Carleton S. Coon - Knowledge

771: 1391: 1017:(AAPA) passed a resolution condemning it. Coon, who had corresponded with Putnam about the book as he was writing it, and chaired the meeting of the AAPA in which the resolution was passed, resigned in protest, criticizing the resolution as scientifically irresponsible and a violation of free speech. Later, he claimed to have asked how many of those present at the meeting had read the book, and that only one hand was raised. 4611: 4628: 4603: 4574: 4689: 1108:, helped draft the AAPA motion condemning Putnam, which also disappointed Coon. Coon stopped referencing Montagu and then Washburn in his work after they each publicly rejected the concept of race. Nevertheless, historian Peter Sachs Collopy has noted that Coon was able to maintain cordial relationships with many of those he had disagreements with, rooted in his belief in the importance of academic 956:, he regarded the so-called "Veddoids" of India ("tribal" Indians, or "Adivasi") as closely related to other peoples in the South-Pacific ("Australoids"), and he also believed that this supposed human lineage (the "Australoids") was an important genetic substratum in Southern India. As for the north of the sub-continent, it was an extension of the Caucasoid range. By the time Coon coauthored 1446: 1382:(2000) has said that Coon's main legacy was not his "separate evolution of races (Coon 1962)," but his "molding of race into the new physical anthropology of adaptive and evolutionary processes (Coon et al. 1950)," since he attempted to "unify a typological model of human variation with an evolutionary perspective and explained racial differences with adaptivist arguments." 631:. Coon obtained his bachelor's degree from Harvard in 1925 and immediately embarked on graduate studies in anthropology. He conducted his dissertation fieldwork in the Rif in 1925, which was politically unsettled after a rebellion of the local populace against the Spanish, and was awarded his PhD in 1928. 1339:

In a New York Times' obituary he was hailed for "important contributions to most of the major subdivisions of modern anthropology", "pioneering contributions to the study of human transition from the hunter-gatherer culture to the first agricultural communities." and "important early work in studying

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has argued that the search for Sasquatch and Yeti are inextricably linked to racism: "For an anthropologist like Coon, invested in finding some sort of scientific basis to justify his racism, Wild Men lore offered a compelling narrative, a chance to prove a scientific basis for his white supremacy."

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Although some of these interpersonal conflicts faded over time—Coon wrote that he had "buried the now-rusty hatchet" with Dobzhansky in a letter to him in 1975—the animosity between Coon and Montagu was severe and lasting. Before 1962, the two were on friendly terms, but represented rival schools of

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Jackson found in the archived Coon papers records of repeated efforts by Coon to aid Putnam's efforts to provide intellectual support to the ongoing resistance to racial integration, but cautioned Putnam against statements that could identify Coon as an active ally (Jackson also noted that both men

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were an ancient Caucasoid-Australoid mix who tended to be more Caucasoid than Australoid (with great variability), that the Dravidian peoples of Southern India were simply Caucasoid, and that the north of the sub-continent was also Caucasoid. In short, the Indian sub-continent (North and South) is

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By this he meant that the Caucasoid and Mongoloid races had evolved more in their separate areas after they had left Africa in a primitive form. He also believed, "The earliest Homo sapiens known, as represented by several examples from Europe and Africa, was an ancestral long-headed white man of

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He was awarded the Legion of Merit for his wartime services and the Viking Medal in Physical Anthropology in 1952. He was also named a Membre D'Honneur of the Association de la Libération française du 8 novembre 1942. From 1948 to the early 1960s, he was the Curator of Ethnology at the University

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of Morocco. Returning to Harvard as a lecturer, he conducted further fieldwork in the Balkans, North Africa, and the Middle East. In 1948 he was appointed a professor of anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania and remained there until his retirement in 1963, also serving as the Curator of

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and had consulted a lawyer, writing: "Why have you done this? When are you going to stop?" Washburn was a fellow student of Earnest Hooton at Harvard, and Coon saw his subsequent repudiation of biological race as an "oedipal" betrayal of their mentor. Garn, Coon's former student and coauthor of

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types annihilated other types, while in other instances warfare and/or settlement led to the partial displacement of racial types. He asserted that Europe was the refined product of a long history of racial progression. He also posited that historically "different strains in one population have

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had individuals who had adapted to crowding through evolution of the endocrine system, which made them more successful in the modern world of civilization. This can be found after page 370, in the illustrative serie of number XXXII of The Origin of Races. Coon contrasted a picture of an

758:(CIA). He was a scientific consultant to the CIA from 1948 to 1950, and in 1945 wrote an influential paper that argued that the United States should continue the use of wartime intelligence agencies to maintain an "Invisible Empire" in the postwar period. In 1956–57, he worked for the 44: 1248:

included a chapter on "Giant Apes and Snowmen" and a figure showing the purported footprints of an "Abominable Snowman" alongside those of extinct hominids, and near the end of his life he wrote a paper on "Why There Has to Be a Sasquatch". In the late 1950s, he was approached by

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Wherever Homo arose, and Africa is at present the most likely continent, he soon dispersed, in a very primitive form, throughout the warm regions of the Old World....If Africa was the cradle of mankind, it was only an indifferent kindergarten. Europe and Asia were our principal

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about the Jews of the Mzab region of the Algerian Sahara, which he wrote with Norina Lami Guède (née Maria Esterina Giovanni). The historian Sarah Abreyava Stein (who argued that Guede had done most of the research) noted that Briggs and Coon corresponded during the writing of

426:(1939), was typical of its time. He described the different racial 'types' supposedly present in human populations, but rejected a specific definition of 'race' and made no attempt to explain how these types arose. This changed after 1950, as Coon attempted to defend an 634:

Coon was motivated to study the Rif by the puzzle of the "light-skinned" Riffians' presence in Africa. Throughout much of his fieldwork, he relied on his local informant Mohammed Limnibhy, and even arranged for Limnibhy to live with him in Cambridge from 1928 to 1929.

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Coon served as a mentor to another Harvard-educated OSS agent and anthropologist who embraced anthropometry (measuring features of the human body, such as crania and nose sizes) as a means asserting racial types and categories. This was Lloyd Cabot Briggs, author of

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populations of human-like apes that, when found, would support his theory of the separate origins of human races. He was involved in planning 'Yeti-hunting' expeditions to Nepal and Tibet, though it has also been speculated that these were cover for espionage.

