578:, though some patients did receive these medications. These medications are considered the standard of care in alcohol use disorder treatment among medical experts and have demonstrated efficacy in randomized-controlled trials in promoting alcohol abstinence. A systematic review published in 2017 found that twelve-step programs for reducing illicit drug use are neither better nor worse than other interventions, though the researchers behind the review noted the weakness of most of the studies analyzed, which may lead to interpretations of their results that did not accurately reflect the actual picture.
452:
the First Step of the life of the alcoholic or addict as "unmanageable" refers to the lack of choice that the mind of the addict or alcoholic affords concerning whether to drink or use again. The illness of the spiritual dimension, or "spiritual malady," is considered in all twelve-step groups to be self-centeredness. The process of working the steps is intended to replace self-centeredness with a growing moral consciousness and a willingness for self-sacrifice and unselfish constructive action. In twelve-step groups, this is known as a "spiritual awakening." This should not be confused with
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allergy-like bodily reaction resulting in the compulsion to continue using substances even when it's harmful or wanting to quit. The statement in the First Step that the individual is "powerless" over the substance-abuse related behavior at issue refers to the lack of control over this compulsion, which persists despite any negative consequences that may be endured as a result.
270:. In 1946 they formally established the twelve traditions to help deal with the issues of how various groups could relate and function as membership grew. The practice of remaining anonymous (using only one's first names) when interacting with the general public was published in the first edition of the AA Big Book.
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Alcoholics
Anonymous is the largest of all of the twelve-step programs (from which all other twelve-step programs are derived), followed by Narcotics Anonymous; the majority of twelve-step members are recovering from addiction to alcohol or other drugs. The majority of twelve-step programs, however,
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In accordance with the First Step, twelve-step groups emphasize self-admission by members of the problem they are recovering from. It is in this spirit that members often identify themselves along with an admission of their problem, often as "Hi, I’m [first name only], and I’m an alcoholic".
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The mental obsession is described as the cognitive processes that cause the individual to repeat the compulsive behavior after some period of abstinence, either knowing that the result will be an inability to stop or operating under the delusion that the result will be different. The description in
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These observations would be academic and pointless if never took the first drink, thereby setting the terrible cycle in motion. Therefore, the main problem...centers in his mind....The fact is that most alcoholics...have lost the power of choice in drink...unable, at certain times, to bring into
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discussion and study, meditation, and writing. Completing the program usually implies competency to guide newcomers which is often encouraged. Sponsees typically do their Fifth Step, review their moral inventory written as part of the Fourth Step, with their sponsor. The Fifth Step, as well as the
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A study of sponsorship as practiced in
Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous found that providing direction and support to other alcoholics and addicts is associated with sustained abstinence for the sponsor, but suggested that there were few short-term benefits for the sponsee's one-year
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In the twelve-step program, the human structure is symbolically represented in three dimensions: physical, mental, and spiritual. The problems the groups deal with are understood to manifest themselves in each dimension. For addicts and alcoholics, the physical dimension is best described by the
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Sponsors share their experience, strength, and hope with their sponsees... A sponsor's role is not that of a legal adviser, a banker, a parent, a marriage counselor, or a social worker. Nor is a sponsor a therapist offering some sort of professional advice. A sponsor is simply another addict in
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A sponsor is a more experienced person in recovery who guides the less-experienced aspirant ("sponsee") through the program's twelve steps. New members in twelve-step programs are encouraged to secure a relationship with at least one sponsor who both has a sponsor and has taken the twelve steps
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The personal nature of the behavioral issues that lead to seeking help in twelve-step fellowships results in a strong relationship between sponsee and sponsor. As the relationship is based on spiritual principles, it is unique and not generally characterized as "friendship". Fundamentally, the
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As AA chapters were increasing in number during the 1930s and 1940s, the guiding principles were gradually defined as the Twelve
Traditions. A singleness of purpose emerged as Tradition Five: "Each group has but one primary purpose—to carry its message to the alcoholic who still suffers".
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Where other twelve-step groups have adapted the AA steps as guiding principles, step one is generally updated to reflect the focus of recovery. For example, in
Overeaters Anonymous, the first step reads, "We admitted we were powerless over compulsive overeating—that our lives had become
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Sponsors and sponsees participate in activities that lead to spiritual growth. Experiences in the program are often shared by outgoing members with incoming members. This rotation of experience is often considered to have a great spiritual reward. These may include practices such as
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The Twelve
Traditions accompany the Twelve Steps. The Traditions provide guidelines for group governance. They were developed in AA in order to help resolve conflicts in the areas of publicity, politics, religion, and finances. Alcoholics Anonymous' Twelve Traditions are:
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Cheng, Hung-Yuan; McGuinness, Luke A; Elbers, Roy G; MacArthur, Georgina J; Taylor, Abigail; McAleenan, Alexandra; Dawson, Sarah; López-López, José A; Higgins, Julian P T; Cowlishaw, Sean; Lingford-Hughes, Anne; Hickman, Matthew; Kessler, David (November 25, 2020).
698:, while another review asserts that these programs bore little semblance to religious cults and that the techniques used appeared beneficial to some. Another study found that a twelve-step program's focus on self-admission of having a problem increases deviant
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studies have shown twelve-step programs provide similar benefit compared to motivational enhancement therapy (MET) and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and were more effective in producing continuous abstinence and remission compared to these approaches.
