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imitate militarily, politically, or diplomatically, but rather as an exotic foreign people possessing quaint and strange fashions that could be consumed. Consuming these exotic fashions would show one's elite place in society as well as display their open-mindedness and interest in the world. These "obsessions" with
Turkish aesthetics were in part brought on by the presence of Europeans in the Ottoman Court and the acts of bringing back their products to Europe. The increased mercantile relationships between the Turkish people and the Europeans aided this process; the continuation of these trading systems helped to spread new fashions quickly in Europe.
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the main theme of the explosion of commodities from 16th century and onwards. The exchange system had to do precisely with accessibility and availability of commodities on a grand scale. It is important to note that this was not just a
European phenomenon. The Europeans were not the only people who developed a sensibility of how consuming different things could define their relationships domestically and abroad. In this context, there was a broader view of consumption and one's place within the world. A person would consume in order to show off their financial position and their social location.
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depicted. The stories and implications as well as the extravagant costumes and elaborate staging appealed to the people. The
Europeans craved reality in their depiction of the Turkish peoples. During performances, females would often be in the latest fashion, where local colour was suggested by foreign attire or numerous ornaments. The males tended to wear more authentic Turkish dress than the female, including a turban, sash, long caftan, and binding with rich material, since authentic Turkish female dress was often restrictive and plain.
384:. Montagu went to Turkey in 1717 when her husband was posted as ambassador there. Her collected letters describing Turkish fashion were widely distributed in manuscript form in her social circle and were then printed for the public upon her death in 1762. Her letters and descriptions helped shape how Europeans interpreted the Turkish fashion and how to dress. This phenomenon eventually found its way across the Atlantic and in colonial America, where Montagu's letters were also published.
253:’s written works on coffee. Academia, such as this, was a key component within coffeehouse culture. The history of coffee in Europe as a product was inextricably linked to this culture. It was “an institution and a set of customs…transferred from one region to another,” in this case from the Ottoman Empire to western Europe. The introduction of coffee to the European scene was neither new nor just a common consumable good; it was a direct result of “Ottoman mediation.”
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402:, to adopt the style of sound of a particular country or area. The European audiences were not yet ready to accept the unappealing and what they thought of as primitive musical style of the Turkish people. Traditional Turkish music included wavering pitches, microtones, arabesques, different scale systems, and non-Western rhythmic patterns. Europeans thought of this type of music, as
182:, roughly between the 15th and 18th centuries, there was an explosion in the number of commodities and availability of products. People were using newly created cartography and using these maps to explore the world on paper. There was an accumulation of more objects and a desire for more acquisitions. Coupling this, there was the value of
186:, valuing things that came from a great distance. Europeans and Ottomans alike were developing a consciousness of themselves in relation to the broader world. At the same time the Ottomans were slowly ceasing to be regarded as a serious military threat to Western Europe, despite their continuing occupation of the
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New patterns of consumption were arising, especially with trading ships being able to navigate around Africa. Commodities that were once expensive were becoming more affordable. Products often define people in terms of gender, age, and availability of access. This notion of social definition outlines
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The loose clothing and the unorthodox styles added to the lewd perceptions of the
Ottomans. This interest was something that motivated the creation of many portraits where Turkish people were often depicted as exotic, and it became rare to see portraits where they were painted without wearing their
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Operas using themes from turquerie were in the usual
European languages but tried to imitate the Turkish culture and customs. It offered a world of fantasy, splendor, and adventure that was unattainable by the average person. Audiences would be fascinated with the Turkish and Ottoman institutions
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The movement was often reflected in the art of the period. Music, paintings, architecture, and artifacts were frequently inspired by the
Ottoman styles and methods. Paintings in particular portrayed the Ottomans with bright colours and sharp contrasts, suggesting their interesting peculiarity and
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Social position was something very important in the 18th century so things like dress, posture, and props were carefully selected in order to communicate one's status. This need to express status mixed with a new interest for
Turkish style allowed for Turkish dress and decorations to become very
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in 1748. In the context of turquerie, Turkish textiles were also a luxury in the elitist
European homes. They often had velvet grounds with stylized floral motifs. They were often woven in Asia Minor for the European market or, more commonly, as Venetian, under Turkish influence. Italian-styled
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Europeans developed an appetite for exoticism as greater emphasis was put on empire building and colonization in other nations. There was a growing fashion for
Turkish styles in Europe in the 15th and 16th centuries. Europeans did not regard Ottomans as rivals that they had to contend with and
264:
napkins, and special etiquette. Furthermore, visiting
Ottoman military or diplomatic officials would serve coffee in similar ways within European cities. Adhering to strict instructions, sequences, and measures, good coffee had to be prepared with a precision that the Ottomans had perfected, a
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Brightly colored Turkish styles of decoration were used on many types of objects, including timepieces. Many of those imported had the hours and religious names in Arabic characters. A person who owned one of these timepieces was one with an increased social status.
