1924:(25)...Jupiter Grabovius, if on the Fisian mount fire has arisen, or if in the (26) nation of Iguvium the owed preparations have been omitted, let it be as if they had been made. (27) Jupiter Grabovius, if in your sacrifice (anything) has been done wrongly, mistaken, transgressed, (28) deceived, left out, (if) in your ritual there is a seen or unseen flaw, Jupiter Grabovius, if it be right for this (29) yearling ox as purificatory offering to be purified, Jupiter Grabovius, purify the Fisian Mount, purify the Iguvine state. Jupiter Grabovius, purify the name of the Fisian Mount (and) of the Iguvine state, purify the magistrates (and) formulations, men (and) cattle, heads (of grain) (and) fruits, Be favorable (and) propitious in your peace to the Fisian Mount, (31) to the Iguvine state, to the name of that, to the name of this. Jupiter Grabovius, keep safe the Fisian Mount, keep safe the Iguvine state.
1918:(25)...Iovi Grabovie illius opere, si in montis Fisie ignis ortus est (26) civitate Iguvina, ritus debiti omissi sunt quasi nec consulto. (27) Iovi Grabovie si in tui sacrifici, vitiatum est, peccatum est, peritum est, (28) fraudatum est, defectum est, tui sacrifici visum, invisum, vitium est. Iovi Grabovie si ius sit hoc bove (29) optimo piaculo piator. Iovi Grabovie piato montem Fisiem piato civitatem Iguvinam piato montis Fisie piato civitatem (30) Iguvina nomen magistratus, formationes, viros, pecua, castra, fructus, piato esto favens propitius pace tua monti Fisii (31) civitati Iguvinae eius nomini eas nomini. Iovi Grabovie salvum servato montem Fisii salvam servato civitatem Iguvinae.
1911:(25)...Dei grabouie orer ose persei ocre fisie pir orto est (26) toteme iouine arsmor dersecor subator sent pusei neip heritu. (27) dei crabouie persei tuer perscler uaseto est pesetom est peretom est (28) frosetom est daetom est tuer perscler uirseto auirseto uas est. di grabouie persei mersei esu bue (29) peracrei pihaclu pihafei. di.grabouie pihatu ocre fisei pihatu tota iouina. di.grabouie pihatu ocrer (30) fisier totar iouinar nome nerf arsmo ueiro pequo castruo fri pihatu futu fos pacer pase tua ocre fisi (31) tote iiouine erer nomne erar nomne. di.grabouie saluo seritu ocre fisi salua seritu tota iiouina.
1548:, this must be assumed to be an areal feature. (By the time of classical Latin, the accent had shifted in that language to more of an Ancient Greek pattern--on the third syllable from the end (antepenult) unless the last syllable was long, in which case it fell on the second to last syllable (the penult).) The degree to which these shifts can be connected to similar shifts to initial stress in Celtic and Germanic is unclear; for discussion see J. Salmons'
242:
700:
Classes of nouns roughly match those in Latin: long a-stems matching Latin first declension, historical o-stems matching Latin second declension, consonant- and i-stems matching Latin third declension, with some more sparse attestation of u-stem (Latin fourth) and long e-stem (Latin fifth)
294:, a term generally replaced by Sabellic in modern scholarship. Since that classification was first formulated, a number of other languages in ancient Italy were discovered to be more closely related to Umbrian. Therefore, a group, the Umbrian languages, was devised to contain them.
1543:
At some point early in the history of all Indo-European Italic languages, the accent seems to have shifted to the initial syllable of words as a stress accent, since non-initial syllables are regularly lost or weakened. Since the same pattern occurs in the history of
1898:(6–7) Let him select the sacrificial victims, and when they are given over, let him inspect them (8) to see if (any) of them are to be accepted, and in the case of (9) a triple offering, let him inspect them in the country (10) to see if they are to be accepted.
1772:
Like Latin, but unlike Oscan, intervocalic -s- rhotacized to -r- in
Umbrian. In late forms of the language, final -s also becomes -r (a change not seen in Latin). For example, the genitive plural ending of -ā stems: Umbrian
357:, and was written right-to-left, essentially equivalent to the Neo-Etruscan, but using a letter shaped like a 'P' from the Archaic Etruscan alphabet for the unique Umbrian sound discussed below. The newer was written in the
369:; this represents an unknown sound that developed regularly from intervocalic *-d- in most cases). To clearly distinguish them, the native script is generally transcribed in bold, the Latin in italics.