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supposedly present in human populations based on visible physical characteristics. He explicitly rejected any specific definition of race and used the concept to describe both highly specific groupings of people and continent-spanning racial types. In

878:(1939). Coon suggested that the "maximum survival" of the European racial type was increased by the replacement of the indigenous peoples of the New World. He stated the history of the White race to have involved "racial survivals" of White subraces. 1356:

Segregationists in the United States used Coon's work as proof that African Americans were "junior" to white Americans, and thus unfit for full participation in American society. The paper examines the interactions among Coon, segregationist

1332:, who had moved away from typological racial thinking. Rather than supporting Coon's theories, they and other contemporary researchers viewed the human species as a continuous serial progression of populations and heavily criticized Coon's 965:"the easternmost outpost of the Caucasoid racial region". Underlying all of this was Coon's typological view of human history and biological variation, a way of thinking that is not taken seriously today by most anthropologists/biologists. 2777:"ETHNOLOGY AND ETHNOGRAPHY: Excavations in Hotu Cave, Iran, 1951: A Preliminary Report. Carleton S. Coon. The Pleistocene Artifacts of Hotu Cave, Iran. Louis B. Dupree. The Human Skeletal Remains from Hotu Cave, Iran. J. Lawrence Angel" 1740:, p. 157, "For more than four decades beginning in the late 1930s, the Harvard anthropologist Carleton Coon wrote a series of big books for an ever shrinking audience in which he pushed a pseudoscientific racial angle of analysis." 1132:

sympathies and of turning Dobzhansky and others against him. As late as 1977, he was quoted as saying to a colleague, "You had Ashley Montagu in your office? And you didn't shoot him?" The enmity was reciprocated; in a 1974 letter to

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The Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s and changing social attitudes challenged racial theories like Coon's that had been used by segregationists to justify discrimination and depriving people of civil rights. In 1961, Coon's cousin

1789:, pp. 93–94, "Carleton Coon fully embraced typology as a way to determine the basis of racial and ethnic difference .... Unfortunately for him, American anthropology increasingly equated typology with pseudoscience." 1752:, p. S180, "Most disturbingly for liberal anthropologists, the new generation of racist "pseudoscience" threatened to return to mainstream respectability in 1962 with the publication of Carleton Coon's 1776:

evolved five different times, blacks last. Its poor reception by anthropologists, followed by evidence from archaeology and paleontology that mankind evolved once, and in Africa, finally put an end to such

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criticised Coon's parallel view of the origin of the races with little gene flow but praised the work for its racial taxonomy and concluded: "an overall favorable report on the now famous Origin of Races".

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The immediate post-war period marked a decisive break in Coon's work on race as the conventional, typological approach was challenged by the "new physical anthropology". Led by Coon's former classmate

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and other physical features that together form "a quality of looking Jewish". In these early works Coon alluded to essential, "pure" racial types that produced the specific races he observed through

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to search for evidence of Yeti, or organising his own expedition. Although Coon spent some time planning the logistics, in the end neither materialised. Coon believed that cryptid "Wild Men" were

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was widely castigated by his peers in anthropology as supporting racist ideas with outmoded theory and notions which had long since been repudiated by modern science. One of his harshest critics,

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as a common ancestor, making them (at least distant) cousins, but Jackson indicated neither when either learned of the family relationship nor whether they had a more recent common ancestor).

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After taking up his position at Pennsylvania in 1948, Coon embarked on a series of archaeological expeditions to Iran, Afghanistan and Syria. His 1949 excavations at four cave sites in Iran (

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severed their friendship and affected Coon on a personal and emotional level. In a letter to Dobzhansky shortly after its publication, Coon advised him that he considered his critiques

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stage in evolution before others, resulting in the higher degree of civilization among some races. He had continued his theory of five races. He considered both what he called the

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After obtaining his PhD, Coon returned to Harvard as a lecturer and later a professor. In 1931 he published his dissertation as the "definitive monograph" of the Rif Berber; studied

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state", but unlike Weidenreich stressed gene flow far less. Coon's modified form of the Weidenreich Theory is referred to as the Candelabra Hypothesis (parallel evolution or

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neighbours. Coon himself claimed that "both anti-Semitism and racism were unknown to me before I left home at the age of fifteen, and zero to fifteen are formative years."

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populations of Pleistocene apes and that, if their existence could be proved scientifically, they would lend support to his theory of the separate origins of human races.

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with one of a Chinese professor. His caption "The Alpha and the Omega" was used to demonstrate his research that brain size was positively correlated with intelligence.

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for American espionage in Nepal and Tibet, since both he and Slick had links to US intelligence agencies, and Byrne was allegedly involved in the extraction of the

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praised the work for its synthesis as having an "invigorating freshness that will reinforce the current revitalization of physical anthropology". A book review by

3721: 890:'s polycentric (or multiregional) theory of the origin of races. The Weidenreich Theory states that human races have evolved independently in the Old World from 5561: 1345: 3606: 1095:

and Dobzhansky for decades and the three men often corresponded and wrote positive reviews of each other's work before 1962. Their vociferous criticism of

2653:"CAVE EXPLORATIONS IN IRAN, 1949. By Carleton S. Coon. 10 3/4 by 8 1/4 pp. 124. 33 plates, map, plans, sections . University Museum, Pennsylvania. $ 1.50" 5721: 462:

than others. The book was widely castigated upon its publication and marked a decisive break between Coon and the scientific mainstream. He resigned the

3437: 474:. Though Coon continued to defend his theories until his death and rejected the accusations that he was a racist, they were quickly excluded from the 4438: 1116:

anthropology (Coon studied under Hooton at Harvard; Montagu under Boas at Columbia), and Coon privately disdained his work. After the publication of

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to Homo sapiens sapiens, while at the same time there was gene flow between the various populations. Coon held a similar belief that modern humans,

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and later Washburn himself, the new physical anthropology necessitated the wholesale rejection of race as a scientific category. In contrast, in

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The Origin of Races. by Carleton S. Coon, Review by: Stanley M. Garn, American Sociological Review, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Aug. 1963), pp. 637-638/

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The Origin of Races: Weidenreich's Opinion, S. L. Washburn, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 66, No. 5 (Oct. 1964) (pp. 1165-1167).

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An Attempted Revival of the Race Concept, Leonard Lieberman, American Anthropologist, New Series, Vol. 97, No. 3 (Sep. 1995), pp. 590-592.

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in 1948. Throughout the 1950s he produced academic papers, as well as many popular books for the general reader, the most notable being

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archaeology in Iran. The most significant of these was Bisitun, which Coon called "Hunter's Cave", where he discovered evidence of the

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went on to become Ambassador to Nepal. Coon and Goodale divorced and in 1945 he married Lisa Dougherty Geddes. He was a member of the

1369:. The paper concludes that Coon actively aided the segregationist cause in violation of his own standards for scientific objectivity. 5521: 2109: 858:(1962), which put forward a theory of the origins of essential racial types, however distinct from what is described by the model of 5761: 4951: 4211: 3636: 1466: 1024:

in 1962. In its "Introduction", he described the book as part of the outcome of his project he conceived (in light of his work on

4978: 4713: 4216: 4168: 3536: 1010: 985: 3324:. 1963. Theodosius Dobzhansky; Ashley Montagu; C. S. Coon in Current Anthropology, Vol. 4, No. 4. (Oct. 1963), pp. 360–367. 1048:

at different times. It was not well received. The field of anthropology was moving rapidly from theories of race typology, and

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A Study of the Fundamental Racial and Cultural Characteristics of the Berbers of North Africa as Exemplified by the Riffians

5701: 2652: 1137:, Montagu wrote, "Coon… is a racist and an antisemite, as I know well, so when you describe Coon's letter to the editor of 5736: 5665: 4956: 4418: 502: 17: 5731: 4512: 4048: 3568: 3085:(2000). "Reconciling race and human adaptability: Carleton Coon and the persistence of race in scientific discourse". 2540: 5746: 5711: 5569: 5513: 4561: 3777: 3611: 3583: 3423: 3172: 3150: 3068: 3049: 2776: 1950: 800: 3626: 3616: 1498: 1344:, writing in a 1989 article, noted that Coon's research was "still regarded as a valuable source of data". In 2001, 5726: 5537: 4642: 4448: 3943: 3621: 3588: 3366: 3558: 4654: 4544: 4236: 3631: 3573: 3553: 3487: 3461: 1420: 1321: 1148:

Coon continued to write and defend his work until his death, publishing two volumes of memoirs in 1980 and 1981.