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important props. This included wearing loose, flowing gowns belted with ornate bands of embroidered cloth and ermine-trimmed robes with tasseled turbans. Women even abandoned their corsets and attached strings of pearls to their hair for much more freeing material.
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was first imported to Europe, locals looked to its place of origin to better understand the new phenomenon. Ottoman scholars—who had been studying the plant for centuries and were producing relevant, new sources—became the main reference for
309:, sultan of the Ottoman Empire in 1520. He was known as the “grand Turk” and constantly disrupted European balance. The image portrays the sultan as a gentle, yet barbaric person. He was most known for executing the wishes of the sultana,
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traditional cultural clothing. Writing also contributed to the visual aspect of Turkish cultural exchange and perhaps the most influential transformation into the turquerie vogue in Europe was done by
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in 1735. This opera was visually one of the most elaborate of the Turkish operas, with detailed scenic designs for mosques and seraglio courts. Many exotic characters were displayed as well.
137:. This fashionable phenomenon became more popular through trading routes and increased diplomatic relationships between the Ottomans and the European nations, exemplified by the
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art and culture. Many different Western European countries were fascinated by the exotic and relatively unknown culture of the Ottoman ruling class, which was the center of the
637:
Dena Goodman, Kahryn Norberg, Furnishing the eighteenth century : What furniture can tell us about the European and American past, Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 5 (
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The music in operas that utilized the notion of turquerie was not seriously influenced by Turkish music. Composers in the 18th century were not interested in
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Visiting elites from high-class European circles were frequently exposed to the drink through Ottoman elites and diplomacy, complete with
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Katie Campbell, 'Turquerie, an Orientalist fantasy' in Cassone: The International Online Magazine of Art and Art Books, October 2014
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textiles were often woven by the Ottoman Turks for the Venetians because of their cheap labour and continued business relationships.
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174:, 1632. A significant example of European emulation of Ottoman dress for the purpose of portraying a dignified, elite appearance.
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once said, "offensive to the ears." Having short spurts of it in the operas were common, but just to add comedic affect.
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in 1715. Ambassadors and traders often returned home with tales of exotic places and souvenirs of their adventures.
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http://www.cassone-art.com/magazine/article/2014/10/turquerie-an-orientalist-fantasy/?psrc=architecture-and-design
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506:. These stories of perseverance and passion appealed to many Europeans and therefore gained popularity. One of
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459:(1432–1481), one of the most prominent sultans of the Ottoman Empire, had many operas written about him. His
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worn by the women would not have struck Europeans as remarkable, as Western women wore similar overshoes.
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skillset that Europeans had yet to learn to apply to their version of the bitter, crude drink.
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324:, who visited Turkey with a British ambassador in 1738. Unlike their baggy trousers, the huge
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had his working room decorated in the Turkish style in 1881. It is partially preserved at the
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Top to bottom: Portrait of an unknown man wearing Turkish costume by an unidentified painter;
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Bevilacqua, Alexander; Pfeifer, Helen (2013). "Turquerie: Culture in Motion, 1650–1750".
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Bevilacqua, Alexander; Pfeifer, Helen (2013). "Turquerie: Culture in Motion, 1650–1750".
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Bevilacqua, Alexander; Pfeifer, Helen (2013). "Turquerie: Culture in Motion, 1650–1750".
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Bevilacqua, Alexander; Pfeifer, Helen (2013). "Turquerie: Culture in Motion, 1650–1750".
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Breskin, Isabel (2001). ""On the periphery of a greater world": John Singleton Copley's
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The Turkish grandeur portrayed by the sultans was attractive to Europeans.
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Moreover, there were many operas based on the ongoing conflicts between
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may be applied to styles occurring in different periods, such as the
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European opera was influenced heavily by the idea of turquerie.
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by the forces of the Ottoman Empire, led by Sultan Mehmed II.
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1143:
Grabar, Oleg (1989). "An Exhibition of High Ottoman Art".
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Art in the Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation
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from the 16th to 18th centuries for imitating aspects of
1171:
Meyer, Eve R. "Turquerie and Eighteenth-Century Music."
816:
Turquerie and the Politics of Representation, 1728-1876
447:(c. 1480, but largely repainted later), who visited
344:
1175:, Vol. 7, No. 4. (Summer, 1974), pp. 474–488.