2349:
732:. In the plural, there are only four distinct cases: nominative; accusative; genitive; and dative-and-ablative combined into one form. There are no attested locative or vocative plurals.
1892:(6-7) ...Hostia solemnis digito, revisito, cum datur, (8) (aliquae) earum accipiantur oportetne, et cum piaculorum (9) ternio fiet, ex agro revisito (10) accipiantur oportetne...
1943:
The tradition born in the 17th century that the tablets were originally nine, and that two, sent to Venice, never came back, must be considered spurious. Paolucci (1966), p. 44
2451:
Wallace, Rex E. “Sabellian
Languages.” In The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Ancient Languages, ed.Roger D. Woodard, 812–839. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
326:
of the ancient religion in the region. Sometimes they are called the
Eugubian tablets after the medieval name of Iguvium/Eugubium. The tablets contain 4000–5000 words.
1520:
This change is shared with
Umbrian, and so is a common Sabellic change, reminiscent of the k/p split between Goidellic (Irish, etc) and Cymric (Welsh, etc).
2465:
Whatmough, Joshua. "A New
Umbrian Inscription of Assisi." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 50 (1939): 89-93. Accessed May 5, 2020. doi:10.2307/310593.
2340:
2825:
2830:
1808:
in the native alphabet), earlier intervocalic *-d- (and sometimes *-l-) show up in the native alphabet as a character generally transliterated as
759:(the later with rhotacism, on which see below) "of the city" (note that Umbrian continues the PIE case, while Latin innovates here to -ae); Dat.
2535:
2566:
1135:
Imperfect, perfect indicative and all tenses of the subjunctive in the active voice use a different set of endings (secondary):
2374:
2161:
2142:
2123:
2080:
1210:
perfects are not attested in
Umbrian. Instead, Umbrian uses its own set of forms, including reduplicated perfects such as
669:
616:
302:
Umbrian is known from about 30 inscriptions dated from the 7th through 1st centuries BC. The largest cache by far is the
1964:
2396:
361:. The texts are sometimes called Old Umbrian and New Umbrian. The differences are mainly orthographic. For example,
1079:
Present, future and future perfect forms in the active voice use the following set of personal endings (primary):
2820:
2475:
522:
2559:
2448:
Untermann, Jürgen. Wörterbuch des
Oskisch-Umbrischen. Heidelberg, Germany: Universitätsverlag C. Winter, 2000.
735:
Examples from long a-stems (for use of bold versus italic script, see above under "Alphabet"): Singular: Nom.
1722:
2499:
216:
529:
121:
365:
in the Latin alphabet is represented by a single character in the native script (generally transcribed as
544:
535:
2489:
2224:
2187:
2024:
2000:
662:
452:
445:
2583:
2552:
2730:
1721:
Velars are palatalized and spirantized before front vowels and the front glide /j/ to probably a
1603:
text for
Umbrian and Oscan indicates words written in the native, Etruscan derived script, while
572:
488:
481:
461:
251:
86:
17:
2629:
2613:
1729:
349:
The
Iguvine tablets were written in two alphabets. The older, the Umbrian alphabet, like other
291:
96:
2768:
2688:
1624:
638:
592:
585:
126:
1595:
But compared to its highly conservative sister language Oscan, Umbrian exhibits a number of
2678:
497:
307:
8:
2736:
2364:
1365:
The following non-finite forms are attested (all of them are based on the present stem):
509:
180:
1599:, some of them shared by its neighbor to the west, Latin. (Below, following convention,
791:"for the annual festival" (with final rhotacism from -s; thought to be related to Latin
2670:
2529:
2494:
1620:
1072:
1066:
405:
2456:
Language and Ritual In
Sabellic Italy: The Ritual Complex of the Third and the Fourth
232:
2788:
2712:
2606:
2596:
2591:
2392:
2370:
2360:
1545:
1054:
1048:
556:
474:
420:
410:
354:
350:
146:
1744:. (A similar change happened later in most Romance languages.) For example: Umbrian
2780:
2751:
2747:
2702:
2696:
2575:
2384:
1060:
630:
608:
425:
400:
283:
267:
151:
141:
91:
2800:
2796:
2422:
A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian: With a Collection of Inscriptions and a Glossary.
