1913:(25)...Jupiter Grabovius, if on the Fisian mount fire has arisen, or if in the (26) nation of Iguvium the owed preparations have been omitted, let it be as if they had been made. (27) Jupiter Grabovius, if in your sacrifice (anything) has been done wrongly, mistaken, transgressed, (28) deceived, left out, (if) in your ritual there is a seen or unseen flaw, Jupiter Grabovius, if it be right for this (29) yearling ox as purificatory offering to be purified, Jupiter Grabovius, purify the Fisian Mount, purify the Iguvine state. Jupiter Grabovius, purify the name of the Fisian Mount (and) of the Iguvine state, purify the magistrates (and) formulations, men (and) cattle, heads (of grain) (and) fruits, Be favorable (and) propitious in your peace to the Fisian Mount, (31) to the Iguvine state, to the name of that, to the name of this. Jupiter Grabovius, keep safe the Fisian Mount, keep safe the Iguvine state.
1907:(25)...Iovi Grabovie illius opere, si in montis Fisie ignis ortus est (26) civitate Iguvina, ritus debiti omissi sunt quasi nec consulto. (27) Iovi Grabovie si in tui sacrifici, vitiatum est, peccatum est, peritum est, (28) fraudatum est, defectum est, tui sacrifici visum, invisum, vitium est. Iovi Grabovie si ius sit hoc bove (29) optimo piaculo piator. Iovi Grabovie piato montem Fisiem piato civitatem Iguvinam piato montis Fisie piato civitatem (30) Iguvina nomen magistratus, formationes, viros, pecua, castra, fructus, piato esto favens propitius pace tua monti Fisii (31) civitati Iguvinae eius nomini eas nomini. Iovi Grabovie salvum servato montem Fisii salvam servato civitatem Iguvinae.
1900:(25)...Dei grabouie orer ose persei ocre fisie pir orto est (26) toteme iouine arsmor dersecor subator sent pusei neip heritu. (27) dei crabouie persei tuer perscler uaseto est pesetom est peretom est (28) frosetom est daetom est tuer perscler uirseto auirseto uas est. di grabouie persei mersei esu bue (29) peracrei pihaclu pihafei. di.grabouie pihatu ocre fisei pihatu tota iouina. di.grabouie pihatu ocrer (30) fisier totar iouinar nome nerf arsmo ueiro pequo castruo fri pihatu futu fos pacer pase tua ocre fisi (31) tote iiouine erer nomne erar nomne. di.grabouie saluo seritu ocre fisi salua seritu tota iiouina.
1537:, this must be assumed to be an areal feature. (By the time of classical Latin, the accent had shifted in that language to more of an Ancient Greek pattern--on the third syllable from the end (antepenult) unless the last syllable was long, in which case it fell on the second to last syllable (the penult).) The degree to which these shifts can be connected to similar shifts to initial stress in Celtic and Germanic is unclear; for discussion see J. Salmons'
231:
689:
Classes of nouns roughly match those in Latin: long a-stems matching Latin first declension, historical o-stems matching Latin second declension, consonant- and i-stems matching Latin third declension, with some more sparse attestation of u-stem (Latin fourth) and long e-stem (Latin fifth)
283:, a term generally replaced by Sabellic in modern scholarship. Since that classification was first formulated, a number of other languages in ancient Italy were discovered to be more closely related to Umbrian. Therefore, a group, the Umbrian languages, was devised to contain them.
1532:
At some point early in the history of all Indo-European Italic languages, the accent seems to have shifted to the initial syllable of words as a stress accent, since non-initial syllables are regularly lost or weakened. Since the same pattern occurs in the history of
1887:(6–7) Let him select the sacrificial victims, and when they are given over, let him inspect them (8) to see if (any) of them are to be accepted, and in the case of (9) a triple offering, let him inspect them in the country (10) to see if they are to be accepted.
1761:
Like Latin, but unlike Oscan, intervocalic -s- rhotacized to -r- in
Umbrian. In late forms of the language, final -s also becomes -r (a change not seen in Latin). For example, the genitive plural ending of -ā stems: Umbrian
346:, and was written right-to-left, essentially equivalent to the Neo-Etruscan, but using a letter shaped like a 'P' from the Archaic Etruscan alphabet for the unique Umbrian sound discussed below. The newer was written in the
358:; this represents an unknown sound that developed regularly from intervocalic *-d- in most cases). To clearly distinguish them, the native script is generally transcribed in bold, the Latin in italics.
