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Two Knights Defense

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679:, continues the Fritz sub-line 8.Ne4 with 8...Qh4, from the famous game Estrin—Berliner, World Correspondence Championship 1965–68, eventually won by Black; this win was pivotal to Berliner's eventual championship victory. That game, which saw Black embark on a very sharp sacrificial path, continued 9.Ng3 Bg4 10.f3 e4 11.cxd4 Bd6 12.Bxb5+ Kd8 13.O-O exf3. IM / GMC Estrin later published, in 1971, the suggestion 14.Qb3!? as an improvement on the game continuation, and this possibility has continued to interest many players. 2591: 2584: 2528: 2514: 2493: 2486: 2479: 2409: 2230: 2167: 2160: 2153: 2146: 2132: 2069: 2048: 1869: 1862: 1827: 1785: 1778: 1764: 1722: 1701: 1522: 1515: 1445: 1438: 1424: 1417: 1410: 1333: 905: 898: 863: 821: 814: 800: 793: 737: 272: 265: 202: 188: 174: 167: 104: 83: 2598: 2416: 2237: 2055: 1876: 1708: 1529: 1340: 912: 744: 279: 90: 2612: 2605: 2577: 2570: 2563: 2556: 2549: 2542: 2535: 2521: 2507: 2500: 2472: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2444: 2437: 2430: 2423: 2402: 2251: 2244: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2202: 2195: 2188: 2181: 2174: 2139: 2125: 2118: 2111: 2104: 2097: 2090: 2083: 2076: 2062: 2041: 1890: 1883: 1855: 1848: 1841: 1834: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1799: 1792: 1771: 1757: 1750: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1715: 1694: 1543: 1536: 1508: 1501: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1473: 1466: 1459: 1452: 1431: 1403: 1396: 1389: 1382: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1354: 1347: 1326: 926: 919: 891: 884: 877: 870: 856: 849: 842: 835: 828: 807: 786: 779: 772: 765: 758: 751: 730: 293: 286: 258: 251: 244: 237: 230: 223: 216: 209: 195: 181: 160: 153: 146: 139: 132: 125: 118: 111: 97: 76: 2396: 2035: 1688: 1320: 724: 70: 6022: 1047:
considered to be the main line of the Two Knights Defense. After ten moves, White has developed only two pieces against Black's three pieces and pawns, but has an extra pawn as well as a better pawn structure. Both 11.d4 and 11.f4 have been tried here with no definitive conclusion. 10...Bc5 is a viable alternative for Black, as is 10...Qc7 (the Goring Variation).
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4...Nxe4?! is considered unsound but must be handled carefully. 5.Nxe4 d5 poses no problems for Black. If 5.Nxf7? Qh4! 6.g3 (6.0-0 Bc5!) 6...Qh3 7.Nxh8 Qg2 8.Rf1 Nd4 9.Qh5+ g6 10.Nxg6 hxg6 11.Qxg6+ Kd8 and Black has dangerous threats. (Alternatively, after 5.Nxf7? Qh4! 6.g3, Black could play more
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have played it occasionally even in top competition. No clear refutation is known. A tricky variation is 5.Bxf7+ Kf8!?, where Black plays for one last trick with 6.Bb3 d6 7.Nf7 Qe7. If White plays the seemingly standard 8.Nxh8??, Black is now winning after 8...Bg4!! 9.f3 Nxe4, making use of the
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in the twentieth, can be played instead; Black may reply with 8...h6, 8...Rb8, or 8...Be7.) White then has a choice of retreats for the knight. The usual move here is 9.Nf3, after which Black obtains some initiative after 9...e4 10.Ne5 Bd6 (see diagram). This is the Knorre Variation, and is
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if Black responds 4...Bc5, but there are also independent variations after 4...Be7 or 4...h6. White tries to avoid the tactical battles that are common in other lines of the Two Knights and to enter a more positional game. The resulting positions take on some characteristics of the
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Attack (or Morphy Variation), which has not been popular, since it has long been known that Black obtains good chances for the pawn with 6...h6 7.Nf3 e4 8.Qe2 Nxc4 9.dxc4 Bc5. (Bronstein once tried the piece sacrifice 8.dxe4!? with success, but its soundness is doubtful.)
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led a second revival of 9.Nh3 in the 1990s, and today it is thought to be about equal in strength to the more common 9.Nf3. In addition to the moves 8.Be2 and 8.Qf3, the move 8.Bd3 is a valid alternative that has apparently become fashionable in recent years.
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aggressively 6...Nxg3! 7.fxg3 Qe4+ 8.Qe2 Qxh1+ 9.Qf1 Qxf1+ 10.Kxf1 d5 11.Bxd5 Bh3+ 12.Ke1 Nb4 13.Bb3 Nxc2+ 14.Bxc2 Kxf7 with a distinct advantage of material for Black.) Correct is 5.Bxf7+! Ke7 6.d4! (6.d3 is also good) and now:
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6.Nc3 gives White compensation if Black accepts the piece with 6...dxc3 7.Bxf7+ Kxf7 8.Qd5+ and then makes the intuitive move 8...Ke8?! Instead, 8...Kf6! has been analysed to offer Black a substantial edge with best play.
496:). Black allows White to attack his f7-pawn with 4.Ng5. If White does so, the game quickly takes on a tactical character: Black is practically forced to give up a pawn for the initiative. The complications are such that 527:, and the more solid 3...Bc5 is the most frequent reply, so the Two Knights Defense is infrequently seen. It remains popular with amateur players. The theory of this opening has been explored extensively in 1050:
Steinitz favored 9.Nh3 instead, although it did not bring him success in his famous 1891 cable match against Chigorin. The Steinitz Variation was mostly forgotten until Fischer revived it in the 1960s.