1904:
1860:
579:
415:
303:
279:
78:
48:
31:
2742:
2366:
A Grammar Of Oscan And Umbrian: With A Collection Of Inscriptions And A Glossary
30:
This article is about the ancient language. For the modern Italian dialect, see
2835:
2792:
2650:
2434:
Clackson, James. 2015. "Subgrouping in the Sabellian Branch of Indo‐European."
1816:
in Umbrian texts using the Latin alphabet. The exact pronunciation is unknown:
287:
264:
172:
2645:
2814:
2660:
515:
438:
319:
209:
2655:
2511:
1590:
358:
2683:
2640:
200:
157:
2445:
Philological Monographs 18. Baltimore: American Philological Association.
1907:, tablet VIa, lines 25–31 (written in the Latin alphabet on the tablet):
1623:, a process only partly seen in Latin, and only very rarely in Oscan. So
1505:
Umbrian shares some phonological changes with its sister language Oscan.
1206:
Perfect stems are derived from the present stem in different ways. Latin
1962:
Colby, Frank Moore; Williams, Talcott, eds. (1922). "Italic languages".
1863:, tablet Va, lines 6–10 (written in the native alphabet on the tablet):
1191:
Passive endings are attested only for the 3rd person: singular primary
709:
705:
382:
The exact phonetics of much of what follows are not completely clear.
1616:
652:
432:
225:
193:
2225:
https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up
2188:
https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up
2025:
https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up
2001:
https://archive.org/details/bronzetablesofig00poul/page/n19/mode/2up
306:, seven inscribed bronze tablets found in 1444 near the village of
2665:
2618:
2544:
1725:
1649:
729:
725:
721:
713:
247:
795:"full" with the semantic development > "of the full (year)").
338:
310:
or, according to another tradition, in an underground chamber at
241:
717:
334:
323:
311:
2528:
1968:. Vol. 12. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company. p. 459.
2784:
2601:
1226:'will have presented'. Some verbs also use suppletive forms.
1044:
Verbs in Umbrian are inflected for the following categories:
275:
271:
69:
59:
330:
1999:
Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 pp. 25 ff.
1051:(present, imperfect, future, perfect, and future perfect),
290:
group and is therefore associated with it in the group of
318:). The seven tablets contain notes on the ceremonies and
1653:'official in charge of public revenue and expenditure';
1591:
Innovations unique to Umbrian (or not shared with Oscan)
2429:
A Vocabulary of Umbrian: Including the Umbrian Glosses.
2186:
Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 p. 65.
2046:
2044:
2241:
2223:
Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 p. 45
2168:
2099:
2087:
2056:
2023:
Poultney, J.W. "Bronze Tables of Iguvium" 1959 p. 98
2277:
2029:
2005:
1990:
Buck, C.D. A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian pp. 82-83
2323:
Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction
2192:
2149:
2130:
2111:
2068:
2041:
1610:
1607:represents words written in Latin-derived script.)
2265:
2253:
2229:
390:The consonant inventory of Umbrian is as follows:
2539:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). pp. 297–298.
2812:
704:There are seven attested cases in the singular:
2325:(2nd ed.), Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, p. 299.
2560:
1961:
1538:
2338:
1939:
1937:
1685:in the native script) in initial syllables:
1508:
1716:
2826:Languages attested from the 7th century BC
2567:
2553:
2389:New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
2160:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuck1904159 (
2141:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuck1904158 (
2122:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuck1904160 (
2079:sfn error: no target: CITEREFBuck1904169 (
1555:Examples: Loss of unstressed short -e-: *
240:
1934:
2436:Transactions of the Philological Society
1229:Other tenses are formed by suffixation:
27:Extinct Italic language of central Italy
2831:Languages extinct in the 1st century BC
2407:The Sabellic Languages of Ancient Italy
2404:
2348:(in Italian). Empoli: La Toscografica.