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1032:Metropolitan Museum of Art (1968). "Turquerie".
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818:. London and New York: Routledge. p. 4.
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1192:Picture of turquerie artwork by Jean Lurçat
856:
678:
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232:is a sculptural representation of a man in
168:Man In Oriental Costume ("The Noble Slav"),
73:; and Elizabeth Howard, eldest daughter of
1224:
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463:in 1453 was the basis of the German opera
320:Two 18th century Turkish women, pastel by
190:, and campaigns such as that ended by the
148:
931:
895:
688:
651:
649:
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202:Portrait of a Lady in Turkish Fancy Dress
1094:Stein, Perrin (1996). "Amédée Van Loo's
813:
673:
564:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
434:
348:
315:
272:
220:
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155:Oriental carpets in Renaissance painting
1034:The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin
968:
889:
877:
865:
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697:
419:, used by multiple composers including
268:
236:, receiving a cup of coffee from a boy.
69:portrayed as a Turkish lady in 1747 by
4302:
3905:Contemporary Indigenous Australian art
1142:
644:
16:Fashion in 16th to 18th century Europe
1925:Art of the late 16th century in Milan
1205:
1093:
1060:
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952:
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682:
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75:Charles Howard, 3rd Earl of Carlisle
510:’s most important opera genres was
451:and painted many scenes of the city
13:
3260:Vienna School of Fantastic Realism
2111:Neoclassical architecture in Milan
1136:
159:Orientalism in early modern France
14:
4331:
3334:American Figurative Expressionism
1670:International Gothic art in Italy
1185:
851:Metropolitan Museum of Art (1968)
839:Metropolitan Museum of Art (1968)
656:Metropolitan Museum of Art (1968)
4284:
4283:
2843:Neue Künstlervereinigung München
345:Portraits: European and American
53:
42:
31:
3765:Tunisian collaborative painting
3238:International Typographic Style
1197:Working definition of turquerie
1065:and eighteenth-century music".
946:
910:
883:
871:
844:
807:
795:
278:Rudolf, Crown Prince of Austria
3518:The Caribbean Artists Movement
772:
749:
726:
703:
661:
631:
1:
4315:Culture of the Ottoman Empire
1874:Dutch and Flemish Renaissance
961:
361:
354:Lady Montagu in Turkish Dress
282:Imperial Furniture Collection
89:
3989:Modern European ink painting
3361:Bay Area Figurative Movement
7:
3650:Artificial intelligence art
541:
10:
4336:
3563:Post-painterly abstraction
3386:Situationist International
2760:Pennsylvania Impressionism
1173:Eighteenth-Century Studies
1067:Eighteenth-Century Studies
814:Avcıoğlu, Nebahat (2011).
532:Antoine Houdar de la Motte
483:Siege of Negroponte (1470)
481:, which is set during the
461:conquest of Constantinople
391:
334:Himan de la Grande Mosquee
152:
4279:
4083:
3848:
3658:
3438:
3230:
3214:
3146:California Scene Painting
3025:California Scene Painting
2981:Figurative Constructivism
2893:
2698:
2477:
2466:
2296:
2233:
2126:
2042:
2032:Poussinists and Rubenists
1933:
1737:
1470:
1270:
1261:
1248:
928:Beard and Gloag 2005, 129
382:Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
216:
98:
85:
24:
4244:Prehistoric European art
3893:Contemporary African art
3376:Gendai Bijutsu Kondankai
3304:Generación de la Ruptura
2931:Universal Constructivism
2723:California Impressionism
2678:American Barbizon school
1015:The World of Ottoman Art
625:
430:
387:
307:Suleyman the Magnificent
293:Decorations and patterns
4071:Walking Artists Network
3408:Letterist International
3248:Washington Color School
2162:Arts in the Philippines
1098:: the French sultana".
1061:Meyer, Eve R. (1974). "
1017:. Thames & Hudson.