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In the past, some medical professionals have criticized twelve-step programs as "a cult that relies on God as the mechanism of action" and as lacking any experimental evidence in favor of its efficacy. Ethical and operational issues had prevented robust
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Harris, J., Best, D., Gossop, M., Marshall, J., Man, L.-H., Manning, V.; et al. (March 2003). "Prior alcoholics anonymous (AA) affiliation and the acceptability of the twelve steps to patients entering UK statutory addiction treatment".
547:, assists family members and friends of people who have alcoholism and other addictions. About twenty percent of twelve-step programs are for substance addiction recovery, the other eighty percent address a variety of problems from
456:, which produces dramatic, but temporary, changes. As a rule, in twelve-step fellowships, spiritual awakening occurs slowly over a period of time, although there are exceptions where members experience a sudden spiritual awakening.
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themselves. Publications from twelve-step fellowships emphasize that sponsorship is a "one on one" nonhierarchical relationship of shared experiences focused on working the Twelve Steps. According to
Narcotics Anonymous:
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An AA group ought never endorse, finance, or lend the AA name to any related facility or outside enterprise, lest problems of money, property, and prestige divert us from our primary purpose.
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sponsor has the single purpose of helping the sponsee recover from the behavioral problem that brought the sufferer into twelve-step work, which reflexively helps the sponsor recover.
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Morgenstern, J., Bux, D., Labouvie, E., Blanchard, K. A., & Morgan, T. J. (November 2002). "Examining mechanisms of action in 12-step treatment: The role of 12-step cognitions".
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For our group purpose there is but one ultimate authority—a loving God as He may express
Himself in our group conscience. Our leaders are but trusted servants; they do not govern.
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who do not suffer from the specifics of alcoholism involved in AA hoping for recovery technically are not welcome in "closed" meetings unless they have a desire to stop drinking
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Crape, Byron L.; Latkin, Carl A.; Laris, Alexandra S.; Knowlton, Amy R. (February 2002). "The effects of sponsorship in 12-step treatment of injection drug users".
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706:, replacing it with the deviant identity. Another study asserts that the prior cultural identity may not be replaced entirely, but rather members found adapted a
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Our public relations policy is based on attraction rather than promotion; we need always to maintain personal anonymity at the level of press, radio, and films.
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Having had a spiritual awakening as the result of these steps, we tried to carry this message to alcoholics and to practice these principles in all our affairs.
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Coleman P (December 1, 2005). "Privilege and confidentiality in 12-step self-help programs. Believing the promises could be hazardous to an addict's freedom".
2362:"Alcoholics Anonymous and 12-Step Facilitation Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder: A Distillation of a 2020 Cochrane Review for Clinicians and Policy Makers"
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consciousness with sufficient force the memory of the suffering and humiliation of a month or even a week ago. is without defense against the first drink.
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of
Alcoholics Anonymous showed that participation in AA resulted in more alcoholics being abstinent from alcohol and for longer periods of time than
555:. It would be an error to assume the effectiveness of twelve-step methods at treating problems in one domain translates to all or to another domain.
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Saulnier, Christine Flynn (1996). "Images of the Twelve-Step Model, and Sex and Love
Addiction in an Alcohol Intervention Group for Black Women".
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Sias, S. M., & Goodwin, L. R. Jr. (April 2007). "Students' reactions to attending 12-step meetings: Implications for counselor education".
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Levinson, David (1983). "Current Status of the Field: An
Anthropological Perspective on the Behavior Modification Treatment of Alcoholism".
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1953: ... this committee met regularly ... From the beginning ... 12 Steps ... 12 Traditions ... All Steps had 'We'
224:, for friends and family members of alcoholics and addicts, respectively, are part of a response to treating addiction as a disease that is
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problems, have been advised that they should alert their patients that, at any time, their statements made in meetings may be disclosed.
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from being conducted comparing twelve-step programs directly to other approaches. More recent studies employing non-randomized and
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AA, as such, ought never be organized; but we may create service boards or committees directly responsible to those they serve.
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The principles of AA have been used to form numerous other fellowships specifically designed for those recovering from various
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to improve our conscious contact with God, praying only for knowledge of His will for us and the power to carry that out.
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Anonymity is the spiritual foundation of all our traditions, ever reminding us to place principles before personalities.
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At some stage of his drinking career, he begins to lose all control of his liquor consumption, once he starts to drink.
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Levine, Betsy; Kellen, Bonnie (2000). "Chapter 18: Debtors Anonymous and Psychotherapy". In Benson, April Lane (ed.).
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Bøg, Martin; Filges, Trine; Brännström, Lars; Jørgensen, Anne-Marie Klint; Fredrikksson, Maja Karrman (January 2017).
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Alcoholics Anonymous has no opinion on outside issues; hence the AA name ought never be drawn into public controversy.
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Crnkovic, A. Elaine; DelCampo, Robert L. (March 1998). "A Systems Approach to the Treatment of Chemical Addiction".
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570:, and as effective as these in other measures. The 2020 review did not compare twelve step programs to the use of
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1147:"World Service Board of Trustees Bulletin #13: Some thoughts regarding our relationship to Alcoholics Anonymous"
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Alcoholics Anonymous should remain forever non-professional, but our service centers may employ special workers.
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85:. All twelve-step programs utilize a version of AA's suggested twelve steps first published in the 1939 book
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Borman, P. D., & Dixon, D. N. (Fall 1998). "Spirituality and the 12 steps of substance abuse recovery".
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Ronel, Natti (2000). "From Self-Help to Professional Care: An Enhanced Application of the 12-Step Program".
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White, William L.; Kurtz, Ernest (2008). "Twelve Defining Moments in the History of Alcoholics Anonymous".
