352:
257:
4401:
4195:
3035:
2972:
2909:
2843:
2780:
2677:
2577:
1177:
832:
43:
560:
3898:
3839:
3100:
174:
375:
InChI=1S/C59H90O4/c1-44(2)24-15-25-45(3)26-16-27-46(4)28-17-29-47(5)30-18-31-48(6)32-19-33-49(7)34-20-35-50(8)36-21-37-51(9)38-22-39-52(10)40-23-41-53(11)42-43-55-54(12)56(60)58(62-13)59(63-14)57(55)61/h24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42H,15-23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43H2,1-14H3/b45-26+,46-28+,47-30+,48-32+,49-34+,50-36+,51-38+,52-40+,53-42+
385:
InChI=1/C59H90O4/c1-44(2)24-15-25-45(3)26-16-27-46(4)28-17-29-47(5)30-18-31-48(6)32-19-33-49(7)34-20-35-50(8)36-21-37-51(9)38-22-39-52(10)40-23-41-53(11)42-43-55-54(12)56(60)58(62-13)59(63-14)57(55)61/h24,26,28,30,32,34,36,38,40,42H,15-23,25,27,29,31,33,35,37,39,41,43H2,1-14H3/b45-26+,46-28+,47-30+,48-32+,49-34+,50-36+,51-38+,52-40+,53-42+
1566:. The plasma peak can be observed 6–8 hours after oral administration when taken as a pharmacological substance. In some studies, a second plasma peak also was observed at approximately 24 hours after administration, probably due to both enterohepatic recycling and redistribution from the liver to circulation.
1422:
found a 31% lower mortality and increased exercise capacity, with no significant difference in the endpoints of left heart ejection fraction. A 2021 meta-analysis found that coenzyme Q10 was associated with a 31% lower all-cause mortality in HF patients. In a 2023 meta-analysis of older people,
4830:
1634:. Various approaches have been developed to achieve this goal, with many of them producing significantly better results over oil-based softgel capsules in spite of the many attempts to optimize their composition. Examples of such approaches are use of the aqueous dispersion of solid CoQ
4849:
1003:). The capacity of this molecule to act as a two-electron carrier (moving between the quinone and quinol form) and a one-electron carrier (moving between the semiquinone and one of these other forms) is central to its role in the electron transport chain due to the
766:
The mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation process takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells. This membrane is highly folded into structures called cristae, which increase the surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation.
1266:. However, the role statins play in CoQ deficiency is controversial. Although statins reduce blood levels of CoQ, studies on the effects of muscle levels of CoQ are yet to come. CoQ supplementation also does not reduce side effects of statin medications.
949:
chemical subunits (shown enclosed in brackets in the diagram) in its tail. In natural ubiquinones, there are from six to ten subunits in the tail, with humans having a tail of 10 isoprene units (50 carbon atoms) connected to its benzoquinone "head".
1254:, usually a target for intervention in cardiovascular complications. The "statin" family of cholesterol-reducing medications inhibits HMG-CoA reductase. One possible side effect of statins is decreased production of CoQ
3289:
1352:
is naturally produced by the body and plays a crucial role in cell growth and protection. Despite its significant role in the body, it is not used as a drug for the treatment of any specific disease.
1359:
is widely available as an over-the-counter dietary supplement and is recommended by some healthcare professionals, despite a lack of definitive scientific evidence supporting these recommendations.
1610:
have been explored as a delivery system for various drugs, such as improving the oral bioavailability of drugs with poor absorption characteristics. However, this has not proved successful with CoQ
3902:
3843:
3104:
4323:
Banach M, Serban C, Sahebkar A, Ursoniu S, Rysz J, Muntner P, et al. (January 2015). "Effects of coenzyme Q10 on statin-induced myopathy: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials".
3954:
881:, a group of gram-negative bacteria. The fact that the coenzyme is ubiquitous gives the origin of its other name, ubiquinone. In humans, the most common form of coenzymes Q is coenzyme Q
3527:
Montero R, Sánchez-Alcázar JA, Briones P, Hernández AR, Cordero MD, Trevisson E, et al. (June 2008). "Analysis of coenzyme Q10 in muscle and fibroblasts for the diagnosis of CoQ
5144:
International
Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition
4663:
Mathiowitz E, Jacob JS, Jong YS, Carino GP, Chickering DE, Chaturvedi P, et al. (March 1997). "Biologically erodable microspheres as potential oral drug delivery systems".
3178:
International
Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research. Internationale Zeitschrift Fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal International de Vitaminologie et de Nutrition
739:
molecule that is located in all biological membranes of human body and serves as a component for the synthesis of ATP and is a life-sustaining cofactor for the three complexes (
4798:
Ozawa Y, Mizushima Y, Koyama I, Akimoto M, Yamagata Y, Hayashi H, et al. (April 1986). "Intestinal absorption enhancement of coenzyme Q10 with a lipid microsphere".
5352:
1467:
powder insoluble in water. Absorption as a pharmacological substance follows the same process as that of lipids; the uptake mechanism appears to be similar to that of
957:
cells, primarily in the mitochondria. Ninety-five percent of the human body's energy is generated this way. Organs with the highest energy requirements—such as the
4274:"Comparison of Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone) and Reduced Coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinol) as Supplement to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Reduce Cardiovascular Mortality"
728:(ETC), where it plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation, a process required for the biosynthesis of adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy source of cells.
2598:
Kadian M, Sharma G, Pandita S, Sharma K, Shrivasatava K, Saini N, et al. (2022). "The Impact of
Coenzyme Q10 on Neurodegeneration: A Comprehensive Review".
1167:. Q refers to the quinone head and "10" refers to the number of isoprene repeats in the tail. The molecule below has three isoprenoid units and would be called Q
783:(complex I), and succinate ubiquinone reductase (complex II), the fatty acids and branched-chain amino acids oxidation (through flavin-linked dehydrogenases) to
4863:
Zmitek J, Smidovnik A, Fir M, Prosek M, Zmitek K, Walczak J, et al. (2008). "Relative bioavailability of two forms of a novel water-soluble coenzyme Q10".
6210:
3925:
501:
3281:
791:
participates in fatty acid and glucose metabolism by transferring electrons generated from the reduction of fatty acids and glucose to electron acceptors;
3316:
Desbats MA, Lunardi G, Doimo M, Trevisson E, Salviati L (January 2015). "Genetic bases and clinical manifestations of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ 10) deficiency".
1630:
Facilitating drug absorption by increasing its solubility in water is a common pharmaceutical strategy and also has been shown to be successful for CoQ
573:
4465:
Bogentoft C, Edlund PO, Olsson B, Widlund L, Westensen K (1991). "Biopharmaceutical aspects of intravenous and oral administration of coenzyme Q10.".
1527:
is metabolized in all tissues, with the metabolites being phosphorylated in cells. CoQ10 is reduced to ubiquinol during or after absorption in the
5691:
3946:
5345:
1304:
Organisms other than humans produce the benzoquinone and isoprene structures from somewhat different source chemicals. For example, the bacteria
771:
plays a role in this process as an essential cofactor of the ETC located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and serves the following functions:
5625:
1499:
substances. Food intake (and the presence of lipids) stimulates bodily biliary excretion of bile acids and greatly enhances absorption of CoQ
1399:
found insufficient evidence to make a conclusion about its use for the prevention of heart disease. A 2016 Cochrane review concluded that CoQ
3661:
1697:. The observed safe level risk assessment method indicated that the evidence of safety is acceptable at intakes up to 1200 mg per day.
3238:
Shindo Y, Witt E, Han D, Epstein W, Packer L (January 1994). "Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin".
401:
4763:
Joshi SS, Sawant SV, Shedge A, Halpner AD (January 2003). "Comparative bioavailability of two novel coenzyme Q10 preparations in humans".
3793:
Arenas-Jal M, Suñé-Negre JM, García-Montoya E (March 2020). "Coenzyme Q10 supplementation: Efficacy, safety, and formulation challenges".
2417:
5936:
5799:
5795:
1689:, and headaches. Some adverse effects, largely gastrointestinal, are reported with intakes. Doses of 100–300 mg per day may induce
1348:
is commonly used as a dietary supplement with the intent to prevent or improve disease conditions, such as cardiovascular disorders. CoQ
5728:
5338:
4828:, Westesen K, Siekmann B, "Particles with modified physicochemical properties, their preparation and uses", published 2001
4531:
Tomono Y, Hasegawa J, Seki T, Motegi K, Morishita N (October 1986). "Pharmacokinetic study of deuterium-labeled coenzyme Q10 in man".
5660:
5655:
4250:
409:
O=C1/C(=C(\C(=O)C(\OC)=C1\OC)C)C\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)CC\C=C(/C)C
3203:
Aberg F, Appelkvist EL, Dallner G, Ernster L (June 1992). "Distribution and redox state of ubiquinones in rat and human tissues".
3176:
Okamoto T, Matsuya T, Fukunaga Y, Kishi T, Yamagami T (1989). "Human serum ubiquinol-10 levels and relationship to serum lipids".