530:, set to a libretto by
404:Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
149:History of the movement
139:Franco-Ottoman alliance
4182:Illuminated manuscript
3830:The Designers Republic
3780:Neue Slowenische Kunst
3703:Pattern and Decoration
3603:Institutional critique
3243:Abstract expressionism
2223:Latin American Baroque
2179:Colonial Asian Baroque
452:
372:
329:
285:
237:
209:
175:
77:in Turkish costume by
3820:Artist-run initiative
3795:Young British Artists
3760:New European Painting
3696:Moscow Conceptualists
3618:Feminist art movement
3396:Ukrainian underground
3371:Gutai Art Association
2770:Ten American Painters
2274:Western influence in
1251:List of art movements
438:
394:Turkish music (style)
352:
319:
276:
224:
200:
166:
153:Further information:
71:Charles-André van Loo
3630:Saqqakhaneh movement
3523:Chicano art movement
3391:Soviet Nonconformist
3197:Boston Expressionism
3180:Abstraction-Création
2998:Arbeitsrat für Kunst
2991:Cologne Progressives
2711:Art Nouveau in Milan
2514:Anglo-Japanese style
2490:National romanticism
1920:Fontainebleau School
1830:Northern Renaissance
1665:International Gothic
975:Winterthur Portfolio
457:Mehmed the Conqueror
358:Jean-Étienne Liotard
322:Jean-Étienne Liotard
269:European perspective
206:Jean-Baptiste Greuze
4320:Orientalism by type
4165:Hierarchy of genres
3730:Saint Soleil School
3666:Post-conceptual art
3635:The Stars Art Group
3513:Black Arts Movement
3476:Neo-Dada Organizers
3277:Lyrical abstraction
3010:Australian tonalism
2683:California Tonalism
2355:Hudson River School
2158:Colonial Asian art
1898:English Renaissance
1847:Ghent–Bruges school
1835:Early Netherlandish
1747:Italian Renaissance
1660:Gothic art in Milan
513:tragédie en musique
439:Portrait of Sultan
366:Palace on the Water
305:made a portrait of
225:Over the door of a
178:In the wake of the
67:Madame de Pompadour
21:
4207:Landscape painting
3815:New Leipzig School
3755:Neo-conceptual art
3503:Art & Language
3498:Capitalist realism
3420:Florida Highwaymen
3356:Hard-edge painting
3170:Streamline Moderne
3131:Harlem Renaissance
2974:Novecento Italiano
2802:Deutscher Werkbund
2629:Post-Impressionism
2191:Latin American art
1995:Guild of Romanists
1857:German Renaissance
1852:Northern Mannerism
781:Past & Present
758:Past & Present
735:Past & Present
712:Past & Present
528:Francois Francoeur
471:in 1693. In 1820,
453:
373:
330:
303:Agostino Veneziano
286:
238:
210:
180:Age of Exploration
176:
170:oil on canvas, by
117:as "Turkery"), or
19:
4310:Culture of Europe
4297:
4296:
4079:
4078:
3935:Corporate Memphis
3888:Classical Realism
3858:Amazonian pop art
3750:Appropriation art
3718:Neo-expressionism
3588:Environmental art
3493:Nouvelle tendance
3210:
3209:
3158:Socialist realism
3015:Dresden Secession
2634:Neo-Impressionism
2597:Decadent movement
2568:Heidelberg School
2462:
2461:
2360:American luminism
2345:Düsseldorf School
2340:Shoreham Ancients
2330:Nazarene movement
2320:Danish Golden Age
2201:Indochristian art
1879:Antwerp Mannerism
1768:Pittura infamante
1762:Florentine School
1757:Proto-Renaissance
473:Gioachino Rossini
338:Joseph-Marie Vien
194:as late as 1683.
108:
107:
93: 1517–1920s
4327:
4287:
4286:
4271:Western painting
4217:Modern sculpture
4175:History painting
3878:Art intervention
3671:Installation art
3488:Nouveau réalisme
3228:
3227:
3202:Leningrad School
3094:Mexican muralism
3067:Grosvenor School
2807:American Realism
2790:Der Blaue Reiter
2748:Berlin Secession
2743:Vienna Secession
2738:Munich Secession
2656:Pont-Aven School
2475:
2474:
2325:Troubadour style
2303:(c. 1770 – 1862)
2270:Qing handicrafts
2236:Western elements
2167:Letras y figuras
2140:African-American
2135:African diaspora
2106:Directoire style
2017:Heptanese school
2000:Dutch Golden Age
1985:Stroganov School
1978:Lutheran Baroque
1973:Louis XIII style
1946:Baroque in Milan
1808:Bolognese School
1803:High Renaissance
1786:Forlivese School
1781:Ferrarese School
1504:Migration Period
1268:
1267:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1168:
1131:
1100:The Art Bulletin
1090:
1057:
1028:
1006:
956:
950:
944:
938:
929:
926:
920:
914:
908:
902:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
854:
848:
842:
836:
830:
829:
811:
805:
799:
793:
792:
776:
770:
769:
753:
747:
746:
730:
724:
723:
707:
701:
695:
686:
680:
671:
665:
659:
653:
642:
635:
594:Turkish crescent
569:Ottoman clothing
522:, with music by
363:
192:Battle of Vienna
94:
91:
57:
46:
35:
22:
18:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4324:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4293:
4275:
4192:Interactive art
4075:
4049:SoFlo Superflat
3974:Kitsch movement
3898:Africanfuturism
3850:
3844:
3723:Transavantgarde
3654:
3608:Light and Space
3593:Performance art
3573:Psychedelic art
3456:Nueva Presencia
3446:Otra Figuración
3434:
3366:Les Plasticiens
3351:New York School
3329:Action painting
3314:Metcalf Chateau
3223:
3218:
3206:
3126:Cercle et Carré
3062:New Objectivity
2969:Return to order
2911:School of Paris
2889:
2733:School of Paris
2694:
2580:Arts and Crafts
2485:Neo-romanticism
2470:
2458:
2454:Etching revival
2406:Barbizon school
