234:, Germany introduced a law effectively called the "crown witness rule" which enabled witnesses in terror related cases to turn state's evidence. Initially only valid until 1992, it was extended several times until it was abolished in 1999. A law adopted in 2000 lowered the sentence of a witness who came to an agreement with the prosecution in trials concerning money-laundering, but it was not called a crown witness rule. In 2009 a new crown witness rule came into force and since then, witnesses in a wider range of cases have been allowed to become a crown witnesses.
104:) or improving prison conditions. It has its origins in the 16th century, and allowed a person to become a crown witness and avoid pleading guilty. Even at this early stage, the courts saw crown witness testimony as less reliable than other evidence, because it was encouraged in return for better treatment before the law. In 1751, regulations were introduced, stipulating that crown witness testimony should be corroborated with independent, third-party evidence.
218:, wanted to enable witnesses to testify in return for a lenient sentence if there was little chance of successfully prosecuting a criminal. Four attempts were made to introduce the system to anti-terror legislation, but it was not included in the 1976 legislation. Additionally, Germany lacked a witness protection program such as that found in the United States; Ulrich SchmĂĽcker was murdered after he informed on his former associates in the
230:, as he initially did not receive protection from the state. The treatment crown witnesses received at this time was viewed as illegal by the media, but necessary by the prosecution. In 1981, Germany introduced a "small crown witness rule" in drug-related trials which permitted a lower sentence for witnesses who turned state's evidence. In 1989, during the Government of
92:, depending on the sex of the reigning monarch. The term "turning approver" or "turn king's approver" was also historically used, especially in Ireland; an approver "not only admitted his own guilt to a crime but also incriminated his accomplices both past and present" in exchange for avoiding a
123:) gave the authorities evidence against their former comrades in exchange for a more lenient sentence (or immunity from prosecution), as well as a new identity to protect them from retribution. Supergrass testimony was used, for example, in trials against
61:
document, persons who turn state's evidence "are known by a variety of names, including cooperating witnesses, crown witnesses, snitches, witness collaborators, justice collaborators, state witnesses, 'supergrasses', macarons and
790:
640:
561:
164:, did so in response to threats on their life from Mafia associates; later cooperators were motivated to cooperate in order to avoid heavy sentences, such as those provided for under the
135:
American courts adopted
English common-law practices relating to witnesses turning state's evidence, "and expanded them to include leniency agreements as well as immunity agreements."
832:
377:
138:
In
American parlance, a defendant who agrees to cooperate with prosecutors and give information against co-conspirators (often those with greater culpability) is also said to
165:
490:
715:
528:"Ex-Mob Underboss Given Lenient Term For Help as Witness". nytimes.com. September 27, 1994. Archived from the original on January 5, 2019.
93:
58:
740:
848:
454:
416:
333:
124:
858:
515:
Robert J. Kelly, Ko-lin Chin, Rufus
Schatzberg, "Without Fear of Retribution: The Witness Security Program" in
764:
20:
188:; as a result, Gravano was sentenced to 5 years and Gotti was sentenced to life imprisonment in 1992.
112:
43:
227:
169:
378:"Why prosecutors are permitted to offer witness inducements: A matter of constitutional authority"
334:"Good practices for the protection of witnesses in criminal proceedings involving organized crime"
205:
833:
Why
Prosecutors are Permitted to Offer Witness Inducements: A Matter of Constitutional Authority
108:
297:
853:
243:
789:
JanĂźen, Karl-Heinz; Brunner, Erwin; Riedl, Joachim; Sontheimer, Michael (21 November 1986).
639:
JanĂźen, Karl-Heinz; Brunner, Erwin; Riedl, Joachim; Sontheimer, Michael (21 November 1986).
560:
JanĂźen, Karl-Heinz; Brunner, Erwin; Riedl, Joachim; Sontheimer, Michael (21 November 1986).