2174:
2155:
2136:
2117:
2105:
2093:
2074:
2062:
2035:
2011:
1495:
14:
2813:
2541:— with details of the Umbrian language
2526:
2383:
2283:
712:(along with the nom-acc neuter case),
2548:
2212:Accentual Change and Language Contact
1550:Accentual Change and Language Contact
1063:(indicative, imperative, subjunctive)
252:Roman expansion and conquest of Italy
2574:
2509:
2359:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2198:
2050:
1978:
246:Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the
1872:perakneu upetu, revestu, puře teřte
689:Pure: i, e, a, o, u; ā, ē, ī, ō, ū
24:
2431:Bristol, PA: Evolution Publishing.
2414:
1965:The New International Encyclopedia
1792:
329:Other minor inscriptions are from
25:
2847:
2469:
1876:eru emantu herte, et pihaklu pune
1500:
668:
661:
637:
615:
591:
584:
543:
528:
521:
496:
487:
480:
460:
451:
444:
2355:from the original on 2020-05-03.
2342:Scheggia - Note Critico-Storiche
1611:Treatment of original diphthongs
1039:
799:Umbrian noun declension endings
2527:Conway, Robert Seymour (1911).
2315:
2302:
2289:
2217:
2204:
2180:
1880:tribřiçu fuiest, akrutu revestu
1854:
1473:'for the purpose of observing'
1421:'having dined' (Nom.pl. masc.)
2754:, transitional or independent)
2310:A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian
2297:A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian
2017:
1993:
1984:
1972:
1955:
1946:
1214:'gave', the -s- suffix, as in
787:"of the ramparts"?; Dat.-Abl.
13:
1:
2443:The bronze tables of Iguvium.
2321:Fortson, Benjamin W. (2010).
1927:
1847:(accusative singular) <PI
1665:; furthermore, Proto-Italic *
1579:"present" (imperative) < *
385:
286:it is closely related to the
2500:Resources in other libraries
1767:
1760:'I do, I make' : Latin
775:"Oh, Prestota" Plural: Nom.
507:
377:
7:
2795:; Latin is still used as a
2391:, Oxford University Press,
2214:, Stanford University Press
1834:
344:
10:
2852:
2787:(and its descendants, the
2420:Buck, Carl Darling. 1979.
2332:
1539:Initial stress and syncope
1442:Present passive infinitive
1057:(active, deponent/passive)
372:
29:
2777:
2761:
2723:
2628:
2582:
2495:Resources in your library
1489:'purify' (Gen.sg. masc.)
1426:Present active infinitive
1382:Present active participle
1304:
1251:
1218:'will have sat', and the
996:
982:
811:
805:
803:
739:"fine" (related to Latin
684:
651:
636:
629:
614:
607:
578:
508:
431:
397:
297:
239:
223:
207:
191:
186:
169:
135:
114:
75:
65:
54:
44:
39:
2454:Weiss, Michael L. 2010.
2405:Wallace, Rex E. (2007).
2210:Salmons, Joseph (1992),
1717:Palatalization of velars
695:
2621:? (possibly not Italic)
2536:Encyclopædia Britannica
2441:Poultney, James. 1959.
1689:'one' : Old Latin
767:"from the altar"; Loc.
692:Diphthongs: ai, ei, ou
353:, was derived from the
270:formerly spoken by the
2821:Osco-Umbrian languages
1952:AA. VV. (2004), p. 243
1812:, but as the sequence
1804:is preserved (spelled
1748:'dinner' : Oscan
1657:'single' : Oscan
292:Osco-Umbrian languages
2769:Proto-Italic language
2339:Pio Paolucci (1966).
1571:"on the right" < *
1195:, singular secondary
1709:'city' : Oscan
1496:Phonological history
771:"in the city"; Voc.
763:"to the city"; Abl.
751:"city, state"; Gen.
2797:liturgical language
2739:? (possibly Celtic)
2156:Buck & 1904 159
2137:Buck & 1904 158
2118:Buck & 1904 160
2075:Buck & 1904 169
1785:(compare Sanskrit -
1635:become Umbrian low
800:
181:Old Italic alphabet
122:Proto-Indo-European
2361:Buck, Carl Darling
1697:'or' : Oscan
1075:(singular, plural)
798:
2808:
2807:
2789:Romance languages
2607:Romance languages
2510:Hare, JB (2005).