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suggested that the term "defense" does not fit, and that the name "Chigorin Counterattack" would be more appropriate. The Two Knights has been adopted as Black by many aggressive players including
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Instead, White usually plays 6.Bb5+, when play usually continues 6...c6 (6...Bd7 is also possible) 7.dxc6 bxc6 8.Be2 h6. (The move 8.Qf3, popular in the nineteenth century and revived by
493: 474: 1267:, 4.Nc3 Nxe4 5.0-0. This gambit is not commonly seen in tournament play as it is not well regarded by opening theory, but it can offer White good practical chances, especially in 1192:
after 5...Bc5 6.e5 d5, which can also arise by transposition from the Giuoco Piano or Scotch Game. White can choose to avoid these lines by playing 5.e5, a line often adopted by
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The Fritz Variation 5...Nd4 and Ulvestad's Variation 5...b5 are related as they share a common subvariation. American master Olav Ulvestad introduced 5...b5 in a 1941 article in
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After 4...d5 White has little option but to play 5.exd5, since both the bishop and e4-pawn are attacked. Then Black usually plays 5...Na5 but there are other options:
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5.Nxf7 is very complicated after 5...Bxf2+. The current main lines all are thought to lead to drawn or equal positions, e.g. after 6.Kxf2 Nxe4+ 7.Kg1, or even 7.Ke3.
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to the Fritz Variation with 6...Nd4, making another advantage of 6.Bf1 apparent; the bishop is not attacked as it would be if White had played 6.Be2. German master
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if White plays c3 and retreats the bishop to c2 via Bc4–b3–c2. This move became popular in the 1980s and has been used by
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6...d5 7.Nc3! (best, discovered by Soviet player Lopukhin; White has a clear advantage) 7...Nxc3 8.bxc3 Qd6 (8...Bf5 9.Qf3
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with 7.Nc3. Both replies 6.Bxb5 Qxd5 7.Bxc6+ Qxc6 and 6.dxc6 bxc4 7.Nc3 are weak for White. Black's best response is to
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The attempt to defend the pawn with 4.Nc3 does not work well since Black can take the pawn anyway and use a
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White's best try for an advantage is probably 5.Bxf7+ Ke7 6.Bb3 (although 6.Bd5 was the move recommended by
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pinned f3-pawn. This pawn cannot capture the bishop as 10.fxg4?? Qh4+ 11.g3 Bf2+ wins by force for Black.
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suggests declining the gambit with 6...Nxc3 7.bxc3 d5 8.Bb5 Be7 leading to a better position for Black.
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was extensively developed in the 19th century. Black's third move is a more aggressive defense than the
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trick to regain the piece, 4.Nc3?! Nxe4! 5.Nxe4 d5. The try 5.Bxf7+? does not help, as Black has the
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and a better position after 5...Kxf7 6.Nxe4 d5. Instead, 4.Nc3 is usually played with the intent to
1140:) Kg8 11.Nbc3 dxe5 12. f5 Qf7 13.Nd5 Bd7 14.f6 g6 15.Ne7+! and White has excellent chances (Estrin). 631: 5892: 5865: 5707: 5429: 4822: 4817: 4774: 4673: 4250: 4237: 4224: 509: 4508: 6052: 6001: 5531: 5196: 4070: 1253: 629:
Kxf7 7.Qf3+ Ke6 8.Nc3. These variations are usually considered too difficult for Black to defend
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with 6.Re1 d5 7.Bxd5 Qxd5 8.Nc3, but Black has a comfortable position after 8...Qa5 or 8...Qh5.
5585: 5514: 4812: 4658: 4563: 4408: 4340: 3731:'Nunn's Chess Openings', publisher Everyman Chess, London 1999, section on Two Knights' Defense 662: 3770: 1198: 1167: 1159: 5717: 5640: 5526: 5226: 5221: 4908: 4631: 4590: 4372: 3998: 3687: 3316: 1221: 1151: 649: 583:. Despite Tarrasch's criticism, 4.Ng5 has remained a popular choice for White at all levels. 481: 1165:
simply by eliminating White's last center pawn with 5...Nxe4, after which White regains the
672:. White's best reply is 6.c3, when the game often continues 6...b5 7.Bf1 Nxd5 8.Ne4 or 8.h4. 5434: 5371: 5330: 5291: 5073: 5063: 4993: 4807: 4738: 4663: 4548: 4347: 4162: 4056: 3829: 1242: 1206: 528: 8: 5882: 5662: 5414: 5271: 5241: 5213: 5186: 5129: 5030: 4998: 4958: 4913: 4626: 4568: 4443: 4391: 4386: 4313: 4271: 4158: 1264: 1107: 520: 5424: 5989: 5887: 5630: 5439: 5080: 4968: 4931: 4580: 4448: 3849: 3799: 2851: 1035: 622: 610: 5972: 5845: 5657: 5615: 5546: 5498: 5481: 5461: 5313: 5251: 5191: 5166: 5013: 4978: 4973: 4953: 4941: 4784: 4752: 4718: 4698: 4535: 4529: 4490: 4357: 4197: 4174: 4137: 4129: 4115: 4092: 4074: 4042: 4004: 3958: 3662: 3631: 1193: 564: 5967: 5840: 5682: 5625: 5536: 5486: 5335: 5281: 5276: 5266: 5181: 5102: 5092: 5068: 5035: 4607: 4521: 4295: 3445: 1189: 644:. White has only one good reply: 6.Bf1!, protecting g2 so White can answer 6...Qxd5 501: 2716:
White must respond to the attack on the e-pawn. (For explanation of notation, see
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After 5.d4 d5!, White's best move is 6.Bxd5, reapplying the pressure on f7.
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This bold move ignores White's attack on f7 and leads to wild play. Czech
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reply, but most common and natural is 5...d5 6.Bb5 Ne4 7.Nxd4 Bc5, with
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called it "primitive", but this attack on f7 practically wins a pawn by
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Fischer's analysis of this line is in game 45, Fischer - Bisguier 1963
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The quiet move 4.d3, the Modern Bishop's Opening, transposes into the
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tried to bolster this move with analysis in 1943 and 1944 issues of
5645: 4693: 1199: 1168: 1160: 4367: 1152: 4834: 3742:"Italian Game: Knight Attack, Polerio Defense - Chess Openings" 1260: 1207: 1078: 484:(c. 1550 – c. 1610) in the late 16th century, this line of the 4287: 1212:
play. The tricky 5.Ng5?! is best met by 5...d5! 6.exd5 Qe7+!