181:
8:
665:
120:
81:
47:
302:
Johnson's new universal cyclopædia a scientific and popular treasury of useful knowledge
242:
The incentives to turn state's evidence, or to not to do so, are explored in the famous
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614:
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690:
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Juraexamen.info - Online-Zeitschrift fĂĽr
Jurastudium, Staatsexamen und Referendariat
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161:
145:
116:
478:
Secrets, Sex, and
Spectacle: The Rules of Scandal in Japan and the United States
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215:
189:
172:(WITSEC). Among the highest-ranking Mafia members to turn state's evidence was
157:
149:
77:
842:
694:
247:
193:
268:
184:
who pleaded guilty to 19 murders and agreed to testify against family boss
417:"Loyalist supergrass trials: an opportunity for open source intelligence?"
231:
168:. Some who turned state's evidence were permitted to participate in the
185:
101:
39:
304:. New York; Pittsburgh, Pa.: A. J. Johnson & son. p. 495‒496.
263:
177:
31:
144:. Witnesses who have turned state's evidence have been important in
51:
716:"Reform der Kronzeugenregelung: Wenn kriminelle Insider auspacken"
278:, the equivalent term in Italy in the Mafia and terrorism contexts
615:""Heute diene ich mit der reinen Wahrheit" - DER SPIEGEL 20/1979"
274:
35:
491:
Mueller Uses
Classic Prosecution Playbook Despite Trump Warnings
210:
A crown witness style system has operated in
Germany since the
115:. In the 1980s, about 30 members of paramilitary groups (both
364:
Forensic
Medicine and Death Investigation in Medieval England
339:. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. 2008. p. 19.
788:
638:
590:"KRONZEUGEN : Pakt mit dem König - DER SPIEGEL 13/1975"
559:
682:
16:
Legal term for one who testifies as a witness for the state
214:
trials in the 1970s. The
Justice Minister at that time,
765:"§ 46b StGB: Die neue Kronzeugenregelung im Strafrecht"
148:
cases in the United States, such as those against the
666:"Gesetzentwurf der Fraktionen der CDU/CSU und F.D.P."
19:"Queen's evidence" redirects here. For the film, see
46:. The testimony of a witness who testifies against
741:"Bundeskartellamt - Bonusregelung - Bonusregelung"
42:, often in exchange for leniency in sentencing or
840:
517:Handbook of Organized Crime in the United States
818:(Brookings Institution Press, 2001), pp. 47–48.
414:
63:
38:for the state against their associate(s) or
480:(University of Chicago Press, 2006), p. 36.
315:
313:
311:
196:in New York City to turn state's evidence.
289:
68:(Italian for 'those who have repented')."
323:(9th ed: Cengage Learning, 2010), p. 368.
96:(and obtaining a lesser penalty, such as
375:
308:
59:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
353:(Oxford University Press, 1954), p. 79.
295:
841:
544:
192:was also the first boss of one of the
584:
582:
300:. In Barnard, Frederick A. P. (ed.).
237:
226:, recanted his testimony against the
156:who turned state's evidence, such as
816:Rethinking Democratic Accountability
689:(in German). 1993-01-15. p. 2.
683:"Kronzeugenregelung wird verlängert"
455:"IRA members jailed for 4,000 years"
493:, Bloomberg News (August 23, 2017).
13:
825:
782:
579:
541:(3rd ed.: CRC Press, 2007), p. 85.
421:Intelligence and National Security
351:English Idioms and How to Use Them
14:
875:
71:
835:, 29 Stetson L. Rev. 155 (1999).
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433:10.1080/02684527.2019.1646518
296:Pomeroy, John Norton (1876).
282:
7:
506:(Touchstone, 1991), p. 407.
376:King Jr., H. Lloyd (1999).
257:
10:
880:
849:Informal legal terminology
539:Practical Drug Enforcement
519:(Greenwood, 1994), p. 499.
366:(Routledge, 2015), p. 151.
