Plantation of Ulster

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Gerard Farrell writes that the plantation stoked a "smoldering resentment" in the Irish, among whom "a widespread perception persisted that they and the generation before them had been unfairly dispossessed of their lands by force and legal chicanery". Petty violence and sabotage against the planters was rife, and many Irish came to identify with the wood-kern who attacked settlements and ambushed settlers. Ferrell suggests it took many years for an Irish uprising to happen because there was depopulation, because many native leaders had been removed, and those who remained only belatedly realised the threat of the plantation.

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remained in their native areas, but were now only allowed worse land than before the plantation. They usually lived close to and even in the same townlands as the settlers and the land they had farmed previously. The main reason for this was that Undertakers could not import enough English or Scottish tenants to fill their agricultural workforce and had to fall back on Irish tenants. However, in a few heavily populated lowland areas (such as parts of north Armagh) it is likely that some population displacement occurred.

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50,000 having arrived during the period 1690–1710. There was continuing English migration throughout this period, particularly the 1650s and 1680s, notably amongst these settlers were the Quakers from the North of England, who contributed greatly to the cultivation of flax and linen. In total, during the half century between 1650 and 1700, 100,000 British settlers migrated to Ulster, just over half of which were English.

4057: 1230:, p. 214: "To King James the Plantation of Ulster would be a civilising enterprise which would 'establish the true religion of Christ among men ... almost lost in superstition'. In short, he intended his grandiose scheme would bring the enlightenment of the Reformation to one of the most remote and benighted provinces in his kingdom. Yet some of the most determined planters were, in fact, Catholics." 821:. The same was attempted in Ireland, where most Scots colonists were Presbyterian. A large number of them returned to Scotland as a result. Charles I subsequently raised an army largely composed of Irish Catholics, and sent them to Ulster in preparation to invade Scotland. The English and Scottish parliaments then threatened to attack this army. In the midst of this, Gaelic Irish landowners in Ulster, led by 968:. During the 18th century, rising Scots resentment over religious, political and economic issues fueled their emigration to the American colonies, beginning in 1717 and continuing up to the 1770s. Scots-Irish from Ulster and Scotland and British from the borders region comprised the most numerous group of immigrants from Great Britain and Ireland to the colonies in the years before the 1461:: "The economy was overwhelmingly dependent on agriculture. ... The English consistently underestimated the importance of arable farming in Gaelic Ulster, but there is no doubt that cattle raising was the basis of the rural economy. ... This form of transhumance, known as 'booleying', often led outsiders to conclude mistakenly that the Gaelic Irish lived a nomadic existence." 1042:, a protestant from Belfast, concluded: "The distinctive Ulster-Scottish culture, isolated from the mainstream of Catholic and Gaelic culture, would appear to have been created not by the specific and artificial plantation of the early seventeenth century, but by the continuous natural influx of Scottish settlers both before and after that episode ...." 558:

and Protestant churches. Moreover, the planters were barred from selling their lands to any Irishman and were required to build defences against any possible rebellion or invasion. The settlement was to be completed within three years. In this way, it was hoped that a defensible new community composed entirely of loyal British subjects would be created.

473:, used the law as a tool of conquest and colonization. Before the Flight of the Earls, the English administration had sought to minimize the personal estates of the chieftains, but now they treated the chieftains as sole owners of their whole territories, so that all the land could be confiscated. Most of this land was deemed to be forfeited (or 1312:, pp. ix–x: "Many will be surprised that three amongst the most energetic planters were Catholics. Sir Randall MacDonell, Earl of Antrim, ... George Tuchet, 18th Baron Audley, ... Sir George Hamilton of Greenlaw, together with his relatives ... made his well-managed estate in the Strabane area a haven for Scottish Catholics". 1206:, p. 142: "Advisors to King James VI/I, notably Arthur Chichester, Lord Deputy from 1604, and Sir John Davies, the lawyer, favoured the plantation as a definitive response to the challenges of ruling Ireland. ... Undertakers, servitors and natives were granted large blocks of land as long as they planted English-speaking Protestants". 1015: 1053:, has written that: "not all of those of British background in Ireland owe their Irish residence to the Plantations ... yet the Plantation did produce a large British/English interest in Ireland, a significant body of Irish Protestants who were tied through religion and politics to English power." 557:

What was more, the new landowners were explicitly banned from taking Irish tenants and had to import workers from England and Scotland. The remaining Irish landowners were to be granted one quarter of the land in Ulster. The peasant Irish population was intended to be relocated to live near garrisons

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suggests that Irish hostility to the plantation may have been muted in the early years, as there were much fewer settlers arriving than expected. Bartlett writes that a hatred for the planters grew with the influx of settlers from the 1620s, and the increasing marginalization of the Irish. Historian

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states that "The fear which it inspired survives in the Protestant subconscious as the memory of the Penal Laws or the Famine persists in the Catholic." He also believed that "Here, if anywhere, the mentality of siege was born, as the warning bonfires blazed from hilltop to hilltop, and the beating

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However, going on surnames, others have concluded that Protestant and Catholic are poor guides to whether people's ancestors were settlers or natives of Ulster in the 17th century. By contrast, genetic studies have found that, "The distribution in Northern Ireland mirrors the distributions of the

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The legacy of the Plantation remains disputed. According to one interpretation, it created a society segregated between native Catholics and settler Protestants in Ulster and created a Protestant and British concentration in north-east Ireland. This argument therefore sees the Plantation as one of

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speakers. However, ministers chosen to serve in the plantation were required to take a course in the Irish language before ordination, and nearly 10% of those who took up their preferments spoke it fluently. Nevertheless, conversion was rare, despite the fact that, after 1621, Gaelic Irish natives

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as a joint "British", or English and Scottish, venture to 'pacify' and 'civilise' Ulster, with half the settlers to be from one country. James had been King of Scotland before he also became King of England and wanted to reward his Scottish subjects with land in Ulster to assure them they were not

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By 1622, a survey found that there were 6,402 British adult males on Plantation lands, of whom 3,100 were English and 3,700 Scottish – indicating a total adult planter population of around 12,000. However, another 4,000 Scottish adult males had settled in unplanted Antrim and Down, giving a total

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in the border region of Scotland. It was at this point that Scottish Presbyterians became the majority community in the province. Whereas in the 1660s, they made up some 20% of Ulster's population (though 60% of its British population) by 1720 they were an absolute majority in Ulster, with up to

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believes that "1641 destroyed the Ulster Plantation as a mixed settlement". The initial leader of the rebellion, Felim O'Neill, had actually been a beneficiary of the Plantation land grants. Most of his supporters' families had been dispossessed and were likely motivated by the desire to recover

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There had been very few towns in Ulster before the Plantation. Most modern towns in the province can date their origins back to this period. Plantation towns generally have a single broad main street ending in a square in a design often known as a "diamond", which can be seen in communities like

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Despite the fact that the Plantation had decreed that the Irish population be displaced, this did not generally happen in practice. Firstly, some 300 native landowners who had taken the English side in the Nine Years' War were rewarded with land grants. Secondly, the majority of the Gaelic Irish

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The second major influence on the Plantation was the negotiation among various interest groups on the British side. The principal landowners were to be "Undertakers", wealthy men from England and Scotland who undertook to import tenants from their own estates. They were granted around 3000 acres

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Michael Perceval-Maxwell estimates that by 1600 (before the worst atrocities of the Nine Years' War), Ulster's total adult population was only 25,000-40,000. Others estimate that Ulster's population in the year 1600 was about 200,000. The wars fought among Gaelic clans and between the Gaelic and

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From 1609 onwards, British Protestant immigrants arrived in Ulster through direct importation by Undertakers to their estates and also by a spread to unpopulated areas, through ports such as Derry and Carrickfergus. In addition, there was much internal movement of settlers who did not like the

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of Ireland, as it was the least anglicized and the most independent of English control. The region was almost wholly rural and had few towns or villages. Throughout the 16th century, Ulster was viewed by the English as being "underpopulated" and undeveloped. The economy of Gaelic Ulster was

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The reaction of the native Irish to the plantation was generally hostile. Chichester wrote in 1610 that the native Irish in Ulster were "generally discontented, and repine greatly at their fortunes, and the small quantity of land left to them". That same year, English army officer

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had been in the Nine Years' War. This meant that, rather than settling the planters in isolated pockets of land confiscated from the Irish, all of the land would be confiscated and then redistributed to create concentrations of British settlers around new towns and garrisons.