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The Efficacy of Overeaters Anonymous in Fostering Abstinence in Binge-Easting Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa
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Freimuth, M. (July 2000). "Integrating group psychotherapy and 12-step work: A collaborative approach".
2130:"Alcohol-Use Disorders: Diagnosis, Assessment and Management of Harmful Drinking and Alcohol Dependence"
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address illnesses other than substance addiction. For example, the third-largest twelve-step program,
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Made direct amends to such people wherever possible, except when to do so would injure them or others.
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2136:. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence: Guidelines. British Psychological Society (UK).
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232:(ACA or ACOA) addresses the effects of growing up in an alcoholic or otherwise dysfunctional family.
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Wright, Kevin B. (1997). "Shared ideology in Alcoholics Anonymous: a grounded theory approach".
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Hayes, Terrell (February 2000). "Stigmatizing Indebtedness: Implications for Labeling Theory".
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Each group has but one primary purpose—to carry its message to the alcoholic who still suffers.
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Alcoholics Anonymous: The Story of How More Than One Hundred Men Have Recovered from Alcoholism
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unmanageable." The third step is also sometimes altered to remove gender-specific pronouns.
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Genetics Behavioral Treatment Social Mediators and Prevention Current Concepts in Diagnosis
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Each group should be autonomous except in matters affecting other groups or AA as a whole.
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Demographic preferences related to the addicts' drug of choice has led to the creation of
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Kurtz, L. F., & Fisher, M. (May 2003). "Twelve-step recovery and community service".
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Admitted to God, to ourselves, and to another human being the exact nature of our wrongs.
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Simkin, D. R. (January 1996). "Twelve-step treatment from a development perspective".
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Freimuth, M. (199). "Psychotherapists' beliefs about the benefits of 12-step groups".
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Sheehan, T. (2004). "Twelve Step Facilitation: A Necessary Treatment for Offenders".
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Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), the first twelve-step fellowship, was founded in 1935 by
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Continued to take personal inventory, and when we were wrong, promptly admitted it.
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Every AA group ought to be fully self-supporting, declining outside contributions.
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We admitted we were powerless over alcohol—that our lives had become unmanageable.
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The following are the original twelve steps as published by Alcoholics Anonymous:
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was formed by addicts who did not relate to the specifics of alcohol dependency.
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Kelly, John F; Abry, Alexandra; Ferri, Marica; Humphreys, Keith (July 6, 2020).
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Kurtz LF, Chambon A (1987). "Comparison of self-help groups for mental health".
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Came to believe that a power greater than ourselves could restore us to sanity.
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helping others who suffer from the same alcoholism, addictions, or compulsions.
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Our common welfare should come first; personal recovery depends upon AA unity.
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Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey; Tavris, Carol (2015).
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1753:"The A.A. Group…Where it all begins How a group Functions How to get started"
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recovery who is willing to share his or her journey through the Twelve Steps.
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admitting that one cannot control one's alcoholism, addiction, or compulsion;
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Alexander, F.; Rollins, M. (1985). "Alcoholics Anonymous: the unseen cult".
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2002:"Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs for alcohol use disorder"
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Alcoholics Anonymous as a Mutual-help Movement: A Study in Eight Societies
1839:(Master of Arts, Sociology). Tampa, Florida: University of South Florida.
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Governing Wayward Consumers: Self-Change and Recovery in Debtors Anonymous
1673:"#SLAA Online Group of Sex and Love Addicts Anonymous: Sponsorship Online"
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Alcoholic thinking: Language, culture, and belief in Alcoholics Anonymous
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855:(4th ed.). Van Nuys, CA: Narcotics Anonymous World Service Office.
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in the public media and members are also asked to respect each other's
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examining past errors with the help of a sponsor (experienced member);
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have been derived from AA's approach to address problems as varied as
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1117:(4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. pp. 59–60.
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to whom confidentiality and privilege might apply. Professionals and
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Made a list of all persons we had harmed, and became willing to make
1726:. Van Nuys, CA: Narcotics Anonymous. January 1, 2004. Archived from
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1056:"For Anyone New Coming to A.A.; For Anyone Referring People to A.A."
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The only requirement for AA membership is a desire to stop drinking.
2595:. Recent Developments in Alcoholism. Vol. 1. pp. 255–61.
2051:"Alcoholics Anonymous vs. Other Approaches: The Evidence Is Now In"
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effects of twelve-step philosophy and labeled the organizations as
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Made a decision to turn our will and our lives over to the care of
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Bill W.: A Biography of Alcoholics Anonymous Cofounder Bill Wilson
297:
Several terms ending in "step" redirect here. For other uses, see
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1434:(4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. p. 21.
1391:(4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services. p. 21.
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240:) addresses compulsions related to relationships, referred to as
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Twelve-step methods have been adapted to address a wide range of
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I shop, therefore I am: compulsive buying and search for shelf
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19:"12 Steps" redirects here. For the song of the same name, see
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National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK) (2011).
1906:"NCJRS Abstract: National Criminal Justice Reference Service"
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do not encompass those associations that lack a professional
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20:
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1699:"Overeaters Anonymous Unity Intergroup Website: Sponsorship"
1649:. New York Crystal Meth Anonymous Intergroup. Archived from
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Marmor J (April 1, 1980). "Recent trends in psychotherapy".
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Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of
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Made a searching and fearless moral inventory of ourselves.
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169:. Behavioral issues such as compulsion for or addiction to
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problems. Over 200 mutual aid organizations—often known as
1721:"Sponsorship, Revised (pamphlet): What does a sponsor do?"