2476:Library resources
2424:Hildesheim: Olms.
2409:. Munich: LINCOM.
2385:Sihler, Andrew L.
2376:978-1-4326-9132-5
2250:, pp. 89–91.
1824:"what" vs. Oscan
1621:into monophthongs
1559:"shoulder" < *
1509:Labialization of
1493:
1492:
1457:'to be expiated'
1363:
1362:
1321:(for other stems)
1189:
1188:
1133:
1132:
1037:
1036:
779:"families"; Acc.
680:
679:
559:
518:
477:
441:
355:Etruscan alphabet
351:Old Italic script
258:
257:
16:(Redirected from
2843:
2781:Italic languages
2576:Italic languages
2569:
2562:
2555:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2481:Umbrian language
2458:Tabulae Iguvinae
2410:
2401:
2380:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2300:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2178:
2172:
2166:
2165:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2134:
2128:
2127:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1583:, compare Latin
1563:, compare Latin
1368:
1367:
1232:
1231:
1138:
1137:
1082:
1081:
801:
797:
672:
665:
641:
619:
595:
588:
555:
547:
532:
525:
514:
500:
491:
484:
473:
464:
455:
448:
437:
395:
394:
284:Italic languages
244:
235:
219:
203:
196:
175:
81:
37:
36:
21:
2851:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2844:
2842:
2841:
2840:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2804:
2801:Catholic Church
2773:
2757:
2731:Ancient Belgian
2719:
2624:
2584:Latino-Faliscan
2578:
2573:
2530:"Iguvium"
2517:
2515:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2417:
2415:Further reading
2399:
2377:
2352:
2345:
2335:
2330:
2329:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2303:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2140:
2135:
2131:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2049:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1905:Iguvine Tablets
1903:Taken from the
1899:
1893:
1887:
1861:Iguvine Tablets
1859:Taken from the
1857:
1837:
1800:While initial *
1798:
1770:
1719:
1619:are simplified
1613:
1593:
1541:
1518:
1503:
1498:
1410:Past participle
1317:(for a-stems),
1069:(1st, 2nd, 3rd)
1042:
698:
687:
388:
380:
375:
347:
304:Iguvine Tablets
300:
274:in the ancient
268:Italic language
254:
231:
215:
212:
199:
192:
176:
171:
131:
117:
110:
82:
79:Language family
77:
35:
32:Central Italian
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2806:
2805:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2740:
2734:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2693:Umbrian group
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2634:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2623:
2622:
2616:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2572:
2571:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2524:
2503:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2486:
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2474:
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2470:External links
2468:
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2466:
2463:
2462:Leiden: Brill.
2452:
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2439:
2438:113 (1): 4–37.
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2240:
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2201:, p. 101.
2191:
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2167:
2148:
2129:
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2098:
2086:
2067:
2055:
2053:, p. 151.
2040:
2028:
2016:
2004:
1992:
1983:
1971:
1954:
1945:
1932:
1931:
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1923:
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1865:
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1797:
1793:Treatment of *
1791:
1769:
1766:
1732:/ʃ/), written
1718:
1715:
1643: : Oscan
1612:
1609:
1592:
1589:
1540:
1537:
1528:"what"; Oscan
1517:
1507:
1502:
1501:Shared changes
1499:
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1491:
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1340:
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1334:
1330:
1329:
1328:'should hold'
1322:
1312:
1309:
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1301:
1296:
1291:
1288:
1287:Future perfect
1284:
1283:
1277:
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1262:
1259:
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1253:
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854:
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836:
832:
831:
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825:
822:
818:
817:
810:
804:
743:"fine"); Acc.
701:declensions.