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By the 1630s it is suggested that the plantation was settling down with "tacit religious tolerance", and in every county Old Irish were serving as royal officials and members of the Irish Parliament. However, in the 1640s, the Ulster Plantation was thrown into turmoil by

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ust in general terms, it could be pointed out that although surnames are often a guide to our ancestors, they should not always be taken as such .... There is more cross breeding in Ulster's history than people imagined. For example, it is often stated that

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original land allotted to them. Some planters settled on uninhabited and unexploited land, often building up their farms and homes on overgrown terrain that has been variously described as "wilderness" and "virgin" ground. In 1612,

1550: 425:. The original proposals were smaller, involving planting settlers around key military posts and on church land, and would have included large land grants to native Irish lords who sided with the English during the war, such as 233:. Although some "loyal" natives were granted land, the native Irish reaction to the plantation was generally hostile, and native writers lamented what they saw as the decline of Gaelic society and the influx of foreigners. 296:

whereby some of them moved with their cattle to upland pastures during the summer months and lived in temporary dwellings during that time. This often led outsiders to mistakenly believe the Gaelic Irish were nomadic.

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laments the plantation, the displacement of the native Irish, and the decline of Gaelic culture. It asks "Where have the Gaels gone?", adding "We have in their stead an arrogant, impure crowd, of foreigners' blood".

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The densest Protestant settlement took place in the eastern counties of Antrim and Down, which were not part of the Plantation, whereas Donegal, in the west, was planted but did not become part of Northern Ireland.

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states that the land was "taken from the Irish" and given "to foreign tribes", and that Irish chiefs were "banished into other countries where most of them died". Likewise, an early 17th-century poem by the Irish

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By the 1630s, there were 20,000 adult male British settlers in Ulster, which meant that the total settler population could have been as high as 80,000. They formed local majorities of the population in the

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being neglected now that he had moved his court to London. Long-standing contacts between Ulster and the west of Scotland meant that Scottish participation was a practical necessity. James saw the

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were English Protestants like Sir Charles Coote, who had taken the Parliament's side over the King or the Scottish Presbyterians. The Wars eliminated the last major Catholic landowners in Ulster.

382:—resisted the imposition of English government in Ulster and sought to affirm their own control. Following an extremely costly series of campaigns by the English the war ended in 1603 with the 1057:

Plantations of Ireland throughout the 17th century. Thus the cluster will have experienced some genetic isolation by religion from adjacent Irish populations in the intervening centuries."

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Therefore, it is also argued that the Plantation itself was less important in the distinctiveness of the north-east of Ireland than natural population flow between Ulster and Scotland.

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sent some 10,000 soldiers to quell the Irish rebellion. In revenge for the massacres of Scottish colonists, the army committed many atrocities against the Catholic population. Based in

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could be officially classed as British if they converted to Protestantism. Of those Catholics who did convert to Protestantism, many made their choice for social and political reasons.

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attempted to undermine them. In 1607, O'Neill and his primary allies left Ireland to seek Spanish help for a new rebellion to restore their privileges, in what became known as the

1218:, p. 43: "According to the Lord Deputy Chichester, the plantation would 'separate the Irish by themselves ... , in heart in tongue and every way else become English" 116:. Small privately funded plantations by wealthy landowners began in 1606, while the official plantation began in 1609. Most of the land had been confiscated from the native 760:

wrote that "there is not a more discontented people in Christendom" than the Ulster Irish. Irish Gaelic writers bewailed the plantation. In an entry for the year 1608, the

40:(modern boundaries) that were colonised during the plantations. This map is a simplified one, as the amount of land actually colonised did not cover the entire shaded area. 5642: 972:. An estimated 150,000 left northern Ireland. They settled first mostly in Pennsylvania and western Virginia, from where they moved southwest into the backcountry of the 511:) had been migrating to Ireland to serve under the Irish chiefs. Another goal of the plantation was to sever Gaelic Ulster's links with the Gaelic Highlands of Scotland. 930:

Most Scottish planters came from southwest Scotland, but many also came from the unstable regions along the border with England. The plan was that moving Borderers (see

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The attempted conversion of the Irish to Protestantism was generally a failure. One problem was language difference. The Protestant clerics imported were usually all

4493: 5590: 4513: 4610: 806:. The wars saw Irish rebellion against the planters, twelve years of bloody war, and ultimately the re-conquest of the province by the English parliamentary 740:. Moreover, the unofficial settlements in Antrim and Down were thriving. The settler population grew rapidly, as just under half of the planters were women. 332:

in the 1580s, and in 1568 Warham St Leger and Richard Grenville established Joint stock/Cooperate colonies in Cork, although these were not very successful.

489:, the native Irish custom of inheriting land, had no standing under English law. Davies used this as a means to confiscate land, when other means failed. 2363: 1825: 1507: 549:

The plan for the plantation was determined by two factors. One was the wish to make sure the settlement could not be destroyed by rebellion as the first

5595: 2330: 668:", who were often Irish soldiers or dispossessed landowners. In 1609, Chichester had 1,300 former Gaelic soldiers deported from Ulster to serve in the 577:

Since these former officers did not have enough private capital to fund the colonisation, their involvement was subsidised by the twelve great guilds.

4606: 3102: 2443: 2388: 2270: 211:, and rural and had been the region most resistant to English control. The plantation was also meant to sever Gaelic Ulster's links with the Gaelic 1121: 2088: 5452: 1359: 1288: 1045:

The Plantation of Ulster is also widely seen as the origin of mutually antagonistic Catholic/Irish and Protestant/British identities in Ulster.

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community in the province with ties to Britain. It also resulted in many of the native Irish nobility losing their land and led to centuries of

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overwhelmingly based on agriculture, especially cattle-raising. Many of the Gaelic Irish practised "creaghting" or "booleying", a kind of

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when he became King of England, since he knew Scottish instability could jeopardise his chances of ruling both kingdoms effectively.

