639:
757:, the legitimacy of a hereditary nobility and in the rights and privileges of the Anglican Church. In Clark's interpretation, the system remained virtually intact until it suddenly collapsed in 1828 because Catholic emancipation undermined Anglican supremacy which was its central symbolic prop. Clark argues that the consequences were enormous: "The shattering of a whole social order . What was lost at that point was not merely a constitutional arrangement, but the intellectual ascendancy of a worldview, the
185:
693:. Their general viewpoint could be described as extreme on the matter of defending the established Anglican ascendancy and barring Catholics from political office or influence. However, they were split on the issue of electoral reform and a large group came to a view that it could strengthen the appeal of pro-Protestantism.
729:, joined the Grey Cabinet and a few others appointed in more junior ministerial positions. However, the scope of the subsequent reforms proved too much for many of the pro-government Ultras who then moved back into opposition. Eventually, Richmond left the Whig led coalition and returned to the Tory party, or the
774:
who in
February 1830 introduced the first major reform bill, calling for the transfer of rotten borough seats to the counties and large towns, the disfranchisement of non-resident voters, preventing Crown office-holders from sitting in Parliament, the payment of a salary to MPs and the general
736:
Except for a few irreconcilables the vast bulk of the Ultra-Tories would eventually move over to the
Conservatives, with some such as Knatchbull enjoying political office in Peel's first government in 1834. However, when the party split again in 1846 over the issue of abolishing the
665:
to defeat Peel when he resigned his Oxford
University seat after his change of opinion in 1829. Although Peel was able to get back to Parliament via another parliamentary seat, this battle between Tory factions further embittered internal relations in the party.
761:
of the old elite". Clark's interpretation has been widely debated in the scholarly literature and almost every single historian who has examined the issue has highlighted the substantial amount of continuity between the periods before and after 1828–1832.
744:
The Ultra-Tories were civilian politicians. In practice, they had the overwhelming support of the
Anglican clergy and bishops, many of whom came under severe verbal attack in their home parishes and dioceses for opposition to the Reform Act of 1832.
770:. Paradoxically, Wellington's success in forcing through emancipation converted many Ultra-Tories to demand reform of Parliament. They saw that the votes of the rotten boroughs had given the government its majority. Therefore, it was the Ultra-Tory
704:
in France and a series of bad harvests in
England which saw a great increase in political agitation, some Ultras returned to the party. However, there were sufficient Ultra-Tories left who were able to combine with the Whigs and the
765:
Eric J. Evans emphasizes that the political importance of
Catholic emancipation in 1829 was that it split the anti-reformers beyond repair and diminished their ability to block future reform laws, especially the great
709:
grouping, who had previously split from the main Tory party back in 1827–1828 over the issue of
Catholic emancipation which they had supported, to defeat Wellington who finally resigned in November 1830.
686:
661:
for what they saw as a betrayal of Tory political and religious principle on the issue of
Catholic emancipation. They took their opposition to Peel to the extent of successfully running
184:
1000:
1020:
1010:
990:
690:
1015:
985:
1030:
771:
1040:
1005:
741:, the remaining Ultra-Tories quickly rallied to the protectionist banner and helped to vote Peel out from office once again, this time for good.
775:
franchise for men who owned property. Such ultras believed that somewhat more open elections would be relied upon to oppose
Catholic equality.
726:
654:
497:
387:
372:
1025:
718:
1035:
722:
614:
The Ultra-Tories were defending "a doctrine essentially similar to that which ministerial Whigs had held since the days of
367:
144:
674:
642:
357:
55:
937:
Gaunt, R. A. (2003). "The Fourth Duke of
Newcastle, The Ultra-Tories and the Opposition to Canning's Administration".