697:
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666:
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526:
519:
512:
506:
505:
503:
501:
494:
492:
485:
478:
470:
469:
467:
465:
458:
456:
449:
442:
435:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
398:
387:
384:
379:
376:
374:
371:
346:
343:
299:
296:
256:
255:
245:
237:
236:
229:
221:
220:
213:
208:
205:
204:
197:
189:
188:
187:Language codes
184:
183:
177:
173:Writing system
170:
167:
166:
165:
164:
163:Umbrian proper
161:
155:
149:
144:
137:
133:
132:
130:
129:
120:
118:
115:
112:
111:
109:
108:
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106:
105:
104:
85:
83:
76:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
56:
52:
51:
46:
45:Native to
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2848:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2818:
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2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:Reconstructed
2760:
2753:
2749:
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2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
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2690:
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2677:
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2667:
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2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Praenestinian
2612:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2550:
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2531:
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2408:
2403:
2400:
2398:0-19-508345-8
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2372:
2369:. Kessinger.
2368:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2324:
2318:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2292:
2286:, p. 48.
2285:
2280:
2274:, p. 82.
2273:
2268:
2262:, p. 74.
2261:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2238:, p. 41.
2237:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2183:
2177:, p. 33.
2176:
2171:
2163:
2157:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2133:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2108:, p. 30.
2107:
2102:
2096:, p. 29.
2095:
2090:
2082:
2076:
2071:
2065:, p. 28.
2064:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2045:
2038:, p. 27.
2037:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:, p. 13.
2013:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1967:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1862:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1839:Proto-italic
1832:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1728:(perhaps the
1727:
1724:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
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1608:
1606:
1602:
1598:
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1506:
1488:
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1483:
1480:
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1425:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1393:'murmuring' (
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
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1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1224:purdi-nçi-ust
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:Verbal system
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1003:
999:
994:
991:
989:
985:
980:
977:
974:
973:
970:
966:
963:
961:
957:
954:
952:
948:
945:
943:
939:
936:
933:
932:
929:
925:
922:
920:
916:
913:
911:
907:
904:
902:
898:
895:
892:
891:
887:
885:
882:
879:
877:
874:
871:
870:
867:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
849:
846:
844:
840:
837:
834:
833:
829:
826:
823:
820:
819:
815:
808:
802:
796:
794:
790:
786:
783:"pigs"; Gen.
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
702:
693:
690:
676:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
658:
656:
654:
650:
647:
645:
643:
640:
634:
632:
628:
625:
623:
621:
618:
612:
610:
606:
603:
601:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
583:
581:
577:
574:
571:
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
558:
554:
553:
550:
546:
541:
539:
537:
534:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
511:
504:
502:
499:
495:
493:
490:
486:
483:
479:
476:
472:
471:
468:
466:
463:
459:
457:
454:
450:
447:
443:
440:
436:
434:
430:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
396:
393:
392:
391:
383:
370:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
342:
340:
336:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
295:
293:
289:
285:
282:. Within the
281:
277:
273:
269:
266:
262:
253:
250:, before the
249:
243:
238:
234:
230:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
211:
210:Linguist List
206:
202:
198:
195:
190:
185:
182:
178:
174:
168:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
139:
138:
134:
128:
125:
124:
123:
119:
113:
103:
100:
99:
98:
95:
94:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:Indo-European
84:
80:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
57:
53:
50:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2750:? (possibly
2707:
2689:South Picene
2637:Oscan group
2630:Osco-Umbrian
2534:
2516:. Retrieved
2490:Online books
2480:
2459:
2455:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2427:————. 2001.
2421:
2406:
2388:
2365:
2341:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2308:Buck, C. D.
2304:
2296:
2295:Buck, C. D.