203:
199:
18:
222:. Another crown witness,
113:Northern Ireland conflict
107:Crown witnesses known as
44:immunity from prosecution
415:Rachel Monaghan (2019).
405:King (1999). pp. 160–161
170:Witness Security Program
791:"Wunderwaffe Kronzeuge"
771:(in German). 2009-09-01
745:www.bundeskartellamt.de
641:"Wunderwaffe Kronzeuge"
562:"Wunderwaffe Kronzeuge"
206:Crown witness (Germany)
176:("Sammy the Bull"), an
102:abjuration of the realm
30:by admitting guilt and
21:Queen's Evidence (film)
64:
28:turns state's evidence
859:Cooperating witnesses
687:Die Tageszeitung: taz
111:were used during the
720:Legal Tribune Online
228:Baader–Meinhof Group
182:Gambino crime family
57:According to a 2008
831:H. Lloyd King Jr.,
467:King (1999), p. 163
82:Commonwealth realms
537:Michael D. Lyman,
319:Howard Abadinsky,
298:"State's Evidence"
244:prisoner's dilemma
238:Prisoner's dilemma
224:Karl-Heinz Ruhland
457:. BBC News. 1983.
174:Salvatore Gravano
98:life imprisonment
84:, the term is to
50:may be important
48:co-conspirator(s)
871:
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427:(7): 1014–1026.
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596:. 23 March 1975
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321:Organized Crime
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220:2 June Movement
208:
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162:Jimmy Fratianno
146:organized crime
133:
90:King's evidence
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24:
17:
12:
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5:
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504:The Man to See
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489:Chris Strohm,
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476:Mark D. West,
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252:Melvin Dresher
239:
236:
216:Diether Posser
204:Main article:
201:
198:
190:Joseph Massino
158:Joseph Valachi
150:American Mafia
132:
129:
94:death sentence
78:United Kingdom
73:
72:United Kingdom
70:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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621:. 13 May 1979
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550:Raab, p. 688.
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502:Evan Thomas,
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248:Merrill Flood
246:, created by
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194:Five Families
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131:United States
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40:accomplice(s)
37:
33:
29:
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854:Criminal law
815:
810:
799:. Retrieved
794:
784:
773:. Retrieved
768:
759:
748:. Retrieved
744:
735:
724:. Retrieved
719:
709:
698:. Retrieved
686:
677:
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649:. Retrieved
644:
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623:. Retrieved
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598:. Retrieved
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570:. Retrieved
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389:. Retrieved
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273:
269:Plea bargain
241:
209:
153:
152:. The first
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109:supergrasses
106:
89:
86:turn Queen's
85:
75:
56:
27:
25:
797:. p. 6
795:www.zeit.de
722:(in German)
647:. p. 4
645:www.zeit.de
619:Der Spiegel
594:Der Spiegel
568:. p. 5
566:www.zeit.de
385:Stetson.edu
232:Helmut Kohl
26:A criminal
843:Categories
801:2020-11-01
775:2020-11-01
750:2020-11-01
726:2020-11-01
700:2020-11-01
651:2020-11-01
625:2020-11-01
600:2020-11-01
572:2020-11-01
391:1 November
283:References
186:John Gotti
121:republican
32:testifying
864:Testimony
695:0931-9085
441:201344178
264:Informant
178:underboss
127:members.
258:See also
166:RICO Act
117:loyalist
80:and the
52:evidence
275:Pentito
200:Germany
180:of the
154:mafiosi
76:In the
65:pentiti
36:witness
693:
439:
714:LTO.
669:(PDF)
437:S2CID
387:: 160
381:(PDF)
337:(PDF)
34:as a
691:ISSN
393:2020
250:and
160:and
141:flip
119:and
429:doi
212:RAF
125:IRA
100:or
88:or
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793:.
767:.
743:.
718:.
685:.
643:.
617:.
592:.
581:^
564:.
435:.
425:34
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310:^
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54:.
804:.
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603:.
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23:.
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