Turkish War of Independence

7434: 9616:, "Finishing the Genocide: Cleansing Turkey of Armenian Survivors, 1920-1923," in Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide, ed. Richard Hovannisian (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999), pp. 113-45: "Between 1920 and 1923, as Turkish and Western diplomats were negotiating the fate of the Armenian Question at peace conferences in London, Paris, and Lausanne, thousands of Armenians of the Ottoman Empire who had survived the massacres and deportations of World War I continued to face massacres, deportations, and persecutions across the length and breadth of Anatolia. Events on the ground, diplomatic correspondence, and news reports confirmed that it was the policy of the Turkish Nationalists in Angora, who eventually founded the Republic of Turkey, to eradicate the remnants of the empire's Armenian population and finalize the expropriation of their public and private properties." 1325: 1227: 1063: 587: 563: 536: 6793: 413: 6988: 6393: 6733: 439: 426: 5917: 7304:) and narratives of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a high-ranking officer in World War I and the leader of the Nationalist Movement. Kemal was characterized as the founder and sole leader of the Nationalist Movement. Potentially negative facts were omitted in the orthodox historiography. This interpretation had a tremendous impact on the perception of Turkish history, even by foreign researchers. The more recent historiography has come to understand the Kemalist version as a nationalist framing of events and movements leading to the republic's founding. This was accomplished by sidelining unwanted elements which had links to the detested and genocidal CUP, and thus elevating Kemal and his policies. 7308: 1297: 1213: 1046: 1035: 1016: 1005: 994: 981: 5699: 1254: 1143: 1132: 1274: 1190: 1121: 955: 944: 933: 922: 911: 900: 888: 876: 865: 852: 725: 518: 365: 317: 247: 5231: 4667: 452: 747: 127: 381: 493: 5604: 696: 333: 6828: 5943: 1108: 611: 6123:. The resulting constitution consecrated the principle of popular sovereignty; authority not deriving from the unelected sultan, but from the Turkish people who elect governments representative of their interests. This document became the legal basis for the war of independence by the GNA, as the sultan's signature of the Treaty of Sèvres would be unconstitutional as his position was not elected. While the constitution did not specify a future role of the sultan, the document gave Kemal ever more legitimacy in the eyes of Turks for justified resistance against Istanbul. 466: 4773: 5751: 5939:. The sultan's government sent the forces under the name of the Caliphate Army to the revolutionaries to arouse counterrevolutionary sympathy. The British, being skeptical of how formidable these insurgents were, decided to use irregular power to counteract the revolutionaries. The Nationalist forces were distributed all around Turkey, so many smaller units were dispatched to face them. In İzmit there were two battalions of the British army. These units were to be used to rout the partisans under the command of Ali Fuat and Refet Pasha. 7119: 809: 1236: 1096: 6165: 7334:, this was not the case in reality, and a nationalist movement emerged through the backing of leaders of CUP, of whom many were war criminals, people who became wealthy with confiscated equities and they were not on trial for their crimes owing to the accelerating support for the National Movement. Kemalist figures, including many old members of the CUP, ended up writing the majority of the history of the war. The modern understanding in Turkey is greatly influenced by this nationalist and politically motivated history. 1314: 1245: 1085: 1074: 3987: 301: 4166: 4847:, through manipulation and the help of friends and sympathizers, he became the inspector of virtually all of the Ottoman forces in Anatolia, tasked with overseeing the disbanding process of remaining Ottoman forces. Kemal had an abundance of connections and personal friends concentrated in the post-armistice War Ministry, a powerful tool that would help him accomplish his secret goal: to lead a nationalist movement to safeguard Turkish interests against the Allied powers and a collaborative Ottoman government. 7459:. When they were defeated, however, they depicted themselves as the victims, even though war brought dire consequences for non-Muslim minorities. Guttstadt states that Turkish War of Independence, which was conducted against Armenian and Greek minorities, was an Islamist campaign as National Defense Committees were organizations founded with Islamist characteristics. On the other hand, the embrace of the Turkish War of Independence by Islamists is not common. During the war, Islamists such as Ottoman 663: 575: 629: 279: 7601: 5428: 1160: 966: 821: 647: 349: 1153: 1056: 1028: 7662: 7236: 6572: 5037: 4530: 5279:. The Erzurum Congress concluded with a circular that was effectively a declaration of independence: All regions within Ottoman borders upon the signing of the Mudros Armistice were indivisible from the Ottoman state –Greek and Armenian claims on Thrace and Anatolia were moot– and assistance from any country not coveting Ottoman territory was welcome. If the government in Constantinople was not able to attain this after electing a new parliament, they insisted a 3179: 6157: 4880: 14316: 480: 14340: 4384: 1171: 797: 14304: 5120: 45: 13194: 14352: 599: 7724: 7066: 6917: 6613: 6320: 6001: 5850: 5540: 5375: 5168: 5160:

made the people of Samsun aware of the Greek and Italian landings, staged discreet mass meetings, made fast connections via telegraph with the army units in Anatolia, and began to form links with various Nationalist groups. He sent telegrams of protest to foreign embassies and the War Ministry about British reinforcements in the area and about British aid to Greek brigand gangs. After a week in Samsun, Kemal and his staff moved to

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Greek units withdrew before the Turks crossed the straits from Asia Minor. The only concession that İsmet made to the British was an agreement that his troops would not advance any farther toward the Dardanelles, which gave a safe haven for the British troops as long as the conference continued. The conference dragged on far beyond the original expectations. In the end, it was the British who yielded to Ankara's advances.

4812:—and his title of "Honorary Aide-de-camp to His Majesty Sultan" gained in the last months of WWI. This choice would seem curious, as he was a nationalist and a fierce critic of the government's accommodating policy to the Entente powers. He was also an early member of the CUP. However Kemal Pasha did not associate himself with the fanatical faction of the CUP, many knew that he frequently clashed with the radicals of the 6112:

The Ottoman government and Greece never ratified it. Though Ferid Pasha signed the treaty, the Ottoman Senate, the upper house with seats appointed by the sultan, refused to ratify the treaty. Greece disagreed on the borders drawn. The other allies began to fracture their support of the settlement immediately. Italy started openly supporting the Nationalists with arms by the end of 1920, and the French signed another

5318:(A-RMHC), with Mustafa Kemal as its chairman. In an effort show his movement was in fact a new and unifying movement, the delegates had to swear an oath to discontinue their relations with the CUP and to never revive the party (despite most present in Sivas being previous members). It was also decided there that the Ottoman Empire should not be a League of Nations mandate under the United States, especially after the 710: 5291: 6060: 14328: 7551:

the war, was a key factor in securing popular support for the Turkish Nationalist Movement. Christian civilians were subjected to forced deportation to expel them from the country, a policy that continued after the war. These deportations were similar to those employed during the Armenian Genocide and caused many deaths. Over 1 million Greeks were expelled as were all remaining Armenians in the areas of

6672: 784: 8109:: "...the occupation of western Turkey by the Greek armies under the control of the Allied Powers, the discord among them was evident and publicly known. As the Italians were against this occupation from the beginning, and started "secretly" helping the Kemalists, this conflict among the Allied Powers, and the Italian support for the Kemalists were reported regularly by the American press. 9640:

deportations, and persecutions across the length and breadth of Anatolia. Events on the ground, diplomatic correspondence, and news reports confirmed that it was the policy of the Turkish Nationalists in Angora, who eventually founded the Republic of Turkey, to eradicate the remnants of the empire's Armenian population and finalize the expropriation of their public and private properties.