5596:
1328:. Most organisms share the common 4-hydroxybenzoate intermediate, yet again uses different steps to arrive at the "Q" structure.
6402:
6140:
4614:"Bioavailability and Sustained Plasma Concentrations of CoQ10 in Healthy Volunteers by a Novel Oral Timed-Release Preparation"
3729:
3632:"Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on statin-associated myalgia and adherence to statin therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis"
2510:
2308:
quinone found in all animal tissues. In 1958, its full chemical structure was reported. Ubiquinone was later called either
653:
produced by the human body. It can also be obtained from dietary sources, such as meat, fish, seed oils, vegetables, and
4847:, Ohashi H, Takami T, Koyama N, Kogure Y, Ida K, "Aqueous solution containing ubidecarenone", published 1984
4101:
Al Saadi T, Assaf Y, Farwati M, Turkmani K, Al-Mouakeh A, Shebli B, et al. (Cochrane Heart Group) (February 2021).
3457:
1446:
reducing statin-associated muscle symptoms, including muscle pain, muscle weakness, muscle cramps and muscle tiredness.
568:
6397:
5478:
5397:
2479:
849:
1657:
has been found to have highly increased bioavailability and also is used in pharmaceutical and food industries for CoQ
6407:
5791:
5787:
784:
776:
366:
1097:, these measurements reflect dietary intake rather than tissue status. Currently, most clinical centers measure CoQ
2700:
Pradhan N, Singh C, Singh A (November 2021). "Coenzyme Q10 a mitochondrial restorer for various brain disorders".
2316:
due to its participation to the mitochondrial electron transport chain. In 1966, a study reported that reduced CoQ
580:
6367:
1442:
had no effect on statin myopathy. A 2018 meta-analysis concluded that there was preliminary evidence for oral CoQ
1380:
2800:"Clinical Evidence for Q10 Coenzyme Supplementation in Heart Failure: From Energetics to Functional Improvement"
2296:
membranes of beef heart, with research showing that it transported electrons within mitochondria. It was called
5855:
5721:
5635:
5465:
5453:
5402:
4716:"Preparation and characterization of novel coenzyme Q10 nanoparticles engineered from microemulsion precursors"
4422:
Bhagavan HN, Chopra RK (May 2006). "Coenzyme Q10: absorption, tissue uptake, metabolism and pharmacokinetics".
802:
and protecting cells against oxidative stress, inhibiting the oxidation of proteins, DNA, and use of vitamin E.
5913:
4360:"Effects of Coenzyme Q10 on Statin-Induced Myopathy: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"
4215:"Dietary interventions and nutritional supplements for heart failure: a systematic appraisal and evidence map"
6438:
5474:
3921:
3908:
5221:
Crane FL, Hatefi Y, Lester RL, Widmer C (July 1957). "Isolation of a quinone from beef heart mitochondria".
2509:. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health. January 2019.
2292:, but later deemed to be quinone found in many animal tissues. In 1957, the same compound was isolated from
5461:
1372:
309:
252:
5072:
Pravst I, Zmitek K, Zmitek J (April 2010). "Coenzyme Q10 contents in foods and fortification strategies".
1109:, and blood mononuclear cells. Culture fibroblasts can be used also to evaluate the rate of endogenous CoQ
6392:
5777:
3870:
844:
683:
consists of a benzoquinone moiety and an isoprenoid side chain, with the "10" referring to the number of
330:
214:
6433:
6133:
17:
4844:
4825:
775:
electron transport in the mitochondrial ETC, by shuttling electrons from mitochondrial complexes like
5714:
5562:
3917:
3857:
1573:
was used to investigate pharmacokinetics in humans to determine an elimination half-time of 33 hours.
672:
1599:
supplements may be reduced due to the lipophilic nature of its molecule and large molecular weight.
6348:
6343:
6008:
5557:
5517:
5392:
725:
699:
347:
4906:
Kagan D, Madhavi D (2010). "A Study on the
Bioavailability of a Novel Sustained-Release Coenzyme Q
4563:"Bioavailability of Coenzyme Q10: An Overview of the Absorption Process and Subsequent Metabolism"
3848:
6453:
6353:
6021:
5740:
5582:
5498:
5409:
3631:
1771:
and dietary intake were published in 2010. Besides the endogenous synthesis within organisms, CoQ
1004:
870:
799:
646:
3400:
Justine Perrin R, Rousset-Rouvière C, Garaix F, Cano A, Conrath J, Boyer O, et al. (2020).
6458:
5921:
5763:
5541:
5457:
5115:
Pyo Y, Oh H (2011). "Ubiquinone contents in Korean fermented foods and average daily intakes".
4152:"Efficacy of coenzyme Q10 in patients with cardiac failure: a meta-analysis of clinical trials"
3482:
Trevisson E, DiMauro S, Navas P, Salviati L (October 2011). "Coenzyme Q deficiency in muscle".
2737:"Cellular Consequences of Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency in Neurodegeneration of the Retina and Brain"
2413:
1673:
supplementation is well tolerated. The most common side effects are gastrointestinal symptoms (
1615:
996:
676:
5490:
5291:
Mellors A, Tappel AL (July 1966). "Quinones and quinols as inhibitors of lipid peroxidation".
3719:
1143:
in muscle. Evidence does not support that supplementation improves side effects from statins.
6428:
6126:
5931:
5926:
5773:
5435:
1240:
1228:
1121:
234:
2798:
Di
Lorenzo A, Iannuzzo G, Parlato A, Cuomo G, Testa C, Coppola M, et al. (April 2020).
2416:. Micronutrient Information Center, Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University. 2018.
5839:
5606:
5536:
5424:
5187:
5142:
Weber C, Bysted A, Hłlmer G (1997). "The coenzyme Q10 content of the average Danish diet".
4672:
2339:
1694:
1678:
1407:. A 2021 Cochrane review found "no convincing evidence to support or refute" the use of CoQ
1007:
that can only accept one electron at a time, and as a free radical–scavenging antioxidant.
780:
318:
55:
4405:
4400:
4199:
4194:
3648:
3039:
3034:
2976:
2971:
2913:
2908:
2847:
2842:
2784:
2779:
2681:
2676:
2581:
2576:
8:
6448:
6013:
5819:
5686:
4213:
Khan MS, Khan F, Fonarow GC, Sreenivasan J, Greene SJ, Khan SU, et al. (June 2021).
3353:"COQ6 mutations in human patients produce nephrotic syndrome with sensorineural deafness"
1646:
150:
140:
5330:
5191:
5034:
5017:
4676:
4404: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
4300:
4273:
4214:
4198: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
3406:
mutation in patients with nephrotic syndrome, sensorineural deafness, and optic atrophy"
3038: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2975: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2955:
2928:
2912: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2846: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2783: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2680: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
2580: This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the
1645:, formulations based on various solubilising agents, such as hydrogenated lecithin, and
1185:
In its pure state, it is an orange-colored lipophile powder, and has no taste nor odor.
351:
256:
194:
6443:
6362:
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6035:
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5316:
5097:
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4888:
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4715:
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4640:
4613:
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4178:
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4127:
4102:
4078:
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3753:
3612:
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3401:
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3018:
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2633:
2560:
2533:
1376:
1341:
1074:
654:
3683:
Bentinger M, Tekle M, Dallner G (May 2010). "Coenzyme Q--biosynthesis and functions".
3544:
1155:
is shown below. The various kinds of coenzyme Q may be distinguished by the number of
6463:
6257:
6106:
5865:
5847:
5365:
5308:
5273:
5238:
5234:
5203:
5151:
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5039:
4998:
4955:
4880:
4807:
4780:
4745:
4688:
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4594:
4540:
4513:
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4305:
4242:
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4183:
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4083:
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3775:
3725:
3700:
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3435:
3382:
3333:
3255:
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3185:
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3136:
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3023:
2960:
2897:
2831:
2768:
2717:
2665:
2565:
2471:
1480:
1337:
1324:, however, derives the former from either chorismate or tyrosine and the latter from
1251:
1210:
1118:
1036:
5101:
4981:
Hathcock JN, Shao A (August 2006). "Risk assessment for coenzyme Q10 (Ubiquinone)".
4967:
4451:
4005:"Co-enzyme Q10 supplementation for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease"
3109:
1759:
is not recommended in people taking warfarin due to the increased risk of clotting.
1654:
298:
5528:
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4635:
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4431:
4379:
4371:
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4295:
4285:
4226:
4173:
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3417:
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3013:
3003:
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2887:
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2758:
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2709:
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2555:
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1744:
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3871:
PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and
Complementary Therapies Editorial Board (2002).
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3054:
2105:
1740:
1528:
1476:
1396:
811:
4994:
2506:
2467:
1595:
bioavailability when it is taken as a dietary supplement. Bioavailability of CoQ
1507:
is absorbed from the small intestine and is best absorbed if taken with a meal.
6248:
6220:
5885:
5128:
4480:
Ochiai A, Itagaki S, Kurokawa T, Kobayashi M, Hirano T, Iseki K (August 2007).