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Origin of the Human Races, Ernst Mayr, Science, New Series, Vol. 138, No. 3538, (October 19, 1962), pp. 420-422.

2158: 5529: 5393: 5343: 5328: 4966: 4766: 4666: 4593: 3731: 3258: 992:, and resigned from the American Association of Physical Anthropologists when it passed a motion condemning it. 566: 400: 3598: 3543: 2594: 5553: 4771: 4505: 4488: 4308: 4068: 3688: 3548: 3516: 902:, "as each subspecies, living in its own territory, passed a critical threshold from a more brutal to a more 874:

showed differential survival values and often one has reemerged at the expense of others (in Europeans)", in

3193:. Palgrave Studies in the History of Science and Technology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 81–104. 3098:

Jackson, John P. (2001). ""In Ways Unacademical": The Reception of Carleton S. Coon's The Origin of Races".

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the physical adaptations of humans in such extreme environments as deserts, the Arctic and high altitudes."

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Coon's understanding of racial typology and diversity within the Indian sub-continent changed over time. In

778:(1950). This "descriptive" approach was typical of Coon's work in physical anthropology before World War II. 525:

Coon was married twice, first to Mary Goodale and then to Lisa Dougherty Geddes. He had two sons, including

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under the guise of anthropological fieldwork. During that time, Coon was affiliated with the United States

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Sachs Collopy, Peter (2015). "Race Relationships: Collegiality and Demarcation in Physical Anthropology".

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and continued to write until the end of his life. He appeared on several episodes of television quiz show

569:, but was expelled after breaking a water pipe and flooding the school's basement, after which he went to 5168: 5133: 5083: 4201: 4196: 4106: 4101: 4093: 4088: 4033: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3563: 3165:

Anthropological Intelligence: The Deployment and Neglect of American Anthropology in the Second World War

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From Artifacts to People Facts: Archaeologists, World War II, and the Origins of Middle East Area Studies

1212:. Other archaeologists questioned the basis for these claims and subsequent excavations at sites such as 870: 783: 755: 727: 408: 356: 1515: 1036:

with a sequel, so the two would jointly fulfill the goals of the original project. (He indeed published

505:, though subsequent excavations proved this false. He was also a lifelong proponent of the existence of 5585: 5479: 5298: 4753: 4423: 4348: 4303: 4261: 4256: 4223: 4133: 4113: 4078: 4043: 3953: 659: 348: 286: 1040:

in 1965.) The book asserted that the human species divided into five races before it had evolved into

666:(1954). During his years at Penn in the 1950s, he sometimes appeared on the television program called 5263: 5213: 4985: 4273: 4246: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4063: 4058: 4013: 3973: 2400:

Edgar, Heather J.H. (2009). "Race reconciled?: How biological anthropologists view human variation".

1429: 1217: 612: 530: 482: 82: 718:, which involved espionage and the smuggling of arms to French resistance groups in German-occupied 5635: 5403: 5228: 4916: 4796: 4736: 4556: 4463: 4453: 4413: 4378: 4333: 4268: 4241: 4126: 4121: 4083: 4073: 3860: 3805: 3800: 3709: 3704: 3670: 3482: 3474: 3446: 3353:"Book Review: Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case Against Brown v. Board of Education" 3218:"Beyond the Cephalic Index: Negotiating Politics to Produce UNESCO's Scientific Statements on Race" 2351: 1197:(1957). Bisitun remained the only fully-published Palaeolithic site from Iran for several decades. 542: 367: 64: 2476:

Academic American Encyclopedia (vol. 5, p.271). Danbury, Connecticut: Grolier Incorporated (1995).

2101: 5093: 4637: 4458: 4328: 4321: 4316: 4231: 4188: 4181: 3966: 3961: 3948: 3352: 1639: 1456: 859: 787: 770: 759: 1396: 5438: 5193: 5053: 4649: 4617: 4539: 4398: 4298: 4291: 4278: 4176: 4163: 4026: 3022: 2621: 2966: 2439: 807:, but also maintained that there existed a single, primordial Jewish race, characterised by a 5577: 5433: 5413: 5358: 4990: 4661: 4588: 4428: 4343: 4286: 3726: 3677: 2968:

The Unidentified: Mythical Monsters, Alien Encounters, and Our Obsession with the Unexplained

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The Unidentified: Mythical Monsters, Alien Encounters, and Our Obsession with the Unexplained

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After the war, Coon returned to Harvard, but retained ties to the OSS and its successor the

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as 'amusing' I understand exactly what you mean—but it is so in exactly the same sense as

557:. As a child, he listened to his grandfather's stories of the war and of traveling in the 8: 5293: 5243: 5188: 5068: 4804: 4468: 3082: 1644: 1325: 1308: 1182: 1053: 831: 592:, noted that his "only apparent awareness of ethnicity" was in childhood fights with his 5338: 5073: 561:, and accompanied his father on business trips to Egypt, inspiring an early interest in 5458: 5388: 5248: 5203: 5103: 4879: 4483: 4393: 4368: 4053: 4021: 3910: 3890: 3509: 3504: 3316: 3298: 3237: 3115: 2861: 2328: 2303: 2253: 1341: 1276:

It has also been speculated that the Yeti expeditions that Coon was involved with were

1013:. After the book was made required reading for high school students in Louisiana, the 600: 589: 554: 375: 281: 200: 194: 2236:

Caspari, R.; Wolpoff, M. H. (1996). "Weidenreich, Coon, and multiregional evolution".

973: 678:, in which a panel of experts tried to identify an object in the museum's collection. 5601: 5489: 5448: 5373: 5288: 5258: 5158: 5027: 5000: 4973: 4874: 4745: 3978: 3762: 3661: 3378: 3337: 3288: 3254: 3241: 3202: 3168: 3146: 3128: 3064: 2972: 2938: 2903: 2884: 2853: 2796: 2752: 2711: 2672: 2445: 2417: 2333: 2218: 2136: 1946: 1720: 1634: 1568:

Mountains of Giants: A Racial and Cultural Study of the North Albanian Mountain Ghegs

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in 1951. He interpreted the site, together with Belt Cave, as the first traces of a "

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Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education

3119: 2257: 5428: 5423: 5398: 5378: 4854: 4338: 3870: 3736: 3280: 3229: 3194: 3107: 2843: 2788: 2742: 2731:"The Seven Caves. Archaeological Explorations in the Middle East. Carleton S. Coon" 2703: 2664: 2633: 2409: 2323: 2315: 2245: 2214: 2210: 2181: 2173: 2126: 2118: 1712: 1265: 812: 570: 518: 392: 360: 2848: 2831: 2792: 2747: 2730: 2201:

Eckhardt, R. B.; Wolpoff, M. H.; Thorne, A. G. (1993). "Multiregional Evolution".