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Knaurs Neues Schachbuch für Anfänger und Fortgeschrittene
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Alternatively, Black can enter the extensively analyzed
1133:; 8...e4 9.f3!) 9.a4! Kd8 10.Bg8! Ke8 11.Bxh7± (Estrin). 675:
The Berliner Variation, named in honor of IM / GMC Dr.
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6...h6 7.Nxe4 Kxf7 and now 8.dxe5 Qe8 9.f4 d6 10.0-0 (
609:, but White gets a strong attack with either the safe 4128: 1034:would play to hold the gambit pawn with 6.d3, the 1025:Main line of Two Knights Defense, after 10...Bd6 6044: 4029: 3993: 2356: 1995: 1648: 1280: 1236: 1215: 684: 30: 4187: 3923: 3921: 3919: 660:, who wrote about the idea in a 1904 issue of 621:thought to be very strong, or the sacrificial 4272: 3935: 3933: 3850:"J. Reinisch vs. Karel Traxler, Hostoun 1890" 1274: 1196:. After 5.e5, either 5...Ne4 or 5...Ng4 is a 1059: 3800:"Bronstein vs. Rojahn, Moscow Olympiad 1956" 1157:rapidly with 4.d4 exd4 5.0-0. Now Black can 4105: 4055: 3916: 3649: 3647: 4279: 4265: 3930: 1066:Two Knights Defense, Traxler Counterattack 4246:The Kibitzer: Two Knights Defense, Part 3 4233:The Kibitzer: Two Knights Defense, Part 2 4220:The Kibitzer: Two Knights Defense, Part 1 3951:Bologan's Black Weapons in the Open Games 3653: 3625: 1092:White can play 5.d4, 5.Nxf7, or 5.Bxf7+: 3644: 3948: 2590: 2583: 2527: 2513: 2492: 2485: 2478: 2408: 2229: 2166: 2159: 2152: 2145: 2131: 2068: 2047: 1868: 1861: 1826: 1784: 1777: 1763: 1721: 1700: 1521: 1514: 1444: 1437: 1423: 1416: 1409: 1332: 904: 897: 862: 820: 813: 799: 792: 736: 271: 264: 201: 187: 173: 166: 103: 82: 6045: 4017: 3892: 2597: 2415: 2236: 2054: 1875: 1707: 1528: 1339: 911: 743: 278: 89: 4260: 3927:Harding & Botterill (1977), p. 66 3675: 2611: 2604: 2576: 2569: 2562: 2555: 2548: 2541: 2534: 2520: 2506: 2499: 2471: 2464: 2457: 2450: 2443: 2436: 2429: 2422: 2401: 2392: 2250: 2243: 2222: 2215: 2208: 2201: 2194: 2187: 2180: 2173: 2138: 2124: 2117: 2110: 2103: 2096: 2089: 2082: 2075: 2061: 2040: 2031: 1889: 1882: 1854: 1847: 1840: 1833: 1819: 1812: 1805: 1798: 1791: 1770: 1756: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1714: 1693: 1684: 1542: 1535: 1507: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1479: 1472: 1465: 1458: 1451: 1430: 1402: 1395: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1367: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1325: 1316: 925: 918: 890: 883: 876: 869: 855: 848: 841: 834: 827: 806: 785: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 729: 720: 567:called 4.Ng5 "a real duffer's move" ( 292: 285: 257: 250: 243: 236: 229: 222: 215: 208: 194: 180: 159: 152: 145: 138: 131: 124: 117: 110: 96: 75: 66: 4003:. Random House Puzzles & Games. 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 1030:After 5...Na5, the Polerio Defense, 586: 3977:Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 262. 3879:Hooper & Whyld (1996), p. 448. 3681: 13: 4151: 2758:Traxler or Wilkes-Barre Variation 1642:Traxler or Wilkes-Barre Variation 1081:in 1890. Later it was named after 553: 14: 6069: 4211: 3895:"New in Chess Year book issue 65" 3696: 656:(1857–1932) suggested 5...Nd4 to 623:Fried Liver (or Fegatello) Attack 6020: 5691:List of strong chess tournaments 2610: 2603: 2596: 2589: 2582: 2575: 2568: 2561: 2554: 2547: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2505: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2477: 2470: 2463: 2456: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2428: 2421: 2414: 2407: 2400: 2394: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2228: 2221: 2214: 2207: 2200: 2193: 2186: 2179: 2172: 2165: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2116: 2109: 2102: 2095: 2088: 2081: 2074: 2067: 2060: 2053: 2046: 2039: 2033: 1888: 1881: 1874: 1867: 1860: 1853: 1846: 1839: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1797: 1790: 1783: 1776: 1769: 1762: 1755: 1748: 1741: 1734: 1727: 1720: 1713: 1706: 1699: 1692: 1686: 1541: 1534: 1527: 1520: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1471: 1464: 1457: 1450: 1443: 1436: 1429: 1422: 1415: 1408: 1401: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1366: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1331: 1324: 1318: 924: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 882: 875: 868: 861: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 819: 812: 805: 798: 791: 784: 777: 770: 763: 756: 749: 742: 735: 728: 722: 523:play, 3.Bc4 is less common than 291: 284: 277: 270: 263: 256: 249: 242: 235: 228: 221: 214: 207: 200: 193: 186: 179: 172: 165: 158: 151: 144: 137: 130: 123: 116: 109: 102: 95: 88: 81: 74: 68: 4669:Gökyay Association Chess Museum 3971: 3942: 3886: 3873: 3862:from the original on 2019-03-13 3842: 3839:, C59: Club Aranjuez de Ajedrez 3812:from the original on 2007-12-15 3781:from the original on 2022-07-26 3752:from the original on 2023-01-05 4025:(English ed.). Chess Ltd. 3823: 3792: 3763: 3734: 3725: 3619: 2725:1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bc4 Nf6 1243:Four Knights Game § 4.Bc4 1237:Four Knights Variation: 4.Nc3 1216:Modern Bishop's Opening: 4.d3 1077:played it against Reinisch in 571:) and Soviet opening theorist 1: 5789:Computer chess championships 4066:The Oxford Companion to Chess 4000:Modern Chess Openings: MCO-14 3901:. Chess Books. Archived from 3613: 448:that begins with the moves: 7: 5571:Bishop and knight checkmate 4230:Harding, Tim (April 2001). 4217:Harding, Tim (March 2001). 4033:; Botterill, G. S. (1977). 3570: 3529: 3488: 3444: 3403: 3362: 3315: 3274: 3233: 3191: 3147: 3106: 3064: 3022: 2980: 2938: 2896: 2850: 2805: 2757: 1119: 1060:Traxler Variation: 4...Bc5 400:1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bc4 Nf6 10: 6074: 5734:Other world championships 2752: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2718:chess opening theory table 1275:Chess opening theory table 1240: 1083:Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 1063: 541: 6015: 5925: 5828: 5681: 5581:Opposite-coloured bishops 5561: 5507: 5370: 5212: 5152: 5143: 5054: 4922: 4783: 4684: 4520: 4424: 4294: 4286: 4243:Harding, Tim (May 2001). 