4290:
3721:
Inherited
Neuromuscular Diseases: Translation from Pathomechanisms to Therapies
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2713:
2611:
2160:
1709:
1682:
1488:
1404:
1263:
878:
551:
5085:
4435:
4168:
3329:
679:(ATP), which is involved in energy transfer within cells. The structure of CoQ
6422:
5998:
5951:
5903:
5277:
4843:
4498:
4481:
4238:
3875:. PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board.
3583:"Coenzyme Q10 supplementation in the management of statin-associated myalgia"
3454:"Nephrotic Syndrome - COQ6 Associated (Concept Id: C4054393) - MedGen - NCBI"
3453:
3351:
Heeringa SF, Chernin G, Chaki M, Zhou W, Sloan AJ, Ji Z, et al. (2011).
2206:
1839:
1829:
1804:
1755:, which competes with and counteracts warfarin's anticoagulation effects. CoQ
1729:
1724:
taken as a pharmacological substance has potential to inhibit the effects of
1705:
1650:
1508:
1415:
1320:
1202:
736:
703:
538:
473:
245:
5256:
Wolf DE (1958). "Coenzyme Q. I. structure studies on the coenzyme Q group".
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6003:
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5601:
5509:
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5242:
5207:
5093:
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5002:
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4950:
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4784:
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4649:
4598:
4517:
4443:
4393:
4344:
4309:
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4187:
4136:
4087:
4054:"Blood pressure lowering efficacy of coenzyme Q10 for primary hypertension"
4038:
3989:
3880:
3824:
3779:
3704:
3657:
3608:
3562:
3513:
3439:
3386:
3337:
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2945:
2901:
2835:
2772:
2721:
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was isolated from the lining of a horse's gut, a compound initially called
2130:
1940:
1725:
1607:
1423:
ubiquinone had evidence of a cardiovascular effect, but ubiquinol did not.
1387:
is not regulated, and different batches and brands may vary significantly.
1375:(FDA) for the treatment of any medical condition. However, it is sold as a
1236:
1198:
1094:
1035:
levels also may be affected by other genetic defects (such as mutations of
1020:
815:
669:
507:
5155:
4811:
4692:
4579:
4544:
3259:
3224:
3189:
3162:
1471:, another lipid-soluble nutrient. This process in the human body involves
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6266:
6215:
6178:
6149:
5988:
5941:
3553:
2882:
2753:
2550:
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2249:
has been determined at 3–6 mg per day, derived primarily from meat.
2218:
2085:
2022:
1997:
1809:
1536:
1532:
1431:
1059:
985:
748:
650:
5269:
3953:. UK: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 28 March 2017.
3504:
3399:
1023:, and increased use by the body. Biosynthesis is the major source of CoQ
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4533:
International
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy, and Toxicology
4003:
Flowers N, Hartley L, Todkill D, Stranges S, Rees K (4 December 2014).
3815:
3599:
3582:
3421:
3282:"Improving the bioavailability of coenzyme q10 from theory to practice"
3137:"Biochemical, physiological and medical aspects of ubiquinone function"
2926:
2816:
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2150:
1849:
1496:
1325:
1315:
1311:
1244:
1221:
1193:
Biosynthesis occurs in most human tissue. There are three major steps:
1160:
1156:
1102:
874:
744:
452:
225:
5199:
5016:
Sharma A, Fonarow GC, Butler J, Ezekowitz JA, Felker GM (April 2016).
4934:"Coenzyme Q10: a therapy for hypertension and statin-induced myalgia?"
4876:
4508:
4230:
3526:
2927:
Mantle D, Millichap L, Castro-Marrero J, Hargreaves IP (August 2023).
6327:
6310:
6300:
6238:
6225:
6205:
6194:
6184:
6063:
6058:
5893:
5879:
5387:
4776:
4731:
4684:
3368:
2333:
2032:
1819:
1752:
1642:
1547:
1472:
1468:
1114:
1000:
954:
795:
740:
542:
550:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
6291:
6200:
5706:
5419:
2214:
2075:
2042:
1966:
1955:
1732:
1690:
1259:
1217:
1206:
1078:
946:
760:
695:
684:
273:
4482:"Improvement in intestinal coenzyme q10 absorption by food intake"
3792:
953:
This family of fat-soluble substances is present in all respiring
794:
antioxidant activity as a lipid-soluble antioxidant together with
173:
6316:
6099:
6043:
5755:
2230:
2120:
2095:
2065:
1945:
1639:
1492:
1464:
1306:
942:
715:
528:
285:
3141:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease
1383:, and is an ingredient in some cosmetics. The manufacture of CoQ
6118:
6073:
6048:
5982:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5829:
5737:
5368:
4765:
International
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
2735:
Manzar H, Abdulhussein D, Yap TE, Cordeiro MF (December 2020).
2261:
2190:
2052:
2012:
2002:
1977:
1712:
disease, during pregnancy or breastfeeding, or in the elderly.
1674:
1435:
1106:
966:
756:
205:
42:
4611:
4479:
3055:"Occurrence, biosynthesis and function of isoprenoid quinones"
2797:
1587:
as a constituent of food, such as nuts or meat, from which CoQ
1176:
5670:
5665:
4358:
Qu H, Guo M, Chai H, Wang WT, Gao ZY, Shi DZ (October 2018).
4002:
3481:
3202:
2734:
2336:– synthetic analog with reduced oxidant generating properties
2180:
2140:
2115:
1544:
1289:
1277:
1271:
1041:
977:
962:
958:
910:
622:
185:
163:
5015:
4464:
4100:
3315:
1614:, although reports have differed widely. The use of aqueous
1031:, and mutations in any of them can cause CoQ deficiency. CoQ
661:
is found in many organisms, including animals and bacteria.
335:
107:
6078:
6053:
5966:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5630:
5620:
5413:
5018:"Coenzyme Q10 and Heart Failure: A State-of-the-Art Review"
4797:
4322:
3175:
2531:
2342:– synthetic analog with improved mitochondrial permeability
1987:
1686:
1540:
1484:
1283:
1069:
1067:
biosynthetic process). Some of these, such as mutations in
1047:
1028:
919:
901:
631:
613:
264:
116:
98:
4212:
1739:
may interfere with warfarin's actions by interacting with
1247:, indicating multiple sites of synthesis in animal cells.
5360:
4662:
2866:"Disorders of Human Coenzyme Q10 Metabolism: An Overview"
2597:
2465:
2245:
In the developed world, the estimated daily intake of CoQ
1163:. The most common coenzyme Q in human mitochondria is CoQ
1073:, can lead to serious diseases such as steroid-resistant
1053:
907:
619:
4862:
4762:
4530:
3350:
3094:
3092:
3090:
2534:"Coenzyme Q10 Metabolism: A Review of Unresolved Issues"
702:, and its use as a supplement is not associated with or
5220:
2532:
Mantle D, Lopez-Lluch G, Hargreaves IP (January 2023).
2466:
Sood B, Preeti Patel P, Keenaghan M (30 January 2024).
2300:
as a quinone. The Q-275/substance SA was later renamed
1515:
in fed condition is higher than in fasting conditions.
4824:
2863:
2631:
60:
2--5,6-dimethoxy-3-methylcyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione
3795:
Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety
3682:
3087:
922:
904:
898:
895:
634:
616:
610:
607:
119:
104:
101:
95:
92:
4931:
3947:"Mitochondrial disorders in children: Co-enzyme Q10"
3629:
3237:
2864:
Hargreaves I, Heaton RA, Mantle D (September 2020).
2252:
South Koreans have an estimated average daily CoQ (Q
1418:
of people with heart failure 30–100 mg/d of CoQ
916:
690:
Although a ubiquitous molecule in human tissues, CoQ
628:
113:
3685:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
3059:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Bioenergetics
2260:) intake of 11.6 mg/d, derived primarily from
2201:
Vegetable oils, meat and fish are quite rich in CoQ
1747:, a measure of blood clotting. The structure of CoQ
913:
645:also known as ubiquinone, is a naturally occurring
625:
110:
5071:
4271:
3717:
1704:supplementation is not recommended in people with
1664:
1591:is normally absorbed, there is a concern about CoQ
814:by modulating the expression of genes involved in
72:In general: Ubiquinone, coenzyme Q, CoQ, vitamin Q
5141:
4612:Martucci A, Reurean-Pintilei D, Manole A (2019).
3279:
2699:
1015:There are two major pathways of deficiency of CoQ
6420:
5692:Electron-transferring-flavoprotein dehydrogenase
3939:
3116:. US National Library of Medicine. 30 March 2024
2267:
2225:. Most fruit and berries are poor sources of CoQ
1622:in pure water also reveals only a minor effect.
1438:medications, a 2015 meta-analysis found that CoQ
1430:has been used to treat purported muscle-related
1063:, genes that are not directly related to the CoQ
945:chemical group and "10" refers to the number of
763:membranes to regulate pH in lysosome functions.