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Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
2208:"Alcoholics Anonymous Effectiveness: Faith Meets Science"
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892:(1). Springer Science + Business Media: 25–36.
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49:. Developed in the 1930s, the first twelve-step program,
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2000:
Kelly, John F.; Humphreys, Keith; Ferri, Marica (2020).
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1251:(April 1946). "Our A.A. Experience Has Taught Us That".
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Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc. Archived from
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learning to live a new life with a new code of behavior;
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2529:(1). Los Angeles: California State University: 33–48.
1819:. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
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from revealing information disclosed during meetings.
816:(4th ed.). Alcoholics Anonymous World Services.
266:, known to AA members as "Bill W." and "Dr. Bob", in
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Community reinforcement approach and family training
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Lile, B. (2003). "Twelve step programs: An update".
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National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health (UK)
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2315:. Vol. 18. Springer New York. pp. 37–57.
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Self-help groups for mental health § Criticism
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Effectiveness of self-help groups for mental health
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674:who refer patients to these groups, to avoid both
2283:(Second ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.
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2277:Science and pseudoscience in clinical psychology
2167:"12-step programs for reducing illicit drug use"
2049:Frakt, Austin; Carroll, Aaron (March 11, 2020).
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2749:International Journal of Group Psychotherapy
2745:
2714:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2584:
2460:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2199:
2048:
1988:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1284:
1282:
1165:
1139:
1074:
354:Humbly asked Him to remove our shortcomings.
37:programs supporting recovery from substance
2982:
2722:
2468:
1808:
1806:
1789:P-15 Questions & Answers on Sponsorship
1760:P-16 The A.A. Group ... where it all begins
920:
877:
98:(APA), the process involves the following:
3095:
3081:
2634:"Chapter 7: Language, Culture, and Belief"
2625:
2549:
2418:
2310:
1920:
1791:. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc
1762:. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services, Inc
1501:
996:(6). Alcoholics Anonymous. November 1949.
2911:Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment
2846:
2670:
2477:
2401:
2353:
2304:
2247:
2182:
2104:
2025:
1863:
1829:
1577:
1484:
1460:
1331:The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science
1317:
1279:
1241:
1228:"The Twelve Steps of Marijuana Anonymous"
770:
16:Organizations for recovery from addiction
2908:
2590:
2205:
1959:
1953:
1803:
1782:"Questions & Answers on Sponsorship"
1507:
1194:
1093:About AA: A Newsletter for Professionals
1080:
1026:. Hazelden. February 2002. p. 150.
926:
596:Narcotics Anonymous § Controversies
2986:Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice
2644:: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.
2006:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1551:. Alcoholics Anonymous World Services.
1247:
1220:
1105:
518:Effectiveness of Crystal Meth Anonymous
3831:
2631:
2555:
1926:
1851:from the original on December 19, 2015
1016:
803:
781:: American Psychological Association.
314:List of Twelve Step alternate wordings
3076:
1583:
1543:Alcoholics Anonymous (June 1, 1976).
1466:
1423:Alcoholics Anonymous (June 1, 2001).
1380:Alcoholics Anonymous (June 1, 2001).
1328:
766:
764:
730:Effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous
702:and strips members of their previous
608:Sexaholics Anonymous § Criticism
600:Overeaters Anonymous § Criticism
588:Alcoholics Anonymous § Criticism
514:Effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous
197:are addressed in fellowships such as
2831:"The trials of Alcoholics Anonymous"
2681:Journal of Psychology & Theology
1813:Kriz, Kerri-Lynn Murphy (May 2002).
1812:
685:
530:Effectiveness of Neurotics Anonymous
526:Effectiveness of Narcotics Anonymous
389:
3766:Discrimination against drug addicts
2432:. Jason Aronson. pp. 431–454.
2206:Kaskutas, Lee Ann (April 2, 2009).
1545:"Appendix II. Spiritual Experience"
592:Gamblers Anonymous § Criticism
534:Effectiveness of Nicotine Anonymous
522:Effectiveness of Gamblers Anonymous
61:, aided its membership to overcome
13:
3628:Tobacco cessation clinics in India
3030:10.1002/j.2161-1874.2007.tb00025.x
2665:
1510:The American Journal of Psychiatry
1175:. January 13, 2006. Archived from
1024:Twelve Steps and Twelve Traditions
761:
745:Self-help groups for mental health
634:encourage members to practice the
625:
484:Ninth Step, have been compared to
96:American Psychological Association
14:
3870:
2313:Recent Developments in Alcoholism
1679:from the original on June 8, 2015
690:One review warned of detrimental
3813:
3812:
3691:Low-threshold treatment programs
3558:Motivational enhancement therapy
2923:10.1097/00132576-200302010-00004
2848:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01447.x
1615:"Sponsorship Q&A (pamphlet)"
1425:"Chapter 2: There Is a Solution"
1382:"Chapter 2: There Is a Solution"
568:motivational enhancement therapy
507:
3771:Dopamine dysregulation syndrome
3761:Category:Vaccines against drugs
2558:Journal of Health Communication
2158:
1898:
1774:
1745:
1486:10.1590/S1413-73722004000300008
1416:
1373:
931:. Macmillan. pp. 161–162.
292:
254:History of Alcoholics Anonymous
115:making amends for these errors;
2762:10.1080/00207284.2000.11491011
2726:Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly
2018:10.1002/14651858.CD012880.pub2
953:
463:
1:
3394:Adverse childhood experiences
3065:10.1016/S1056-4993(18)30391-2
2941:Journal of Studies on Alcohol
2788:Journal of Studies on Alcohol
2480:The Journal of Legal Medicine
2212:Journal of Addictive Diseases
1937:University of Wisconsin Press
1908:. Ncjrs.gov. February 1, 2002
1884:10.1016/S0376-8716(01)00175-2
1830:Morenberg, Adam (July 2004).