2350:Pre-Raphaelites
2302:
2299:
2292:
2235:
2229:
2122:
2096:Louis XVI style
2038:
2027:Louis XIV style
1990:Animal painting
1951:Flemish Baroque
1929:
1840:World landscape
1791:Venetian School
1733:
1720:Majorcan school
1687:Novgorod School
1677:Lucchese School
1649:Opus Anglicanum
1641:Norman-Sicilian
1585:Italo-Byzantine
1485:Early Christian
1466:
1450:Pompeian Styles
1263:
1257:
1244:
1230:
1188:
1157:10.2307/1602275
1139:
1137:Further reading
1134:
1112:10.2307/3046193
1079:10.2307/3031600
1046:10.2307/3258981
1025:
981:(2/3): 97–123.
964:
959:
951:
947:
939:
932:
927:
923:
915:
911:
903:
896:
888:
884:
876:
872:
864:
857:
849:
845:
837:
833:
826:
812:
808:
800:
796:
777:
773:
754:
750:
731:
727:
708:
704:
696:
689:
681:
674:
666:
662:
654:
645:
636:
632:
628:
623:
544:
469:Reinhard Keiser
445:Gentile Bellini
433:
400:ethnomusicology
396:
390:
347:
295:
271:
251:Antoine Galland
219:
161:
151:
145:exotic nature.
92:
81:
63:
62:
61:
60:
59:
58:
49:
48:
47:
38:
37:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4333:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4222:Late modernism
4219:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4170:Genre painting
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4118:Ballets Russes
4115:
4110:
4105:
4104:
4103:
4101:Asemic writing
4093:
4091:History of art
4087:
4085:
4084:Related topics
4081:
4080:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4019:Relational art
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3942:Hypermodernism
3939:
3938:
3937:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3726:
3725:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3683:
3681:Postminimalism
3678:
3673:
3668:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3558:Generative art
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3528:Conceptual art
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3442:
3440:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3427:
3425:Cybernetic art
3422:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3413:Ultra-Lettrist
3410:
3400:
3399:
3398:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Arte Informale
3284:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3234:
3232:
3225:
3224:(1945–present)
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3182:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3153:Heroic realism
3150:
3149:
3148:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3087:Latin American
3084:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3057:Group of Seven
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3027:
3022:
3020:Social realism
3017:
3012:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3003:November Group
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2926:Latin American
2921:Constructivism
2918:
2916:Crystal Cubism
2913:
2908:
2903:
2897:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2675:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2626:
2621:
2619:Volcano School
2616:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2577:
2572:
2571:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2516:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2481:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2393:
2392:
2391:
2381:
2376:
2374:Norwich School
2371:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2315:Fairy painting
2306:
2304:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2283:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2239:
2237:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:Chilote School
2198:
2196:Casta painting
2188:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2172:Tipos del País
2169:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2060:Louis XV style
2057:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1953:
1948:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1869:
1864:
1862:Cologne School
1854:
1849:
1844:
1843:
1842:
1827:
1826:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1759:
1743:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1715:Italian school
1706:
1701:
1700:
1699:
1697:Sienese School
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1652:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1607:Pre-Romanesque
1604:
1599:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1555:
1543:
1538:
1536:Donor portrait
1533:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1476:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1445:Julio-Claudian
1442:
1437:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1394:Greco-Buddhist
1386:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1334:Protogeometric
1331:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1294:
1289:
1288:
1287:
1276:
1274:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1229:
1228:
1221:
1214:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1187:
1186:External links
1184:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1169:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1106:(3): 417–438.
1091:
1073:(4): 474–488.
1058:
1040:(5): 225–239.
1036:. New Series.