478:48–52 °C (118–126 °F; 321–325 K)
297:
5597:Complex III/Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase
5173:
5171:
5169:
5167:
5165:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5061:
4927:
4925:
4713:
4417:
4415:
3630:Kennedy C, Köller Y, Surkova E (1 April 2020).
3576:
3574:
3572:
3477:
3475:
3311:
3309:
3307:
2859:
2857:
2634:"Coenzyme Q10 and Immune Function: An Overview"
2632:Mantle D, Heaton RA, Hargreaves IP (May 2021).
2470:. StatPearls, US National Library of Medicine.
1258:, which may be connected to the development of
149:
5074:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
4458:
4421:
3831:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3134:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
1715:
841:needs attention from an expert in biochemistry
6134:
5722:
5346:
5290:
4560:
4467:Biomedical and clinical aspects of coenzyme Q
4357:
3892:
3890:
2593:
2591:
1602:
1362:
1139:in the blood it is unclear if they reduce CoQ
5284:
5214:
5162:
5058:
5009:
4980:
4974:
4932:Wyman M, Leonard M, Morledge T (July 2010).
4922:
4905:
4856:
4756:
4707:
4473:
4412:
4351:
4316:
4265:
4143:
4094:
4045:
3996:
3969:
3864:
3745:
3711:
3676:
3569:
3520:
3472:
3304:
3046:
2989:
2983:
2929:"Primary Coenzyme Q10 Deficiency: An Update"
2920:
2854:
5135:
4791:
4656:
4524:
4272:Fladerer JP, Grollitsch S (December 2023).
4107:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4058:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4009:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3754:"Ubiquinone biosynthesis in microorganisms"
3266:
3231:
3196:
3169:
3128:
3052:
2791:
2728:
2688:
2618:
2538:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2525:
6141:
6127:
5729:
5715:
5353:
5339:
4899:
4837:
4051:
3887:
3751:
3587:American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy
2588:
2233:, which have a relatively high oil and CoQ
350:
255:
233:
5249:
5178:Morton RA (December 1958). "Ubiquinone".
5033:
4949:
4739:
4639:
4629:
4588:
4578:
4556:
4554:
4507:
4497:
4383:
4364:Journal of the American Heart Association
4299:
4289:
4177:
4167:
4126:
4077:
4028:
3873:Coenzyme Q10: Health Professional Version
3814:
3769:
3647:
3598:
3552:
3503:
3429:
3376:
3152:
3070:
3017:
3007:
2954:
2944:
2891:
2881:
2825:
2815:
2762:
2752:
2659:
2649:
2559:
2549:
1762:
1113:biosynthesis, by measuring the uptake of
317:
5258:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5117:Journal of Food Composition and Analysis
4714:Hsu CH, Cui Z, Mumper RJ, Jay M (2003).
3975:
3580:
3240:The Journal of Investigative Dermatology
1558:Some reports have been published on the
1535:, and redistributed in the blood within
5108:
4327:(Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis).
3926:U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services
3205:Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics
2501:
2499:
2497:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2213:than animal tissues. Among vegetables,
1250:An important enzyme in this pathway is
709:
706:for any health or anti-disease effect.
346:
14:
6421:
5177:
4983:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
4818:
4551:
4149:
4052:Ho MJ, Li EC, Wright JM (March 2016).
3786:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
1775:also is supplied by various foods. CoQ
1146:
852:may be able to help recruit an expert.
246:
6122:
5710:
5334:
5114:
3906:
3718:Espinós C, Felipo V, Palau F (2009).
3664:from the original on 28 December 2022
3649:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.03.006
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2356:
1779:concentrations in various foods are:
1767:Detailed reviews on occurrence of CoQ
1653:; among the latter, the complex with
1495:formation required for absorption of
1331:
751:) of the ETC in the mitochondria. CoQ
378:Key: ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UPTCCGCDSA-N
213:
193:
5736:
5255:
4938:Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
4865:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism
3957:from the original on 10 October 2019
3280:Žmitek J, ŽMitek K, Pravs I (2008).
3053:Nowicka B, Kruk J (September 2010).
2494:
1411:for the treatment of heart failure.
1027:. Biosynthesis requires at least 15
825:
724:is a component of the mitochondrial
511:
27:Biochemical cofactor and antioxidant
5035:10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.002639
4253:from the original on 2 January 2023
2702:Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol
2482:from the original on 2 October 2023
2432:
1625:
1553:
1235:The initial two reactions occur in
388:Key: ACTIUHUUMQJHFO-UPTCCGCDBK
288:
272:
24:
5583:Complex II/Succinate dehydrogenase
5479:Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase
3771:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10831.x
3292:from the original on 23 April 2024
2420:from the original on 15 March 2024
2353:
1578:
1175:
25:
6475:
4219:European Journal of Heart Failure
3545:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2008.03.007
3460:from the original on 6 April 2024
3357:Journal of Clinical Investigation
3135:Ernster L, Dallner G (May 1995).
2990:Barcelos IP, Haas RH (May 2019).
2513:from the original on 4 April 2024
1569:Deuterium-labeled crystalline CoQ
777:nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
6148:
4469:. Vol. 6. pp. 215–224.
4399:
4193:
4103:"Coenzyme Q10 for heart failure"
3901: This article incorporates
3896:
3842: This article incorporates
3837:
3103: This article incorporates
3098:
3033:
2970:
2907:
2841:
2778:
2675:
2575:
891:
830:
785:ubiquinol–cytochrome-c reductase
603:
558:
436:
88:
41:
5607:Complex IV/Cytochrome c oxidase
4605:
4206:
3752:Meganathan R (September 2001).
3623:
3446:
3393:
3344:
1665:Adverse effects and precautions
1449:
1188:
1135:Although statins may reduce CoQ
980:states of CoQ: fully oxidized (
821:
755:has a role in the transport of
687:chemical subunits in its tail.
554:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
5454:Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
4119:10.1002/14651858.CD008684.pub3
4070:10.1002/14651858.CD007435.pub3
4021:10.1002/14651858.CD010405.pub2
3581:Tan JT, Barry AR (June 2017).
2284:In 1950, a small amount of CoQ
2209:are much poorer sources of CoQ
1381:regulations as medicinal drugs
675:, aiding in the production of
442:
430:
13:
1:
5475:Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
5223:Biochimica et Biophysica Acta
3922:National Institutes of Health
2346:
2272:Cooking by frying reduces CoQ
2268:Effect of heat and processing
1743:enzymes thereby reducing the
1539:. Its elimination occurs via
1518:
1454:
1151:The oxidized structure of CoQ
1084:
1010:
941:, in which "Q" refers to the
787:(complex III) of the ETC: CoQ
5578:Complex I/NADH dehydrogenase
5235:10.1016/0006-3002(57)90457-2
4561:Mantle D, Dybring A (2020).
4337:10.1016/j.mayocp.2014.08.021
4156:BMC Cardiovascular Disorders
3724:. Springer. pp. 122ff.
3496:10.1097/WCO.0b013e32834ab528
3484:Current Opinion in Neurology
3252:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371744
3217:10.1016/0003-9861(92)90511-T
3154:10.1016/0925-4439(95)00028-3
3072:10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.06.007
2600:Current Pharmacology Reports
1583:In contrast to intake of CoQ
1373:Food and Drug Administration
1371:is not approved by the U.S.
7:
4995:10.1016/j.yrtph.2006.05.006
3976:Hojerová J (May 2000). "".
2327:
1716:Potential drug interactions
1390:
1231:of the above two structures
10:
6480:
5398:Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase
5129:10.1016/j.jfca.2011.03.018
5022:Circulation: Heart Failure
4910:-β-Cyclodextrin Complex".
4291:10.1007/s11886-023-01992-6
4278:Current Cardiology Reports
4150:Lei L, Liu Y (July 2017).
3978:Ceska a Slovenska Farmacie
3697:10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.02.147
3286:Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech
2714:10.1007/s00210-021-02161-8
2612:10.1007/s40495-021-00273-6
2279:
1603:Reduction of particle size
1363:Regulation and composition
1314:and the latter from a non-
1130:
713:
6385:
6336:
6156:
6091:
6034:
5912:
5754:
5747:
5679:
5570:
5563:oxidative phosphorylation
5554:
5526:
5507:
5488:
5443:
5434:
5375:
5086:10.1080/10408390902773037
4436:10.1080/10715760600617843
4169:10.1186/s12872-017-0628-9
3918:National Cancer Institute
3858:National Cancer Institute
3758:FEMS Microbiology Letters
3330:10.1007/s10545-014-9749-9
2240:
2114:
2061:
1996:
1939:
1912:
1885:
1858:
1803:
1791:
1787:levels in selected foods
1318:source. The common yeast
1310:produces the former from
673:oxidative phosphorylation
548:
520:
494:
417:
397:
362:
133:
75:This form: ubidecarenone,
66:
54:
49:
40:
6349:Butylated hydroxytoluene
6344:Butylated hydroxyanisole
5558:electron transport chain
5518:Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase
5393:Isocitrate dehydrogenase
4499:10.1248/yakushi.127.1251
2229:, with the exception of
1379:not subject to the same
1101:levels in cultured skin
850:WikiProject Biochemistry
726:electron transport chain
700:recommended intake level
5499:Glutamate dehydrogenase
5410:Succinate dehydrogenase
5403:Succinyl CoA synthetase
4376:10.1161/JAHA.118.009835
4325:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
3907:White J (14 May 2014).