2338:
721:. In the plural, there are only four distinct cases: nominative; accusative; genitive; and dative-and-ablative combined into one form. There are no attested locative or vocative plurals.
1881:(6-7) ...Hostia solemnis digito, revisito, cum datur, (8) (aliquae) earum accipiantur oportetne, et cum piaculorum (9) ternio fiet, ex agro revisito (10) accipiantur oportetne...
1932:
The tradition born in the 17th century that the tablets were originally nine, and that two, sent to Venice, never came back, must be considered spurious. Paolucci (1966), p. 44
2440:
Wallace, Rex E. “Sabellian
Languages.” In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Ancient Languages, ed.Roger D. Woodard, 812–839. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
315:
of the ancient religion in the region. Sometimes they are called the
Eugubian tablets after the medieval name of Iguvium/Eugubium. The tablets contain 4000–5000 words.
1509:
This change is shared with
Umbrian, and so is a common Sabellic change, reminiscent of the k/p split between Goidellic (Irish, etc) and Cymric (Welsh, etc).
2454:
Whatmough, Joshua. "A New
Umbrian Inscription of Assisi." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 50 (1939): 89-93. Accessed May 5, 2020. doi:10.2307/310593.
2329:
2814:
2819:
1797:
in the native alphabet), earlier intervocalic *-d- (and sometimes *-l-) show up in the native alphabet as a character generally transliterated as
748:(the later with rhotacism, on which see below) "of the city" (note that Umbrian continues the PIE case, while Latin innovates here to -ae); Dat.
2524:
2555:
1124:
Imperfect, perfect indicative and all tenses of the subjunctive in the active voice use a different set of endings (secondary):
2363:
2150:
2131:
2112:
2069:
1199:
perfects are not attested in
Umbrian. Instead, Umbrian uses its own set of forms, including reduplicated perfects such as
658:
605:
291:
Umbrian is known from about 30 inscriptions dated from the 7th through 1st centuries BC. The largest cache by far is the
1953:
2385:
350:. The texts are sometimes called Old Umbrian and New Umbrian. The differences are mainly orthographic. For example,
1068:
Present, future and future perfect forms in the active voice use the following set of personal endings (primary):
2809:
2464:
511:
2548:
2437:
Untermann, Jürgen. Wörterbuch des
Oskisch-Umbrischen. Heidelberg, Germany: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, 2000.
724:
Examples from long a-stems (for use of bold versus italic script, see above under "Alphabet"): Singular: Nom.
1711:
2488:
205:
518:
110:
354:
in the Latin alphabet is represented by a single character in the native script (generally transcribed as
533:
524:
2478:
2213:
2176:
2013:
1989:
651:
441:
434:
2572:
2541:
2719:
1710:
Velars are palatalized and spirantized before front vowels and the front glide /j/ to probably a
1592:
text for
Umbrian and Oscan indicates words written in the native, Etruscan derived script, while
561:
477:
470:
450:
240:
75:
2618:
2602:
1718:
338:
The
Iguvine tablets were written in two alphabets. The older, the Umbrian alphabet, like other
280:
85:
2757:
2677:
1613:
627:
581:
574:
115:
1584:
But compared to its highly conservative sister language Oscan, Umbrian exhibits a number of
2667:
486:
296:
8:
2725:
2353:
1354:
The following non-finite forms are attested (all of them are based on the present stem):
498:
169:
1588:, some of them shared by its neighbor to the west, Latin. (Below, following convention,
780:"for the annual festival" (with final rhotacism from -s; thought to be related to Latin
2659:
2518:
2483:
1609:
1061:
1055:
394:
2445:
Language and Ritual In
Sabellic Italy: The Ritual Complex of the Third and the Fourth
221:
2777:
2701:
2595:
2585:
2580:
2381:
2359:
2349:
1534:
1043:
1037:
545:
463:
409:
399:
343:
339:
135:
1733:. (A similar change happened later in most Romance languages.) For example: Umbrian
2769:
2740:
2736:
2691:
2685:
2564:
2373:
1049:
619:
597:
414:
389:
272:
256:
140:
130:
80:
2789:
2785:
2411:
A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian: With a Collection of Inscriptions and a Glossary.