5463: 5418: 5308: 5278: 5153: 5138: 5078: 5015: 4911: 4705: 4373: 3916: 3875: 3845: 3830: 3825: 3138: 3078: 2544: 2159:"Sixty years of modern human origins in the American Anthropological Association" 1379: 1358: 1281: 1250: 1006: 998: 989: 977: 847: 675: 593: 471: 404: 159: 774:

Photographs of men from northern Albania taken by Coon in 1929 and published in

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W. W. Howells. "Biographical Memoirs V.58". National Academy of Sciences, 1989.

1317: 1277: 1092: 926: 922: 835: 747:, joking, for example, about the genital depilation customs of Jewish women in 691: 620: 443: 439: 403:

for an arms-smuggling operation in German-occupied Morocco. He was awarded the

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and after the war he retained ties to the military and the OSS' successor the

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Coon retired from Pennsylvania in 1963, but retained an affiliation with the

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that evolved in parallel in different parts of the world, and that some had

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The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science

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Coon, Carleton S. (1962) . The Origins of Races. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

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10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(200005)112:1<129::AID-AJPA11>3.0.CO;2-K

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researched Coon's papers to review the controversy around the reception of

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C. S. Coon, "Excavations in Huto Cave, Iran, 1951: A Preliminary Report",

2319: 2222: 5660: 5650: 5253: 5063: 5010: 4884: 4824: 4819: 3880: 3855: 3850: 3835: 3810: 3683: 3182: 2186: 2131: 1209: 1186: 1178: 1125: 808: 558: 494: 388: 379: 265: 1032:. He said that since 1959 he had proceeded with the intention to follow 748: 529:, a diplomat who served as the American Ambassador to Nepal. He died in 5655: 5645: 5363: 5268: 5098: 5088: 5058: 4901: 4869: 4834: 4776: 3885: 3371:

The funding of scientific racism: Wickliffe Draper and the Pioneer Fund

2413: 2249: 1716: 1329: 1304: 1213: 1205: 1189:. Coon published the results of these excavations in a 1951 monograph, 1100: 907: 803:, he distinguished between at least four racial types and sub-types of 562: 451: 383: 2881:

The Story of Man: From the First Human to Primitive Culture and Beyond

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Two Views of Coon's Origin of Races with Comments by Coon and Replies

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by removing items or incorporating them into the text of the article.

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Far Out: Countercultural Seekers and the Tourist Encounter in Nepal

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Coon married Mary Goodale in 1926. They had two sons, one of whom,

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Coon was, up to his death, a proponent of the existence of bipedal

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An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus

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Adventures and Discoveries: the autobiography of Carleton S. Coon

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Adventures and Discoveries: The Autobiography of Carleton S. Coon

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and several human fossils that were later confirmed to belong to

815:, but did not attempt to explain how or where these types arose. 719: 652: 624: 93:

President of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists

2032: 2030: 2028: 2013: 1991: 1989: 1924:"Carleton S. Coon Is Dead at 76: Pioneer in Social Anthropology" 450:(1962), Coon set forth his theory that there were five distinct 359:, which were widely disputed in his lifetime and are considered 4995: 4809: 1964: 1962: 1848: 1846: 1195:

The Seven Caves: Archaeological Explorations in the Middle East

1193:, and subsequently wrote a popular book about the expeditions, 608: 211: 2304:"Non-Darwinian estimation: My ancestors, my genes' ancestors" 2025: 1986: 1612:

A North Africa Story: Story of an Anthropologist as OSS Agent

1303:(1962), received mixed reactions from scientists of the era. 481:

Aside from physical anthropology, Coon conducted a series of

3401:, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution 1959: 1945:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 22–28. 1843: 5481:

An Essay upon the Causes of the Different Colours of People

3741: 3698: 3026: 1241: 514: 2622:"Middle Paleolithic Human Remains from Bisitun Cave, Iran" 2516: 1563:

Seven Caves: Archaeological Exploration in the Middle East

980:(1901–1998). Coon corresponded with Putnam about his book 489:

cave sites in Iran, Afghanistan and Syria. These included

1400:

Goodale, left) was married to Coon between 1926 and 1944.

1208:" in Iran and claimed that they showed evidence of early 1200:

Coon followed up his 1949 expedition with excavations at

1120:, they engaged in a lengthy correspondence, published in 690:

Coon wrote widely for a general audience like his mentor

628: 603:

and was able to obtain a place on a graduate course with

370:, Coon became interested in anthropology after attending 2937:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 55–59. 1974: 607:

based on his knowledge of hieroglyphic. He also studied

399:(OSS), where he used his anthropological fieldwork as a 1537:

Races: A Study of the Problems of Race Formation in Man

862:(MRE) as it drastically understates the role played by 651:

in 1933; and in worked in Arabia, North Africa and the

5752:

People involved in race and intelligence controversies

5563:

The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy

2504: 2492: 2458: 1811:

Carleton Stevens Coon 1904—1981: A Biographical Memoir

1731: 840:

Races: A Study in the Problem of Race Formation in Man

545:

on June 23, 1904. His parents were John Lewis Coon, a

411:. He wrote about his wartime experiences in his book, 2352:"Human Races: A Genetic and Evolutionary Perspective" 2200: 1921: 1780: 1743: 1667: 1665: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1044:. Further, he suggested that the races evolved into 876:

The Races of Europe, The White Race and the New World

708:

A North Africa Story: The Anthropologist as OSS Agent

413:

A North Africa Story: The Anthropologist as OSS Agent

3279:. University of Notre Dame Press. pp. 142–174. 3143:

Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism

1759: 1291:, and the two were close friends in his later life. 1216:

clarified that Coon had probably conflated separate

1056:, scorned it as providing "grist for racist mills". 947: 3133:(Ph.D. dissertation). George Washington University. 2302:Weiss, Kenneth M.; Long, Jeffrey C. (May 1, 2009). 2095: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2001: 1287:Coon's views on cryptids were a major influence on 4735: 2692:"Cave Explorations in Iran 1949. Carleton S. Coon" 1656: 714:was an account of his work in North Africa during 573:. Coon was a precocious student, learning to read 2985: 2815:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 1858: 1705:Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 1091:was personal as well as academic. Coon had known 898:, arose separately in five different places from 584:Wakefield was an affluent and almost exclusively 5678: 2042: 1887:"Harvard in the Rif, 1926-1928 | Peabody Museum" 1876:The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2005. 1817:. Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences. 1015:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 944:short stature and moderately great brain size." 599:Intending to study Egyptology, Coon enrolled at 464:American Association of Physical Anthropologists 442:, who argued that the emerging understanding of 3617:School Committee/Wakefield Public Schools (WPS) 3077: 3032: 2619: 2036: 2019: 1995: 1852: 842:(1950), Coon, together with his former student 658:Coon left Harvard to take up a position at the 343:(June 23, 1904 – June 3, 1981) was an American 2538:, "Coon, Carleton Stevens (1904-1981), Papers" 2235: 1177:) were the first systematic investigations of 740:No More for Ever: A Saharan Jewish Town (1962) 355:theories concerning the parallel evolution of 5507:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 4721: 4513: 3431: 2089: 1803: 1801: 1799: 1797: 1795: 1702: 1087:The dispute that followed the publication of 917:, Coon theorized that some races reached the 553:roots and two of his ancestors fought in the 3445: 2153: 1943:Saharan Jews and the Fate of French Algeria 1837:Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography 536: 5722:People of the Office of Strategic Services 5499:Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question 4728: 4714: 4520: 4506: 3438: 3424: 2832:"Review of Cave Explorations in Iran 1949" 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1907: 1792: 446:negated race as a scientific category. In 378:. He obtained his PhD in 1928 based on an 42: 5523:The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century 3597: 3126: 2847: 2829: 2746: 2592: 2433: 2431: 2402:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2327: 2301: 2185: 2130: 2110:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 1968: 1606:Measuring Ethiopia and Flight into Arabia 3684:Hockey East (headquartered in Wakefield) 3267: 1737: 1435: 1389: 972: 869:Coon concluded that sometimes different 769: 478:as "outmoded , typological and racist". 3327: 3248: 3097: 3063:. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. 2930: 2728: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2479: 2464: 1904: 1830: 1807: 1671: 1374:had become aware that they had General 1328:. In addition, they were influenced by 1294: 1011:racial segregation in the United States 14: 5717:Anti-black racism in the United States 5679: 5114:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon 3365: 3215: 3137: 3087:Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers 2971:. New York: Viking. pp. 102–105. 2964: 2883:(2nd rev. ed.). New York: Knopf. 2650: 2437: 2428: 1922:Harold M. Schmeck Jr. (June 6, 1981). 1765: 1749: 834:. For some anthropologists, including 549:, and Bessie Carleton. His family had 501:, which he claimed showed evidence of 5772:20th-century American anthropologists 4709: 4527: 4501: 3666:Center for Applied Special Technology 3607:Board of Selectmen (BOS)/Town Council 3419: 3181: 3167:. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 3159: 2991: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2954: 2926: 2924: 2825: 2823: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2689: 2588: 2586: 2560: 2558: 2556: 2554: 2552: 2528: 2399: 2102:"Multiregional, not multiple origins" 1980: 1940: 1786: 1768:, p. 462, "Carleton Coon, whose 1523:Caravan: the Story of the Middle East 1395: 1074:Querulous cracks with venom spattered 466:in 1961, after it voted to condemn a 5742:People from Wakefield, Massachusetts 4688: 4535: 3407:, Massachusetts Digital Commonwealth 3058: 3047: 2878: 2774: 2690:Adams, Robert M. (January 1, 1954). 2620:Trinkaus, Erik; Biglari, F. (2006). 2065: 2053: 2007: 1864: 1826: 1824: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1680: 1439: 1260:and Peter Byrne's expedition to the 1066:Things which now pass above his pate 782:Before World War II, Coon's work on 493:, where he discovered traces of the 5666:Pre-modern conceptions of whiteness 3642:Full list of governmental positions 3411:Coon's photography in Albania, 1929 1352:, stating in the article abstract: 615:. However he changed his focus to 27:American anthropologist (1904–1981) 24: 5767:University of Pennsylvania faculty 5707:American people of Cornish descent 4049:Captain Goodwin-James Eustis House 3310: 3127:Kohlstedt, Matthew August (2015). 2951: 2921: 2820: 2763: 2583: 2549: 1076:Tell of an ethos sadly shattered. 795:(1939), for example, an update of 765: 685: 638: 623:, inspired by his lectures on the 541:Carleton Stevens Coon was born in 25: 5783: 5757:Recipients of the Legion of Merit 5571:The Myth of the Twentieth Century 5491:The Outline of History of Mankind 4384:Church–Lafayette Sts. Hist. Dist. 3392: 3100:Journal of the History of Biology 2904:"Why There Has to Be a Sasquatch" 2536:National Anthropological Archives 2444:. New York: Viking. p. 119. 1821: 1677: 1224:farmer occupations at the sites. 1005:, arguing a scientific basis for 968: 948:Races in the Indian sub-continent 881: 736:Living Races of the Sahara Desert 577:at an early age and excelling at 5539:Heredity in Relation to Eugenics 4687: 4626: 4609: 4601: 4572: 2901: 2597:Palaeolithic Archaeology in Iran 1444: 1385: 1227: 1082:Poem written by Coon around 1963 1064:His bolt and really gone to pot. 104:Mary Goodale (m. 1926; div 1944) 5762:Proponents of scientific racism 3462:Middlesex County, Massachusetts 3015: 3006: 2997: 2895: 2872: 2807: 2722: 2696:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 2683: 2644: 2613: 2470: 2393: 2368: 2344: 2295: 2273: 2264: 2229: 2194: 2147: 2080: 2071: 1934: 1879: 1870: 1502:(Harvard African Studies, 1931) 1320:were heavily influenced by the 1284:from Tibet by the CIA in 1959. 1191:Cave Explorations in Iran, 1949 1068:Cause him to fume and fulminate 647:from 1920 to 1930; traveled to 171:Athenaeum Literary Award (1962) 107:Lisa Dougherty Geddes (m. 1945) 5531:Race Life of the Aryan Peoples 4737:Historical definitions of race 2651:Garrod, Dorothy A. E. (1952). 2215:10.1126/science.262.5136.973-b 1941:Stein, Sarah Abreyava (2014). 