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The plantation was a mixed success from the point of view of the settlers. About the time the Plantation of Ulster was planned, the

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as barbarous and rebellious, and believed Gaelic culture should be wiped out. For centuries, Scottish Gaelic mercenaries called

5734: 4803: 4687: 4347: 3471: 919: 634: 5605: 4636: 2908: 2822: 2693: 2657: 2627: 2601: 1697: 1664: 1560: 1343: 864:, the Scottish army fought against the rebels until 1650, although much of the army was destroyed by the Irish forces at the 638: 562:(12 km) each, on condition that they settle a minimum of 48 adult males (including at least 20 families), who had to be 2948:; Gurrin, Brian (2012). "Chapter 4: People and population change, 1600–1914". In Kennedy, Liam; Ollerenshaw, Philip (eds.). 1106: 891:. The Scottish Presbyterian army sided with the King and the Laggan Army sided with the English Parliament. In 1649–50, the 5507: 4890: 4776: 4060: 585:

were coerced into investing in the project, as were City of London guilds which were granted land on the west bank of the

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After the Treaty of Mellifont, the northern chieftains attempted to consolidate their positions, whilst some within the

219:, and loyal to the king. Some of the undertakers and settlers, however, were Catholic. The English settlers were mostly 5610: 5374: 5277: 4771: 4682: 4457: 4260: 4220: 4208: 4203: 4191: 4119: 3731: 3320: 3315: 1382: 344: 5709: 4467: 4186: 3216: 3193: 3115: 3087: 3063: 3011: 2984: 2961: 2931: 2880: 2724: 317: 316:(1558–1603) sixty years later, breaking the power of the semi-independent Irish chieftains. As part of the conquest, 72: 17: 2089:"BBC - History - Wars and Conflicts - Plantation of Ulster - Bardic Poetry - A Poem on the Downfall of the Gaoidhil" 5704: 5699: 5633: 4657: 4289: 4232: 4172: 3803: 3280: 887:

In addition to fighting the Ulster Irish, the British settlers fought each other in 1648–49 over the issues of the

594: 375: 1072:. Seventeenth-century English settlers also contributed colloquial words that are still in current use in Ulster. 5729: 5270: 4897: 4343: 3798: 3743: 3408: 911: 359: 836:. The mobilised natives turned on the British colonists, massacring about 4,000 and expelling about 8,000 more. 4902: 4798: 4472: 4452: 4407: 4105: 896: 2348: 1822: 1511: 992: 272: 4880: 4589: 4503: 3031: 1525: 945:

Another wave of Scottish immigration to Ulster took place in the 1690s, when tens of thousands of Scots fled

466: 196: 771: 5537: 4855: 4781: 4631: 4564: 4488: 4362: 4319: 4086: 3981: 3818: 3735: 3703: 3383: 2751: 2735: 2455: 2396: 1730: 841:

their ancestral lands. Many colonists who survived rushed to the seaports and went back to Great Britain.

837: 676:, were fortified. The settlers were also required to maintain arms and attend an annual military 'muster'. 672:. As a result, military garrisons were established across Ulster and many of the Plantation towns, notably 629:

Since 1606, there had been substantial lowland Scots settlement on disinhabited land in north Down, led by

470: 422: 390: 386:. The terms of surrender granted to what remained of O'Neills forces were considered generous at the time. 208: 192: 129: 2755: 4875: 4248: 3739: 3273: 779: 717: 438: 347:. This was a failure and sparked violent conflict with the local Irish lord, in which Lord Deputy Essex 5580: 5219: 4885: 4579: 3997: 3828: 3759: 3403: 3254: 3051: 2685: 2096: 1689: 1363: 1284: 822: 803: 792: 762: 693: 813:

After 1630, Scottish migration to Ireland waned for a decade. In the 1630s, Presbyterians in Scotland

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in 1607 started. The London guilds planning to fund the Plantation of Ulster switched and backed the

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Ireland Protestants 1861–2011 (The (dark) blue areas include other non-Catholics and non-religious).

5532: 4662: 4276: 3722: 3422: 2995: 2941: 2855: 1644: 1535: 1086: 426: 348: 3546: 1529: 593:(renamed Londonderry after them) as well as lands in County Coleraine. They were known jointly as 5600: 5549: 5265: 5017: 4766: 4626: 4432: 4377: 4367: 4334: 4167: 4079: 3917: 3749: 3428: 3393: 3258: 3208: 3097: 3003: 2976: 2953: 2923: 2649: 2335: 1656: 996:

Percentage of Catholics in each electoral division in Ulster. Based on census figures from 2001 (

833: 826: 701: 340: 257: 253: 5620: 5497: 5123: 4643: 4498: 4387: 4338: 3966: 3783: 3778: 3716: 3476: 3398: 3373: 3363: 3039: 2851:

Ireland Her Own: An Outline History of the Irish Struggle for National Freedom and Independence

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originated through the speech of Lowland Scots settlers evolving and being influenced by both

5282: 5253: 4786: 4028: 3950: 3768: 3708: 3358: 3155: 3021: 2900: 2325: 1508:"BBC History – The Plantation of Ulster – Reaction of the Natives – Professor Nicholas Canny" 1061: 1050: 981: 965: 938:) would both solve the Border problem and tie down Ulster. This was of particular concern to 550: 367: 57: 880:

in self-defence. The British forces fought an inconclusive war with the Ulster Irish led by

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of Scotland. The colonists (or "British tenants") were required to be English-speaking,

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MacRaild, Donald M.; Smith, Malcolm (2012). "Migration and Emigration, 1600–1945". In

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Gilbert, Edmund; O'Reilly, Seamus; Merrigan, Michael; et al. (3 September 2019).

1859: 853:

drums summoned men to the defence of castles and walled towns crowded with refugees."

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In the Nine Years' War of 1594–1603, an alliance of northern Gaelic chieftains—led by

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former Prime Minister of NI, who is descended from the famous O'Neill clan in Ulster.

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Arthur Chichester, Lord Deputy of Ireland, one of the main planners of the Plantation

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Among those involved in planning and overseeing the plantation were King James, the

5444: 5424: 5245: 5200: 4574: 4255: 4237: 4124: 3934: 3634: 3554: 3161: 3151: 3079: 2703: 2678: 2593: 2532: 2514: 1039: 1028: 935: 849: 814: 563: 527: 442: 402: 223: 153: 2349:"Treaty between Great Britain and Ireland, signed at London, 6 December 1921" 5544: 5472: 5467: 5297: 5175: 5102: 4743: 4427: 4402: 3926: 2945: 2868: 2834:

The Scotch-Irish: Or, The Scot in North Britain, North Ireland, and North America

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However, the Plantation remained threatened by the attacks of bandits, known as "

602: 245: 227: 177: 1014: 5679: 5575: 5414: 5402: 5180: 4243: 4227: 4177: 4040: 3900: 3864: 3682: 3343: 2887:

Various newer versions exist but appear to be reprintings not revised editions.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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The Plantation of Ulster: British Settlement in an Irish Landscape, 1600–1670

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in the 1690s, they were excluded from power in the postwar settlement by the

861: 737: 733: 601:, which was granted all the churches and lands previously owned by the Roman 539: 535: 523: 325: 320:(colonial settlements) were established in Queen's County and King's County ( 169: 157: 145: 89: 2780:

The Making of the British Isles: The State of Britain and Ireland, 1450-1660

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Gillespie, Raymond. "Gaelic Catholicism and the Plantation of Ulster", in

546:, substantial Presbyterian Scots settlement had been underway since 1606. 5521: 5434: 5133: 5077: 5038: 4299: 3892: 3884: 3727: 3538: 3177: 3107: 2803: 2763: 2743: 1684:

Sir John Davies and the conquest of Ireland: a study in legal imperialism

877: 818: 721: 709: 650: 610: 586: 543: 502: 462: 313: 240:. It led to the founding of many of Ulster's towns and created a lasting 200: 173: 141: 2271:"'Sheep stealers from the north of England': the Riding Clans in Ulster" 5615: 5138: 5048: 5012: 5002: 4808: 4005: 3848: 3793: 3666: 3642: 3562: 3486: 954: 567: 514:

Six counties were involved in the official plantation –

371: 309: 216: 137: 32: 5259: 2505:(38). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences: 24 of Appendix. 747:

English speakers, whereas the native population were usually monoglot

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in 1921, as the north-east remained as part of the United Kingdom in

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Despite the fact that Scottish Presbyterians strongly supported the

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successfully lobbied to be rewarded with land grants of their own.