755:
67:dozens of other organizations
23:. For the hip hop album, see
3623:Nicotine replacement therapy
3608:Intensive outpatient program
3596:Residential treatment center
3536:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2601:10.1007/978-1-4613-3617-4_14
1259:(11). Alcoholics Anonymous.
845:Narcotics Anonymous (1987).
809:
774:APA dictionary of psychology
615:randomized controlled trials
581:
564:cognitive behavioral therapy
230:Adult Children of Alcoholics
7:
3221:Internet addiction disorder
2321:10.1007/978-0-387-77725-2_3
2171:Campbell Systematic Reviews
1872:Drug and Alcohol Dependence
1647:"NYCMA: What is a Sponsor?"
886:Contemporary Family Therapy
771:VandenBos, Gary R. (2007).
713:
504:sustained abstinence rate.
125:
10:
3875:
3656:List of twelve-step groups
2829:Humphreys, K. (May 2006).
2694:10.1177/009164719802600306
1974:10.1177/002204269602600107
1467:Roehe, Marcelo V. (2004).
1202:"The 12 Steps of Recovery"
927:Hartigan, Francis (2001).
848:"Chapter 8: We Do Recover"
740:List of twelve-step groups
585:
511:
442:
393:
317:
311:
296:
251:
247:
18:
3808:
3738:
3721:Supervised injection site
3664:
3651:Addiction recovery groups
3643:
3603:Heroin-assisted treatment
3581:
3563:Motivational interviewing
3526:
3505:
3492:
3417:
3386:
3377:
3246:
3173:
3127:
3118:
2492:10.1080/01947640500364713
2224:10.1080/10550880902772464
1108:"Chapter 5: How It Works"
988:"The Twelve Traditions".
720:Addiction recovery groups
264:Dr. Robert Holbrook Smith
226:enabled by family systems
216:Auxiliary groups such as
3404:Psychological dependence
3238:Digital media addictions
2954:10.15288/jsa.2002.63.665
2867:Health & Social Work
2800:10.15288/jsa.2003.64.257
1343:10.1177/0021886300361006
1291:Health & Social Work
303:Eighth Step Coffee House
3706:Needle exchange program
3696:Managed alcohol program
3674:Category:Harm reduction
2570:10.1080/108107397127806
1598:10.1525/si.2000.23.1.29
1173:"NA History Chronology"
1086:"Singleness of Purpose"
898:10.1023/A:1025084516633
234:Co-Dependents Anonymous
109:that can give strength;
105:coming to believe in a
25:12 Step Program (album)
3726:Tobacco harm reduction
3546:Contingency management
3513:Alcohol detoxification
3226:Internet sex addiction
2671:Scholarly publications
2523:California Sociologist
2378:10.1093/alcalc/agaa050
2366:Alcohol and Alcoholism
1962:Journal of Drug Issues
1927:Makela, Klaus (1996).
476:
163:Crystal Meth Anonymous
3788:Motivational salience
3716:Stimulant maintenance
3701:Moderation Management
3613:Methadone maintenance
2999:10.1300/J158v04n03_05
2739:10.1300/J020V14N03_08
2632:Wilcox, D.M. (1998).
1522:10.1176/ajp.137.4.409
1106:Bill W. (June 2001).
810:Bill W. (June 2001).
471:
312:Further information:
252:Further information:
94:As summarized by the
43:behavioral addictions
3839:Twelve-step programs
3711:Responsible drug use
3568:Motivational therapy
3233:Video game addiction
2880:10.1093/hsw/28.2.137
1701:. September 19, 2007
1675:. February 5, 2007.
1586:Symbolic Interaction
1573:on December 5, 2008.
1549:Alcoholics Anonymous
1473:Psicologia Em Estudo
1432:Alcoholics Anonymous
1389:Alcoholics Anonymous
1303:10.1093/hsw/12.4.275
1115:Alcoholics Anonymous
813:Alcoholics Anonymous
207:Sexaholics Anonymous
203:Overeaters Anonymous
51:Alcoholics Anonymous
31:Twelve-step programs
3849:Drug rehabilitation
3635:Twelve-step program
3518:Drug detoxification
3399:Physical dependence
1208:on November 5, 2012
1082:Vaillant, George E.
1062:on January 17, 2008
853:Narcotics Anonymous
735:Group psychotherapy
725:Drug rehabilitation
167:Marijuana Anonymous
152:Narcotics Anonymous
75:compulsive gambling
3793:Incentive salience
3781:Inhibitory control
3756:Category:Addiction
3746:Addiction medicine
3541:Relapse prevention
3478:Tanning dependence
2184:10.4073/csr.2017.2
2056:The New York Times
1253:The A.A. Grapevine
1153:on October 6, 2007
990:The A.A. Grapevine
965:barefootsworld.net
961:"Barefoot's World"
652:twelve-step groups
646:. This is a group
619:quasi-experimental
307:Ninth Step Station
305:, and
199:Gamblers Anonymous
65:. Since that time
33:are international
3826:
3825:
3776:Cognitive control
3734:
3733:
3618:Smoking cessation
3573:Physical exercise
3488:
3487:
3474:Non-drug stimuli
3373:
3372:
3217:Internet-related
2610:978-1-4613-3619-8
2330:978-0-387-77724-5
2143:978-1-904671-26-8
2089:10.1136/bmj.m3934
1475:(in Portuguese).