2291:
2279:
2267:
2255:
2243:
2231:
2219:
2211:
2206:
2194:
2182:
2175:Wallace 2007
2170:
2151:
2132:
2113:
2106:Wallace 2007
2101:
2094:Wallace 2007
2089:
2070:
2063:Wallace 2007
2058:
2036:Wallace 2007
2031:
2019:
2012:Wallace 2007
2007:
1995:
1986:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1921:In English:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1895:In English:
1894:
1888:
1884:emantu herte
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1858:
1855:Sample texts
1848:
1844:
1843:became /i/,
1840:
1838:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1799:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:postalveolar
1720:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:Proto-Italic
1614:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1584:
1581:obs-tendetōd
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1549:
1542:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1504:
1486:
1481:
1470:
1465:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1434:
1429:
1418:
1413:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1364:
1357:
1352:
1339:Not attested
1325:
1318:
1314:
1298:
1293:
1279:
1274:
1261:Not attested
1228:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1183:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1078:
1043:
1031:
1026:
1016:
1011:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
983:
978:
968:
964:
959:
955:
950:
946:
941:
937:
927:
923:
918:
914:
909:
905:
900:
896:
883:
875:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
842:
838:
813:
806:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
734:
703:
699:
691:
688:
389:
381:
366:
362:
359:Latin script
348:
328:
315:
301:
260:
259:
224:
179:Umbrian and
127:Proto-Italic
101:
97:Osco-Umbrian
2679:Pre-Samnite
2646:Marrucinian
2514:. Wordgumbo
2284:Sihler 1995
1981:, p. 7
1723:palatalized
1597:innovations
1305:Subjunctive
1280:prupeha-s-t
893:Accusative
835:Nominative
116:Early forms
2815:Categories
2791:) are now
2737:Lusitanian
2656:Paelignian
1928:References
1915:In Latin:
1889:In Latin:
1756:; Umbrian
1740:or simply
1617:diphthongs
1573:deksiterer
1252:Indicative
812:Masculine
785:pracatarum
710:accusative
706:nominative
386:Consonants
278:region of
2743:Oenotrian
2671:Vestinian
2518:24 August
2512:"Umbrian"
2363:(2007) .
2312:. p. 301
2299:. p. 260
2272:Buck 1904
2260:Buck 1904
2248:Buck 1904
2236:Buck 1904
2199:Buck 1904
2051:Buck 1904
1979:Buck 1904
1781:vs Oscan
1768:Rhotacism
1681:(written
1659:preivatud
1645:kvaísstur
1585:ostendito
1532:vs Latin
1478:Gerundive
1419:çersnatur
1333:Imperfect
1299:fak-us-t'
1282:'piabit'
1255:Imperfect
1199:, plural
1023:Locative
1008:Ablative
934:Genitive
872:Vocative
789:plenasier
737:muta/mutu
653:Semivowel
516:voiceless
510:Fricative
439:voiceless
378:Phonology
314:(ancient
226:Glottolog
194:ISO 639-3
66:Ethnicity
2713:Volscian
2666:Sidicini
2641:Hernican
2619:Siculian
2597:Lanuvian
2592:Faliscan
2387:(1995),
2350:Archived
1828:, Latin
1777:, Latin
1752:, Latin
1726:sibilant
1701:, Latin
1661:, Latin
1650:quaestor
1647:, Latin
1546:Etruscan
1471:aseriato
1437:'to be'
1377:Example
1247:Example
1216:sesu-s-t
1143:Singular
1087:Singular
827:Singular
821:Singular
777:fameřias
773:Prestota
730:vocative
726:locative
722:ablative
714:genitive
406:Alveolar
345:Alphabet
320:statutes
308:Scheggia
248:Iron Age
233:umbr1253
147:Volscian
136:Dialects
58:central
2799:of the
2793:extinct
2783:except
2748:Venetic
2724:Unknown
2708:Umbrian
2703:Marsian
2697:Aequian
2661:Samnite
2333:Sources
1866:(6) ...
1851:"pig"
1677:become
1641:kvestur
1605:italics
1577:ostendu
1487:pihaner
1455:piha-fi
1358:heriiei
1349:Perfect
1346:Perfect
1336:Present
1311:Present
1308:Present
1290:Perfect
1271:Present
1258:Present
1197:-(n)tur
1146:Plural
1090:Plural
975:Dative
830:Plural
824:Plural
816:-stems
809:-stems
433:Plosive
421:Glottal
411:Palatal
373:Grammar
339:Spoleto
324:priests
316:Iguvium
276:Italian
265:extinct
261:Umbrian
152:Aequian
142:Marsian
102:Umbrian
40:Umbrian
18:Umbrian
2752:Celtic
2684:Sabine
2478:about
2395:
2373:
1874:, (8)
1868:Sakreu
1835:Vowels
1783:-asúm
1750:kersnu
1663:prīvus
1655:prever
1569:destre
1565:umerus
1561:omesei
1466:-to(m)
1462:Supine
1401:< *
1397:< *
1374:Suffix
1326:habi-a
1275:-(e)s-
1268:Future
1244:Suffix
1073:Number
1067:Person
793:plenus
728:, and
718:dative
685:Vowels
631:Rhotic
609:Liquid
557:voiced
475:voiced
426:Dental
401:Labial
335:Assisi
312:Gubbio
298:Corpus
280:Umbria
263:is an
158:Sabine
92:Italic
55:Region
49:Umbria
2836:Umbri
2785:Latin
2651:Oscan
2602:Latin
2353:(PDF)
2346:(PDF)
1882:(10)
1830:quid.