220: 1360:"BBC History – The Plantation of Ulster – Reaction of the natives" 829:, planned a rebellion to take over the administration in Ireland. 5477: 5462: 5361: 5148: 5128: 4102: 4071: 3594: 3514: 2307: 2238: 2078:, edited by Oliver Rafferty. Oxford University Press, 2015. p.124 1379:

Ireland in the Virginian Sea: Colonialism in the British Atlantic

1107:"Monea Castle and Derrygonnelly Church: Ulster-Scots translation" 1060:

The settlers also left a legacy in terms of language. The strong

810:

that confirmed English and Protestant dominance in the province.

474: 398: 329: 97: 85: 605:. The British government intended that clerics from England and 570:. Veterans of the Nine Years' War (known as "Servitors") led by 421:

A colonization of Ulster had been proposed since the end of the

397:. King James issued a proclamation declaring their action to be 136:. The official plantation comprised an estimated half a million 5347: 5340: 5185: 5118: 4977: 3522: 3249:

Anonymous (2010) . Morgan, Hiram; Nicholls, Kenneth W. (eds.).

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settled 300 Presbyterian Scots families on his land in Antrim.

281: 125: 77: 37: 3076:

God's Executioner: Oliver Cromwell and the Conquest of Ireland

1776: 1464: 925: 910:) were generally hostile to Scottish Presbyterians after they 5397: 4967: 3182:

The Identity of Ulster: The Land, the Language and the People

869: 673: 590: 498: 285: 204: 2010: 2492: 1754: 1752: 465:

the legal titles of all native landowners in the province.

276:

A map of southern Ulster c.1609, just before the Plantation

2250: 2132:

The 'Mere Irish' and the Colonisation of Ulster, 1570–1641

1265: 899:, defeated both the Scottish forces and the Ulster Irish. 868:

in 1646. In the northwest of Ulster, the colonists around

477:) to the Crown because the chieftains were declared to be 203:, and "civilising" Ulster. The province was almost wholly 5085: 3241: 2451: 2295: 1610: 3127:

The Scottish Migration to Ulster in the Reign of James I

2557: 2161: 2149: 1986: 1974: 1938: 1749: 1737: 1706: 1622: 1598: 649:

received a grant of land to establish a settler town at

597:. The final major recipient of lands was the Protestant 335:

In the 1570s, Elizabeth I authorized a privately funded

4514:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

3205:

The Orange Order: A Contemporary Northern Irish History

3184:(2nd ed.). Newtownards, Co. Down: Pretani Press / 2389:"Interview with Dr. John McCavitt, 'Ulster Plantation'" 1488: 2226: 2173: 1962: 1401: 804:

civil wars that raged in Ireland, England and Scotland

2545: 2423: 2411: 2214: 2202: 2137: 2022: 1950: 1890: 1788: 1389: 1172: 1170: 199:. They saw the plantation as a means of controlling, 4244:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

2792:

Irish Freedom: The History of Nationalism in Ireland

1764: 1428: 1199: 1197: 1182: 2940: 2043: 1998: 1482: 1440: 1285:"BBC History – The Plantation of Ulster – Religion" 3157:The Narrow Ground: The Roots of Conflict in Ulster 3030:. Vol. I (1st Series, 2nd ed.). Dublin: 2917: 2895:Sixteenth-Century Ireland: The Incomplete Conquest 2892: 2807: 2684:. "Scottish Historical Review Monographs" series. 2677: 2641: 2585: 2313: 1681: 1648: 1167: 918:in 1649–53. The main beneficiaries of the postwar 704:instead. Many British Protestant settlers went to 4607:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 3103:Hidden Ulster, Protestants and the Irish language 3000:Ulster Since 1600: Politics, Economy, and Society 2950:Ulster Since 1600: Politics, Economy, and Society 2920:Ulster Since 1600: Politics, Economy, and Society 2918:Kennedy, Liam; Ollerenshaw, Philip, eds. (2012). 2713:A History of Ireland: From Earliest Times to 1922 2495:"The genetic landscape of Scotland and the Isles" 1194: 895:, along with some of the British colonists under 301:English undoubtedly contributed to depopulation. 180:was privately colonised with the king's support. 5691: 3124: 2680:Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of the 1690s 2065:. University of South Carolina Press, 1994. p.12 1924: 1837: 1782: 1470: 1176: 236:The Plantation of Ulster was the biggest of the 5453:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 3234:"Wars & Conflict: The Plantation of Ulster" 3050:(Revised & enlarged 2nd ed.). Dublin: 2331:Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America 1338:. Ulster Historical Foundation. pp. 6–16. 1531:A History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century 1418: 1416: 616: 538:. In the two officially unplanted counties of 4087: 3281: 2993: 2760:Wars & Conflict: The Plantation of Ulster 1255: 1253: 1203: 1157: 1155: 786: 625:A plan of the new city of Londonderry, c.1622 27:17th century colonisation of northern Ireland 3034:. pp. 2–5 – via Internet Archive. 1142: 1140: 1138: 4216:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3038: 1413: 1271: 926:Continued migration from Scotland to Ulster 844:The massacres made a lasting impression on 506: 312:(1509–1547), and concluded in the reign of 267: 61: 5639:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 4094: 4080: 3288: 3274: 3096: 3027:The United Irishmen, Their Lives and Times 1250: 1152: 492:The Plantation of Ulster was presented to 461:, to plan a much bigger plantation and to 408: 3248: 3129:. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. 3073: 2865:Consolidating Conquest: Ireland 1603–1727 2731:A newer edition (8th, 2002) is available. 2536: 2518: 2473:surname is closer to original Irish than 2244: 2121:. Cambridge University Press, 2010. p.104 1727:Scottish Highlanders and Native Americans 1575: 1135: 832:On 23 October 1641, the Ulster Catholics 589:, to build their own city on the site of 5458:Association football in Northern Ireland 3462:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543 3251:"Discourse on the Mere Irish of Ireland" 3202: 3146:. Belfast: Ulster Historical Foundation. 3141: 2441: 2016: 1932: 1806: 1679: 1643: 1422: 1013: 1008:30–50% light orange, 50–70% light green, 991: 620: 412: 308:began in the 1540s, during the reign of 271: 31: 4654:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 3176: 3150: 2970: 2862: 2844: 2786: 2750: 2734: 2551: 2429: 2417: 2256: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2179: 2167: 2143: 2049: 1992: 1968: 1956: 1928: 1912: 1908: 1896: 1818: 1794: 1758: 1628: 1604: 1594:from the original on 27 September 2020. 1376: 1215: 1188: 1146: 817:against Charles I for trying to impose 609:would convert the native population to 445:. The brief rebellion was ended by Sir 14: 5692: 3472:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 3295: 3020: 2890: 2710: 2675: 2610: 2580: 2301: 2028: 1916: 1857: 1833: 1616: 1494: 1458: 1434: 1395: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1309: 1259: 1227: 226:and the Scottish settlers were mostly 4923: 4713: 4534: 4140: 4075: 3269: 2831: 2802: 2777: 2666: 2636: 2563: 2369:from the original on 17 November 2015 2196: 2155: 2004: 1980: 1944: 1920: 1884: 1845: 1841: 1821:, pp. 40–41. Raymond Gillespie: 1770: 1743: 1724: 1712: 1639: 1637: 1576:Heffernan, David (March–April 2019). 1548: 1524: 1446: 1407: 1244: 1161: 1006:0–10% dark orange, 10–30% mid orange, 848:of the Ulster Protestant population. 2444:"Ask... About the Ulster Plantation" 2268: 1552:Sir Richard Grenville of the Revenge 1336:Presbyterians and the Irish Language 1291:from the original on 4 December 2019 1240: 1238: 1236: 1010:70–90% mid green, 90–100% dark green 657:settler population of about 19,000. 4056: 3467:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556 3125:Perceval-Maxwell, Michael (1999) . 3070:A newer edition exists (5th, 2012). 2442:McCavitt, John (10 February 2003). 1651:Contested Island: Ireland 1460-1630 1483:Kennedy, Miller & Gurrin (2012) 1118:Northern Ireland Environment Agency 24: 4683:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 4458:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 4256:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 4101: 3170: 2971:Macafee, Caroline I., ed. (1996). 2740:The Catholics of Ulster: A History 1634: 1383:University of North Carolina Press 712:in America rather than to Ulster. 345:Walter Devereux, 1st Earl of Essex 25: 5756: 5745:History of agriculture in Ireland 4468:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 3226: 2671:. Educational Company of Ireland. 2644:Making Ireland British, 1580–1650 2592:(New Updated ed.). Belfast: 1549:Rowse, A. L. (21 February 2013). 1233: 88: – by people from 5673: 4637:Tallest buildings and structures 4055: 4046: 4045: 4034: 4022: 3255:CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts 2314:Kennedy & Ollerenshaw (2012) 2063:Catholicism in Ulster, 1603–1983 595:The Honourable The Irish Society 3409:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 2573: 2486: 2435: 2381: 2356:League of Nations Treaty Series 2341: 2319: 2262: 2185: 2124: 2111: 2081: 2068: 2055: 2034: 1902: 1877: 1851: 1812: 1718: 1673: 1569: 1542: 1518: 1500: 1452: 1370: 1352: 1315: 1303: 1277: 485:that titles to land held under 5720:1609 establishments in England 5715:1606 establishments in England 4473:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 3321:History of Ireland (1691–1800) 3316:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 2998:; Ollerenshaw, Philip (eds.). 1858:Clavin, Terry (October 2009). 1221: 1209: 1099: 934:) to Ireland (particularly to 112:; their culture differed from 13: 1: 4535: 3164:– via Internet Archive. 2913:– via Internet Archive. 2858:– via Internet Archive. 2827:– via Internet Archive. 2669:A History of Northern Ireland 2662:– via Internet Archive. 2606:– via Internet Archive. 2134:. Springer, 2017, pp. 277–279 1864:Dictionary of Irish Biography 1680:Pawlisch, Hans Scott (1985). 1122:Department of the Environment 1092: 5538:Northern Ireland flags issue 4714: 4489:List of conflicts in Ireland 4233:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 3704:Dublin Castle administration 3160:(Revised ed.). London: 2667:Chart, David Alfred (1928). 1809:, pp. 118–119, 125–128. 1731:University of Oklahoma Press 1023:the long-term causes of the 471:Attorney-General for Ireland 337:plantation of eastern Ulster 193:Attorney-General for Ireland 7: 4924: 4509:Gaelic clothing and fashion 4141: 3203:Kaufmann, Eric P. (2009) . 3074:Ó Siochrú, Micheál (2008). 3048:The Course of Irish History 1883:All previous figures from: 1204:MacRaild & Smith (2012) 1075: 856:In the summer of 1642, the 687: 617:Implementing the plantation 405:of their lands and titles. 10: 5761: 5740:Ireland–Scotland relations 3404:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 2832:Hanna, Charles A. (1902). 2686:Edinburgh University Press 2477:. Another good example is 1690:Cambridge University Press 793:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 790: 787:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 763:Annals of the Four Masters 481:. English judges had also 328:) in the 1550s as well as 252:animosity, which at times 5735:England–Ireland relations 5669: 5568: 5506: 5443: 5383: 5296: 5244: 5199: 5166: 5111: 5076: 5026: 4945: 4936: 4932: 4919: 4854: 4757: 4726: 4722: 4709: 4619: 4547: 4543: 4530: 4481: 4269: 4153: 4149: 4136: 4112: 4029:British Empire portal 4017: 3837: 3694: 3505: 3457:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 3442: 3349:Tudor conquest of Ireland 3329: 3311:Timeline of Irish history 3303: 3142:Robinson, Philip (2000). 2973:Concise Ulster Dictionary 2863:Lenihan, Pádraig (2007). 2676:Cullen, Karen J. (2010). 2076:Irish Catholic Identities 1823:"Reaction of the Natives" 1536:Longmans, Green & Co. 1272:Moody & Martin (1984) 987: 959:Williamite war in Ireland 453:. The rebellion prompted 443:burning the town of Derry 401:, paving the way for the 306:Tudor conquest of Ireland 92:during the reign of King 5710:17th century in Scotland 3723:Privy Council of Ireland 2856:International Publishers 2711:Curtis, Edmund (2000) . 