6751:, due to İsmet Pasha's organization of an irregular militia into a regular army. The two victories led to Allied proposals to amend the Treaty of Sèvres where both Ankara and Istanbul were represented, but Greece refused. With the conclusion of the Southern and Eastern fronts, Ankara was able to concentrate more forces on the West against the Greeks. They also began to receive 5963:. The movement engulfed northwestern Anatolia for about a month. On 14 June, Nationalist militia fought a pitched battle near İzmit against the Kuva-yi İnzibatiye, Anzavur's bands, and British units. Yet under heavy attack some of the Kuva-yi İnzibatiye deserted and joined the Nationalist militia. Anzavur was not so lucky, as the Nationalists tasked 6529:(2—3 December 1920) was the first treaty (although illegitimate) signed by the Turkish revolutionaries. The 10th article in the Treaty of Alexandropol stated that Armenia renounced the Treaty of Sèvres and its allotted partition of Anatolia. The agreement was signed with representatives of the former government of Armenia, which by that time had no 5619:, the Allies were growing increasingly concerned about the Turkish National Movement. To this end, the Allied occupational authorities in Istanbul began to plan a raid to arrest nationalist politicians and journalists along with occupying military and police installations and government buildings. On 16 March 1920, the coup was carried out; several 4824:(both parties would be banned in May 1919 for being successors of the CUP). All these reasons allowed him to be the most legitimate nationalist for the sultan to placate. In this new political climate, he sought to capitalize on his war exploits to attain a better job, indeed several times he unsuccessfully lobbied for his inclusion in cabinet as 6805:. He organised a commission to analyse the situation, and inquire into the bloodshed during the Occupation of İzmir and the following activities in the region. The commission reported that if annexation would not follow, Greece should not be the only occupation force in this area. Admiral Bristol was not so sure how to explain this annexation to 10282:, Chap 19. "Kinross writes that the Erkân-ı Harbiye Reis Muavini, ie the General Commander of the Ottoman Empire at the time was Fevzi Paşa, and old friend. Although he was temporarily absent, his substitute was Kâzım (İnanç) Paşa, another old friend. Neither Mehmet VI, nor the Prime Minister Damat Ferit had actually seen the actual order." 6482:, encountered Muslim refugees fleeing from the Armenian army, but did not have the authority to cross the border. Karabekir's two reports (30 May and 4 June 1920) outlined the situation in the region. He recommended redrawing the eastern borders, especially around Erzurum. The Russian government was receptive to this and demanded that 6232:

the six years violence were forced from their homes, ending thousands of years of Christian presence in Southern Anatolia. With France being the first Allied power to recognize and negotiate with the Ankara government only months after signing the Treaty of Sèvres, it was the first to break from the coordinated Allied approach to the

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January 1923 issued a statement that they did not consider the draft treaty to be any more than a "basis of discussion". The Turks therefore refused to sign the treaty. On 4 February 1923, Curzon made a final appeal to İsmet Pasha to sign, and when he refused the Foreign Secretary broke off negotiations and left that night on the

4972:), all of which had large Greek populations. Venizelos also advocated a large Armenian state to check a post-war Ottoman Empire. Greece wanted to incorporate Constantinople, but Entente powers did not give permission. Damat Ferid Pasha went to Paris on behalf of the Ottoman Empire hoping to minimize territorial losses using 9790:

government at Samsun and Ankara, under the authority of the Grand National Assembly (Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi) and Kemal. Although the process had begun before the Balkan Wars, the final and most decisive period started immediately after WWI and ended with the almost total destruction of the Pontic Greeks ...

6875:. The Nationalists demanded that the Greek army evacuate East Thrace, Imbros, and Tenedos as well as Asia Minor. Mustafa Kemal sent a telegram to his commanders: "Armies! Your first goal is the Mediterranean, onwards!" The Turks recaptured all of Greece's gains in the span of three weeks, and resulted in the 4272:'s public position that they had no intention to dismantle the Ottoman government or place it under military occupation by "occupying Constantinople". However, dismantling the government and partitioning the Ottoman Empire among the Allied nations had been an objective of the Entente since the start of WWI. 6443:. It was obvious that after the Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918) the eastern border was not going to stay as it was drawn, which mandated the evacuation of the Ottoman army back to its 1914 borders. Right after the Armistice of Mudros was signed, pro-Ottoman provisional republics were proclaimed in 8357: 7574:

Vahagn Avedian argues that the Turkish War of Independence was not directed against the Allied Powers, but that its main objective was to get rid of non-Turkish minority groups. The Nationalist movement maintained the aggressive policy of the CUP against Christians. It was stated in a secret telegram