3807:10.1111/1541-4337.12539
3531:deficiency syndromes".
2221:are good sources of CoQ
1269:Genes involved include
800:reactive oxygen species
468:yellow or orange solid
5542:Aspartate transaminase
4951:10.3949/ccjm.77a.09078
4800:Arzneimittel-Forschung
3903:public domain material
3844:public domain material
3105:public domain material
3009:10.3390/biology8020028
2946:10.3390/antiox12081652
2651:10.3390/antiox10050759
1799:concentration (mg/kg)
1763:Dietary concentrations
1751:is similar to that of
1618:of finely powdered CoQ
1463:in the pure form is a
1180:
677:adenosine triphosphate
4580:10.3390/antiox9050386
4424:Free Radical Research
3533:Clinical Biochemistry
1241:endoplasmic reticulum
1179:
969:—have the highest CoQ
6439:Cellular respiration
5537:Pyruvate carboxylase
5425:Malate dehydrogenase
4912:Integrative Medicine
2883:10.3390/ijms21186695
2754:10.3390/ijms21239299
2551:10.3390/ijms24032585
2340:Mitoquinone mesylate
1679:appetite suppression
1531:. It is absorbed by
1511:concentration of CoQ
1487:, which facilitates
1005:iron–sulfur clusters
995:quinone), and fully
930:) or ubiquinone-10.
877:in animals and many
781:ubiquinone reductase
710:Biological functions
698:and does not have a
647:biochemical cofactor
56:Preferred IUPAC name
5687:Alternative oxidase
5491:α-ketoglutaric acid
5270:10.1021/ja01550a096
5192:1958Natur.182.1764M
5186:(4652): 1764–1767.
4677:1997Natur.386..410M
3318:J Inherit Metab Dis
2276:content by 14–32%.
1788:
1669:Generally, oral CoQ
1336:Although neither a
1147:Chemical properties
1093:may be measured in
1077:with sensorineural
1019:in humans: reduced
810:also may influence
655:dietary supplements
485:Solubility in water
460: g·mol
37:
6363:1,2-Diaminopropane
6164:6-Hydroxymelatonin
5305:10.1007/BF02531617
4631:10.3390/nu11030527
3600:10.2146/ajhp160714
3422:10.1002/jmd2.12068
2817:10.3390/jcm9051266
1782:
1481:pancreatic enzymes
1377:dietary supplement
1342:essential nutrient
1332:Dietary supplement
1220:side chain (using
1181:
1159:subunits in their
1075:nephrotic syndrome
649:(coenzyme) and an
581:Infobox references
521:Related compounds
32:
6434:1,4-Benzoquinones
6416:
6415:
6337:Fuel antioxidants
6228:
6179:Alpha-lipoic acid
6172:
6157:Food antioxidants
6116:
6115:
6087:
6086:
5704:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5550:
5549:
5366:Citric acid cycle
5200:10.1038/1821764a0
4877:10.1159/000129661
4720:AAPS PharmSciTech
4671:(6623): 410–414.
4284:(12): 1759–1767.
4231:10.1002/ejhf.2278
3731:978-90-481-2812-9
2992:"CoQ10 and Aging"
2708:(11): 2197–2222.
2320:was an effective
2199:
2198:
1403:had no effect on
1355:Nevertheless, CoQ
1338:prescription drug
1252:HMG-CoA reductase
1211:4-hydroxybenzoate
1201:structure (using
1037:mitochondrial DNA
885:, also called CoQ
869:Coenzymes Q is a
867:
866:
694:is not a dietary
589:Chemical compound
587:
586:
331:CompTox Dashboard
175:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
6471:
6261:-Acetylserotonin
6226:
6170:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6120:
6119:
5752:
5751:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5708:
5707:
5568:
5567:
5529:oxaloacetic acid
5441:
5440:
5383:Citrate synthase
5355:
5348:
5341:
5332:
5331:
5325:
5324:
5288:
5282:
5281:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5218:
5212:
5211:
5175:
5160:
5159:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5123:(8): 1123–1129.
5112:
5106:
5105:
5069:
5056:
5055:
5037:
5013:
5007:
5006:
4978:
4972:
4971:
4953:
4929:
4920:
4919:
4903:
4897:
4896:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4777:10.5414/CPP41042
4760:
4754:
4753:
4743:
4732:10.1208/pt040332
4711:
4705:
4704:
4685:10.1038/386410a0
4660:
4654:
4653:
4643:
4633:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4592:
4582:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4501:
4492:(8): 1251–1254.
4477:
4471:
4470:
4462:
4456:
4455:
4419:
4410:
4403:
4397:
4387:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4320:
4314:
4313:
4303:
4293:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4258:
4225:(9): 1468–1476.
4210:
4204:
4197:
4191:
4181:
4171:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4130:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4081:
4049:
4043:
4042:
4032:
4015:(12): CD010405.
4000:
3994:
3993:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3943:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3932:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3885:
3884:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3790:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3715:
3709:
3708:
3680:
3674:
3673:
3671:
3669:
3651:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3602:
3578:
3567:
3566:
3556:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3507:
3479:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3433:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3369:10.1172/JCI45693
3363:(5): 2013–2024.
3348:
3342:
3341:
3313:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3297:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3173:
3167:
3166:
3156:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3102:
3101:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3074:
3065:(9): 1587–1605.
3050:
3044:
3037:
3031:
3021:
3011:
2987:
2981:
2974:
2968:
2958:
2948:
2924:
2918:
2911:
2905:
2895:
2885:
2861:
2852:
2845:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2795:
2789:
2782:
2776:
2766:
2756:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2697:
2686:
2679:
2673:
2663:
2653:
2629:
2616:
2615:
2595:
2586:
2579:
2573:
2563:
2553:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2503:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2463:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2410:
1789:
1781:
1661:-fortification.
1626:Water-solubility
1560:pharmacokinetics
1554:Pharmacokinetics
1216:Creation of the
1197:Creation of the
1125:-hydroxybenzoate
976:There are three
973:concentrations.
939:1,4-benzoquinone
929:
928:
925:
924:
921:
918:
915:
912:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
862:
859:
853:
834:
833:
826:
668:plays a role in
641:
640:
637:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
571:
565:
562:
561:
535:1,4-Benzoquinone
515:
459:
444:
438:
432:
425:Chemical formula
355:
354:
339:
337:
321:
301:
290:
276:
259:
248:
237:
217:
197:
177:
153:
126:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
109:
106:
103:
100:
97:
94:
45:
38:
31:
21:
6479:
6478:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6419:
6418:
6417:
6412:
6381:
6377:Ethylenediamine
6368:2,4-Dimethyl-6-
6332:
6252:-Acetylcysteine
6152:
6147:
6117:
6112:
6083:
6030:
6025:
6017:
5908:
5899:
5891:
5875:
5861:
5851:
5843:
5835:
5825:
5815:
5805:
5783:
5769:
5743:
5735:
5705:
5696:
5675:
5617:
5591:
5561:
5556:
5546:
5522:
5503:
5484:
5430:
5371:
5359:
5329:
5328:
5289:
5285:
5254:
5250:
5219:
5215:
5176:
5163:
5140:
5136:
5113:
5109:
5070:
5059:
5014:
5010:
4979:
4975:
4930:
4923:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4861:
4857:
4850:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4823:
4819:
4796:
4792:
4761:
4757:
4712:
4708:
4661:
4657:
4610:
4606:
4559:
4552:
4539:(10): 536–541.
4529:
4525:
4486:Yakugaku Zasshi
4478:
4474:
4463:
4459:
4420:
4413:
4370:(19): e009835.
4356:
4352:
4321:
4317:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4254:
4211:
4207:
4148:
4144:
4113:(2): CD008684.
4099:
4095:
4064:(3): CD007435.
4050:
4046:
4001:
3997:
3974:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3913:
3897:
3895:
3888:
3869:
3865:
3853:
3847:
3838:
3836:
3832:
3791:
3787:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3716:
3712:
3681:
3677:
3667:
3665:
3636:Atherosclerosis
3628:
3624:
3593:(11): 786–793.