2616:The Plantation of Ulster 2247:, pp. 99, 128, 144. 1725:Szasz, Margaret (2007). 1377:Horning, Audrey (2013). 1087:Scottish names in Ulster 904:English Parliamentarians 268:Ulster before plantation 114:that of the native Irish 5705:17th century in England 5700:17th century in Ireland 5630:Prostitution (Republic) 3750:Court of Castle Chamber 3429:Irish Rebellion of 1798 3419:Williamite–Jacobite War 3394:Irish Rebellion of 1641 3259:University College Cork 3209:Oxford University Press 3004:Oxford University Press 2977:Oxford University Press 2954:Oxford University Press 2924:Oxford University Press 2650:Oxford University Press 2520:10.1073/pnas.1904761116 2336:Oxford University Press 1925:Perceval-Maxwell (1999) 1838:Perceval-Maxwell (1999) 1783:Perceval-Maxwell (1999) 1657:Oxford University Press 1471:Perceval-Maxwell (1999) 1177:Perceval-Maxwell (1999) 724:valleys (around modern 702:London Virginia Company 429:. However, in 1608 Sir 409:Planning the plantation 280:Before the plantation, 258:Irish Rebellion of 1641 62: 5730:Plantations in Ireland 4499:List of Irish kingdoms 3784:Trinity College Dublin 3779:Grand Lodge of Ireland 3717:Irish House of Commons 3675:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh 3477:Act of Settlement 1662 3399:Irish Confederate Wars 3374:Plantations of Ireland 3364:Reformation in Ireland 3022:Madden, Richard Robert 2891:Lennon, Colm (1995) . 2778:Ellis, Steven (2007). 2756:"Personal Perspective" 2448:Talk: Northern Ireland 1578:"Essex's 'Enterprise'" 1334:Blaney, Roger (2012). 1124:. 2011. Archived from 1082:Scotch-Irish Americans 1019: 1011: 920:Cromwellian settlement 797:Irish Confederate Wars 639:Sir Randall MacDonnell 626: 507: 459:Lord Deputy of Ireland 451:Battle of Kilmacrennan 418: 391:English administration 277: 238:Plantations of Ireland 185:Lord Deputy of Ireland 128:in 1607 following the 53: 41: 5606:Mass media (Republic) 5550:National coat of arms 4438:IRA Northern Campaign 3709:Parliament of Ireland 3359:Surrender and regrant 3052:Radio Telefís Éireann 2326:David Hackett Fischer 2269:Bell, Robert (1994). 1555:. Faber & Faber. 1526:Lecky, William Edward 1051:Irish Republican Army 1017: 995: 982:Appalachian Mountains 966:Protestant Ascendancy 791:Further information: 772:Lochlann Óg Ó Dálaigh 624: 427:Niall Garve O'Donnell 416: 275: 254:spilled into conflict 104:) came from southern 35: 5528:County coats of arms 5420:List of Irish people 4494:List of Irish tribes 4344:Cromwellian conquest 4330:Plantation of Ulster 4261:Ireland (since 1922) 3713:Irish House of Lords 3492:Constitution of 1782 3244:. 18 September 2014. 2620:Gill & Macmillan 2338:, 1989, pp. 608–611. 2019:, pp. 169, 170. 1840:, pp. 29, 132. 1836:, p. 178, 314. 1828:8 March 2021 at the 1366:on 31 December 2019. 1189:& Jackson (1973) 1062:Ulster Scots dialect 1025:Partition of Ireland 947:a famine (1696–1698) 940:James VI of Scotland 912:re-conquered Ireland 682:The Diamond, Donegal 351:many of the lord of 260:and, more recently, 80: – a 66:) was the organised 46:Plantation of Ulster 5643:in Northern Ireland 5634:in Northern Ireland 5375:Legendary creatures 5288:Traditional singing 5124:Saint Patrick's Day 4759:Republic of Ireland 4688:Tourist attractions 4673:ROI–UK border 4658:of Northern Ireland 4611:in Northern Ireland 4443:IRA Border Campaign 4418:War of Independence 4388:Second Great Famine 4373:Act of Union (1800) 4325:Flight of the Earls 4182:Lordship of Ireland 4117:Republic of Ireland 3789:Order of St Patrick 3611:Mac William Íochtar 3388:Flight of the Earls 3339:Lordship of Ireland 3098:Ó Snodaigh, Pádraig 2838:G. P. Putnam's Sons 2816:Constable & Co. 2810:The Birth of Ulster 2704:10.3366/j.ctt1r279x 2588:A History of Ulster 2566:, pp. 231–233. 2511:2019PNAS..11619064G 2458:on 13 November 2012 2399:on 13 November 2012 2304:, pp. 176–179. 2259:, pp. 136–137. 2158:, pp. 577–578. 2099:on 12 November 2020 2040:Padraig Ó Snodaigh. 1983:, pp. 205–206. 1947:, pp. 233–235. 1860:"Cole, Sir William" 1746:, pp. 189–200. 1715:, pp. 196–198. 1164:, pp. 156–157. 1049:, an expert on the 970:American Revolution 858:Scottish Parliament 694:Virginia Plantation 395:Flight of the Earls 384:Treaty of Mellifont 168:. Land in counties 140:(2,000 km) of 5680:Ireland portal 4998:Skirts and kidneys 4504:List of High Kings 4423:Anglo-Irish Treaty 4363:First Great Famine 4348:Settlement of 1652 4320:Tyrone's Rebellion 4310:Desmond Rebellions 4199:Kingdom of Ireland 4041:Ireland portal 3819:Catholic Committee 3755:Peerage of Ireland 3563:Clann Aodha Buidhe 3497:Acts of Union 1800 3369:Desmond Rebellions 3297:Kingdom of Ireland 2901:St. Martin's Press 2706:– via JSTOR. 2191:MacCuarta, Brian, 2119:Ireland: A History 2117:Bartlett, Thomas. 2061:Rafferty, Oliver. 1915:, pp. 24–25. 1692:. pp. 73–80. 1619:, p. 301–302. 1131:on 30 August 2011. 1020: 1012: 914:from the Catholic 834:staged a rebellion 815:staged a rebellion 726:County Londonderry 627: 551:Munster Plantation 419: 368:Hugh Roe O'Donnell 284:had been the most 278: 120:, several of whom 42: 5687: 5686: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5660: 5072: 5071: 4963:Bacon and cabbage 4915: 4914: 4911: 4910: 4782:Foreign relations 4705: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4632:Notable buildings 4526: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4069: 4068: 3765:Church of Ireland 3627:Bréifne Uí Ruairc 3186:Colourpoint Books 3162:Faber & Faber 3152:Stewart, A. T. Q. 3080:Faber & Faber 2910:978-0-312-12462-5 2867:. Harlow, Essex: 2824:978-0-09-476610-5 2752:Elliott, Marianne 2736:Elliott, Marianne 2695:978-0-7486-4184-0 2659:978-0-19-820091-8 2629:978-0-7171-4738-0 2603:978-0-85640-764-2 2475:Martin McGuinness 2170:, pp. 91–92. 2130:Farrell, Gerard. 1995:, pp. 52–53. 1761:, pp. 48–49. 1699:978-0-521-25328-4 1666:978-0-19-956371-5 1631:, pp. 44–45. 1607:, pp. 18–23. 1562:978-0-571-30043-3 1497:, pp. 76–83. 1485:, pp. 58–59. 1410:, pp. 11–12. 1345:978-1-908448-55-2 902:As a result, the 889:English Civil War 866:Battle of Benburb 599:Church of Ireland 572:Arthur Chichester 455:Arthur Chichester 447:Richard Wingfield 256:, notably in the 242:Ulster Protestant 189:Arthur Chichester 18:Ulster Plantation 16:(Redirected from 5752: 5725:1609 in politics 5678: 5677: 5676: 5355:Tuatha Dé Danann 4943: 4942: 4934: 4933: 4921: 4920: 4856:Northern Ireland 4834: 4824: 4814: 4724: 4723: 4711: 4710: 4545: 4544: 4532: 4531: 4408:Home Rule crisis 4238:Northern Ireland 4151: 4150: 4138: 4137: 4125:Northern Ireland 4096: 4089: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4059: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4027: 4026: 4025: 4010: 4002: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3971: 3963: 3955: 3947: 3939: 3935:Richard Cromwell 3931: 3923: 3913: 3905: 3897: 3889: 3877: 3869: 3868:(1553; disputed) 3861: 3853: 3687: 3679: 3671: 3663: 3655: 3647: 3639: 3631: 3623: 3615: 3607: 3599: 3591: 3583: 3575: 3567: 3559: 3551: 3543: 3535: 3527: 3519: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3267: 3266: 3262: 3245: 3222: 3199: 3165: 3147: 3138: 3121: 3093: 3069: 3046:, eds. (1984) . 3035: 3017: 2990: 2967: 2946:Miller, Kerby A. 2937: 2914: 2898: 2886: 2859: 2841: 2828: 2813: 2799: 2788:English, Richard 2783: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2754:(20 June 2002). 2747: 2730: 2715:(6th ed.). 2707: 2683: 2672: 2663: 2647: 2633: 2612:Bardon, Jonathan 2607: 2594:Blackstaff Press 2591: 2582:Bardon, Jonathan 2567: 2561: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2542: 2540: 2522: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2465: 2463: 2454:. Archived from 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2395:. Archived from 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2368: 2353: 2345: 2339: 2323: 2317: 2311: 2305: 2299: 2293: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2245:Ó Siochrú (2008) 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2159: 2153: 2147: 2141: 2135: 2128: 2122: 2115: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2095:. Archived from 2085: 2079: 2072: 2066: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1906: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1855: 1849: 1816: 1810: 1804: 1798: 1792: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1734: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1703: 1687: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1654: 1641: 1632: 1626: 1620: 1614: 1608: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1573: 1567: 1566: 1546: 1540: 1539: 1522: 1516: 1515: 1514:on 8 March 2021. 