1893:
1849:
568:
404:
292:
268:
67:
37:
20:
2731:
2355:
A Grammar Of Oscan And Umbrian: With A Collection Of Inscriptions And A Glossary
19:
This article is about the ancient language. For the modern Italian dialect, see
2824:
2781:
2639:
2423:
Clackson, James. 2015. "Subgrouping in the Sabellian Branch of Indo‐European."
1805:
in Umbrian texts using the Latin alphabet. The exact pronunciation is unknown:
276:
253:
161:
2634:
2803:
2649:
504:
427:
308:
198:
2644:
2500:
1579:
347:
2672:
2629:
189:
146:
2434:
Philological Monographs 18. Baltimore: American Philological Association.
1896:, tablet VIa, lines 25–31 (written in the Latin alphabet on the tablet):
1612:, a process only partly seen in Latin, and only very rarely in Oscan. So
1494:
Umbrian shares some phonological changes with its sister language Oscan.
1195:
Perfect stems are derived from the present stem in different ways. Latin
1951:
Colby, Frank Moore; Williams, Talcott, eds. (1922). "Italic languages".
1852:, tablet Va, lines 6–10 (written in the native alphabet on the tablet):
1180:
Passive endings are attested only for the 3rd person: singular primary
698:
694:
371:
The exact phonetics of much of what follows are not completely clear.
1605:
641:
421:
214:
182:
2214:
https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up
2177:
https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up
2014:
https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up
1990:
https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up
295:, seven inscribed bronze tablets found in 1444 near the village of
2654:
2607:
2533:
1714:
1638:
718:
714:
710:
702:
236:
784:"full" with the semantic development > "of the full (year)").
327:
299:
or, according to another tradition, in an underground chamber at
230:
706:
323:
312:
300:
2517:
1957:. Vol. 12. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 459.
2773:
2590:
1215:'will have presented'. Some verbs also use suppletive forms.
1033:
Verbs in Umbrian are inflected for the following categories:
264:
260:
58:
48:
319:
1988:
Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 pp. 25 ff.
1040:(present, imperfect, future, perfect, and future perfect),
279:
group and is therefore associated with it in the group of
307:). The seven tablets contain notes on the ceremonies and
1642:'official in charge of public revenue and expenditure';
1580:
Innovations unique to Umbrian (or not shared with Oscan)
2418:
A Vocabulary of Umbrian: Including the Umbrian Glosses.
2175:
Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 p. 65.
2035:
2033:
2230:
2212:
Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 p. 45
2157:
2088:
2076:
2045:
2012:
Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 p. 98
2266:
2018:
1994:
1979:
Buck, C.D. A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian pp. 82-83
2312:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
2181:
2138:
2119:
2100:
2057:
2030:
1599:
1596:represents words written in Latin-derived script.)
2254:
2242:
2218:
379:The consonant inventory of Umbrian is as follows:
2528:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 297–298.
2801:
693:There are seven attested cases in the singular:
2314:(2nd ed.), Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 299.
2549:
1950:
1527:
2327:
1928:
1926:
1674:in the native script) in initial syllables:
1497:
1705:
2815:Languages attested from the 7th century BC
2556:
2542:
2378:New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
2149:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuck1904159 (
2130:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuck1904158 (
2111:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuck1904160 (
2068:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuck1904169 (
1544:Examples: Loss of unstressed short -e-: *
229:
1923:
2425:Transactions of the Philological Society
1218:Other tenses are formed by suffixation:
16:Extinct Italic language of central Italy
2820:Languages extinct in the 1st century BC
2396:The Sabellic Languages of Ancient Italy
2393:
2337:(in Italian). Empoli: La Toscografica.
