55:
The typological model was built on the assumption that humans can be assigned to a race based on similar physical traits. However, author Dennis O'Neil says the typological model in anthropology is now thoroughly discredited. Current mainstream thinking is that the morphological traits are due to
23:
was the categorization of the human species by races, based solely on traits that are readily observable from a distance such as head shape, skin color, hair form, body build, and stature. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, anthropologists used a typological model to divide people from
1030:
982:
164:
998:
56:
simple variations in specific regions, and are the effect of climatic selective pressures. This debate is covered in more detail in the article on
942:
157:
934:
958:
388:
1128:
415:
150:
550:
377:
57:
25:
137:
Brown, Ryan A and
Armelagos, George, "Apportionment of Racial Diversity: A Review" Evolutionary Anthropology 10:34–40 2001
1102:
393:
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974:
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830:
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403:
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990:
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1022:
916:
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665:
353:
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530:
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8:
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241:
99:
775:
510:
895:
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685:
640:
540:
316:
112:
O'Neil, Dennis. Palomar
College. "Biological Anthropology Terms." 2006. May 13, 2007.
1038:
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291:
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20:
469:
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442:
1032:
An
Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
365:
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301:
218:
48:
which was the racial classification system as defined in 1962 by
29:
432:
246:
918:
An Essay upon the Causes of the
Different Colours of People
1000:
The Rising Tide of Color
Against White World-Supremacy
172:
1115:
124:Modern Human Variation: Models of Classification
944:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races
158:
936:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question
165:
151:
960:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
1116:
551:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
117:
146:
1103:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness
13:
14:
1140:
1008:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
928:The Outline of History of Mankind
976:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics
1129:Historical definitions of race
968:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples
174:Historical definitions of race
106:
91:
24:different ethnic regions into
1:
992:The Passing of the Great Race
131:
891:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer
7:
606:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt
571:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
521:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
63:
10:
1145:
80:Craniofacial anthropometry
1050:
909:
701:Georges Vacher de Lapouge
478:
376:
232:
189:
180:
1073:History of anthropometry
841:Charles Gabriel Seligman
666:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman
354:Sinodonty and Sundadonty
85:
531:Daniel Garrison Brinton
876:Thomas Griffith Taylor
631:Reginald Ruggles Gates
1016:Annihilation of Caste
920:in Different Climates
871:William Graham Sumner
851:Samuel Stanhope Smith
796:James Cowles Prichard
428:Racial discrimination
1068:Great chain of being
786:Ludwig Hermann Plate
751:Samuel George Morton
566:Samuel A. Cartwright
416:in the United States
1024:The Races of Europe
952:The Races of Europe
731:Dominick McCausland
681:Thomas Henry Huxley
626:Stanley Marion Garn
506:Robert Bennett Bean
234:Historical concepts
100:The Origin of Races
896:Alexander Winchell
826:Henric Sanielevici
686:Calvin Ira Kephart
656:Hans F. K. GĂĽnther
641:Arthur de Gobineau
541:Alice Mossie Brues
438:Racial stereotypes
97:Coon, Carleton S.