1029:
1023:
1011:Levey, Michael
1007:
987:10.1086/496848
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:
945:
930:
921:
909:
894:
890:Breskin (2001)
882:
878:Breskin (2001)
870:
866:Breskin (2001)
855:
843:
831:
824:
806:
802:Breskin (2001)
794:
771:
748:
725:
702:
698:Breskin (2001)
687:
672:
660:
643:
629:
627:
624:
622:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
579:Slim-fit pants
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
545:
543:
540:
524:François Rebel
516:, depicted by
467:, composed by
432:
429:
392:Main article:
389:
386:
346:
343:
294:
291:
270:
267:
247:Edward Pococke
218:
215:
150:
147:
135:Ottoman Empire
127:Western Europe
106:
105:
103:Ottoman Empire
100:
96:
95:
87:
83:
82:
79:George Knapton
64:
52:
51:
50:
41:
40:
39:
30:
29:
28:
27:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4332:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4290:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4220:
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4215:
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4210:
4208:
4205:
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4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Fantastic art
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4123:Christian art
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4102:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4024:Skeuomorphism
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3984:Massurrealism
3982:
3980:
3979:Lightpainting
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3963:
3962:Post-Internet
3960:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3936:
3933:
3932:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:Grunge design
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3790:Retrofuturism
3788:
3786:
3785:Scratch video
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3770:Memphis Group
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3745:Telematic art
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3735:Guerrilla art
3733:
3731:
3728:
3724:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:Endurance art
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3477:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3346:New media art
3344:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3324:Nanyang Style
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3255:Visionary art
3253:
3249:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3147:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3121:Scuola Romana
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Anthropophagy
3045:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3031:
3030:Functionalism
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2982:
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2951:
2950:Neoplasticism
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2928:
2927:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2853:Cubo-Futurism
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:Ashcan School
2810:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2780:Expressionism
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Mir iskusstva
2763:
2761:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2552:
2551:Boston School
2549:
2547:
2546:Hoosier Group
2544:
2543:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2536:Impressionism
2534:
2532:
2531:Peredvizhniki
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2521:Beuron School
2519:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2435:Munich School
2433:
2432:
2431:
2428:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2307:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:Art borrowing
2232:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2184:Company style
2182:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2084:Neoclassicism
2082:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1910:Cretan School
1908:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1876:
1875:
1872:
1868:
1867:Danube school
1865:
1863:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1822:
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1816:
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1811:
1809:
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1800:
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1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
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1774:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1754:
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1749:
1748:
1745:
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1736:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1657:
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1650:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
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1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1505:
1502:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1493:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Orientalizing
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1329:Sub-Mycenaean
1327:
1326:
1325:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1243:art movements
1242:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1024:0-500-27065-1
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
967:
966:
955:, p. 478
954:
949:
943:, p. 476
942:
937:
935:
925:
919:, p. 484
918:
913:
907:, p. 483
906:
901:
899:
892:, p. 103
891:
886:
880:, p. 101
879:
874:
867:
862:
860:
853:, p. 227
852:
847:
841:, p. 229
840:
835:
827:
825:9780754664222
821:
817:
810:
803:
798:
790:
786:
782:
775:
767:
763:
759:
752:
744:
740:
736:
729:
721:
717:
713:
706:
699:
694:
692:
685:, p. 475
684:
679:
677:
670:, p. 430
669:
664:
658:, p. 236
657:
652:
650:
648:
640:
634:
630:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
539:
535:
533:
529:
525:
521:
520:
515:
514:
509:
505:
504:George Handel
501:
500:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
479:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
450:
446:
442:
437:
428:
426:
422:
418:
417:
412:
407:
405:
401:
395:
385:
383:
377:
371:
367:
359:
355:
351:
342:
339:
335:
327:
323:
318:
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
290:
283:
279:
275:
266:
263:
259:
254:
252:
248:
243:
235:
234:Turkish dress
231:
228:
223:
214:
207:
203:
199:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
173:
169:
165:
160:
156:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
104:
101:
97:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
56:
45:
34:
23:
4265:Trompe-l'œil
4263:
4234:Outsider art
4187:Illustration
4143:Lutheran art
4133:Catholic art
4096:Abstract art
4066:Unilalianism
4029:Software art
4004:Neosymbolism
3994:Neo-futurism
3957:Internet art
3947:Hyperrealism
3800:Superfiction
3583:Photorealism
3451:Afrofuturism
3216:Contemporary
3192:Dimensionism
3175:Concrete art
3108:
3104:Precisionism
2954:
2901:Sosaku-hanga
2875:Productivism
2865:Metaphysical
2835:
2824:Proto-Cubism
2728:Secessionism
2690:Costumbrismo
2575:Aestheticism
2526:Hague School
2506:
2430:Academic art
2411:Costumbrismo
2379:Empire style
2216:Quito School
2211:Cusco School
2127:Colonial art
2088:
2076:Fête galante
2074:
2043:18th century
2005:Delft School
1956:Caravaggisti
1934:17th century
1914:
1819:
1776:Quattrocento
1766:
1724:
1647:
1550:
1480:Late antique
1364:Severe style
1354:Black-figure
1241:Contemporary
1172:
1148:
1144:
1103:
1099:
1096:costume turc
1095:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1037:
1033:
1014:
978:
974:
973:portraits".