1441:978-1-893007-16-1
1398:978-1-893007-16-1
1124:978-1-893007-16-1
1033:978-0-916856-01-4
823:978-1-893007-16-1
788:978-1-59147-380-0
704:cultural identity
686:Cultural identity
672:paraprofessionals
632:Twelve Traditions
396:Twelve Traditions
390:Twelve Traditions
211:Debtors Anonymous
159:Cocaine Anonymous
53:(AA), founded by
3866:
3816:
3815:
3503:
3502:
3384:
3383:
3309:G9a-like protein
3125:
3124:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3073:
3068:
3047:
3041:
3033:
3010:
2979:
2973:
2965:
2934:
2905:
2899:
2891:
2860:
2850:
2825:
2819:
2811:
2781:
2742:
2719:
2713:
2705:
2660:
2659:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2518:
2512:
2511:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2459:
2451:
2425:
2416:
2415:
2405:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2282:
2271:
2262:
2261:
2251:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2186:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2108:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2029:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1934:
1924:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1838:
1827:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1786:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1757:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1725:
1717:
1711:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1653:on March 3, 2016
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1569:. Archived from
1540:
1534:
1533:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1488:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1429:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1386:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1326:
1315:
1314:
1286:
1277:
1276:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1224:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1204:. Archived from
1198:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1179:on March 3, 2009
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1143:
1137:
1136:
1112:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1090:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1052:
1046:
1045:
1020:
1014:
1013:
985:
976:
975:
973:
971:
957:
951:
950:
924:
918:
917:
881:
875:
874:
850:
842:
836:
835:
807:
801:
800:
777:(1st ed.).
768:
239:
3874:
3873:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3804:
3800:Sober companion
3730:
3684:Reagent testing
3660:
3639:
3583:
3577:
3528:
3522:
3497:
3495:
3484:
3413:
3369:
3256:Transcriptional
3248:
3242:
3169:
3155:Methylphenidate
3150:Methamphetamine
3114:
3101:
3071:
3035:
3034:
2967:
2966:
2893:
2892:
2813:
2812:
2707:
2706:
2673:
2668:
2666:Further reading
2663:
2656:
2630:
2626:
2611:
2589:
2585:
2554:
2550:
2519:
2515:
2476:
2469:
2453:
2452:
2440:
2426:
2419:
2358:
2354:
2331:
2309:
2305:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2280:
2272:
2265:
2204:
2200:
2163:
2159:
2144:
2126:
2122:
2068:
2064:
2047:
2043:
2012:(3): CD012880.
1998:
1989:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1899:
1868:
1864:
1854:
1852:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1811:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1775:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1733:on June 8, 2009
1730:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1704:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1656:
1654:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1627:on May 15, 2024
1624:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1605:
1582:
1578:
1559:
1541:
1537:
1506:
1502:
1465:
1461:
1442:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1327:
1318:
1287:
1280:
1246:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1199:
1195:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1125:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1088:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1034:
1022:
1021:
1017:
987:
986:
979:
969:
967:
959:
958:
954:
939:
925:
921:
882:
878:
863:
843:
839:
824:
808:
804:
789:
769:
762:
758:
716:
688:
676:civil liability
644:confidentiality
628:
626:Confidentiality
610:
584:
560:Cochrane review
540:
510:
494:Michel Foucault
466:
445:
398:
392:
370:Sought through
322:
316:
310:
295:
256:
250:
189:, getting into
136:substance abuse
128:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3872:
3862:
3861:
3859:Support groups
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3824:
3823:
3821:
3820:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3796:
3795:
3785:
3784:
3783:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3670:
3668:
3666:Harm reduction
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3645:
3644:Support groups
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3587:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3509:
3507:
3506:Detoxification
3500:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3485:
3483:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3472:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3443:Benzodiazepine
3440:
3435:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3311:
3306:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3198:Palatable food
3195:
3194:
3193:
3188:
3179:
3177:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3115:
3100:
3099:
3092:
3085:
3077:
3070:
3069:
3059:(1): 165–175.
3048:
3024:(2): 113–126.
3011:
2980:
2948:(6): 665–672.
2935:
2906:
2874:(2): 137–145.
2861:
2841:(5): 617–618.
2826:
2794:(2): 257–261.
2782:
2756:(3): 297–314.
2743:
2720:
2688:(3): 287–291.
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2624:
2609:
2583:
2548:
2513:
2467:
2438:
2417:
2372:(6): 641–651.
2352:
2329:
2303:
2289:
2263:
2218:(2): 145–157.
2198:
2157:
2142:
2120:
2062:
2041:
1987:
1952:
1945:
1919:
1897:
1878:(3): 291–301.
1862:
1822:
1802:
1773:
1744:
1712:
1690:
1664:
1638:
1603:
1576:
1557:
1535:
1500:
1479:(3): 399–407.
1459:
1440:
1415:
1397:
1372:
1337:(1): 108–122.
1316:
1278:
1240:
1219:
1193:
1164:
1138:
1123:
1098:
1095:(Fall/Winter).