1826:pídum
1822:pirse
1779:-arum
1775:-arum
1762:faciō
1758:façiu
1746:śesna
1711:touto
1691:oinus
1673:and *
1631:and *
1534:quid.
1530:pídum
1526:pirse
1482:-nno-
1435:er-om
1391:kutef
1238:Tense
1220:-nçi-
1201:-endi
1055:Voice
1049:Tense
951:-arum
919:-o(m)
915:-u(m)
781:porca
757:totar
753:tutas
749:totam
741:molta
696:Nouns
580:Nasal
416:Velar
288:Oscan
272:Umbri
70:Umbri
60:Italy
2779:All
2520:2010
2393:ISBN
2371:ISBN
2162:help
2143:help
2124:help
2081:help
1878:(9)
1870:(7)
1849:*sūm
1818:piře
1789:).
1787:āsām
1754:cēna
1707:tuta
1699:auti
1615:All
1601:bold
1557:onse
1522:piře
1450:-fir
1414:-to-
1403:-nts
1386:-nt-
1371:Form
1315:-iā-
1294:-us-
1241:Stem
1235:Mood
1212:dede
1208:-vī-
1193:-ter
1175:3rd
1163:2nd
1151:1st
1119:3rd
1107:2nd
1095:1st
1061:Mood
947:-aru
857:-(s)
769:tote
761:tute
745:tuta
337:and
331:Todi
322:for
1886:...
1845:sim
1764:.
1703:aut
1695:ute
1687:unu
1669:, *
1552:.
1513:to
1511:*kʷ
1446:-fi
1430:-om
1399:-ns
1353:-ē-
1319:-ā-
1184:-ns
1128:-nt
1002:-ir
998:-es
988:-er
984:-es
960:-er
956:-es
942:-ar
938:-as
924:-uf
906:-af
901:-am
866:-ur
862:-us
852:-ar
848:-as
765:asa
217:xum
201:xum
2817::
2533:.
2043:^
1936:^
1841:*ū
1820:,
1814:rs
1802:d-
1736:,
1713:.
1705:;
1693:;
1675:au
1671:ou
1667:oi
1639::
1633:ei
1629:ai
1587:.
1575:;
1567:;
1524:,
1405:)
1395:-f
1203:.
1179:-∅
1167:-s
1155:-m
1123:-t
1111:-s
1099:-ō
1032:-e
1027:-e
1017:-u
1012:-a
1000:,
993:-e
986:,
979:-e
969:-o
967:,
965:-u
958:,
949:,
940:,
928:-u
926:,
917:,
910:-a
908:,
899:,
897:-a
888:?
884:-e
880:?
876:-a
864:,
850:,
843:-u
841:,
839:-a
755:/
747:/
724:,
720:,
716:,
708:,
548:)
363:rs
341:.
333:,
2803:.
2733:?
2699:?
2673:?
2568:e
2561:t
2554:v
2522:.
2460:.
2379:.
2164:)
2158:.
2145:)
2139:.
2126:)
2120:.
2083:)
2077:.
1810:ř
1806:t
1795:d
1742:s
1738:ś
1734:ç
1683:u
1679:ō
1637:ē
1627:*
1515:p
1448:/
1324:'
814:o
807:ā
670:w
663:j
639:r
617:l
593:n
586:m
573:ð
545:h
542:(
536:š
530:s
523:f
498:g
489:d
482:b
462:k
453:t
446:p
367:ř
160:?
154:?
34:.
20:)
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