3661:. Dover. pp. 60–61. 2350:Boden–Kieseritzky Gambit 424: 416: 404: 396: 27: 5708:World Chess Championship 4674:World Chess Hall of Fame 4089:New in Chess Yearbook 55 4023:The Two Knights' Defence 3949:Bologan, Victor (2014). 3192:Modern Bishop's Opening 3149:Boden–Kieseritzky Gambit 1265:Boden–Kieseritzky Gambit 569:ein richtiger Stümperzug 558: 548:to describe chess moves. 6002:Simultaneous exhibition 5912:Chess newspaper columns 5601:Rook and bishop vs rook 5591:Queen and pawn vs queen 4190:The Two Knights Defence 4188:Tait, Jonathan (2004). 4167:The Two Knights Defense 4108:The Two Knights Defence 4071:Oxford University Press 3979:Modern Bishop's Opening 3628:The Two Knights Defence 1144: 5457:Richter–Veresov Attack 5445:Queen's Indian Defence 4091:. New in Chess. 2000. 3881:Wilkes-Barre variation 3711:"Two Knight's Defence" 663:Deutsche Schachzeitung 595:The recapture 5...Nxd5 6058:16th century in chess 5718:Candidates Tournament 5606:Rook and pawn vs rook 5576:King and pawn vs king 5527:List of chess gambits 5430:King's Indian Defence 5108:Isolated Queen's Pawn 4632:List of chess players 4574:Top player comparison 4373:Internet chess server 4163:Mikhalchishin, Adrian 3893:Elburg, John (2002). 3830:Chess Openings Viewer 3688:My 60 Memorable Games 1241:Further information: 482:Giulio Cesare Polerio 5435:Nimzo-Indian Defence 5331:Scandinavian Defense 5292:Semi-Italian Opening 5197:King's Indian Attack 5086:first-move advantage 4739:Threefold repetition 4664:Bobby Fischer Center 4549:Charlemagne chessmen 4543:Göttingen manuscript 4507: 4348:Correspondence chess 4159:Beliavsky, Alexander 4106:Pinski, Jan (2003). 3939:Estrin (1971), p. 67 1263:the e-pawn with the 1252: 1205: 1197: 1166: 1158: 1150: 1149:White can choose to 669:Tidskrift för Schack 630: 599:is extremely risky. 576: 529:correspondence chess 5663:Two knights endgame 5415:Bogo-Indian Defence 5302:Two Knights Defense 5242:Nimzowitsch Defence 4932:Artificial castling 4569:Soviet chess school 4444:Dubrovnik chess set 3953:. The Netherlands: 3023:Ulvestad Variation 2981:Steinitz Variation 2897:Kieseritzky Attack 1108:Alexander Beliavsky 531:by players such as 438:Two Knights Defense 24: 23:Two Knights Defense 5893:endgame literature 5440:Old Indian Defense 5350:Accelerated Dragon 5222:Alekhine's Defence 4954:Checkmate patterns 4823:symbols in Unicode 4818:annotation symbols 4581:Geography of chess 4449:Staunton chess set 4130:Unzicker, Wolfgang 4039:B. T. Batsford Ltd 3835:2016-03-04 at the 3775:www.chessgames.com 3715:chessbase-shop.com 3626:Y. Estrin (1983). 3320:(by transposition) 2852:Fried Liver Attack 587:Main line: 4...d5 546:algebraic notation 544:This article uses 480:First recorded by 22: 6040: 6039: 5917:Chess periodicals 5846:Chess in the arts 5778:Chess composition 5616:Philidor position 5557: 5556: 5499:Trompowsky Attack 5482:Semi-Slav Defence 5372:Queen's Pawn Game 5252:Four Knights Game 5227:Caro–Kann Defence 5192:Zukertort Opening 4979:Discovered attack 4699:Cheating in chess 4536:Versus de scachis 4253:). Chesscafe.com. 4240:). Chesscafe.com. 4227:). Chesscafe.com. 4180:978-0-7134-8441-0 4136:. Droemer Knaur. 3899:Chessbook Reviews 3771:"POLERIO DEFENSE" 3611: 3610: 3317:Giuoco Pianissimo 2711:Max Lange Attack 2709: 2708: 2348: 2347: 1987: 1986: 1640: 1639: 1222:Giuoco Pianissimo 1178:Nakhmanson Gambit 1023: 1022: 565:Siegbert Tarrasch 440:(also called the 434: 433: 420:Late 16th century 390: 389: 6065: 6027:Chess portal 6025: 6024: 5968:Leela Chess Zero 5899:Oxford Companion 5851:early literature 5841:Chess aesthetics 5586:Pawnless endgame 5537:Bongcloud Attack 5515:List of openings 5487:Chigorin Defense 5425:Grünfeld Defence 5336:Sicilian Defence 5282:Ponziani Opening 5277:Philidor Defence 5272:Petrov's Defence 5214:King's Pawn Game 5187:Larsen's Opening 5150: 5149: 4511: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4258: 4257: 4207: 4184: 4147: 4125: 4102: 4084: 4069:(2nd ed.). 4052: 4035:The Italian Game 4026: 4014: 3995:de Firmian, Nick 3982: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3928: 3925: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3846: 3840: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3818: 3817: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3757: 3738: 3732: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3717:. Archived from 3707: 3694: 3692: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3655:Bronstein, David 3651: 3642: 3641: 3623: 3446:Max Lange Attack 3321: 3065:Fritz Variation 2730: 2614: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2593: 2592: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2572: 2571: 2565: 2564: 2558: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2509: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2466: 2460: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2446: 2445: 2439: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2418: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2403: 2398: 2397: 2357: 2253: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2225: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2204: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2176: 2175: 2169: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2148: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2134: 2133: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2119: 2113: 2112: 2106: 2105: 2099: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2078: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2036: 1996: 1892: 1891: 1885: 1884: 1878: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1849: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1794: 1793: 1787: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1773: 1772: 1766: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1752: 1751: 1745: 1744: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1710: 1709: 1703: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1690: 1689: 1649: 1545: 1544: 