2163:
2144:
2125:
2106:
2094:
2082:
2063:
2051:
2024:
2000:
1484:
2802:
2530:— with details of the Umbrian language
2515:
2372:
2272:
701:(along with the nom-acc neuter case),
2537:
2201:Accentual Change and Language Contact
1539:Accentual Change and Language Contact
1052:(indicative, imperative, subjunctive)
241:Roman expansion and conquest of Italy
2563:
2498:
2348:
2260:
2248:
2236:
2224:
2187:
2039:
1967:
235:Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the
1861:perakneu upetu, revestu, puře teřte
678:Pure: i, e, a, o, u; ā, ē, ī, ō, ū
13:
2420:Bristol, PA: Evolution Publishing.
2403:
1954:The New International Encyclopedia
1781:
318:Other minor inscriptions are from
14:
2836:
2458:
1865:eru emantu herte, et pihaklu pune
1489:
657:
650:
626:
604:
580:
573:
532:
517:
510:
485:
476:
469:
449:
440:
433:
2344:from the original on 2020-05-03.
2331:Scheggia - Note Critico-Storiche
1600:Treatment of original diphthongs
1028:
788:Umbrian noun declension endings
2516:Conway, Robert Seymour (1911).
2304:
2291:
2278:
2206:
2193:
2169:
1869:tribřiçu fuiest, akrutu revestu
1843:
1462:'for the purpose of observing'
1410:'having dined' (Nom.pl. masc.)
2743:, transitional or independent)
2299:A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian
2286:A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian
2006:
1982:
1973:
1961:
1944:
1935:
1203:'gave', the -s- suffix, as in
776:"of the ramparts"?; Dat.-Abl.
1:
2432:The bronze tables of Iguvium.
2310:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010).
1916:
1836:(accusative singular) <PI
1654:; furthermore, Proto-Italic *
1568:"present" (imperative) < *
374:
275:it is closely related to the
2489:Resources in other libraries
1756:
1749:'I do, I make' : Latin
764:"Oh, Prestota" Plural: Nom.
496:
366:
7:
2784:; Latin is still used as a
2380:, Oxford University Press,
2203:, Stanford University Press
1823:
333:
10:
2841:
2776:(and its descendants, the
2409:Buck, Carl Darling. 1979.
2321:
1528:Initial stress and syncope
1431:Present passive infinitive
1046:(active, deponent/passive)
361:
18:
2766:
2750:
2712:
2617:
2571:
2484:Resources in your library
1478:'purify' (Gen.sg. masc.)
1415:Present active infinitive
1371:Present active participle
1293:
1240:
1207:'will have sat', and the
985:
971:
800:
794:
792:
728:"fine" (related to Latin
673:
640:
625:
618:
603:
596:
567:
497:
420:
386:
286:
228:
212:
196:
180:
175:
158:
124:
103:
64:
54:
43:
33:
28:
2443:Weiss, Michael L. 2010.
2394:Wallace, Rex E. (2007).
2199:Salmons, Joseph (1992),
1706:Palatalization of velars
684:
2610:? (possibly not Italic)
2525:Encyclopædia Britannica
2430:Poultney, James. 1959.
1678:'one' : Old Latin
756:"from the altar"; Loc.
681:Diphthongs: ai, ei, ou
342:, was derived from the
259:formerly spoken by the
2810:Osco-Umbrian languages
1941:AA. VV. (2004), p. 243
1801:, but as the sequence
1793:is preserved (spelled
1737:'dinner' : Oscan
1646:'single' : Oscan
281:Osco-Umbrian languages
2758:Proto-Italic language
2328:Pio Paolucci (1966).
1560:"on the right" < *
1184:, singular secondary
1698:'city' : Oscan
1485:Phonological history
760:"in the city"; Voc.
752:"to the city"; Abl.
740:"city, state"; Gen.
2786:liturgical language
2728:? (possibly Celtic)
2145:Buck & 1904 159
2126:Buck & 1904 158
2107:Buck & 1904 160
2064:Buck & 1904 169
1774:(compare Sanskrit -
1624:become Umbrian low
789:
170:Old Italic alphabet
111:Proto-Indo-European
2350:Buck, Carl Darling
1686:'or' : Oscan
1064:(singular, plural)
787:
2797:
2796:
2778:Romance languages
2596:Romance languages
2499:Hare, JB (2005).
2465:Library resources
2413:Hildesheim: Olms.
2398:. Munich: LINCOM.
2374:Sihler, Andrew L.
2365:978-1-4326-9132-5
2239:, pp. 89–91.