1510:. Archived from 1504: 1498: 1492: 1486: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1462: 1456: 1450: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1426: 1420: 1411: 1405: 1399: 1393: 1387: 1386: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1362:. Archived from 1356: 1350: 1349: 1331: 1325: 1319: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1298: 1296: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1263: 1257: 1248: 1242: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1192: 1186: 1180: 1174: 1165: 1159: 1150: 1144: 1133: 1132: 1130: 1111: 1103: 1068:dialect and the 1040:A. T. Q. Stewart 1029:Northern Ireland 936:County Fermanagh 882:Owen Roe O'Neill 850:A. T. Q. Stewart 838:Marianne Elliott 579:Livery companies 564:English-speaking 510: 441:, capturing and 122:had fled Ireland 65: 63:Plantin o Ulstèr 36:The counties of 21: 5760: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5753: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5690: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5674: 5672: 5657: 5625:outside Ireland 5596:Historic houses 5564: 5545:Irish Wolfhound 5516:Brighid's Cross 5502: 5473:Gaelic handball 5468:Gaelic football 5439: 5410:Hiberno-Normans 5379: 5292: 5240: 5195: 5176:Hiberno-English 5162: 5107: 5068: 5022: 4928: 4907: 4850: 4832: 4822: 4812: 4753: 4744:Ulster loyalism 4718: 4697: 4615: 4539: 4518: 4477: 4403:Dublin lock-out 4339:Confederate War 4290:Norman invasion 4277:Battles of Tara 4265: 4221:1801–1923 4209:1691–1800 4204:1536–1691 4192:1169–1536 4145: 4132: 4108: 4100: 4070: 4065: 4035: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4013: 4008: 4000: 3992: 3984: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3953: 3945: 3937: 3929: 3927:Oliver Cromwell 3921: 3911: 3903: 3895: 3882: 3875: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3841: 3833: 3829:United Irishmen 3696: 3690: 3685: 3677: 3669: 3661: 3653: 3645: 3637: 3629: 3621: 3613: 3605: 3597: 3589: 3581: 3573: 3565: 3557: 3549: 3541: 3533: 3525: 3517: 3507: 3501: 3444: 3438: 3384:Nine Years' War 3331: 3325: 3299: 3294: 3232: 3229: 3219: 3196: 3173: 3171:Further reading 3168: 3118: 3106:. Londonderry: 3090: 3066: 3014: 2987: 2964: 2934: 2911: 2883: 2869:Pearson Longman 2825: 2768: 2766: 2727: 2696: 2660: 2638:Canny, Nicholas 2630: 2604: 2576: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2491: 2487: 2479:Terence O'Neill 2461: 2459: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2402: 2400: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2351: 2347: 2346: 2342: 2324: 2320: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2286: 2284: 2276:History Ireland 2267: 2263: 2255: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2231: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2193:Age of Atrocity 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2162: 2154: 2150: 2142: 2138: 2129: 2125: 2116: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2087: 2086: 2082: 2073: 2069: 2060: 2056: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2027: 2023: 2017:Robinson (2000) 2015: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1963: 1955: 1951: 1943: 1939: 1933:Robinson (2000) 1923:, p. 221. 1919:, p. 131. 1907: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1878: 1868: 1866: 1856: 1852: 1844:, p. 182. 1830:Wayback Machine 1817: 1813: 1807:Robinson (2000) 1805: 1801: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1723: 1719: 1711: 1707: 1700: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1659:. p. 296. 1645:Connolly, S. J. 1642: 1635: 1627: 1623: 1615: 1611: 1603: 1599: 1583:History Ireland 1574: 1570: 1563: 1547: 1543: 1534:. Vol. I. 1523: 1519: 1506: 1505: 1501: 1493: 1489: 1481: 1477: 1469: 1465: 1457: 1453: 1445: 1441: 1433: 1429: 1423:Robinson (2000) 1421: 1414: 1406: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1375: 1371: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1346: 1332: 1328: 1320: 1316: 1308: 1304: 1294: 1292: 1283: 1282: 1278: 1270: 1266: 1258: 1251: 1243: 1234: 1226: 1222: 1214: 1210: 1202: 1195: 1187: 1183: 1175: 1168: 1160: 1153: 1145: 1136: 1128: 1109: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1078: 1066:Hiberno-English 1047:Richard English 1009: 1007: 1005: 990: 928: 799: 789: 780:Thomas Bartlett 690: 631:Hugh Montgomery 619: 603:Catholic Church 431:Cahir O'Doherty 423:Nine Years' War 411: 270: 130:Nine Years' War 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5758: 5748: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5685: 5684: 5670: 5667: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5636: 5627: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5591:Heritage Sites 5588: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5563: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5530: 5525: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5449: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5415:Irish diaspora 5412: 5407: 5406: 5405: 5403:Gaelic Ireland 5395: 5389: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5372: 5365: 5358: 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5302: 5300: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5274: 5273: 5263: 5256: 5250: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5205: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5155: 5146: 5144:Rose of Tralee 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5115: 5113: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5030: 5028: 5024: 5023: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4953:List of dishes 4949: 4947: 4940: 4930: 4929: 4917: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4894: 4893: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4869:D'Hondt method 4860: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4830:Seanad Éireann 4826: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4763: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4730: 4728: 4720: 4719: 4707: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4634: 4623: 4621: 4617: 4616: 4614: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4570:Extreme points 4567: 4562: 4560:Climate change 4557: 4551: 4549: 4541: 4540: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4485: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4380: 4378:1803 Rebellion 4375: 4370: 4368:1798 Rebellion 4365: 4360: 4355: 4353:Williamite War 4350: 4341: 4335:1641 Rebellion 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4315:Spanish Armada 4312: 4307: 4305:Tudor conquest 4302: 4297: 4295:Bruce campaign 4292: 4287: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4241: 4240:(1921–present) 4235: 4230: 4228:Irish Republic 4225: 4224: 4223: 4213: 4212: 4211: 4206: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4187:800–1169 4178:Gaelic Ireland 4175: 4170: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4147: 4146: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4130: 4122: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4099: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4076: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4053: 4043: 4031: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4011: 4003: 3995: 3987: 3979: 3964: 3956: 3948: 3940: 3932: 3924: 3914: 3906: 3898: 3890: 3870: 3865:Lady Jane Grey 3862: 3854: 3845: 3843: 3835: 3834: 3832: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3809:Irish Patriots 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3762: 3757: 3752: 3747: 3725: 3720: 3706: 3700: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3680: 3672: 3664: 3656: 3648: 3640: 3632: 3624: 3616: 3608: 3600: 3592: 3584: 3576: 3568: 3560: 3552: 3544: 3536: 3528: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3434:United Kingdom 3431: 3426: 3416: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3381: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3344:British Empire 3341: 3335: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3300: 3293: 3292: 3285: 3278: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3246: 3228: 3227:External links 3225: 3224: 3223: 3217: 3200: 3194: 3172: 3169: 3167: 3166: 3148: 3139: 3122: 3116: 3094: 3088: 3071: 3064: 3036: 3018: 3012: 2991: 2985: 2968: 2962: 2938: 2932: 2915: 2909: 2888: 2881: 2860: 2842: 2829: 2823: 2800: 2784: 2775: 2748: 2732: 2725: 2708: 2694: 2673: 2664: 2658: 2634: 2628: 2608: 2602: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2568: 2556: 2552:Macafee (1996) 2544: 2485: 2434: 2430:English (2006) 2422: 2418:Stewart (1989) 2410: 2380: 2340: 2318: 2316:, p. 143. 2306: 2294: 2261: 2257:Lenihan (2007) 2249: 2237: 2235:, p. 111. 2233:Lenihan (2007) 2225: 2221:Stewart (1989) 2213: 2209:Stewart (1989) 2201: 2199:, p. 177. 2184: 2182:, p. 102. 2180:Elliott (2001) 2172: 2168:Lenihan (2007) 2160: 2148: 2144:Elliott (2001) 2136: 2123: 2110: 2080: 2067: 2054: 2050:Elliott (2001) 2042: 2033: 2031:, p. 123. 2021: 2009: 2007:, pp. 11. 1997: 1993:Lenihan (2007) 1985: 1973: 1971:, p. 119. 1969:Elliott (2001) 1961: 1957:Elliott (2001) 1949: 1937: 1931:, p. 88. 1929:Elliott (2001) 1927:, p. 66. 1913:Stewart (1989) 1909:Elliott (2002) 1901: 1897:Lenihan (2007) 1889: 1887:, p. 211. 1876: 1850: 1848:, p. 201. 1819:Stewart (1989) 1811: 1799: 1795:Elliott (2001) 1787: 1775: 1773:, p. 202. 