3579:
3570:
3530:
3525:
3521:
3480:
3473:
3463:
3461:
3452:
3451:
3447:
3398:
3394:
3349:
3345:
3314:
3305:
3295:
3293:
3278:
3267:
3236:
3232:
3201:
3197:
3174:
3170:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3110:"Ubidecarenone"
3108:
3099:
3097:
3088:
3051:
3047:
2988:
2984:
2925:
2921:
2862:
2855:
2796:
2792:
2733:
2729:
2698:
2689:
2630:
2619:
2596:
2589:
2530:
2526:
2516:
2514:
2505:
2504:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2464:
2433:
2423:
2421:
2412:
2411:
2354:
2349:
2330:
2319:
2287:
2282:
2275:
2270:
2259:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2212:
2204:
2106:Chinese cabbage
1798:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1750:
1741:cytochrome p450
1738:
1728:as well as the
1723:
1718:
1703:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1621:
1613:
1605:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1579:Bioavailability
1572:
1565:
1556:
1529:small intestine
1526:
1521:
1514:
1506:
1503:. Exogenous CoQ
1502:
1477:small intestine
1462:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1441:
1429:
1421:
1410:
1402:
1397:Cochrane review
1393:
1386:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1347:
1334:
1257:
1227:The joining or
1191:
1170:
1166:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1133:
1112:
1100:
1092:
1087:
1066:
1034:
1026:
1018:
1013:
972:
936:
894:
890:
888:
884:
873:family that is
863:
857:
854:
848:
835:
831:
824:
812:immune response
809:
790:
770:
754:
734:
723:
718:
712:
693:
682:
667:
660:
606:
602:
600:
596:
590:
583:
578:
577:
576: ?)
567:
563:
559:
555:
541:
537:
531:
504:
487:
457:
447:
441:
435:
427:
413:
410:
405:
404:
393:
390:
389:
386:
380:
379:
376:
370:
369:
358:
340:
333:
324:
304:
291:
279:
240:
220:
200:
180:
167:
156:
143:
129:
128:
91:
87:
86:
82:
62:
61:
36:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6477:
6467:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6454:Meroterpenoids
6451:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6389:
6387:
6383:
6382:
6380:
6379:
6374:
6365:
6360:
6351:
6346:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6333:
6331:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6314:
6304:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6255:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6223:
6221:Hydroxytyrosol
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6188:
6182:
6176:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6153:
6146:
6145:
6138:
6131:
6123:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6110:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6082:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6040:
6038:
6032:
6031:
6029:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5889:
5883:
5877:
5873:
5863:
5859:
5849:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5813:
5807:
5803:
5785:
5781:
5771:
5767:
5760:
5758:
5749:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5711:
5702:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5615:
5610:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5585:
5580:
5574:
5572:
5565:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5547:
5545:
5544:
5539:
5533:
5531:
5524:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5514:
5512:
5505:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5495:
5493:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5482:
5473:(regulated by
5470:
5469:
5450:
5448:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5429:
5428:
5422:
5417:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5358:
5357:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5327:
5326:
5299:(4): 282–284.
5283:
5248:
5229:(1): 220–221.
5213:
5161:
5150:(2): 123–129.
5134:
5107:
5080:(4): 269–280.
5057:
5028:(4): e002639.
5008:
4989:(3): 282–288.
4973:
4944:(7): 435–442.
4921:
4907:
4898:
4871:(4): 281–287.
4855:
4836:
4817:
4806:(4): 689–690.
4790:
4755:
4706:
4655:
4604:
4550:
4523:
4472:
4457:
4430:(5): 445–453.
4411:
4350:
4315:
4264:
4205:
4142:
4093:
4044:
3995:
3984:(3): 119–123.
3968:
3938:
3911:
3910:PDQ Coenzyme Q
3886:
3863:
3851:
3830:
3801:(2): 574–594.
3785:
3764:(2): 131–139.
3744:
3730:
3710:
3675:
3622:
3568:
3539:(9): 697–700.
3528:
3519:
3490:(5): 449–456.
3471:
3445:
3392:
3343:
3303:
3265:
3246:(1): 122–124.
3230:
3211:(2): 230–234.
3195:
3184:(3): 288–292.
3168:
3147:(1): 195–204.
3127:
3086:
3045:
2982:
2919:
2853:
2790:
2727:
2687:
2617:
2587:
2524:
2507:"Coenzyme Q10"
2493:
2468:"Coenzyme Q10"
2431:
2414:"Coenzyme Q10"
2351:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2337:
2329:
2326:
2317:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2210:
2207:Dairy products
2202:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2058:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2015:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2000:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1963:
1962:
1959:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1812:
1807:
1805:Vegetable oils
1801:
1800:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1756:
1748:
1736:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1701:
1683:abdominal pain
1670:
1666:
1663:
1658:
1655:β-cyclodextrin
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:
1619:
1611:
1604:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1570:
1563:
1555:
1552:
1524:
1520:
1517:
1512:
1504:
1500:
1489:emulsification
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1427:
1419:
1408:
1405:blood pressure
1400:
1392:
1389:
1384:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1345:
1333:
1330:
1264:rhabdomyolysis
1255:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1214:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1168:
1164:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1110:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1064:
1032:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1009:
970:
934:
886:
882:
879:Pseudomonadota
865:
864:
838:
836:
829:
823:
820:
807:
804:
803:
792:
788:
768:
752:
732:
721:
711:
708:
691:
680:
665:
658:
598:
594:
588:
585:
584:
579:
557:
556:
552:standard state
549:
546:
545:
532:
526:
523:
522:
518:
517:
505:
500:
497:
496:
492:
491:
488:
483:
480:
479:
476:
470:
469:
466:
462:
461:
455:
449:
448:
445:
439:
433:
428:
423:
420:
419:
415:
414:
412:
411:
408:
400:
399:
398:
395:
394:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
381:
377:
374:
373:
365:
364:
363:
360:
359:
357:
356:
343:
341:
329:
326:
325:
323:
322:
314:
312:
306:
305:
303:
302:
294:
292:
284:
281:
280:
278:
277:
269:
267:
261:
260:
250:
242:
241:
239:
238:
230:
228:
222:
221:
219:
218:
210:
208:
202:
201:
199:
198:
190:
188:
182:
181:
179:
178:
170:
168:
161:
158:
157:
155:
154:
146:
144:
139:
136:
135:
131:
130:
84:
80:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
64:
63:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
46:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6476:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6459:Phenol ethers
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6390:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6371:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6357:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6339:
6335:
6329:
6326:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6192:
6189:
6186:
6185:Ascorbic acid
6183:
6180:
6177:
6174:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6151:
6144:
6139:
6137:
6132:
6130:
6125:
6124:
6121:
6109:
6108:
6102:
6101:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6050:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6039:
6037:
6033:
6027:
6020:
6018:
6012:
6010:
6007:
6005:
6002:
6000:
5999:Molybdopterin
5997:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5952:Cofactor F430
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5905:
5904:Coenzyme F420
5902:
5895:
5887:
5886:Phylloquinone
5884:
5881:
5880:Ascorbic acid
5878:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5857:
5853:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5828:
5821:
5818:
5811:
5808:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5765:
5762:
5761:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5739:
5732:
5727:
5725:
5720:
5718:
5713:
5712:
5709:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5678:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5559:
5555:Mitochondrial
5553:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5534:
5532:
5530:
5525:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
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5506:
5500:
5497:
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5494:
5492:
5487:
5480:
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5472:
5471:
5467:
5463:
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5447:
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5439:
5437:
5433:
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5423:
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5418:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5367:
5363:
5356:
5351:
5349:
5344:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5322:
5318:
5314:
5310:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5287:
5279:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5217:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5174:
5172:
5170:
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5166:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5138:
5130:
5126:
5122:
5118:
5111:
5103:
5099:
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5012:
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5000:
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4992:
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4961:
4957:
4952:
4947:
4943:
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4935:
4928:
4926:
4917:
4913:
4902:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4859:
4846:
4840:
4827:
4821:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4794:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4659:
4651:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4608:
4600:
4596:
4591:
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4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4557:
4555:
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4510:
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4453:
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4418:
4416:
4409:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4391:
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4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4354:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4311:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4209:
4203:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4097:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4071:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4048:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
3999:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3942:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3904:
3893:
3891:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3860:. April 2022.
3859:
3855:
3854:
3845:
3834:
3826:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3789:
3781:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3733:
3727:
3723:
3722:
3714:
3706:
3702:
3698:
3694:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3575:
3573:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3554:11577/2447079
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3523:
3515:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3478:
3476:
3459:
3455:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3405:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3324:(1): 145–56.