1813:"what" vs. Oscan
1610:into monophthongs
1548:"shoulder" < *
1498:Labialization of
1482:
1481:
1446:'to be expiated'
1352:
1351:
1310:(for other stems)
1178:
1177:
1122:
1121:
1026:
1025:
768:"families"; Acc.
669:
668:
548:
507:
466:
430:
344:Etruscan alphabet
340:Old Italic script
247:
246:
2832:
2770:Italic languages
2565:Italic languages
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2470:Umbrian language
2447:Tabulae Iguvinae
2399:
2390:
2369:
2345:
2343:
2336:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2258:
2252:
2246:
2240:
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1948:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1572:, compare Latin
1552:, compare Latin
1357:
1356:
1221:
1220:
1127:
1126:
1071:
1070:
790:
786:
661:
654:
630:
608:
584:
577:
544:
536:
521:
514:
503:
489:
480:
473:
462:
453:
444:
437:
426:
384:
383:
273:Italic languages
233:
224:
208:
192:
185:
164:
70:
26:
25:
2840:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2793:
2790:Catholic Church
2762:
2746:
2720:Ancient Belgian
2708:
2613:
2573:Latino-Faliscan
2567:
2562:
2519:"Iguvium"
2506:
2504:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2406:
2404:Further reading
2388:
2366:
2341:
2334:
2324:
2319:
2318:
2309:
2305:
2296:
2292:
2283:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2259:
2255:
2247:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2223:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2194:
2186:
2182:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1987:
1983:
1978:
1974:
1966:
1962:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1931:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1902:
1894:Iguvine Tablets
1892:Taken from the
1888:
1882:
1876:
1850:Iguvine Tablets
1848:Taken from the
1846:
1826:
1789:While initial *
1787:
1759:
1708:
1608:are simplified
1602:
1582:
1530:
1507:
1492:
1487:
1399:Past participle
1306:(for a-stems),
1058:(1st, 2nd, 3rd)
1031:
687:
676:
377:
369:
364:
336:
293:Iguvine Tablets
289:
263:in the ancient
257:Italic language
243:
220:
204:
201:
188:
181:
165:
160:
120:
106:
99:
71:
68:Language family
66:
24:
21:Central Italian
17:
12:
11:
5:
2838:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2795:
2794:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2752:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2682:Umbrian group
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2664:
2663:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2599:
2598:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2513:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2474:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:External links
2457:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2451:Leiden: Brill.
2441:
2438:
2435:
2428:
2427:113 (1): 4–37.
2421:
2414:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2391:
2386:
2370:
2364:
2346:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2303:
2290:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2217:
2205:
2192:
2190:, p. 101.
2180:
2168:
2156:
2137:
2118:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2056:
2044:
2042:, p. 151.
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1981:
1972:
1960:
1943:
1934:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1898:
1886:
1880:
1854:
1845:
1842:
1825:
1822:
1786:
1782:Treatment of *
1780:
1758:
1755:
1721:/ʃ/), written
1707:
1704:
1632: : Oscan
1601:
1598:
1581:
1578:
1529:
1526:
1517:"what"; Oscan
1506:
1496:
1491:
1490:Shared changes
1488:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1473:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1447:
1441:
1432:
1428:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1412:
1411:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1395:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1323:
1319:
1318:
1317:'should hold'
1311:
1301:
1298:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1276:Future perfect
1273:
1272:
1266:
1261:
1258:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1211:suffix, as in
1176:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1059:
1053:
1047:
1041:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1003:
998:
994:
993:
984:
979:
970:
965:
961:
960:
951:
942:
933:
924:
920:
919:
910:
901:
892:
883:
879:
878:
875:
870:
867:
862:
858:
857:
848:
843:
834:
825:
821:
820:
817:
814:
811:
807:
806:
799:
793:
732:"fine"); Acc.
690:declensions.