1763: 1759:Lenihan (2007) 1748: 1736: 1717: 1705: 1698: 1672: 1665: 1633: 1629:Lenihan (2007) 1621: 1609: 1605:Lenihan (2007) 1597: 1568: 1561: 1541: 1517: 1499: 1487: 1475: 1463: 1451: 1439: 1427: 1412: 1400: 1398:, p. 2–5. 1388: 1385:. p. 179. 1369: 1351: 1344: 1326: 1314: 1302: 1276: 1274:, p. 190. 1264: 1262:, p. 198. 1249: 1247:, p. 296. 1232: 1220: 1216:Lenihan (2007) 1208: 1193: 1181: 1166: 1151: 1147:Stewart (1989) 1134: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1074: 1070:Irish language 989: 986: 932:Border Reivers 927: 924: 893:New Model Army 876:organised the 808:New Model Army 788: 785: 758:Toby Caulfield 689: 686: 635:James Hamilton 618: 615: 583:City of London 410: 407: 269: 266: 96:. Most of the 94:James VI and I 54:Plandáil Uladh 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5757: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5695: 5682: 5681: 5668: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5648:Public houses 5646: 5644: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5567: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5450: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5359: 5357: 5356: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5336: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5261: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5237: 5234: 5232: 5229: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5221: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5031: 5029: 5025: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4904: 4903:Peace process 4901: 4899: 4896: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4853: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4833:(upper house) 4831: 4827: 4825: 4823:(lower house) 4821: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4739:Republicanism 4737: 4735: 4732: 4731: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4708: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4612: 4608: 4605: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4529: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4453:Peace process 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4433:The Emergency 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413:Easter Rising 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4398:Fenian Rising 4396: 4394: 4391: 4389: 4386: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4272: 4268: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4219: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4190: 4188: 4185: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4173:Early history 4171: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4114: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4090: 4085: 4083: 4078: 4077: 4074: 4062: 4054: 4052: 4044: 4042: 4032: 4030: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3941: 3936: 3933: 3928: 3925: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3910: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3894: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3874: 3871: 3866: 3863: 3858: 3855: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3758: 3756: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3699: 3693: 3684: 3681: 3676: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3660: 3657: 3652: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3633: 3628: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3612: 3609: 3604: 3601: 3596: 3593: 3588: 3585: 3580: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3564: 3561: 3556: 3553: 3548: 3545: 3540: 3537: 3532: 3529: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3515:Tuadhmhumhain 3513: 3512: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3452:Poynings' Law 3450: 3449: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3328: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3284: 3279: 3277: 3272: 3271: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3220: 3218:9780199532032 3214: 3210: 3206: 3201: 3197: 3195:9780948868047 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3174: 3163: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3119: 3117:9781873687352 3113: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3089:9780571241217 3085: 3081: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3065:9780853427100 3061: 3057: 3056:Mercier Press 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044:Martin, F. X. 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3013:9780199583119 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996:Kennedy, Liam 2992: 2988: 2986:9780198600596 2982: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2963:9780199583119 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942:Kennedy, Liam 2939: 2935: 2933:9780199583119 2929: 2925: 2921: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2902: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2884: 2882:9780582772175 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2852: 2847: 2846:Jackson, T.A. 2843: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2817: 2812: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2776: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2726:0-415-27949-6 2722: 2718: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2661: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2595: 2590: 2589: 2583: 2579: 2578: 2565: 2560: 2554:, p. xi. 2553: 2548: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2438: 2432:, p. 59. 2431: 2426: 2420:, p. 39. 2419: 2414: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2365: 2362:(626): 9–19. 2361: 2357: 2350: 2344: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2315: 2310: 2303: 2302:Cullen (2010) 2298: 2282: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2265: 2258: 2253: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2229: 2223:, p. 52. 2222: 2217: 2211:, p. 49. 2210: 2205: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2181: 2176: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2152: 2146:, p. 97. 2145: 2140: 2133: 2127: 2120: 2114: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2077: 2071: 2064: 2058: 2051: 2046: 2037: 2030: 2029:Bardon (2011) 2025: 2018: 2013: 2006: 2001: 1994: 1989: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1959:, p. 93. 1958: 1953: 1946: 1941: 1935:, p. 100 1934: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1917:Bardon (2005) 1914: 1910: 1905: 1899:, p. 46. 1898: 1893: 1886: 1880: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834:Bardon (2005) 1831: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1803: 1797:, p. 88. 1796: 1791: 1785:, p. 55. 1784: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1745: 1740: 1733:. p. 48. 1732: 1728: 1721: 1714: 1709: 1701: 1695: 1691: 1686: 1685: 1676: 1668: 1662: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1640: 1638: 1630: 1625: 1618: 1617:Lennon (1995) 1613: 1606: 1601: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1579: 1572: 1564: 1558: 1554: 1553: 1545: 1538:pp. 4–6. 1537: 1533: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1503: 1496: 1495:Bardon (2005) 1491: 1484: 1479: 1473:, p. 17. 1472: 1467: 1460: 1459:Bardon (2011) 1455: 1449:, p. 18. 1448: 1443: 1437:, p. 75. 1436: 1435:Bardon (2005) 1431: 1425:, p. 28. 1424: 1419: 1417: 1409: 1404: 1397: 1396:Madden (1857) 1392: 1384: 1380: 1373: 1365: 1361: 1355: 1347: 1341: 1337: 1330: 1323: 1322:Bardon (2011) 1318: 1311: 1310:Bardon (2011) 1306: 1290: 1286: 1280: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1260:Curtis (2000) 1256: 1254: 1246: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1229: 1228:Bardon (2011) 1224: 1217: 1212: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1191:, p. 51. 1190: 1185: 1179:, p. 55. 1178: 1173: 1171: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1149:, p. 38. 1148: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1073: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1026: 1016: 1003: 999: 994: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 964: 960: 956: 951: 948: 943: 941: 937: 933: 923: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 897:Charles Coote 894: 890: 885: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 863: 862:Carrickfergus 859: 854: 851: 847: 842: 839: 835: 830: 828: 824: 823:Felim O'Neill 820: 816: 811: 809: 805: 798: 794: 784: 781: 776: 773: 770: 765: 764: 759: 753: 750: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 685: 683: 677: 675: 671: 667: 662: 658: 654: 652: 648: 642: 640: 636: 632: 623: 614: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 575: 573: 569: 565: 559: 555: 552: 547: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 512: 509: 504: 500: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 415: 406: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 361: 356: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 333: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 298: 295: 290: 287: 283: 274: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 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