1538: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1517: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1475: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1454: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1426: 1425: 1419: 1418: 1412: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1384: 1383: 1377: 1376: 1370: 1369: 1363: 1362: 1356: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1281: 1256: 1209: 1201: 1190:Max Lange Attack 1170: 1162: 1154: 928: 927: 921: 920: 914: 913: 907: 906: 900: 899: 893: 892: 886: 885: 879: 878: 872: 871: 865: 864: 858: 857: 851: 850: 844: 843: 837: 836: 830: 829: 823: 822: 816: 815: 809: 808: 802: 801: 795: 794: 788: 787: 781: 780: 774: 773: 767: 766: 760: 759: 753: 752: 746: 745: 739: 738: 732: 731: 726: 725: 685: 634: 580: 502:Mikhail Chigorin 442:Prussian Defense 295: 294: 288: 287: 281: 280: 274: 273: 267: 266: 260: 259: 253: 252: 246: 245: 239: 238: 232: 231: 225: 224: 218: 217: 211: 210: 204: 203: 197: 196: 190: 189: 183: 182: 176: 175: 169: 168: 162: 161: 155: 154: 148: 147: 141: 140: 134: 133: 127: 126: 120: 119: 113: 112: 106: 105: 99: 98: 92: 91: 85: 84: 78: 77: 72: 71: 31: 25: 21: 6073: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6036: 6019: 6011: 5921: 5907:Chess libraries 5824: 5728:FIDE Grand Prix 5723:Chess World Cup 5677: 5673:Wrong rook pawn 5611:Lucena position 5553: 5503: 5420:Catalan Opening 5395:English Defence 5380:Budapest Gambit 5366: 5324:Austrian Attack 5208: 5177:English Opening 5139: 5135:School of chess 5118:Minority attack 5050: 5019:Queen sacrifice 4918: 4779: 4775:White and Black 4770:Touch-move rule 4729:Perpetual check 4724:Fifty-move rule 4680: 4516: 4513: 4420: 4290: 4285: 4214: 4204: 4181: 4154: 4152:Further reading 4144: 4122: 4099: 4087: 4081: 4049: 4011: 3985: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3957:. p. 450. 3947: 3943: 3938: 3931: 3926: 3917: 3908: 3906: 3891: 3887: 3878: 3874: 3865: 3863: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3837:Wayback Machine 3828: 3824: 3815: 3813: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3755: 3753: 3740: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3726: 3709: 3708: 3697: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3492: 3481: 3476: 3471: 3466: 3461: 3456: 3451: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3319: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3154: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2985: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2931: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2862: 2857: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2815: 2810: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2773: 2762: 2714: 2713: 2712: 2616: 2615: 2608: 2601: 2594: 2587: 2580: 2573: 2566: 2559: 2552: 2545: 2538: 2531: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2489: 2482: 2475: 2468: 2461: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2412: 2405: 2395: 2353: 2352: 2351: 2255: 2254: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2226: 2219: 2212: 2205: 2198: 2191: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2163: 2156: 2149: 2142: 2135: 2128: 2121: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2093: 2086: 2079: 2072: 2065: 2058: 2051: 2044: 2034: 1992: 1991: 1990: 1894: 1893: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1865: 1858: 1851: 1844: 1837: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1788: 1781: 1774: 1767: 1760: 1753: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1718: 1711: 1704: 1697: 1687: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1547: 1546: 1539: 1532: 1525: 1518: 1511: 1504: 1497: 1490: 1483: 1476: 1469: 1462: 1455: 1448: 1441: 1434: 1427: 1420: 1413: 1406: 1399: 1392: 1385: 1378: 1371: 1364: 1357: 1350: 1343: 1336: 1329: 1319: 1277: 1258: 1245: 1239: 1218: 1211: 1203: 1172: 1164: 1156: 1147: 1122: 1068: 1062: 1044:Efim Bogoljubow 1028: 1027: 1026: 930: 929: 922: 915: 908: 901: 894: 887: 880: 873: 866: 859: 852: 845: 838: 831: 824: 817: 810: 803: 796: 789: 782: 775: 768: 761: 754: 747: 740: 733: 723: 658:Carl Schlechter 654:Alexander Fritz 636: 589: 582: 561: 556: 554:Main variations 551: 550: 549: 510:world champions 498:David Bronstein 392: 391: 297: 296: 289: 282: 275: 268: 261: 254: 247: 240: 233: 226: 219: 212: 205: 198: 191: 184: 177: 170: 163: 156: 149: 142: 135: 128: 121: 114: 107: 100: 93: 86: 79: 69: 20: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6071: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6053:Chess openings 6038: 6037: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6016: 6013: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6004: 5999: 5994: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5977: 5976: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5950: 5948:Chess composer 5945: 5940: 5935: 5929: 5927: 5923: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5895: 5890: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5803:North American 5800: 5795: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5705: 5704: 5703: 5696:Chess Olympiad 5693: 5687: 5685: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5620: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5547:Scholar's mate 5544: 5539: 5529: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5511: 5509: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5462:Queen's Gambit 5459: 5454: 5449: 5448: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5405:Benoni Defence 5400:Indian Defence 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5376: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5365: 5364: 5363: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5343: 5333: 5328: 5327: 5326: 5316: 5314:Owen's Defence 5311: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5244: 5239: 5237:Modern Defence 5234: 5232:French Defence 5229: 5224: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5199: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5167:Bird's Opening 5164: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5141: 5140: 5138: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5098:Pawn structure 