686:
683:
675:
672:
671:
670:
667:
666:
664:
662:
655:
648:
646:
644:
638:
637:
635:
633:
631:
624:
622:
616:
615:
613:
611:
609:
602:
600:
594:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
578:
571:
565:
564:
559:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
541:
540:
538:
529:
527:
522:
515:
508:
501:
495:
494:
492:
490:
483:
481:
474:
467:
459:
458:
456:
454:
447:
445:
438:
431:
424:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
376:
373:
368:
365:
363:
360:
335:
332:
288:
285:
245:
244:
234:
226:
225:
218:
210:
209:
202:
197:
194:
193:
186:
178:
177:
176:Language codes
173:
172:
166:
162:Writing system
159:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:Umbrian proper
150:
144:
138:
133:
126:
122:
121:
119:
118:
109:
107:
104:
101:
100:
98:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
74:
72:
65:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
45:
41:
40:
35:
34:Native to
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2837:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:Reconstructed
2749:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Praenestinian
2601:
2597:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2527:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2502:
2497:
2496:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2392:
2389:
2387:0-19-508345-8
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:. Kessinger.
2357:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2313:
2307:
2300:
2294:
2287:
2281:
2275:, p. 48.
2274:
2269:
2263:, p. 82.
2262:
2257:
2251:, p. 74.
2250:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2227:, p. 41.
2226:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2202:
2196:
2189:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:, p. 33.
2165:
2160:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2127:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2103:
2097:, p. 30.
2096:
2091:
2085:, p. 29.
2084:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2060:
2054:, p. 28.
2053:
2048:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2027:, p. 27.
2026:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:, p. 13.
2002:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1976:
1969:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1922:
1911:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1828:Proto-italic
1821:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:(perhaps the
1716:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:'murmuring' (
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:purdi-nçi-ust
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1029:Verbal system
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
995:
992:
988:
983:
980:
978:
974:
969:
966:
963:
962:
959:
955:
952:
950:
946:
943:
941:
937:
934:
932:
928:
925:
922:
921:
918:
914:
911:
909:
905:
902:
900:
896:
893:
891:
887:
884:
881:
880:
876:
874:
871:
868:
866:
863:
860:
859:
856:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
838:
835:
833:
829:
826:
823:
822:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
804:
797:
791:
785:
783:
779:
775:
772:"pigs"; Gen.
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
682:
679:
665:
663:
660:
656:
653:
649:
647:
645:
643:
639:
636:
634:
632:
629:
623:
621:
617:
614:
612:
610:
607:
601:
599:
595:
592:
590:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
570:
566:
563:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
547:
543:
542:
539:
535:
530:
528:
526:
523:
520:
516:
513:
509:
506:
502:
500:
493:
491:
488:
484:
482:
479:
475:
472:
468:
465:
461:
460:
457:
455:
452:
448:
446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
429:
425:
423:
419:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
385:
382:
381:
380:
372:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
331:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
284:
282:
278:
274:
271:. Within the
270:
266:
262:
258:
255:
251:
242:
239:, before the
238:
232:
227:
223:
219:
217:
216:
211:
207:
203:
200:
199:Linguist List
195:
191:
187:
184:
179:
174:
171:
167:
163:
157:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
137:
134:
132:
129:
128:
127:
123:
117:
114:
113:
112:
108:
102:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
83:
82:
79:
78:
77:
76:Indo-European
73:
69:
63:
60:
57:
53:
50:
46:
42:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
2739:? (possibly
2696:
2678:South Picene
2626:Oscan group
2619:Osco-Umbrian
2523:
2505:. Retrieved
2479:Online books
2469:
2448:
2444:
2431:
2424:
2417:
2416:————. 2001.
2410:
2395:
2377:
2354:
2330:
2311:
2306:
2298:
2297:Buck, C. D.
2293:
2285:
2284:Buck, C. D.