1111:
1110:
1040:The Race Question
886:John H. Van Evrie
811:William Z. Ripley
781:Charles Pickering
726:Felix von Luschan
696:Robert E. Kuttner
596:Charles Davenport
465:Whiteness studies
191:Color terminology
183:Scientific racism
1136:
919:
866:Lothrop Stoddard
861:Morris Steggerda
836:Ilse Schwidetzky
831:Heinrich Schmidt
816:Alfred Rosenberg
776:Isaac La Peyrère
581:Carleton S. Coon
556:Charles Caldwell
511:François Bernier
394:in Latin America
167:
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95:
50:Carleton S. Coon
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1114:
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1107:
1046:
984:Castes in India
905:
901:Ludwig Woltmann
856:Herbert Spencer
746:Lewis H. Morgan
716:Cesare Lombroso
591:Jan Czekanowski
576:Sonia Mary Cole
516:Renato Biasutti
474:
453:Nazism and race
372:
349:Proto-Mongoloid
228:
185:
176:
171:
134:
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88:
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42:Australoid race
12:
11:
5:
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954:(Ripley, 1899)
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904:
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848:
846:Giuseppe Sergi
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
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813:
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806:Gustaf Retzius
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
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773:
768:
763:
758:
756:Josiah C. Nott
753:
748:
743:
741:Ashley Montagu
738:
733:
728:
723:
721:Bertil Lundman
718:
713:
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703:
698:
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688:
683:
678:
673:
671:Earnest Hooton
668:
663:
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648:
643:
638:
636:George Gliddon
633:
628:
623:
621:Francis Galton
618:
613:
611:Anténor Firmin
608:
603:
601:Joseph Deniker
598:
593:
588:
586:Georges Cuvier
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
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548:
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533:
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523:
518:
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508:
503:
498:
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476:
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473:
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467:
462:
461:
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458:Racial hygiene
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133:
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116:
105:
89:
87:
84:
83:
82:
77:
72:
70:Racial Mapping
65:
62:
38:Mongoloid race
34:Caucasoid race
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1141:
1130:
1127:
1125:
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1121:
1119:
1104:
1101:
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1091:
1089:
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1084:
1081:
1079:
1078:Miscegenation
1076:
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939:
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933:
931:
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923:
921:
915:
914:
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899:
897:
894:
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889:
887:
884:
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881:Paul Topinard
879:
877:
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872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
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852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
821:Benjamin Rush
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:Alfred Ploetz
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
771:Oscar Peschel
769:
767:
766:Roger Pearson
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
736:John Mitchell
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
711:Carl Linnaeus
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
676:Julian Huxley
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
661:Ernst Haeckel
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
646:Madison Grant
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:Eugen Fischer
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
561:Petrus Camper
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
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542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
494:
492:
489:
487:
486:Louis Agassiz
484:
483:
481:
477:
471:
468:
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459:
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451:
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381:
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375:
367:
364:
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355:
352:
350:
347:
346:
345:
342:
340:
337:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
317:Mediterranean
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
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149:
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125:
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109:
102:
101:
94:
90:
81:
78:
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68:
67:
61:
59:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
18:
1124:Anthropology
1058:Ethnogenesis
1039:
1031:
1026:(Coon, 1939)
1023:
1015:
1007:
999:
991:
983:
975:
967:
959:
951:
943:
935:
927:
917:
910:Publications
761:Karl Pearson
651:John Grattan
546:Halfdan Bryn
411:in Singapore
378:Sociological
119:
108:
98:
93:
54:
28:, (e.g. the
21:anthropology
16:
15:
1098:Pre-Adamite
1088:Multiracial
691:Robert Knox
501:John Beddoe
448:Master race
404:in Colombia
292:East Baltic
75:Craniometry
46:Capoid race
1118:Categories
1093:Polygenism
1083:Monogenism
801:Otto Reche
706:Fritz Lenz
536:Paul Broca
526:Franz Boas
496:Erwin Baur
491:John Baker
385:By region
242:Australoid
132:References
44:, and the
32:race, the
470:NĂ©gritude
399:in Brazil
344:Mongoloid
252:Caucasoid
1063:Eugenics
443:Colorism
389:in India
297:Ethiopid
277:Atlantid
267:Armenoid
64:See also
17:Typology
1051:Related
479:Writers
423:Passing
366:Negrito
361:Negroid
332:Turanid
327:Semites
302:Hamites
287:Dinaric
282:Caspian
30:Negroid
1042:(1950)
1034:(1943)
1018:(1936)
1010:(1930)
1002:(1920)
994:(1916)
986:(1916)
978:(1911)
970:(1907)
962:(1899)
946:(1855)
938:(1849)
930:(1785)
922:(1744)
433:Racism
322:Nordic
312:Iranid
262:Arabid
257:Alpine
247:Capoid
204:Bronze
103:(1962)
40:, the
36:, the
339:Malay
307:Indid
272:Aryan
224:White
214:Olive
209:Brown
199:Black
86:Notes
26:races
58:race
219:Red
52:).
19:in
1120::
60:.
166:e
159:t
152:v
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