5095: 5090: 5089: 5088: 5078: 5077: 5076: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5052: 5051: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4944: 4942:Alekhine's gun 4934: 4928: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4895: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4864: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4855:Half-open file 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4798:Chess notation 4795: 4789: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4755: 4753:Pawn promotion 4750: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4690: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4656: 4654:Women in chess 4651: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4616: 4615: 4610: 4600: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4564:Hypermodernism 4561: 4559:Romantic chess 4556: 4554:Lewis chessmen 4551: 4546: 4539: 4526: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4515: 4514: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4494: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4453: 4452: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4430: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4401: 4400: 4399: 4394: 4392:world rankings 4384: 4383: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4370: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4321:Computer chess 4318: 4317: 4316: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4292: 4291: 4284: 4283: 4276: 4269: 4261: 4255: 4254: 4241: 4228: 4213: 4212:External links 4210: 4209: 4208: 4203:978-1857442830 4202: 4194:Everyman Chess 4185: 4179: 4153: 4150: 4149: 4148: 4142: 4126: 4120: 4112:Everyman Chess 4103: 4097: 4085: 4079: 4061:Whyld, Kenneth 4053: 4047: 4027: 4015: 4009: 3984: 3983: 3970: 3963: 3941: 3929: 3915: 3885: 3872: 3855:Chessgames.com 3841: 3822: 3805:Chessgames.com 3791: 3762: 3733: 3724: 3721:on 2011-11-29. 3695: 3683:Fischer, Bobby 3674: 3667: 3659:200 Open Games 3643: 3636: 3617: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3601: 3596: 3591: 3586: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3313: 3312: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3223: 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3181: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3107: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2879: 2874: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2848: 2847: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2812: 2807: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2736: 2733: 2728: 2727: 2710: 2707: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2683: 2680: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2609: 2602: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2574: 2567: 2560: 2553: 2546: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2518: 2511: 2504: 2497: 2490: 2483: 2476: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2448: 2441: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2355: 2354: 2349: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2325: 2322: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2308: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2299: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2275: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2248: 2241: 2234: 2227: 2220: 2213: 2206: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2164: 2157: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2129: 2122: 2115: 2108: 2101: 2094: 2087: 2080: 2073: 2066: 2059: 2052: 2045: 2038: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2017: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2002: 1999: 1994: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1947: 1946: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1903: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1838: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1796: 1789: 1782: 1775: 1768: 1761: 1754: 1747: 1740: 1733: 1726: 1719: 1712: 1705: 1698: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1604: 1600: 1599: 1596: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1560: 1559: 1556: 1552: 1551: 1548: 1540: 1533: 1526: 1519: 1512: 1505: 1498: 1491: 1484: 1477: 1470: 1463: 1456: 1449: 1442: 1435: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1400: 1393: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1351: 1344: 1337: 1330: 1323: 1317: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1276: 1273: 1238: 1235: 1217: 1214: 1183:Victor Bologan 1146: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1134: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1104:Lawrence Trent 1100: 1097: 1087:Frank Marshall 1064:Main article: 1061: 1058: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1012: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 990: 987: 983: 982: 979: 975: 974: 971: 967: 966: 963: 959: 958: 955: 951: 950: 947: 943: 942: 939: 935: 934: 931: 923: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 881: 874: 867: 860: 853: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 811: 804: 797: 790: 783: 776: 769: 762: 755: 748: 741: 734: 727: 721: 719: 715: 714: 712: 709: 706: 703: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 683: 682: 681: 680: 673: 638: 633:over the board 588: 585: 563:German master 560: 557: 555: 552: 543: 542: 478: 477: 468: 459: 432: 431: 426: 422: 421: 418: 414: 413: 410: 402: 401: 398: 394: 393: 388: 387: 385: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 357: 354: 350: 349: 346: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 330: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317: 314: 310: 309: 306: 302: 301: 298: 290: 283: 276: 269: 262: 255: 248: 241: 234: 227: 220: 213: 206: 199: 192: 185: 178: 171: 164: 157: 150: 143: 136: 129: 122: 115: 108: 101: 94: 87: 80: 73: 67: 65: 61: 60: 58: 55: 52: 49: 46: 43: 40: 37: 34: 29: 28: 18: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6070: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6048: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6017: 6014: 6008: 6007:Solving