2280:
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2200:
2195:
2183:
2171:
2164:Wallace 2007
2159:
2140:
2121:
2102:
2095:Wallace 2007
2090:
2083:Wallace 2007
2078:
2059:
2052:Wallace 2007
2047:
2025:Wallace 2007
2020:
2008:
2001:Wallace 2007
1996:
1984:
1975:
1963:
1952:
1946:
1937:
1910:In English:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1891:
1889:
1884:In English:
1883:
1877:
1873:emantu herte
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1844:Sample texts
1837:
1833:
1832:became /i/,
1829:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1783:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1760:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1719:postalveolar
1709:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:Proto-Italic
1603:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1583:
1573:
1570:obs-tendetōd
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1475:
1470:
1459:
1454:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1423:
1418:
1407:
1402:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1374:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1328:Not attested
1314:
1307:
1303:
1287:
1282:
1268:
1263:
1250:Not attested
1217:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1179:
1172:
1167:
1155:
1143:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1099:
1087:
1067:
1032:
1020:
1015:
1005:
1000:
990:
986:
981:
976:
972:
967:
957:
953:
948:
944:
939:
935:
930:
926:
916:
912:
907:
903:
898:
894:
889:
885:
872:
864:
854:
850:
845:
840:
836:
831:
827:
802:
795:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
723:
692:
688:
680:
677:
378:
370:
355:
351:
348:Latin script
337:
317:
304:
290:
249:
248:
213:
168:Umbrian and
116:Proto-Italic
90:
86:Osco-Umbrian
2668:Pre-Samnite
2635:Marrucinian
2503:. Wordgumbo
2273:Sihler 1995
1970:, p. 7
1712:palatalized
1586:innovations
1294:Subjunctive
1269:prupeha-s-t
882:Accusative
824:Nominative
105:Early forms
2804:Categories
2780:) are now
2726:Lusitanian
2645:Paelignian
1917:References
1904:In Latin:
1878:In Latin:
1745:; Umbrian
1729:or simply
1606:diphthongs
1562:deksiterer
1241:Indicative
801:Masculine
774:pracatarum
699:accusative
695:nominative
375:Consonants
267:region of
2732:Oenotrian
2660:Vestinian
2507:24 August
2501:"Umbrian"
2352:(2007) .
2301:. p. 301
2288:. p. 260
2261:Buck 1904
2249:Buck 1904
2237:Buck 1904
2225:Buck 1904
2188:Buck 1904
2040:Buck 1904
1968:Buck 1904
1770:vs Oscan
1757:Rhotacism
1670:(written
1648:preivatud
1634:kvaísstur
1574:ostendito
1521:vs Latin
1467:Gerundive
1408:çersnatur
1322:Imperfect
1288:fak-us-t'
1271:'piabit'
1244:Imperfect
1188:, plural
1012:Locative
997:Ablative
923:Genitive
861:Vocative
778:plenasier
726:muta/mutu
642:Semivowel
505:voiceless
499:Fricative
428:voiceless
367:Phonology
303:(ancient
215:Glottolog
183:ISO 639-3
55:Ethnicity
2702:Volscian
2655:Sidicini
2630:Hernican
2608:Siculian
2586:Lanuvian
2581:Faliscan
2376:(1995),
2339:Archived
1817:, Latin
1766:, Latin
1741:, Latin
1715:sibilant
1690:, Latin
1650:, Latin
1639:quaestor
1636:, Latin
1535:Etruscan
1460:aseriato
1426:'to be'
1366:Example
1236:Example
1205:sesu-s-t
1132:Singular
1076:Singular
816:Singular
810:Singular
766:fameřias
762:Prestota
719:vocative
715:locative
711:ablative
703:genitive
395:Alveolar
334:Alphabet
309:statutes
297:Scheggia
237:Iron Age
222:umbr1253
136:Volscian
125:Dialects
47:central
2788:of the
2782:extinct
2772:except
2737:Venetic
2713:Unknown
2697:Umbrian
2692:Marsian
2686:Aequian
2650:Samnite
2322:Sources
1855:(6) ...
1840:"pig"
1666:become
1630:kvestur
1594:italics
1566:ostendu
1476:pihaner
1444:piha-fi
1347:heriiei
1338:Perfect
1335:Perfect
1325:Present
1300:Present
1297:Present
1279:Perfect
1260:Present
1247:Present
1186:-(n)tur
1135:Plural
1079:Plural
964:Dative
819:Plural
813:Plural
805:-stems
798:-stems
422:Plosive
410:Glottal
400:Palatal
362:Grammar
328:Spoleto
313:priests
305:Iguvium
265:Italian
254:extinct
250:Umbrian
141:Aequian
131:Marsian
91:Umbrian
29:Umbrian
2741:Celtic
2673:Sabine
2467:about
2384:
2362:
1863:, (8)
1857:Sakreu
1824:Vowels
1772:-asúm
1739:kersnu
1652:prīvus
1644:prever
1558:destre
1554:umerus
1550:omesei
1455:-to(m)
1451:Supine
1390:< *
1386:< *
1363:Suffix
1315:habi-a
1264:-(e)s-
1257:Future
1233:Suffix
1062:Number
1056:Person
782:plenus
717:, and
707:dative
674:Vowels
620:Rhotic
598:Liquid
546:voiced
464:voiced
415:Dental
390:Labial
324:Assisi
301:Gubbio
287:Corpus
269:Umbria
252:is an
147:Sabine
81:Italic
44:Region
38:Umbria
2825:Umbri
2774:Latin
2640:Oscan
2591:Latin
2342:(PDF)
2335:(PDF)
1871:(10)
1819:quid.