1299:Coon's published magnum opus, 1156: 1003:Race and Reason: A Yankee View 674:, and hosted by its director, 670:, a game-show produced by the 611:and English composition under 470:book written by Coon's cousin 13: 1: 5697:20th-century American writers 5555:The Passing of the Great Race 4627: 4573: 4489:Yale Avenue Historic District 3689:Lucius Beebe Memorial Library 3277:Race in Mind: Critical Essays 3041: 2849:10.1525/aa.1952.54.4.02a00240 2830:Braidwood, Robert J. (1952). 2793:10.1525/aa.1954.56.5.02a00480 2748:10.1525/aa.1957.59.5.02a00500 1151: 1072:And anything but oecumenical. 5454:Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer 4610: 4602: 4208:Richardson Avenue Rowhouses 4039:Emerson-Franklin Poole House 3722:Our Lady of Nazareth Academy 3399:Carleton Stevens Coon Papers 3375:University of Illinois Press 3253:. Harvard University Press. 2595:"Philip E.L. Smith, 1986. — 1831:Goodrum, Matthew R. (2020). 1062:Geneticist Dobzhansky's shot 910:) that minimizes gene flow. 724:Office of Strategic Services 430:concept of race against the 397:Office of Strategic Services 7: 5702:American Congregationalists 5169:Egon Freiherr von Eickstedt 5134:Houston Stewart Chamberlain 5084:Johann Friedrich Blumenbach 4404:Col. James Hartshorne House 4089:Deacon Thomas Kendall House 3732:Wakefield High School (WHS) 3187:"The Life of Grover Krantz" 3033:Goodman & Hammonds 2000 2037:Goodman & Hammonds 2000 2020:Goodman & Hammonds 2000 1996:Goodman & Hammonds 2000 1853:Goodman & Hammonds 2000 1628: 866:(whereas MRE requires it). 756:Central Intelligence Agency 728:Central Intelligence Agency 619:after taking a course with 409:Central Intelligence Agency 351:. He is best known for his 10: 5788: 5737:Harvard University faculty 4424:Massachusetts State Armory 4224:Dr. S. O. Richardson House 3612:Finance Committee (FinCom) 3317:The Lagar Velho 1 Skeleton 3059:Coon, Carleton S. (1981). 2879:Coon, Carleton S. (1962). 1575:(his work in Sierra Leone) 960:, he thought that India's 660:University of Pennsylvania 483:archaeological excavations 434:of contemporaries such as 395:, he was an agent for the 349:University of Pennsylvania 287:University of Pennsylvania 5732:Harvard University alumni 5613: 5472: 5264:Georges Vacher de Lapouge 5041: 4939: 4795: 4752: 4743: 4683: 4533: 4497: 4361:(Buildings and Districts) 4359:National Historic Places 4357: 4064:Deacon Daniel Green House 4059:Capt. William Green House 3934:National Historic Places 3932: 3776: 3758:Pleasure Island (defunct) 3750: 3654: 3473: 3453: 3328:Jackson, John P. (2005). 2669:10.1017/S0003598X00024261 2593:Mortensen, Peder (1987). 2157:; Wolpoff, M. H. (2003). 1430:Gloucester, Massachusetts 613:Charles Townsend Copeland 588:town. Coon's biographer, 531:Gloucester, Massachusetts 517:, which he believed were 432:new physical anthropology 334: 311: 295: 274: 248: 238: 233: 223: 210: 187: 182: 178: 152: 135: 114: 97: 89: 83:Gloucester, Massachusetts 71: 50: 41: 34: 5747:Physical anthropologists 5712:American segregationists 5636:History of anthropometry 5404:Charles Gabriel Seligman 5229:Frederick Ludwig Hoffman 4917:Sinodonty and Sundadonty 4454:Wakefield Rattan Company 4414:Lakeside Cemetery Chapel 4379:Center (or Centre) Depot 4269:Dr. Thomas Simpson House 4084:Dr. Charles Jordan House 3447:Wakefield, Massachusetts 2566:"Coon, Carleton Stevens" 2380:raceandgenomics.ssrc.org 2178:10.1525/aa.2003.105.1.89 2068:, Chapter 2, Section 12. 1833:"Coon, Carleton Stevens" 1650: 1009:and the continuation of 726:, the forerunner to the 682:Museum of Philadelphia. 565:. He initially attended 543:Wakefield, Massachusetts 537:Early life and education 368:Wakefield, Massachusetts 65:Wakefield, Massachusetts 5727:Phillips Academy alumni 5094:Daniel Garrison Brinton 4459:Wakefield Trust Company 3637:WWII Memorial Committee 3216:Selcer, Perrin (2012). 3199:10.1057/9780230118294_5 3191:Searching for Sasquatch 3145:. New York: New Press. 3112:10.1023/A:1010366015968 3048:Coon, Carleton (1939). 2836:American Anthropologist 2817:; 96, 1952, pp. 231–69. 2781:American Anthropologist 2735:American Anthropologist 2729:Howells, W. W. (1957). 2638:10.3406/paleo.2006.5192 2286:The Living Races of Man 2166:American Anthropologist 1891:www.peabody.harvard.edu 1808:Howells, H. W. (1989). 1425:between 1952 and 1957. 1038:The Living Races of Man 958:The Living Races of Man 860:multiregional evolution 776:The Mountains of Giants 509:'Wild Men' such as the 5439:Thomas Griffith Taylor 5194:Reginald Ruggles Gates 4618:Breakheart Reservation 4439:Temple Israel Cemetery 4399:Greenwood Union Church 4299:D. Horace Tilton House 4279:William Stimpson House 3944:18A & 20 Aborn Av. 3737:Wakefield Savings Bank 3627:Board of Appeals (ZBA) 3285:10.2307/j.ctvpj76k0.11 2965:Dickey, Colin (2020). 2931:Liechty, Mark (2017). 2543:April 1, 2006, at the 2438:Dickey, Colin (2020). 2100:; Caspari, R. (2000). 1401: 1371: 1079: 993: 941: 779: 5579:Annihilation of Caste 5483:in Different Climates 5434:William Graham Sumner 5414:Samuel Stanhope Smith 5359:James Cowles Prichard 4991:Racial discrimination 4464:Wakefield Upper Depot 4429:South Reading Academy 4344:Charles Winship House 3727:Paul K. Guillow, Inc. 3678:Daily Times Chronicle 3622:Board of Health (BOH) 3249:Shipman, Pat (1994). 2570:Encyclopaedia Iranica 2489:, Knopf, 1962, p. vii 2320:10.1101/gr.076539.108 1640:Physical anthropology 1436:Selected publications 1410:Congregational Church 1393: 1365:, and anthropologist 1363:Theodosius Dobzhansky 1354: 1256:about either joining 1059: 984:(1961), a defence of 976: 936: 932:Indigenous Australian 773: 605:George Andrew Reisner 567:Wakefield High School 420:physical anthropology 418:Coon's early work in 347:and professor at the 341:Carleton Stevens Coon 261:Cultural anthropology 256:Physical anthropology 5631:Great chain of being 5349:Ludwig Hermann Plate 5314:Samuel George Morton 5129:Samuel A. Cartwright 4979:in the United States 4696:at Wikimedia Commons 3984:Elizabeth Boit House 3457:Incorporated in 1812 3222:Current Anthropology 2775:Howe, Bruce (1954). 1594:Flesh of the Wild Ox 1406:Carleton S. Coon Jr. 1346:John P. Jackson, Jr. 1295:Reception and legacy 1220:hunter-gatherer and 1122:Current Anthropology 1070:In ways unacademical 886:Coon first modified 828:biological evolution 738:(1958) and later of 712:A North Africa Story 700:Flesh of the Wild Ox 575:Egyptian hieroglyphs 527:Carleton S. Coon Jr. 476:scientific consensus 448:The Origins of Races 325:The Origins of Races 122:Carleton S. Coon Jr. 90:Board member of 5587:The Races of Europe 5515:The Races of Europe 5294:Dominick McCausland 5244:Thomas Henry Huxley 5189:Stanley Marion Garn 5069:Robert Bennett Bean 4797:Historical concepts 4469:H. M. Warren School 3475:General information 3405:Photographs of Coon 3357:History Cooperative 3051:The Races of Europe 2525:, pp. 283–284. 2487:The Origin of Races 1983:, pp. 255–259. 1971:, pp. 218–221. 1839:. Encyclopedia.com. 1770:The Origin of Races 1754:The Origin of Races 1645:Social anthropology 1588:Fiction and memoir: 1573:Yengema Cave Report 1556:Living Races of Man 1549:Anthropology A to Z 1543:The Hunting Peoples 1530:The Origin of Races 1508:The Races of Europe 1350:The Origin of Races 1326:population genetics 1309:Stanley Marion Garn 1301:The Origin of Races 1271:Cultural historian 1183:Mousterian industry 1089:The Origin of Races 1054:Theodore Dobzhansky 1050:The Origin of Races 1034:The Origin of Races 1026:The Races of Europe 1022:The Origin of Races 954:The Races of Europe 915:The Origin of Races 856:The Origin of Races 832:population genetics 793:The Races of Europe 762:as a photographer. 