chess 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5997:Chess prodigy 5995: 5991: 5988: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5981: 5980:Chess problem 5978: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5955: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5888:opening books 5886: 5885: 5884: 5881: 5877: 5876:short stories 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5829:Art and media 5827: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5702: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5688: 5686: 5684: 5680: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5641:triangulation 5639: 5637: 5636:Tarrasch rule 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5596:Queen vs pawn 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5534: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5464: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5452:London System 5450: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5410:Modern Benoni 5408: 5406: 5403: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5390:Dutch Defence 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5338: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5267:King's Gambit 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5182:Grob's Attack 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5172:Dunst Opening 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5162:Benko Opening 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5154:Flank opening 5151: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5087: 5084: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5075: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4925: 4921: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4909:Transposition 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4660: 4659:Chess museums 4657: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4627:Notable games 4625: 4621: 4618: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4592: 4589: 4588: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4538: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4416:World records 4414: 4410: 4407: 4406: 4405: 4402: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4390: 4389: 4388: 4387:Rating system 4385: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4374: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4268: 4263: 4262: 4259: 4252: 4248: 4247: 4242: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4221: 4216: 4215: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4145: 4143:3-426-02242-7 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4121:1-85744-283-0 4117: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4098:90-5691-069-8 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4080:0-19-280049-3 4076: 4072: 4068: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4057:Hooper, David 4054: 4050: 4048:0-7134-3261-6 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4019:Estrin, Yakov 4016: 4012: 4010:0-8129-3084-3 4006: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3980: 3974: 3966: 3964:9789056915438 3960: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3936: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3905:on 2010-09-24 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3882: 3876: 3861: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3838: 3834: 3831: 3826: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3801: 3795: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3690: 3689: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3668:0-486-26857-8 3664: 3660: 3656: 3650: 3648: 3639: 3637:0-7134-3991-2 3633: 3629: 3622: 3618: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3546: 3541: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3484: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3353: 3348: 3343: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3273: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3063: 3060: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2860: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2819: 2813: 2808: 2806:Lolli Attack 2804: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2756: 2732: 2731: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2721: 2719: 2705: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2626: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2389: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2358: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2277: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2257: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1998: 1997: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1956: 1952: 1949: 1948: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1904: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1659: 1656: 1653: 1651: 1650: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1561: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1549: 1313: 1312: 1309: 1306: 1303: 1300: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1250: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1223: 1213: 1210: 1202: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1163: 1155: 1139: 1135: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1126: 1113: 1112:Alexei Shirov 1109: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:Karel Traxler 1073: 1067: 1057: 1054: 1048: 1045: 1040: 1037: 1033: 1019: 1016: 1013: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 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5494:Torre Attack 5477:Slav Defence 5385:Colle System 5360:Scheveningen 5319:Pirc Defence 5301: 5262:Italian Game 5257:Giuoco Piano 5202:Réti Opening 5125:Piece values 5113:Maróczy Bind 5074:the exchange 5064:Compensation 4994:Interference 4984:Double check 4758:Time control 4745: 4719:by agreement 4647:grandmasters 4591:South Africa 4541: 4534: 4510:Score sheets 4456:Chess pieces 4363:Online chess 4309:Chess titles 4304:Chess theory 4245: 4232: 4219: 4189: 4166: 4133: 4107: 4088: 4065: 4034: 4031:Harding, Tim 4022: 3999: 3988:Bibliography 3987: 3986: 3978: 3973: 3955:New in Chess 3950: 3944: 3907:. Retrieved 3903:the original 3898: 3888: 3880: 3875: 3864:. Retrieved 3853: 3844: 3825: 3814:. Retrieved 3803: 3794: 3783:. Retrieved 3774: 3765: 3754:. Retrieved 3745: 3736: 3727: 3719:the original 3714: 3686: 3677: 3658: 3630:. Batsford. 