560:
682:
995:
697:
678:
50:
753:
J. C. D. Clark depicts England before 1828 as a nation in which the vast majority of the people believed in the
662:
605:
601:
472:
268:
696:
The inability of the Tories to reunite led to losses in the 1830 general election following the death of King
382:
91:
681:. In the House of Lords, they enjoyed the support of many ex-cabinet ministers and leading peers like the
714:
512:
417:
231:
17:
956:
Jaggard, Edwin (2014). "Lord Falmouth and the Parallel Political Worlds of Ultra-Toryism, 1826–1832".
846:
English Society, 1688–1832. Ideology, social structure and political practice during the ancien régime
653:
A faction that was never formally organised, the Ultra-Tories were united in their antipathy towards
909:
English Society 1688-1832: Ideology, Social Structure and Political Practice During the Ancien Regime
670:
307:
730:
522:
258:
84:
604:. Many of those labelled Ultra-Tory rejected the label and saw themselves as upholders of the
600:
The Ultra-Tories faction broke away from the governing party in 1829 after the passing of the
754:
590:
553:
527:
312:
627:
149:
8:
608:
362:
293:
139:
946:
767:
594:
119:
114:
758:
638:
578:
407:
211:
164:
129:
300:
965:
546:
402:
104:
701:
658:
646:
532:
397:
327:
247:
615:
582:
507:
377:
317:
906:
833:
From Jacobite to Conservative. Reaction and orthodoxy in Britain, c. 1760–1832
979:
623:
352:
969:
811:
784:
619:
457:
452:
447:
412:
392:
226:
42:
487:
467:
220:
216:
201:
950:
789:
706:
502:
322:
241:
206:
738:
482:
477:
462:
332:
253:
923:
The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870
492:
288:
263:
236:
586:
437:
99:
442:
173:
822:, Oxford University Press, accessed 19 September 2011.
717:
as Prime Minister and the leading Canningites such as
589:
politics that appeared in the 1820s in opposition to
894:
A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People? England, 1783–1846
669:The Ultra-Tory faction was informally led in the
977:
1001:Defunct political parties in the United Kingdom
1021:Political party factions in the United Kingdom
713:This led to the creation of a government with
1011:Political parties disestablished in the 1830s
991:1830s disestablishments in the United Kingdom
554:
298:
848:(Cambridge University Press, 1985), p. 408.
733:as it was generally now known, after 1834.
1016:Political parties established in the 1820s
986:1820s establishments in the United Kingdom
835:(Cambridge University Press, 2004), p. 69.
561:
547:
1031:Right-wing parties in the United Kingdom
912:(review no. 41b), accessed 25 July 2012.
859:Government and Reform: Britain 1815–1918
637:
820:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
14:
1041:Anti-Catholicism in the United Kingdom
1006:History of the Conservative Party (UK)
978:
806:
804:
861:(2nd ed.), p. 35. Hodder Murray, 2000
700:. Combined also with the news of the
896:(Clarendon Press, 2006) pp. 668–671
593:. The faction was later called the "
883:J. C. D. Clark (1985). pp. 90, 409.
801:
24:
931:
56:Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet
25:
1052:
597:" of British and Irish politics.
183:
51:Sir Richard Vyvyan, 8th Baronet
915:
899:
886:
877:
864:
851:
838:
825:
725:. One leading Ultra-Tory, the
602:Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829
27:Political party in England
13:
1:
1026:Protestant political parties
7:
1036:Anti-Catholic organizations
778:
513:Traditionalist conservatism
10:
1057:
905:Professor Frank O'Gorman,
633:
874:(1966) vol. 1, pp 24–47.
772:the Marquess of Blandford
748:
498:Spanish American royalism
135:
125:
113:
90:
80:
72:
64:
41:
32:
925:(2nd ed.), 1990, p. 216.
795:
673:by Member of Parliament
373:1st Viscount Bolingbroke
308:Conservative corporatism
970:10.1111/1750-0206.12099
259:Traditional Catholicism
115:Political position
996:Anglican organizations
921:Eric J. Evans (1996),
655:the Duke of Wellington
650:
388:1st Duke of Wellington
299:
958:Parliamentary History
755:divine right of kings
675:Sir Edward Knatchbull
643:Sir Edward Knatchbull
641:
591:Catholic emancipation
368:1st Earl of Rochester
358:1st Earl of Clarendon
313:Divine right of kings
872:The Victorian Church
611:settlement of 1689.