1073:
1047:
1032:
1015:
977:
952:
937:
919:
876:
861:
837:
822:
802:
787:
779:Washington, DC
759:
757:
754:
753:
752:
750:Recovery model
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
715:
712:
687:
684:
627:
624:
583:
580:
509:
506:
465:
462:
444:
441:
440:
439:
436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
394:Main article:
391:
388:
383:
382:
379:
368:
365:
362:
355:
352:
345:
342:
339:
332:
329:
320:The Fifth Step
294:
291:
274:Consequently,
249:
246:
127:
124:
123:
122:
119:
116:
113:
110:
103:
71:drug addiction
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3871:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3844:Alcohol abuse
3842:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3834:
3819:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3790:
3789:
3786:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3737:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3680:
3679:Drug checking
3677:
3675:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3491:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3416:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3376:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3172:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3104:Reinforcement
3098:
3093:
3091:
3086:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3039:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2868:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:(3): 95–102.
2732:
2728:
2727:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2657:
2655:0-275-96049-8
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2486:(4): 435–74.
2485:
2481:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2457:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2424:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2292:
2290:9781462505814
2286:
2279:
2278:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2161:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1968:(1): 95–123.
1967:
1963:
1956:
1948:
1946:0-299-15004-6
1942:
1938:
1933:
1932:
1923:
1907:
1901:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1809:
1807:
1795:September 26,
1790:
1783:
1777:
1766:September 26,
1761:
1754:
1748:
1729:
1722:
1716:
1700:
1694:
1678:
1674:
1668:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1623:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1558:0-916856-59-3
1554:
1550:
1546:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1516:(4): 409–16.
1515:
1511:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1297:(4): 275–83.
1296:
1292:
1285:
1283:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1233:September 28,
1229:
1223:
1207:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1178:
1174:
1168:
1152:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1094:
1087:
1083:
1077:
1061:
1057:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
984:
982:
966:
962:
956:
948:
944:
940:
938:0-312-28391-1
934:
930:
923:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
880:
872:
868:
864:
862:0-912075-02-3
858:
854:
849:
841:
833:
829:
825:
819:
815:
814:
806:
798:
794:
790:
784:
780:
776:
775:
767:
765:
760:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
717:
711:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:group therapy
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
638:principle of
637:
633:
623:
620:
616:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
579:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
508:Effectiveness
505:
501:
497:
495:
491:
487:
482:
475:
470:
461:
457:
455:
449:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
403:
402:
397:
387:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
363:
360:
356:
353:
350:
346:
343:
340:
337:
333:
330:
327:
326:
325:
321:
315:
308:
304:
300:
299:Scale (music)
290:
288:
283:
281:
277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
255:
245:
243:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
104:
101:
100:
99:
97:
92:
91:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
32:
26:
22:
3854:Spirituality
3634:
3327:
3320:
3313:
3301:
3260:
3202:Sex-related
3056:
3052:
3038:cite journal
3021:
3015:
2993:(3): 71–81.
2990:
2984:
2970:cite journal
2945:
2939:
2917:(1): 19–24.
2914:
2910:
2896:cite journal
2871:
2865:
2838:
2834:
2816:cite journal
2791:
2787:
2753:
2747:
2730:
2724:
2710:cite journal
2685:
2679:
2642:Westport, CT
2637:
2627:
2592:
2586:
2564:(2): 83–99.
2561:
2557:
2551:
2526:
2522:
2516:
2483:
2479:
2429:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2312:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2276:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2177:(1): 1–149.
2174:
2170:
2160:
2133:
2123:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2054:
2044:
2009:
2005:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1930:
1922:
1910:. Retrieved
1900:
1875:
1871:
1865:
1855:December 19,
1853:. Retrieved
1832:
1825:
1815:
1793:. Retrieved
1788:
1776:
1764:. Retrieved
1759:
1747:
1735:. Retrieved
1728:the original
1715:
1703:. Retrieved
1693:
1683:December 19,
1681:. Retrieved
1667:
1655:. Retrieved
1651:the original
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1622:the original
1592:(1): 29–46.
1589:
1585:
1579:
1571:the original
1548:
1538:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1476:
1472:
1462:
1453:
1431:
1418:
1410:
1388:
1375:
1334:
1330:
1294:
1290:
1256:
1252:
1243:
1231:. Retrieved
1222:
1210:. Retrieved
1206:the original
1196:
1188:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:the original
1141:
1114:
1101:
1092:
1076:
1064:. Retrieved
1060:the original
1050:
1023:
1018:
993:
989:
968:. Retrieved
964:
955:
928:
922:
889:
885:
879:
852:
840:
812:
805:
773:
689:
629:
611:
557:
541:
502:
498:
477:
472:
467:
458:
450:
446:
399:
384:
361:to them all.
323:
293:Twelve Steps
284:
276:drug addicts
272:
257:
242:codependency
215:
156:
129:
107:Higher Power
93:
86:
30:
29:
3527:Behavioral
3438:Barbiturate
3433:Amphetamine
3211:Pornography
3206:Intercourse
3140:Amphetamine
3106:disorders:
2296:January 27,
464:Sponsorship
287:pathologies
268:Akron, Ohio
260:Bill Wilson
144:fellowships
55:Bill Wilson
47:compulsions
3833:Categories
3751:Allen Carr
3591:Drug rehab
3582:Treatment
3498:management
3494:Treatment
3428:Alcoholism
3409:Withdrawal
3379:Dependence
3297:Epigenetic
3249:mechanisms
3182:Financial
3175:Behavioral
3112:dependence
2439:0765702428
1705:October 8,
1657:October 8,
1212:August 28,
1183:October 7,
1157:October 7,
756:References
710:identity.