3323:
3319:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3261:
3257:
3253:
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3115:
3111:
3106:
3095:
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3078:
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3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3043:
3041:
3036:
3029:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2980:
2978:
2973:
2966:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2930:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2910:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2870:Int J Mol Sci
2867:
2860:
2858:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2788:
2786:
2781:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:Int J Mol Sci
2738:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2678:
2671:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2571:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2419:
2415:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2352:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2325:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2294:mitochondrial
2291:
2277:
2265:
2263:
2250:
2238:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2208:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1969:– white flesh
1968:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1841:
1840:sunflower oil
1838:
1837:
1833:
1831:
1830:grapeseed oil
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1760:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1734:
1731:
1730:anticoagulant
1727:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1696:
1695:liver enzymes
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1662:
1656:
1652:
1651:cyclodextrins
1648:
1644:
1641:
1623:
1617:
1609:
1608:Nanoparticles
1600:
1576:
1575:
1567:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1516:
1510:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1447:
1437:
1433:
1424:
1417:
1416:meta-analysis
1412:
1406:
1398:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1360:
1353:
1343:
1339:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1322:
1321:S. cerevisiae
1317:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1203:phenylalanine
1200:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1186:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1162:
1158:
1144:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1108:
1104:
1096:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1030:
1022:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
988:
983:
979:
974:
968:
964:
960:
956:
951:
948:
944:
940:
931:
927:
880:
876:
872:
861:
851:
846:
842:
839:This article
837:
828:
827:
819:
817:
813:
801:
798:, scavenging
797:
793:
786:
782:
778:
774:
773:
772:
764:
762:
758:
750:
746:
742:
738:
729:
727:
717:
707:
705:
701:
697:
688:
686:
678:
674:
671:
670:mitochondrial
662:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
601:
582:
575:
570:
553:
547:
544:
540:
539:Plastoquinone
536:
533:
530:
525:
524:
519:
514:
509:
506:
503:
499:
498:
495:Pharmacology
493:
489:
486:
482:
481:
477:
475:
474:Melting point
472:
471:
467:
464:
463:
456:
454:
451:
450:
429:
426:
422:
421:
416:
407:
406:
403:
396:
382:
372:
371:
368:
361:
353:
349:
348:DTXSID6046054
345:
344:
342:
332:
328:
327:
320:
316:
315:
313:
311:
308:
307:
300:
296:
295:
293:
287:
283:
282:
275:
271:
270:
268:
266:
263:
262:
258:
254:
251:
249:
247:ECHA InfoCard
244:
243:
236:
232:
231:
229:
227:
224:
223:
216:
212:
211:
209:
207:
204:
203:
196:
192:
191:
189:
187:
184:
183:
176:
172:
171:
169:
165:
160:
159:
152:
148:
147:
145:
142:
138:
137:
132:
127:
124:
74:
71:
70:
65:
57:
53:
48:
44:
39:
30:
19:
6429:Antioxidants
6393:Folin method
6386:Measurements
6372:-butylphenol
6369:
6358:-butylphenol
6355:
6324:(coenzyme Q)
6321:
6307:Tocotrienols
6258:
6249:
6150:Antioxidants
6104:
6098:
6004:Mycofactocin
5994:Methanofuran
5961:
5914:non-vitamins
5748:Active forms
5613:
5602:Cytochrome c
5587:
5510:succinyl-CoA
5296:
5292:
5286:
5264:(17): 4752.
5261:
5257:
5251:
5226:
5222:
5216:
5183:
5179:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5077:
5073:
5025:
5021:
5011:
4986:
4982:
4976:
4941:
4937:
4915:
4911:
4901:
4868:
4864:
4858:
4839:
4820:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4771:(1): 42–48.
4768:
4764:
4758:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4570:
4567:Antioxidants
4566:
4536:
4532:
4526:
4489:
4485:
4475:
4466:
4460:
4427:
4423:
4398:
4367:
4363:
4353:
4331:(1): 24–34.
4328:
4324:
4318:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4255:. Retrieved
4222:
4218:
4208:
4192:
4159:
4155:
4145:
4110:
4106:
4096:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4012:
4008:
3998:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3959:. Retrieved
3950:
3941:
3929:. Retrieved
3909:
3872:
3866:
3849:
3833:
3798:
3794:
3788:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3720:
3713:
3691:(1): 74–79.
3688:
3684:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3639:
3635:
3625:
3590:
3586:
3536:
3532:
3522:
3505:10261/129020
3487:
3483:
3462:. Retrieved
3448:
3416:(1): 37–44.
3413:
3410:Jimd Reports
3409:
3403:
3395:
3360:
3356:
3346:
3321:
3317:
3294:. Retrieved
3285:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3208:
3204:
3198:
3181:
3177:
3171:
3144:
3140:
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3113:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3032:
2999:
2995:
2985:
2969:
2936:
2933:Antioxidants
2932:
2922:
2906:
2876:(18): 6695.
2873:
2869:
2840:
2807:
2803:
2793:
2777:
2747:(23): 9299.
2744:
2740:
2730:
2705:
2701:
2674:
2641:
2638:Antioxidants
2637:
2603:
2599:
2574:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2515:. Retrieved
2484:. Retrieved
2422:. Retrieved
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:as it was a
2301:
2297:
2290:substance SA
2289:
2283:
2271:
2251:
2244:
2200:
2131:blackcurrant
1766:
1726:theophylline
1719:
1699:
1677:, vomiting,
1668:
1647:complexation
1629:
1606:
1582:
1574:
1568:
1557:
1537:lipoproteins
1533:chylomicrons
1522:
1458:
1450:Pharmacology
1432:side effects
1426:Although CoQ
1425:
1413:
1394:
1366:
1354:
1335:
1319:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1249:
1237:mitochondria
1234:
1229:condensation
1199:benzoquinone
1192:
1189:Biosynthesis
1184:
1150:
1134:
1122:
1095:blood plasma
1089:Although CoQ
1088:
1068:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1021:biosynthesis
1014:
992:
986:
981:
975:
952:
932:
868:
855:
847:for details.
840:
822:Biochemistry
816:inflammation
805:
765:
730:
719:
689:
663:
642:
592:
591:
215:ChEMBL454801
134:Identifiers
78:
67:Other names
29:
6297:Tocopherols
6282:Resveratrol
6267:Oleocanthal
6216:Glutathione
6211:Polyphenols
6191:Carotenoids
6187:(vitamin C)
5989:Lipoic Acid
5967:Heme / Haem
5894:Menaquinone
5619:synthesis:
5436:Anaplerotic
3951:nice.org.uk
3816:2445/181270
2939:(8): 1652.
2810:(5): 1266.
2544:(3): 2585.
2322:antioxidant
2310:mitoquinone
2219:cauliflower
2086:cauliflower
2062:Vegetables
2023:sesame seed
1958:– red flesh
1810:soybean oil
1693:or elevate
1465:crystalline
1245:peroxisomes
1161:side-chains
1103:fibroblasts
843:. See the
749:complex III
651:antioxidant
465:Appearance
418:Properties
253:100.005.590
195:CHEBI:46245
6449:Glycolysis
6423:Categories
6322:Ubiquinone
6287:Selegiline
6277:Rasagiline
6272:Oleuropein
6244:Mofegiline
6234:Ladostigil
6229:-carnitine
6173:-carnitine
6092:Base forms
6036:metal ions
5962:Coenzyme Q
5957:Coenzyme M
5947:Coenzyme B
5810:Coenzyme A
5764:TPP / ThDP
5614:Coenzyme Q
5588:Coenzyme Q
5446:acetyl-CoA
5362:Metabolism
4845:US 4483873
4826:US 6197349
4726:(3): E32.
4624:(3): 527.
4573:(5): 386.
4509:2115/30144
4162:(1): 196.
3961:10 October
3850:Coenzyme Q
2804:J Clin Med
2644:(5): 759.
2347:References
2324:in cells.
2314:coenzyme Q
2306:ubiquitous
2302:ubiquinone
2171:grapefruit
2151:strawberry
1850:canola oil
1700:Use of CoQ
1616:suspension
1519:Metabolism
1497:lipophilic
1455:Absorption
1326:mevalonate
1316:mevalonate
1312:chorismate
1222:acetyl-CoA
1157:isoprenoid
1085:Assessment
1011:Deficiency
984:quinone),
955:eukaryotic
933:Coenzyme Q
875:ubiquitous
858:April 2024
745:complex II
737:lipophilic
714:See also:
593:Coenzyme Q
490:insoluble
453:Molar mass
319:EJ27X76M46
226:ChemSpider
162:3D model (
141:CAS Number
33:Coenzyme Q
18:Ubiquinone
6444:Coenzymes
6328:Uric acid
6311:vitamin E
6301:vitamin E
6239:Melatonin
6206:Edaravone
6195:vitamin A
6022:THMPT / H
5820:PLP / P5P
5741:cofactors
5388:Aconitase
5278:0002-7863
4618:Nutrients
4406:CC BY 4.0
4239:1388-9842
4200:CC BY 4.0
3737:4 January
3040:CC BY 4.0
3002:(2): 28.
2977:CC BY 4.0
2914:CC BY 4.0
2848:CC BY 4.0
2785:CC BY 4.0
2682:CC BY 4.0
2582:CC BY 4.0
2334:Idebenone
2237:content.
2100:up to 10
2033:pistachio
1820:olive oil
1753:vitamin K
1643:tyloxapol
1638:with the
1548:excretion
1475:into the
1473:secretion
1469:vitamin E
1105:, muscle
1001:ubiquinol
947:isoprenyl
845:talk page
796:vitamin E
761:lysosomal
741:complex I
685:isoprenyl
543:Ubiquinol
6464:Polyenes
6292:Selenium
6201:Curcumin
6107:vitamins
6100:vitamins
6014:THB / BH
5848:DHFA / H
5840:THFA / H
5756:vitamins
5420:Fumarase
5313:17805631
5243:13445756
5208:13622652
5102:38779392
5094:20301015
5044:27012265
5003:16814438
4968:26572524
4960:20601617
4885:18645245
4785:12564745
4750:14621964
4650:30823449
4599:32380795
4518:17666877
4452:39001523
4444:16551570
4408:license.