970:
953:Meyer (1974)
948:
941:Meyer (1974)
924:
917:Meyer (1974)
912:
905:Meyer (1974)
885:
873:
868:, p. 99
846:
834:
815:
809:
804:, p. 98
797:
780:
774:
757:
751:
737:(221): 101.
734:
728:
711:
705:
700:, p. 97
683:Meyer (1974)
668:Stein (1996)
663:
633:
536:
517:
511:
497:
496:, including
487:
476:
464:
454:
414:
408:
397:
378:
374:
353:
333:
331:
300:
296:
287:
255:
239:
211:
201:
177:
167:
143:
119:Turquoiserie
118:
110:
109:
86:Years active
4150:Digital art
4113:Avant-garde
4054:Superstroke
3930:Flat design
3925:Fictive art
3920:Excessivism
3868:Art for art
3863:Altermodern
3805:Taring Padi
3740:Lowbrow art
3708:Pliontanism
3645:Yoru no Kai
3598:Process art
3538:Systems art
3508:Arte Povera
3430:Antipodeans
3339:in New York
3309:Jikken Kōbō
3272:Color field
3141:Regionalism
3110:Aeropittura
3099:Neo-Fauvism
3072:Neues Sehen
3042:Kinetic art
2906:Suprematism
2880:Synchromism
2797:Noucentisme
2718:Primitivism
2706:Art Nouveau
2661:Cloisonnism
2651:Pointillism
2646:Divisionism
2624:Incoherents
2585:Art pottery
2471:(1863–1944)
2421:Macchiaioli
2396:Biedermeier
2384:Historicism
2369:Orientalism
2310:Romanticism
2281:Akita ranga
2133:Art of the
2118:Picturesque
2070:Chinoiserie
2065:Frederician
1903:Tudor court
1798:Cinquecento
1739:Renaissance
1726:Mappa mundi
1710:cartography
1602:Carolingian
1597:Merovingian
1580:Palaeologan
1552:Repoblación
1509:Anglo-Saxon
1440:Gallo-Roman
1379:Hellenistic
1374:Kerch style
1312:Minyan ware
783:(221): 94.
760:(221): 94.
714:(221): 91.
614:Turkophilia
599:Chinoiserie
554:Harem pants
519:Scanderberg
478:Maometto II
465:Mahumeth II
411:Orientalism
262:embroidered
125:fashion in
4304:Categories
4197:Jewish art
4009:Passionism
3969:iPhone art
3915:Cyborg art
3910:Crypto art
3883:Brandalism
3775:Cyberdelic
3640:Tropicália
3613:Street art
3568:Intermedia
3548:Minimalism
3267:Spatialism
3221:Postmodern
3077:Surrealism
2945:Shin-hanga
2785:Die Brücke
2753:Sonderbund
2666:Synthetism
2389:Revivalism
2298:Transition
2255:Manichaean
2101:Adam style
2022:Classicism
1961:in Utrecht
1889:Still life
1619:Romanesque
1575:Macedonian
1570:Iconoclast
1529:Visigothic
1435:Republican
1389:Indo-Greek
1359:Red-figure
962:References
619:Turkeywork
416:alla turca
409:In music,
284:in Vienna.
