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Rhetoric concerning their mothers surrounded this rise to power, serving either to glorify or criticize their ascension to the caliphate. One rhetorical tactic involved portraying the slave mothers as foreign princesses with prestigious family backgrounds, thereby elevating their social status. An
169:. Conversely, their adversaries used a contrasting rhetorical approach by casting doubt on their paternity and implying that using slave women to bear children would lead to significant sociopolitical unrest. For instance, those opposed to
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who had given birth to her master's child. These women were regarded as property and could be sold by their owners, a practice that was permitted at the time under some strict rules and regulations from
133:
from her master were considered freeborn and legitimate, and they were often treated similarly with the other children born to the master's free wives. In 740,
137:'s failed attempt for the caliphate marked a turning point in favor of leaders with slave maternal origins and reached its peak in 744 with the rise of
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Eltis, David; Bradley, Keith R.; Engerman, Stanley L.; Perry, Craig; Cartledge, Paul; Richardson, David; Drescher, Seymour (2021-08-12).
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102:, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, initially concurred with Umar's decision. However, after Umar's death and the death of
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If an unmarried slave bore a child and the slave owner did not acknowledge parenthood, then the slave had to face
388:"Free fathers, slave mothers and their children: a contribution to the study of family structures in Al-Andalus"
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Free
Fathers, Slave Mothers and Their Children: A Contribution to the Study of Family Structures in Al-Andalus
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authorized a policy during his time as a caliph, that prohibited owners from selling or gifting their
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177:, suggesting that his slave mother was already pregnant when she was captured from the enemy camp.
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106:, who maintained the policy, Ali reversed it in the later period of his caliphate, declaring that
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161:, emphasizing his noble lineage. He boasted about his dual heritage, connecting himself to both
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should not be sold and should be granted freedom following her master's death. Children born to
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The
Economy of Certainty: An Introduction to the Typology of Islamic Legal Theory
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as the first
Umayyad caliph with a slave mother. Subsequently, the last three
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example of this is Yazid III, who proudly declared that his mother was a
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Muhammad's
Mission: Religion, Politics, and Power at the Birth of Islam
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was still sellable despite having given birth to the owner's child.
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legal schools of jurisprudence embrace Umar's perspective that the
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453:
The
Cambridge World History of Slavery: Volume 2, AD 500-AD 1420
411:
Concubines and
Courtesans: Women and Slavery in Islamic History
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98:, and upon their owners deaths, they would be granted freedom.
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Arabic term for a slave-concubine that mothers a master's child
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claimed that he was not truly the son of the
Umayyad prince
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when giving birth to a child by her enslaver, sultan
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113:Ali's viewpoint was eventually integrated into
81:'mother of the child') was given to a
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408:Gordon, Matthew; Hain, Kathryn A. (2017).
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231:History of concubinage in the Muslim world
90:. However, later after Muhammad’s death,
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502:Slavery in the medieval Islamic world
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121:. On the other hand, all prominent
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149:caliphs were born to slave women.
60:In the Muslim world, the title of
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386:De la Puente, Cristina (2013).
117:, along with the acceptance of
456:. Cambridge University Press.
145:caliphs and a majority of the
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1:
429:Nagel, Tilman (6 July 2020).
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194:Islamic sexual jurisprudence
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414:. Oxford University Press.
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157:princess from the esteemed
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471:Zysow, Aron (2014-06-23).
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199:Islamic views on slavery
54:Suleiman the Magnificent
30:For town in Syria, see
374:Gordon & Hain 2017
362:Gordon & Hain 2017
350:Gordon & Hain 2017
338:Gordon & Hain 2017
316:, pp. 298, 314–5.
314:Gordon & Hain 2017
290:Gordon & Hain 2017
266:Gordon & Hain 2017
254:Gordon & Hain 2017
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507:Islamic jurisprudence
40:
268:, pp. 312, 314.
204:Ma malakat aymanukum
352:, p. 229, 327.
175:Muhammad ibn Marwan
119:temporary marriages
46:Crimean slave trade
477:. Lockwood Press.
58:
44:, a victim of the
512:Marriage in Islam
484:978-1-937040-27-7
463:978-0-521-84067-5
442:978-3-11-067498-9
421:978-0-19-062218-3
278:Eltis et al. 2021
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50:umm al-walad
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48:, became an
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302:Nagel 2020
242:References
184:charges.
171:Marwan II
139:Yazid III
32:Umm Walad
18:Umm walad
394:: 27–44.
214:Mukataba
188:See also
88:Muhammad
72:أم الولد
42:Roxelana
402:Sources
155:Persian
147:Abbasid
143:Umayyad
115:Shi'ism
79:
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167:Khaqan
163:Caesar
104:Uthman
68:Arabic
226:Hatun
220:Qiyan
209:Mawla
123:Sunni
479:ISBN
458:ISBN
437:ISBN
416:ISBN
182:zina
165:and
92:Umar
77:lit.
100:Ali
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