4394:30371340
4345:25440725
4310:37971634
4301:10811087
4251:Archived
4247:34173307
4202:license.
4188:28738783
4137:35608922
4088:26935713
4039:25474484
3990:10953455
3955:Archived
3881:26389329
3825:33325173
3780:11583838
3705:20494114
3662:Archived
3658:32179207
3609:28546301
3563:18387363
3514:21844807
3458:Archived
3440:32685349
3387:21540551
3338:25091424
3290:Archived
3081:20599680
3042:license.
3028:31083534
2979:license.
2965:37627647
2956:10451954
2916:license.
2902:32933108
2850:license.
2836:32349341
2787:license.
2773:33291255
2722:34596729
2684:license.
2670:34064686
2606:: 1–19.
2584:license.
2570:36768907
2517:13 April
2511:Archived
2486:17 April
2480:Archived
2476:30285386
2424:13 April
2418:Archived
2328:See also
2231:avocados
2215:broccoli
2205:levels.
2076:broccoli
2043:hazelnut
1967:mackerel
1956:mackerel
1913:Chicken
1733:warfarin
1691:insomnia
1391:Research
1260:myopathy
1218:isoprene
1207:tyrosine
1107:biopsies
1079:deafness
871:coenzyme
779:(NADH),
704:approved
696:nutrient
529:quinones
527:Related
516:)
502:ATC code
151:303-98-0
6354:2,6-Di-
6317:Tyrosol
6175:(ALCAR)
6169:Acetyl-
5592:(CoQ10)
5571:Primary
5427:and ETC
5369:enzymes
5321:2129339
5188:Bibcode
5156:9129255
5052:2034503
4812:3718593
4741:2750625
4701:4324209
4693:9121559
4673:Bibcode
4641:6471387
4590:7278738
4545:3781673
4385:6404871
4257:10 June
4179:5525208
4128:8092430
4079:6486033
4030:9759150
3931:29 June
3642:: 1–8.
3617:3825396
3464:6 April
3431:7358665
3378:3083770
3296:5 April
3260:8288904
3225:1586151
3190:2599795
3163:7599208
3120:4 April
3114:PubChem
3019:6627360
2996:Biology
2893:7555759
2827:7287951
2764:7730520
2661:8150987
2561:9916783
2280:History
2121:avocado
2096:spinach
2066:parsley
1946:sardine
1892:12–128
1824:40–160
1814:54–280
1640:polymer
1541:biliary
1493:micelle
1414:A 2017
1395:A 2014
1340:nor an
1307:E. coli
1131:Statins
1119:labeled
997:reduced
993:ubisemi
989:quinone
943:quinone
759:across
757:protons
716:Q cycle
574:what is
572: (
510: (
508:C01EB09
458:863.365
299:5281915
286:PubChem
235:4445197
6054:Fe, Fe
5866:AdoCbl
5830:Biotin
5738:Enzyme
5661:COQ10B
5656:COQ10A
5319:
5311:
5293:Lipids
5276:
5241:
5206:
5180:Nature
5154:
5100:
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4665:Nature
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3668:9 July
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2262:kimchi
2241:Intake
2191:banana
2161:orange
2053:almond
2027:18–23
2013:walnut
2003:peanut
1978:salmon
1972:11–16
1961:43–67
1927:24–25
1924:thigh
1916:breast
1908:14–45
1905:muscle
1900:23–54
1881:26–40
1878:muscle
1873:39–50
1854:64–73
1834:64–73
1710:kidney
1687:rashes
1681:, and
1675:nausea
1562:of CoQ
1436:statin
1287:, and
1243:, and
1239:, the
1209:, via
1057:, and
967:kidney
965:, and
747:, and
569:verify
566:
402:SMILES
274:C11378
206:ChEMBL
50:Names
6263:(NAS)
6254:(NAC)
6181:(ALA)
5870:MeCbl
5800:NADPH
5680:Other
5671:PDSS2
5666:PDSS1
5376:Cycle
5317:S2CID
5098:S2CID
5048:S2CID
4964:S2CID
4889:S2CID
4697:S2CID
4448:S2CID
3905:from
3846:from
3613:S2CID
3107:from
2298:Q-275
2181:apple
2141:grape
2116:Fruit
2070:8–26
2057:5–14
1950:5–64
1932:wing
1919:8–17
1897:liver
1889:heart
1886:Pork
1870:liver
1862:heart
1859:Beef
1844:4–15
1735:; CoQ
1706:liver
1649:with
1545:fecal
1509:Serum
1344:, CoQ
1299:CABC1
1290:ADCK3
1278:PDSS2
1272:PDSS1
1042:ETFDH
1029:genes
978:redox
963:liver
959:heart
937:is a
735:is a
657:. CoQ
367:InChI
186:ChEBI
164:JSmol
83:, CoQ
6408:FRAP
6403:TEAC
6398:ORAC
6370:tert
6356:tert
6105:see
5937:PAPS
5932:SAMe
5856:MTHF
5796:NADP
5792:NADH
5651:COQ9
5646:COQ7
5641:COQ6
5636:COQ5
5631:COQ4
5626:COQ3
5621:COQ2
5477:and
5414:SDHA
5309:PMID
5274:ISSN
5239:PMID
5204:PMID
5152:PMID
5090:PMID
5040:PMID
4999:PMID
4956:PMID
4918:(1).
4881:PMID
4808:PMID
4781:PMID
4746:PMID
4689:PMID
4646:PMID
4595:PMID
4541:PMID
4514:PMID
4440:PMID
4390:PMID
4341:PMID
4306:PMID
4259:2024
4243:PMID
4235:ISSN
4184:PMID
4133:PMID
4111:2021
4084:PMID
4062:2016
4035:PMID
4013:2014
3986:PMID
3963:2019
3933:2014
3877:PMID
3821:PMID
3776:PMID
3739:2011
3726:ISBN
3701:PMID
3670:2024
3654:PMID
3605:PMID
3559:PMID
3510:PMID
3466:2024
3436:PMID
3404:COQ6
3383:PMID
3334:PMID
3298:2024
3256:PMID
3221:PMID
3186:PMID
3159:PMID
3145:1271
3122:2024
3077:PMID
3063:1797
3024:PMID
2961:PMID
2898:PMID
2832:PMID
2769:PMID
2718:PMID
2666:PMID
2566:PMID
2519:2024
2488:2024
2472:PMID
2426:2024
2217:and
2165:1–2
2145:6–7
2110:2–5
2090:2–7
2080:6–9
1998:Nuts
1988:tuna
1982:4–8
1941:Fish
1865:113
1792:Food
1543:and
1491:and
1485:bile
1483:and
1295:COQ8
1284:COQ2
1262:and
1070:COQ6
1060:BRAF
1048:APTX
987:semi
597:(CoQ
310:UNII
265:KEGG
6026:MPT
6009:PQQ
5942:GSH
5927:CTP
5922:ATP
5892:),
5882:(C)
5788:NAD
5778:FAD
5774:FMN
5527:to
5508:to
5489:to
5444:to
5301:doi
5266:doi
5231:doi
5196:doi
5184:182
5125:doi
5082:doi
5030:doi
4991:doi
4946:doi
4873:doi
4773:doi
4736:PMC
4728:doi
4681:doi
4669:386
4636:PMC
4626:doi
4585:PMC
4575:doi
4504:hdl
4494:doi
4490:127
4432:doi
4380:PMC
4372:doi
4333:doi
4296:PMC
4286:doi
4227:doi
4174:PMC
4164:doi
4123:PMC
4115:doi
4074:PMC
4066:doi
4025:PMC
4017:doi
3811:hdl
3803:doi
3766:doi
3762:203
3693:doi
3689:396
3644:doi
3640:299
3595:doi
3549:hdl
3541:doi
3500:hdl
3492:doi
3426:PMC
3418:doi
3373:PMC
3365:doi
3361:121
3326:doi
3248:doi
3244:102
3213:doi
3209:295
3149:doi
3067:doi
3014:PMC
3004:doi
2951:PMC
2941:doi
2888:PMC
2878:doi
2822:PMC
2812:doi
2759:PMC
2749:doi
2710:doi
2706:394
2656:PMC
2646:doi
2608:doi
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2546:doi
2312:or
2256:+ Q
2125:10
2047:17
2037:20
2017:19
2007:27
1935:11
1795:CoQ
1783:CoQ
1745:INR
1720:CoQ
1708:or
1685:),
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1301:).
1205:or
1054:FXN
982:ubi
806:CoQ
767:CoQ
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720:CoQ
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513:WHO
336:EPA
289:CID
108:juː
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6074:Ni
6069:Mo
6064:Mn
6059:Mg
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