Secret Teaching Organization
7:
566:Uniwersytet Ziem Zachodnich
562:University of Western Lands
417:of 1939 and the subsequent
278:Confederation of the Nation
58:History of Poland 1939–1945
10:
1193:
886:Polish Academy of Sciences
590:Adam Mickiewicz University
476:There existed however the
433:and the German-controlled
299:Jewish Combat Organization
910:, writer, film director,
884:professor, member of the
843:
751:
680:
636:Non-commissioned officers
502:. Those who survived the
813:
642:(the underground Polish
539:Stefan Batory University
882:Jagiellonian University
800:
689:, engineering (d. 1943)
554:Jagiellonian University
268:Camp of Fighting Poland
100:Political organizations
788:Władysław Ślebodziński
764:Marian Gieszczykiewicz
747:, logic and philosophy
739:Władysław Tatarkiewicz
464:
410:
388:World War II in Poland
201:Armed Resistance (ZWZ)
181:Military organizations
134:Camp of National Unity
109:Polish Socialist Party
1033:Ryszard Czekajowski,
916:Karol Józef Wojtyła (
826:Kazimierz Petrusewicz
778:, literature (d.1942)
657:operated underground
655:Roman Catholic Church
623:schools organized in
506:and were not sent to
459:
405:
304:Jewish Military Union
263:National Armed Forces
169:Polish Workers' Party
164:National Radical Camp
154:Betar (Zionist youth)
892:Andrzej Maria Deskur
832:Bronisław Wróblewski
776:Konstanty Troczyński
758:Władysław Czapliński
709:Kazimierz Kuratowski
439:Nazi racial theories
243:Partially integrated
193:Service for Poland's
1079:Mikołaj Tarkowski,
1020:Google Print, p.342
985:Forgotten Holocaust
925:Ukrainian education
782:Adam Stefan Sapieha
733:Zygmunt Szweykowski
695:, sports (d.1944 -
572:, with branches in
508:concentration camps
500:partition of Poland
332:Cultural activities
1117:Additional sources
1086:2008-02-27 at the
1058:2008-02-27 at the
1040:2016-03-03 at the
954:2003-12-03 at the
838:Stefan Ehrenkreutz
794:Wisława Szymborska
770:Mieczysław Małecki
766:, biology (d.1942)
715:Tadeusz Manteuffel
705:, history (d.1945)
703:Marceli Handelsman
693:Eugeniusz Lokajski
550:University of Lwów
498:from the times of
435:General Government
415:invasion of Poland
411:
273:Pomeranian Griffin
237:Peasant Battalions
232:Gwardia Ludowa WRN
144:Jewish Labour Bund
1150:Zygmunt Albert,
918:Pope John Paul II
863:Tadeusz Strumiłło
729:, Polish language
727:Kazimierz Iwiński
721:Andrzej Mostowski
669:(Karol Wojtyla).
568:) was created in
535:Warsaw University
495:Flying University
423:Soviet occupation
384:
383:
343:History of Poland
217:Mostly integrated
45:Underground State
16:(Redirected from
1184:
1147:conference, 2004
1128:Heinrich Himmler
1111:
1105:
1099:
1096:
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1074:
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1062:Gdańsk. Page 22.
1050:
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995:
981:Richard C. Lukas
978:
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959:
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908:Tadeusz Konwicki
902:Zbigniew Herbert
898:cardinal, Kraków
663:Cardinal Sapieha
376:
369:
362:
345:during 1939–1945
288:Armed Resistance
247:Armed Resistance
221:Armed Resistance
149:Hashomer Hatzair
139:Democratic Party
55:
30:
29:
21:
1192:
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1124:Polska Walcząca
1119:
1114:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1088:Wayback Machine
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1075:
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1060:Wayback Machine
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1042:Wayback Machine
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1002:
998:
979:
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956:Wayback Machine
946:
939:
935:
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871:
850:Franciszek Leja
846:
816:
803:
754:
745:Jan Łukasiewicz
697:Warsaw Uprising
683:
675:
609:Polish language
490:
437:. According to
407:Łopiennik Górny
400:
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904:, poet, Kraków
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896:Roman Catholic
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878:Adam Bielański
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541:in Wilno (now
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482:Tadeusz Kantor
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326:Related topics
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1016:0-19-925340-4
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1004:Norman Davies
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993:0-7818-0528-7
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807:Stefan Inglot
805:
804:
795:
792:
790:, mathematics
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640:Szare Szeregi
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632:Armia Krajowa
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527:Norman Davies
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104:Major parties
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1007:
999:
984:
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963:
928:
872:
820:Iwo Jaworski
687:Stefan Bryła
676:
667:John Paul II
652:
629:
605:high schools
602:
598:
565:
547:
532:
522:
518:
512:
493:
491:
475:
468:
465:
460:
457:prescribed:
412:
385:
336:
314:Armia Ludowa
124:Labour Party
1077:(in Polish)
1031:(in Polish)
880:, chemist,
852:, history,
582:Częstochowa
451:German race
67:Authorities
1166:Categories
1122:J. Ślaski
933:References
784:, theology
659:seminaries
504:A-B Aktion
309:Opposition
206:Gray Ranks
159:Opposition
83:Parliament
73:Government
920:), Kraków
760:, history
735:, history
717:, history
617:geography
586:Milanówek
578:Jędrzejów
337:Education
292:Home Army
251:Home Army
225:Home Army
1084:Archived
1056:Archived
1038:Archived
952:Archived
888:, Kraków
648:Agricola
644:Scouting
621:talmudic
560:. A new
449:for the
35:a series
33:Part of
1156:Wrocław
1134:Rocznik
858:Leżajsk
625:ghettos
613:history
543:Vilnius
455:Himmler
386:During
1014:
991:
854:Łańcut
844:Others
796:, poet
752:Kraków
681:Warsaw
594:Poznań
574:Kielce
570:Warsaw
558:Kraków
419:German
88:Courts
43:Polish
37:on the
1158:1975.
912:Wilno
834:- law
828:- law
822:- law
814:Wilno
447:serfs
443:Slavs
245:with
219:with
1012:ISBN
989:ISBN
987:p10
801:Lwów
615:and
584:and
441:the
421:and
290:and
249:and
223:and
592:of
556:in
523:TON
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394:.
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