655:from 1925 to 1939. 424:The Races of Europe 363:by modern science. 319:The Races of Europe 183:Academic background 18:The Origin of Races 5459:Alexander Winchell 5389:Henric Sanielevici 5249:Calvin Ira Kephart 5219:Hans F. K. Günther 5204:Arthur de Gobineau 5104:Alice Mossie Brues 5001:Racial stereotypes 4484:Woodward Homestead 4369:Beacon Street Tomb 4054:Samuel Gould House 3911:John Anthony Volpe 3891:Buffy Sainte-Marie 3569:Points of Interest 3367:Tucker, William H. 3305:– via JSTOR. 2908:Bigfoot Encounters 2485:Carleton S. Coon, 2414:10.1002/ajpa.20995 2250:10.1007/bf02436629 1717:10.1002/jhbs.21728 1580:Racial Adaptations 1473:clean up the lists 1422:What in the World? 1402: 1342:William W. Howells 1030:Races of the World 994: 986:racial segregation 913:In his 1962 book, 780: 704:Measuring Ethiopia 668:What in the World? 601:Harvard University 590:William W. Howells 555:American Civil War 376:Harvard University 282:Harvard University 201:Harvard University 195:Harvard University 5674: 5673: 5603:The Race Question 5449:John H. Van Evrie 5374:William Z. Ripley 5344:Charles Pickering 5289:Felix von Luschan 5259:Robert E. Kuttner 5159:Charles Davenport 5028:Whiteness studies 4754:Color terminology 4746:Scientific racism 4703: 4702: 4692:Media related to 4679: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4528:Neighboring towns 4434:St. Joseph School 4069:118 Greenwood St. 3979:E. Boardman House 3778:Notable residents 3763:Lake Quannapowitt 3662:Camp Curtis Guild 3650: 3649: 3589:Suggested reading 3584:Notable residents 3466:Population 27,090 3384:978-0-252-07463-9 3343:978-0-8147-4271-6 3294:978-0-268-04148-9 3228:(S5): S173–S184. 3208:978-0-230-11829-4 3083:Hammonds, Evelynn 2978:978-0-525-55757-9 2944:978-0-226-42913-7 2451:978-0-525-55757-9 1635:Scientific racism 1500:Tribes of the Rif 1490: 1489: 1432:on June 3, 1981. 1367:Sherwood Washburn 1314:Sherwood Washburn 1135:Stephen Jay Gould 888:Franz Weidenreich 820:Sherwood Washburn 801:of the same title 797:William Z. Ripley 694:. Coon published 503:early agriculture 468:white supremacist 436:Sherwood Washburn 387:Ethnology at the 353:scientific racist 338: 337: 166:Viking Fund Medal 16:(Redirected from 5779: 5482: 5429:Lothrop Stoddard 5424:Morris Steggerda 5399:Ilse Schwidetzky 5394:Heinrich Schmidt 5379:Alfred Rosenberg 5339:Isaac La Peyrère 5144:Carleton S. Coon 5119:Charles Caldwell 5074:François Bernier 4957:in Latin America 4730: 4723: 4716: 4707: 4706: 4691: 4690: 4630: 4629: 4613: 4612: 4605: 4604: 4576: 4575: 4536: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4499: 4498: 4479:Woodville School 4474:West Ward School 4444:Main Post Office 4339:Suell Winn House 4283:Sweetser Houses 3871:A. David Mazzone 3821:Carleton S. Coon 3717:Nazareth Academy 3595: 3594: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3416: 3388: 3360: 3350:Lay summary in: 3347: 3306: 3264: 3245: 3212: 3178: 3156: 3139:Loewen, James W. 3134: 3123: 3094: 3079:Goodman, Alan H. 3074: 3055: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3019: 3013: 3010: 3004: 3001: 2995: 2989: 2983: 2982: 2962: 2949: 2948: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2902:Coon, Carleton. 2899: 2893: 2892: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2851: 2827: 2818: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2772: 2761: 2760: 2750: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2687: 2681: 2680: 2663:(104): 228–230. 2648: 2642: 2641: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2562: 2547: 2532: 2526: 2520: 2514: 2508: 2502: 2496: 2490: 2483: 2477: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2455: 2435: 2426: 2425: 2397: 2391: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2356: 2348: 2342: 2341: 2331: 2299: 2292:On Greater India 2280: 2271: 2268: 2262: 2261: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2198: 2192: 2191: 2189: 2163: 2151: 2145: 2144: 2134: 2106: 2096:Wolpoff, M. H.; 2093: 2087: 2084: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2051: 2040: 2034: 2023: 2022:, p. 29–30. 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1984: 1978: 1972: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1919: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1862: 1856: 1850: 1841: 1840: 1828: 1819: 1818: 1816: 1805: 1790: 1784: 1778: 1763: 1757: 1747: 1741: 1735: 1729: 1728: 1700: 1675: 1669: 1516:The Story of Man 1485: 1482: 1476: 1448: 1447: 1440: 1399: 1322:modern synthesis 1246:The Story of Man 1244:. His 1954 book 1145:was 'amusing'." 1083: 824:modern synthesis 745:No More for Ever 664:The Story of Man 627:of the Moroccan 571:Phillips Academy 551:Cornish American 393:Second World War 372:Earnest Hooton's 361:pseudoscientific 296:Notable students 224:Doctoral advisor 78: 60: 58: 46: 36:Carleton S. Coon 32: 31: 21: 5787: 5786: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5677: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5609: 5547:Castes in India 5468: 5464:Ludwig Woltmann 5419:Herbert Spencer 5309:Lewis H. Morgan 5279:Cesare Lombroso 5154:Jan Czekanowski 5139:Sonia Mary Cole 5079:Renato Biasutti 5037: 5016:Nazism and race 4935: 4912:Proto-Mongoloid 4791: 4748: 4739: 4734: 4704: 4699: 4675: 4614: 4587: 4529: 4526: 4493: 4394:Flanley's Block 4389:Common District 4374:Beebe Homestead 4360: 4353: 4349:1 Woodcrest Dr. 4309:12 W. Water St. 4094:15 Lawrence St. 4034:40 Crescent St. 4009:39 Converse St. 3935: 3928: 3917:Cyrus Wakefield 3876:Marcia Pankratz 3846:Israel Horovitz 3831:Anthony Fabiano 3826:David Dellinger 3801:Bruce Brown Jr. 3772: 3746: 3694:MBTA bus routes 3646: 3593: 3469: 3449: 3444: 3395: 3385: 3351: 3344: 3313: 3311:Further reading 3295: 3261: 3209: 3175: 3161:Price, David H. 3153: 3071: 3044: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2998: 2990: 2986: 2979: 2963: 2952: 2945: 2929: 2922: 2912: 2910: 2900: 2896: 2877: 2873: 2828: 2821: 2812: 2808: 2773: 2764: 2727: 2723: 2688: 2684: 2649: 2645: 2618: 2614: 2591: 2584: 2574: 2572: 2564: 2563: 2550: 2545:Wayback Machine 2533: 2529: 2521: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2463: 2459: 2452: 2436: 2429: 2398: 2394: 2384: 2382: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2308:Genome Research 2300: 2296: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2244:(3–4): 261–68. 2238:Human Evolution 2234: 2230: 2199: 2195: 2161: 2152: 2148: 2104: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2052: 2043: 2035: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2006: 2002: 1994: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1967: 1960: 1953: 1939: 1935: 1920: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1885: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1871: 1863: 1859: 1851: 1844: 1829: 1822: 1814: 1806: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1777:pseudoscience." 