708:bicultural
692:iatrogenic
586:See also:
576:naltrexone
572:disulfiram
553:depression
512:See also:
486:confession
481:literature
454:abreaction
376:meditation
318:See also:
140:dependency
132:alcoholism
83:overeating
63:alcoholism
39:addictions
35:mutual aid
3529:therapies
3418:Disorders
3120:Addiction
3108:addiction
3007:145564061
2835:Addiction
2702:148676117
2535:0162-8712
2456:cite book
2448:301650820
2394:0735-0414
2386:1464-3502
2339:0738-422X
2240:1055-0887
2232:1545-0848
2193:1891-1803
2097:1756-1833
2083:: m3934.
1982:147097398
1495:1413-7372
1367:144471066
1351:1552-6879
1265:0362-2584
1002:0362-2584
970:March 24,
914:141085303
906:1573-3335
680:licensure
668:clergyman
664:therapist
640:anonymity
636:spiritual
582:Criticism
490:penitence
349:character
59:Bob Smith
3818:Category
3739:See also
3584:programs
3463:Nicotine
3453:Cannabis
3448:Caffeine
3387:Concepts
3247:Cellular
3191:Shopping
3186:Gambling
3160:Nicotine
2962:12529066
2931:74842059
2888:12774535
2857:16669879
2808:12713200
2778:43254982
2770:10883547
2578:10977242
2508:31742544
2500:16303734
2412:32628263
2347:19115762
2258:19340677
2152:22624177
2115:33239318
2036:32159228
1912:March 5,
1892:11841900
1849:Archived
1845:56564118
1677:Archived
1567:32014950
1450:32014950
1407:32014950
1273:50379271
1133:32014950
1084:(2002).
1066:June 15,
1042:13572433
1010:50379271
947:42772358
871:14377415
832:32014950
797:65407150
714:See also
656:Statutes
222:Nar-Anon
187:hoarding
171:gambling
148:recovery
126:Overview
3458:Cocaine
3145:Cocaine
3135:Alcohol
2646:109–124
2619:6680227
2543:4025459
2403:8060988
2249:2746426
2106:7687021
2027:7065341
1737:May 15,
1631:May 15,
1530:6987904
1359:1783135
1311:3679015
1249:Bill W.
558:A 2020
545:Al-Anon
443:Process
280:alcohol
248:History
218:Al-Anon
3468:Opioid
3424:Drugs
3350:HDAC10
3165:Opioid
3005:
2960:
2929:
2886:
2855:
2806:
2776:
2768:
2700:
2652:
2617:
2607:
2576:
2541:
2533:
2506:
2498:
2446:
2436:
2410:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2345:
2337:
2327:
2287:
2256:
2246:
2238:
2230:
2191:
2150:
2140:
2113:
2103:
2095:
2034:
2024:
1980:
1943:
1890:
1843:
1565:
1555:
1528:
1493:
1448:
1438:
1405:
1395:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1309:
1271:
1263:
1131:
1121:
1040:
1030:
1008:
1000:
945:
935:
912:
904:
869:
859:
830:
820:
795:
785:
700:stigma
606:, and
536:, and
372:prayer
359:amends
301:,
138:, and
81:, and
3360:SIRT2
3355:SIRT1
3345:HDAC9
3340:HDAC5
3335:HDAC4
3329:HDAC3
3322:HDAC2
3315:HDAC1
3288:NF-κB
3283:GluR2
3268:c-Fos
3262:ΔFosB
3003:S2CID
2927:S2CID
2774:S2CID
2698:S2CID
2504:S2CID
2382:eISSN
2281:(PDF)
2228:eISSN
2093:eISSN
1978:S2CID
1837:(PDF)
1785:(PDF)
1756:(PDF)
1731:(PDF)
1724:(PDF)
1625:(PDF)
1618:(PDF)
1428:(PDF)
1385:(PDF)
1363:S2CID
1111:(PDF)
1089:(PDF)
910:S2CID
696:cults
175:crime
21:Cxloe
3496:and
3278:CREB
3273:Cdk5
3128:Drug
3110:and
3044:link
2976:link
2958:PMID
2902:link
2884:PMID
2853:PMID
2822:link
2804:PMID
2766:PMID
2716:link
2650:ISBN
2615:PMID
2605:ISBN
2574:PMID
2539:OCLC
2531:ISSN
2496:PMID
2462:link
2444:OCLC
2434:ISBN
2408:PMID
2390:ISSN
2343:PMID
2335:ISSN
2325:ISBN
2298:2023
2285:ISBN
2254:PMID
2236:ISSN
2189:ISSN
2148:PMID
2138:ISBN
2111:PMID
2032:PMID
1941:ISBN
1914:2009
1888:PMID
1857:2015
1841:OCLC
1797:2016
1768:2016
1739:2024
1707:2007
1685:2015
1659:2007
1633:2024
1563:OCLC
1553:ISBN
1526:PMID
1491:ISSN
1446:OCLC
1436:ISBN
1403:OCLC
1393:ISBN
1355:OCLC
1347:ISSN
1307:PMID
1269:OCLC
1261:ISSN
1235:2012
1214:2010
1185:2007
1159:2007
1129:OCLC
1119:ISBN
1068:2006
1038:OCLC
1028:ISBN
1006:OCLC
998:ISSN
972:2018
943:OCLC
933:ISBN
902:ISSN
867:OCLC
857:ISBN
828:OCLC
818:ISBN
793:OCLC
783:ISBN
678:and
648:norm
630:The
566:and
549:debt
488:and
374:and
262:and
238:CoDA
220:and
209:and
195:work
193:and
191:debt
179:food
165:and
57:and
45:and
3364:...
3303:G9a
3061:doi
3026:doi
2995:doi
2950:doi
2919:doi
2876:doi
2843:doi
2839:101
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