1815:pídum
1811:pirse
1768:-arum
1764:-arum
1751:faciō
1747:façiu
1735:śesna
1700:touto
1680:oinus
1662:and *
1620:and *
1523:quid.
1519:pídum
1515:pirse
1471:-nno-
1424:er-om
1380:kutef
1227:Tense
1209:-nçi-
1190:-endi
1044:Voice
1038:Tense
940:-arum
908:-o(m)
904:-u(m)
770:porca
746:totar
742:tutas
738:totam
730:molta
685:Nouns
569:Nasal
405:Velar
277:Oscan
261:Umbri
59:Umbri
49:Italy
2768:All
2509:2010
2382:ISBN
2360:ISBN
2151:help
2132:help
2113:help
2070:help
1867:(9)
1859:(7)
1838:*sūm
1807:piře
1778:).
1776:āsām
1743:cēna
1696:tuta
1688:auti
1604:All
1590:bold
1546:onse
1511:piře
1439:-fir
1403:-to-
1392:-nts
1375:-nt-
1360:Form
1304:-iā-
1283:-us-
1230:Stem
1224:Mood
1201:dede
1197:-vī-
1182:-ter
1164:3rd
1152:2nd
1140:1st
1108:3rd
1096:2nd
1084:1st
1050:Mood
936:-aru
846:-(s)
758:tote
750:tute
734:tuta
326:and
320:Todi
311:for
1875:...
1834:sim
1753:.
1692:aut
1684:ute
1676:unu
1658:, *
1541:.
1502:to
1500:*kʷ
1435:-fi
1419:-om
1388:-ns
1342:-ē-
1308:-ā-
1173:-ns
1117:-nt
991:-ir
987:-es
977:-er
973:-es
949:-er
945:-es
931:-ar
927:-as
913:-uf
895:-af
890:-am
855:-ur
851:-us
841:-ar
837:-as
754:asa
206:xum
190:xum
2806::
2522:.
2032:^
1925:^
1830:*ū
1809:,
1803:rs
1791:d-
1725:,
1702:.
1694:;
1682:;
1664:au
1660:ou
1656:oi
1628::
1622:ei
1618:ai
1576:.
1564:;
1556:;
1513:,
1394:)
1384:-f
1192:.
1168:-∅
1156:-s
1144:-m
1112:-t
1100:-s
1088:-ō
1021:-e
1016:-e
1006:-u
1001:-a
989:,
982:-e
975:,
968:-e
958:-o
956:,
954:-u
947:,
938:,
929:,
917:-u
915:,
906:,
899:-a
897:,
888:,
886:-a
877:?
873:-e
869:?
865:-a
853:,
839:,
832:-u
830:,
828:-a
744:/
736:/
713:,
709:,
705:,
697:,
537:)
352:rs
330:.
322:,
2792:.
2722:?
2688:?
2662:?
2557:e
2550:t
2543:v
2511:.
2449:.
2368:.
2153:)
2147:.
2134:)
2128:.
2115:)
2109:.
2072:)
2066:.
1799:ř
1795:t
1784:d
1731:s
1727:ś
1723:ç
1672:u
1668:ō
1626:ē
1616:*
1504:p
1437:/
1313:'
803:o
796:ā
659:w
652:j
628:r
606:l
582:n
575:m
562:ð
534:h
531:(
525:š
519:s
512:f
487:g
478:d
471:b
451:k
442:t
435:p
356:ř
149:?
143:?
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