1764: 1760: 1748: 1744: 1736: 1732: 1701: 1678: 1670: 1657: 1653: 1631: 1486: 1480: 1477: 1470: 1449: 1445: 1438: 1388: 1380:Alan H. Goodman 1359:Carleton Putnam 1334:Origin of Races 1324:in biology and 1297: 1282:14th Dalai Lama 1230: 1218:Epipalaeolithic 1159: 1154: 1139:Natural History 1085: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1071: 1069: 1067: 1065: 1063: 1020:Coon published 1007:white supremacy 999:Carleton Putnam 990:white supremacy 982:Race and Reason 978:Carleton Putnam 971: 950: 884: 848:Joseph Birdsell 768: 766:Racial theories 688: 686:Military career 676:Froelich Rainey 641: 639:Academic career 539: 472:Carleton Putnam 460:evolved further 405:Legion of Merit 330: 307: 291: 270: 206: 174: 160:Legion of Merit 148: 142:John Lewis Coon 131: 127:Charles A. Coon 110: 85: 80: 76: 67: 62: 56: 54: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5785: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5672: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5610: 5608: 5607: 5599: 5591: 5583: 5575: 5567: 5559: 5551: 5543: 5535: 5527: 5519: 5517:(Ripley, 1899) 5511: 5503: 5495: 5487: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5467: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5409:Giuseppe Sergi 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5369:Gustaf Retzius 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5319:Josiah C. Nott 5316: 5311: 5306: 5304:Ashley Montagu 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5284:Bertil Lundman 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5234:Earnest Hooton 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5199:George Gliddon 5196: 5191: 5186: 5184:Francis Galton 5181: 5176: 5174:Anténor Firmin 5171: 5166: 5164:Joseph Deniker 5161: 5156: 5151: 5149:Georges Cuvier 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5045: 5043: 5039: 5038: 5036: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5021:Racial hygiene 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4969: 4964: 4954: 4945: 4943: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4914: 4904: 4899: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4812: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4793: 4792: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4758: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4733: 4732: 4725: 4718: 4710: 4701: 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Francis Av. 4041: 4036: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4018:Cowdry Houses 4016: 4011: 4006: 4005: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3964: 3956: 3954:380 Albion St. 3951: 3946: 3940: 3938: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3921: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3896:Louis Sullivan 3893: 3888: 3883: 3878: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3841:Kayla Harrison 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3818: 3813: 3808: 3803: 3798: 3796:Elizabeth Boit 3793: 3788: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3707: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3674: 3667: 3664: 3658: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3559:Transportation 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3513: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3492: 3491: 3490: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3464: 3458: 3454: 3451: 3450: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3420: 3414: 3413: 3408: 3402: 3394: 3393:External links 3391: 3390: 3389: 3383: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3342: 3325: 3319: 3312: 3309: 3308: 3307: 3303:j.ctvpj76k0.11 3293: 3269:Spickard, Paul 3265: 3259: 3246: 3234:10.1086/662290 3213: 3207: 3179: 3173: 3157: 3151: 3135: 3124: 3106:(2): 247–285. 3095: 3075: 3069: 3056: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3037: 3025: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2984: 2977: 2950: 2943: 2920: 2894: 2871: 2842:(4): 551–553. 2819: 2806: 2787:(5): 922–923. 2762: 2741:(5): 930–931. 2721: 2708:10.1086/371182 2682: 2643: 2632:(2): 105–111. 2612: 2582: 2548: 2527: 2515: 2513:, p. 247. 2503: 2501:, p. 207. 2491: 2478: 2469: 2467:, p. 200. 2457: 2450: 2427: 2392: 2367: 2343: 2314:(5): 703–710. 2294: 2272: 2263: 2228: 2193: 2146: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2058: 2041: 2024: 2012: 2010:, p. 441. 2000: 1985: 1973: 1969:Kohlstedt 2015 1958: 1951: 1933: 1928:New York Times 1903: 1878: 1869: 1857: 1842: 1820: 1791: 1779: 1758: 1742: 1730: 1711:(3): 237–260. 1676: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1630: 1627: 1626: 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129: 124: 118: 116: 112: 111: 109: 108: 105: 101: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 81: 79:(aged 76) 73: 69: 68: 63: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5784: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641:Miscegenation 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5582: 5580: 5576: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5552: 5550: 5548: 5544: 5542: 5540: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5520: 5518: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5475: 5471: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5444:Paul Topinard 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 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4192: 4190: 4189:22 Parker Rd. 4187: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4160: 4159:509 North Av. 4157: 4155: 4154:2 Nichols St. 4152: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4138:Morrison Rd. 4137: 4135: 4132: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4098:Lawrence St. 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4017: 4015: 4014:28 Cordis St. 4012: 4010: 4007: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3989: 3988:Chestnut St. 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3974:5 Bennett St. 3972: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3941: 3939: 3937: 3931: 3925: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3906:Ernest Tyzzer 3904: 3902: 3901:Richard Tisei 3899: 3897: 3894: 3892: 3889: 3887: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3866:Rachel Levine 3864: 3862: 3859: 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1990: 1982: 1977: 1970: 1965: 1963: 1954: 1952:9780226123745 1948: 1944: 1937: 1929: 1925: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1892: 1888: 1882: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1855:, p. 29. 1854: 1849: 1847: 1838: 1834: 1827: 1825: 1813: 1812: 1804: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1796: 1788: 1783: 1775: 1772:claimed that 1771: 1767: 1762: 1756:(Coon 1962)." 1755: 1751: 1746: 1739: 1738:Spickard 2016 1734: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1681: 1673: 1668: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1660: 1655: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1633: 1632: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1595: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1557: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1544: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1509: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1494: 1484: 1474: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453:This article 1451: 1442: 1441: 1433: 1431: 1428:Coon died in 1426: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1413: 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