294:Cavalier Parliament
140:Politics of England
857:Pearce and Stern,
768:Reform Act of 1832
731:Conservative Party
687:Earl of Winchilsea
683:Duke of Cumberland
679:Sir Richard Vyvyan
651:
595:extreme right-wing
85:Conservative Party
759:cultural hegemony
691:Duke of Newcastle
571:
570:
408:Winston Churchill
212:Counterrevolution
158:
157:
145:Political parties
130:Church of England
81:Succeeded by
16:(Redirected from
1048:
926:
919:
913:
903:
897:
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884:
881:
875:
868:
862:
855:
849:
844:J. C. D. Clark,
842:
836:
829:
823:
812:"Ultra tories (
808:
727:Duke of Richmond
671:House of Commons
563:
556:
549:
432:
403:G. K. Chesterton
383:3rd Earl of Bute
363:Roger L'Estrange
347:
304:
283:
196:
187:
176:
160:
159:
105:Anti-Catholicism
30:
29:
21:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1045:
976:
975:
934:
932:Further reading
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891:
887:
882:
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870:Owen Chadwick,
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856:
852:
843:
839:
830:
826:
810:James J. Sack,
809:
802:
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719:Lord Palmerston
702:July Revolution
659:Sir Robert Peel
647:Thomas Phillips
636:
567:
538:
537:
533:Veronese Easter
433:
430:
423:
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398:Stanley Baldwin
348:
345:
338:
337:
328:Oxford Movement
284:
281:
274:
273:
248:Noblesse oblige
232:Interventionism
197:
195:Characteristics
194:
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165:Politics series
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60:
37:
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23:
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964:(2): 300–320.
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945:(4): 568–586.
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723:Lord Melbourne
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431:Related topics
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892:Boyd Hilton,
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816:. 1827–1834)"
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893:
888:
879:
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831:J. J. Sack,
827:
819:
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785:Fourth Party
764:
752:
743:
735:
712:
695:
668:
652:
613:
599:
575:Ultra-Tories
574:
572:
518:Ultra-Tories
517:
458:Distributism
453:Conservatism
418:George Grant
413:Enoch Powell
393:Walter Scott
246:
227:High culture
172:
163:Part of the
35:Ultra-Tories
581:faction of
488:Reactionary
221:Anglicanism
217:High Church
202:Agrarianism
980:Categories
907:review of
790:Hughligans
707:Canningite
609:Revolution
528:Viva Maria
503:Sanfedismo
468:Legitimism
323:Jacobitism
242:Monarchism
207:Classicism
18:Ultra-Tory
739:Corn Laws
715:Lord Grey
698:George IV
483:Pink Tory
478:Miguelism
463:High Tory
448:Cristeros
333:Powellism
289:Cavaliers
150:Elections
120:Far-right
73:Dissolved
951:24426952
779:See also
689:and the
579:Anglican
577:were an
523:Vendéens
493:Red Tory
473:Loyalism
269:Unionism
264:Royalism
237:Loyalism
126:Religion
92:Ideology
939:History
634:History
583:British
443:Chouans
438:Carlism
346:People
175:Toryism
100:Toryism
65:Founded
949:
749:Legacy
685:, the
628:Potter
624:Gibson
616:Burnet
43:Leader
947:JSTOR
796:Notes
587:Irish
76:1830s
68:1820s
721:and
677:and
657:and
626:and
620:Wake
606:Whig
585:and
573:The
966:doi
814:act
645:by
630:".
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962:33
960:.
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818:,
803:^
622:,
618:,
167:on
972:.
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953:.
649:.
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555:t
548:v
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219:(
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