3627: 3621: 2724: 2715: 1246: 1233:and others. 1219: 1187: 1177: 1175: 1148: 1123: 1091: 1069: 1049: 1041: 1029: 667: 661: 642:Chess Review 641: 606:Chess Review 604: 590: 573:Vasily Panov 568: 562: 537:Yakov Estrin 519:. In modern 490:Giuoco Piano 486:Italian Game 479: 441: 437: 435: 429:Italian Game 405: 5883:Chess books 5683:Tournaments 5542:Fool's mate 5307:Vienna Game 5297:Scotch Game 5130:Prophylaxis 5046:Zwischenzug 5031:Undermining 4999:Overloading 4959:Combination 4808:descriptive 4503:Chess table 4498:Chess clock 4314:Grandmaster 1269:blitz chess 1255:bishop pair 1053:Nigel Short 1036:Kieseritzky 1032:Paul Morphy 613:Attack 6.d4 521:grandmaster 513:Mikhail Tal 6047:Categories 5990:joke chess 5943:Chess club 5631:opposition 5093:Middlegame 5081:Initiative 5004:Pawn storm 4969:Deflection 4840:Key square 4830:Fianchetto 4763:Fast chess 4747:En passant 4439:chessboard 3909:2010-04-30 3866:2019-03-24 3816:2005-11-19 3785:2022-07-26 3756:2022-07-26 3614:References 2939:Main Line 1989:Main Line 1194:Sveshnikov 1072:problemist 506:Paul Keres 5973:Stockfish 5963:Deep Blue 5958:AlphaZero 5866:paintings 5658:Tablebase 5622:Strategy 5532:Irregular 5287:Ruy Lopez 5247:Open Game 5014:Sacrifice 4974:Desperado 4877:connected 4850:Open file 4845:King walk 4803:algebraic 4734:Stalemate 4709:Checkmate 4434:Chess set 4426:Equipment 4063:(1996) . 3746:Chess.com 3657:(1991) . 1231:John Nunn 1227:Ruy Lopez 1176:The wild 650:transpose 6032:Category 5985:glossary 5646:Zugzwang 5626:fortress 5563:Endgames 5472:Declined 5467:Accepted 5145:Openings 5103:Hedgehog 5069:Exchange 5056:Strategy 5036:Windmill 4887:isolated 4872:backward 4694:Castling 4637:amateurs 4530:Timeline 4404:Variants 4358:Glossary 4341:software 4326:glossary 4171:Batsford 4165:(1999). 4132:(1975). 4021:(1971). 3997:(1999). 3860:Archived 3833:Archived 3810:Archived 3779:Archived 3750:Archived 1200:playable 1169:material 1161:equalize 1120:4...Nxe4 617:, which 5933:Arbiter 5926:Related 5783:Solving 5773:Amateur 5355:Najdorf 4937:Battery 4924:Tactics 4899:Swindle 4882:doubled 4862:Outpost 4793:Blunder 4608:Armenia 4522:History 4368:Premove 4336:engines 4331:matches 4296:Outline 3111:Nxe4?! 1153:develop 494:3...Bc5 444:) is a 412:C55–C59 5871:poetry 5861:novels 5836:Caïssa 5768:Senior 5758:Junior 5346:Dragon 5341:Alapin 5026:Skewer 4892:passed 4835:Gambit 4642:female 4603:Europe 4586:Africa 4481:Knight 4476:Bishop 4200:  4177:  4140:  4118:  4095:  4077:  4045:  4007:  3961:  3665:  3634:  3114:Bxf7+! 2866:Nxf7!? 1261:gambit 1079:Prague 625:6.Nxf7 508:, and 425:Parent 417:Origin 5818:WCSCC 5763:Youth 5753:Blitz 5748:Rapid 5738:Women 5701:Women 5653:Study 5508:Other 5041:X-ray 4964:Decoy 4949:Block 4904:Tempo 4867:Pawns 4785:Terms 4704:Check 4686:Rules 4620:India 4613:Spain 4598:China 4491:Fairy 4466:Queen 4397:norms 4288:Chess 3467:dxc4 3423:Qxd5 3413:Nxe4 3367:exd4 3284:Nxd5 3279:d5!? 3160:Nxc3 3155:Nxe4 3126:Nxc3 3085:Nxd5 3043:Nxd5 2959:bxc6 2922:Nxc4 2868:Kxf7 2769:Bxf7+ 1208:sharp 611:Lolli 579:force 559:4.Ng5 525:3.Bb5 397:Moves 5856:film 5813:WCCC 5808:TCEC 5798:CSVN 5743:Team 5713:List 4989:Fork 4914:Trap 4714:Draw 4486:Pawn 4471:Rook 4461:King 4409:List 4378:list 4353:FIDE 4198:ISBN 4175:ISBN 4138:ISBN 4116:ISBN 4093:ISBN 4075:ISBN 4043:ISBN 4005:ISBN 3959:ISBN 3663:ISBN 3632:ISBN 3580:Ng4 3575:... 3539:Ne4 3534:... 3508:Bc5 3506:Nxd4 3503:Ne4 3493:... 3482:Qf5 3477:Qd5 3472:Be6 3470:Re1+ 3465:exf6 3457:Bc5 3452:... 3421:Bxd5 3408:... 3382:Bc5 3380:Nxd4 3377:Ne4 3326:Bc5 3282:exd5 3197:Be7 3170:Nd8 3165:Qe7 3163:dxc3 3139:Bg8! 3136:Kd8 3131:Qd6 3129:bxc3 3124:Nc3! 3116:Ke7 3083:Bf1! 3075:Nd4 3070:... 3038:Nd4 3036:Bf1! 3028:... 3006:... 3001:... 2996:... 2991:... 2986:... 2957:dxc6 2952:Bb5+ 2949:... 2944:... 2927:Bc5 2925:dxc4 2907:Na5 2902:... 2873:Ke6 2871:Qf3+ 2863:... 2858:... 2816:Nxd5 2814:exd5 2777:Bb3! 2774:Ke7 1249:fork 1145:4.d4 1110:and 535:and 515:and 504:and 436:The 5793:CCC 5009:Pin 4813:PGN 4251:PDF 4238:PDF 4225:PDF 3578:... 3573:... 3537:... 3532:... 3501:Bb5 3498:d5 3491:... 3480:Nc3 3475:Ng5 3462:d5 3455:... 3450:... 3426:Nc3 3418:d5 3416:Re1 3411:0-0 3406:... 3375:Bb5 3372:d5 3324:... 3277:... 3238:h6 3236:... 3168:Ng5 3158:0-0 3153:Nc3 3134:a4! 3121:d5 3119:d4! 3109:... 3088:Ne4 3080:b5 3073:... 3068:... 3046:Ne4 3033:b5 3031:... 3026:... 3009:Nh3 3004:... 2999:... 2994:... 2989:... 2984:... 2972:Ne5 2969:e4 2967:Nf3 2964:h6 2962:Be2 2954:c6 2947:... 2942:... 2920:Qe2 2917:e4 2915:Nf3 2912:h6 2905:... 2900:... 2876:Nc3 2861:... 2856:... 2822:d4! 2811:d5 2809:... 2763:Bc5 2761:Ng5 2753:10 2720:.) 1085:by 475:Nf6 472:Bc4 470:3. 466:Nc6 463:Nf3 461:2. 452:1. 407:ECO 6049:: 4196:. 4192:. 4173:. 4169:. 4161:; 4114:. 4110:. 4073:. 4059:; 4041:. 4037:. 3932:^ 3918:^ 3897:. 3858:. 3852:. 3808:. 3802:. 3777:. 3773:. 3748:. 3744:. 3713:. 3698:^ 3685:. 3646:^ 3605:- 3600:- 3595:- 3590:- 3585:- 3564:- 3559:- 3554:- 3549:- 3544:- 3523:- 3518:- 3513:- 3496:e5 3460:e5 3438:- 3433:- 3428:- 3397:- 3392:- 3387:- 3370:e5 3365:d4 3356:- 3351:- 3346:- 3341:- 3336:- 3331:- 3309:- 3304:- 3299:- 3294:- 3289:- 3268:- 3263:- 3258:- 3253:- 3248:- 3243:- 3227:- 3222:- 3217:- 3212:- 3207:- 3202:- 3195:d3 3185:- 3180:- 3175:- 3141:- 3100:- 3095:- 3090:- 3078:c3 3058:- 3053:- 3048:- 3041:c3 3016:- 3011:- 2974:- 2932:- 2910:d3 2888:- 2883:- 2878:- 2844:- 2839:- 2834:- 2829:- 2824:- 2818:?! 2799:- 2794:- 2789:- 2784:- 2779:- 2765:!? 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Index

ECO
Italian Game
chess opening
e4
e5
Nf3
Nc6
Bc4
Nf6
Giulio Cesare Polerio
Italian Game
Giuoco Piano
3...Bc5
David Bronstein
Mikhail Chigorin
Paul Keres
world champions
Mikhail Tal
Boris Spassky
grandmaster
3.Bb5
correspondence chess
Hans Berliner
Yakov Estrin
algebraic notation
Siegbert Tarrasch
Vasily Panov
force
?!
Albert Pinkus

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