230:coffeeshop
121:, was the
115:anglicized
4259:Shock art
4249:Queer art
4229:Naïve art
4212:Modernism
4044:Superflat
4034:Sound art
4014:Post-YBAs
3999:Neomodern
3840:Verdadism
3810:Superflat
3659:1970–1999
3623:in the US
3543:Video art
3466:Happening
3439:1960–1969
3231:1945–1959
2894:1915–1944
2885:Vorticism
2837:A Nyolcak
2699:1900–1914
2671:Les Nabis
2602:Symbolism
2558:Amsterdam
2508:Japonisme
2478:1863–1899
2440:in Greece
2300:to modern
2145:Caribbean
2090:Goût grec
2012:Capriccio
1966:Tenebrism
1915:Turquerie
1813:Mannerism
1708:Medieval
1565:Byzantine
1546:Mozarabic
1497:Ethiopian
1401:Neo-Attic
1384:"Baroque"
1369:Classical
1339:Geometric
1317:Mycenaean
1264:(Western)
1262:Premodern
1233:Premodern
1128:153746099
1063:Turquerie
1003:154329218
971:Turquerie
574:Sarmatism
499:Tamerlano
494:Beyazid I
475:composed
441:Mehmed II
425:Beethoven
258:porcelain
208:(c. 1790)
184:exoticism
172:Rembrandt
111:Turquerie
20:Turquerie
4289:Category
4239:Portrait
4160:Folk art
4108:Anti-art
4039:Stuckism
3952:Idea art
3873:Art game
3825:Artivism
3713:Punk art
3691:Sots Art
3676:Artscene
3533:Land art
3471:Neo-Dada
3403:Lettrism
3297:Nuagisme
3282:Tachisme
3163:Nazi art
2956:De Stijl
2870:Rayonism
2860:Art Deco
2848:Futurism
2639:Luminism
2607:Romanian
2592:Tonalism
2563:Canadian
2541:American
2447:Neo-Grec
2055:Rocaille
1884:Romanism
1818:Counter-
1752:Trecento
1692:Duecento
1682:Crusades
1614:Ottonian
1592:Frankish
1472:Medieval
1455:Trajanic
1415:Scythian
1410:Etruscan
1302:Cycladic
1280:Thracian
1151:: 1–11.
1145:Muqarnas
1013:(1975).
789:24543612
766:24543612
743:24543612
720:24543612
604:Seraglio
549:Bloomers
542:See also
449:Istanbul
311:Roxelana
99:Location
4254:Realism
3851:present
3578:Nut Art
3381:Pop art
3319:Mono-ha
3187:The Ten
3136:Kapists
3082:Iranian
3035:Bauhaus
2829:Orphism
2775:Fauvism
2612:Russian
2502:Nihonga
2416:Verismo
2401:Realism
2335:Purismo
2248:Moorish
2243:Islamic
2150:Haitian
1941:Baroque
1820:Maniera
1704:Mudéjar
1629:Spanish
1541:Pictish
1524:Lombard
1519:Insular
1460:Severan
1425:Gaulish
1420:Iberian
1349:Archaic
1292:Nuragic
1272:Ancient
1255:periods
1165:1602275
1120:3046193
1087:3031600
1054:3258981
995:1215305
584:Pajamas
326:pattens
227:Leipzig
188:Balkans
131:Ottoman
123:Turkish
4202:Kitsch
4061:Toyism
3553:Fluxus
3483:Op art
3052:Mingei
2986:Stupid
2964:Purism
2819:Cubism
2468:Modern
2260:Mughal
2050:Rococo
1655:Gothic
1636:Norman
1560:Viking
1514:Hunnic
1492:Coptic
1307:Minoan
1297:Aegean
1285:Dacian
1237:Modern
1163:
1126:
1118:
1085:
1052:
1021:
1001:
993:
822:
787:
764:
741:
718:
639:online
609:Turkey
589:Chapan
559:Hammam
508:France
421:Mozart
370:Warsaw
364:1756,
242:coffee
217:Coffee
3849:2000–
3292:COBRA
2286:Uki-e
2276:Japan
2265:Qajar
1624:Mosan
1430:Roman
1324:Greek
1161:JSTOR
1124:S2CID
1116:JSTOR
1083:JSTOR
1050:JSTOR
999:S2CID
991:JSTOR
785:JSTOR
762:JSTOR
739:JSTOR
716:JSTOR
626:Notes
490:Timur
431:Opera
388:Music
240:When
4138:Icon
3461:ZERO
3219:and
3116:Asso
2940:Dada
2497:Yōga
1239:and
1019:ISBN
820:ISBN
526:and
492:and
423:and
249:and
157:and
1153:doi
1108:doi
1075:doi
1042:doi
983:doi
502:by
443:by
368:in
356:by
336:by
204:by
4306::
1235:,
1159:.
1147:.
1122:.
1114:.
1104:78
1102:.
1081:.
1069:.
1048:.
1038:26
997:.
989:.
979:36
977:.
933:^
897:^
858:^
690:^
675:^
646:^
641:).
427:.
362:c.
360:,
260:,
90:c.
1253:/
1225:e
1218:t
1211:v
1167:.
1155::
1149:6
1130:.
1110::
1089:.
1077::
1071:7
1056:.
1044::
1027:.
1005:.
985::
828:.
791:.
768:.
745:.
722:.
113:(
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