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states that "removing non-Turks from the sanctuary of Anatolia continued to be one of" the Turkish Nationalists' main activities after World War I. Preventing Armenians and other Christians from returning home, and therefore allowing their properties to be retained by those who had stolen them during

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However, from the Turkish perspective, the term "Kurtuluş Savaşı" is widely defended, as the overwhelming majority of Turks view the event as a liberation from a foreign occupation. A speech delivered by Mustafa Kemal on 24 April 1920, to the newly established Ankara government, summed up the Turkish

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In salvaging the Treaty of Sèvres, The Triple Entente forced the Turkish revolutionaries to agree with the terms through a series of conferences in London. The conference of London gave the Triple Entente an opportunity to reverse some of its policies. In October, parties to the conference received a

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Mustafa Kemal was ready for this move. He warned all the Nationalist organisations that there would be misleading declarations from the capital. He warned that the only way to counter Allied movements was to organise protests. He declared "Today the Turkish nation is called to defend its capacity for

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met in the capital. First the sultan's speech was presented, and then a telegram from Mustafa Kemal, manifesting the claim that the rightful government of Turkey was in Ankara in the name of the Committee of Representation. On 28 January the MPs from both sides of the isle secretly met to endorse the

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Mustafa Kemal wrote in his memoir that he needed nationwide support to justify armed resistance against the Allied occupation. His credentials and the importance of his position were not enough to inspire everyone. While officially occupied with the disarming of the army, he met with various contacts

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would induce less harsh peace terms from the Allied powers. However, his appointment was problematic for the Unionists, many being members of the liquidated committee that were surely to face trial. Years of corruption, unconstitutional acts, war profiteering, and enrichment from ethnic cleansing and

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b. Italy occupied Constantinople and a part of southwestern Anatolia but never fought the Turkish army directly. During its occupation Italian troops protected Turkish civilians, who were living in the areas occupied by the Italian army, from Greek troops and accepted Turkish refugees who had to flee

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The genocide was committed by two subsequent and chronologically, ideologically, and organically interrelated and interconnected dictatorial and chauvinist regimes: (1) the regime of the CUP, under the notorious triumvirate of the three pashas (Üç Paşalar), Talât, Enver, and Cemal, and (2) the rebel

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The Greek seizure of Smyrna and the repeated pushes inland— almost to the outskirts of Ankara, the Nationalist capital—coupled with the largely imagined threat of a Pontine breakaway, triggered a widespread, systematic four- year campaign of ethnic cleansing in which hundreds of thousands of Ottoman

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did not see itself committed to support a potential British war with Kemal's GNA, dominion foreign policy would become less committed for security for the British Empire. This attitude of no commitment to the Empire would be a defining moment in Canada's gradual movement towards independence as well

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Preference of the term "Kurtuluş Savaşı" (lit. Liberation War) has been criticized by Corry Guttstadt as it causes Turkey to be portrayed as "a victim of imperialist forces". In this version of events, minority groups are depicted as a pawn used by these forces. Turkish Islamists, right-wing faction

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Kemal had long ago made up his mind to abolish the sultanate when the moment was ripe. After facing opposition from some members of the assembly, using his influence as a war hero, he managed to prepare a draft law for the abolition of the sultanate, which was then submitted to the National Assembly

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and the Straits and the French asked Kemal to respect it, to which he agreed on 28 September. However, France, Italy, Yugoslavia, and the British Dominions objected to a new war. France, Italy and Britain called on Mustafa Kemal to enter into cease-fire negotiations. In return, on 29 September Kemal

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had tried to capture Mudanya as early as 25 June 1920, but stubborn Turkish resistance inflicted casualties on British forces and forced them to withdraw. There were many instances of successful delaying operations of small Turkish irregular forces against numerical superior enemy troops. The United

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While the number of victims in Ankara's deportations remains elusive, evidence from other locations suggest that the Nationalists were as equally disposed to collective punishment and population politics as their Young Turk antecedents... As in the First World War, the mass deportation of civilians

6774:, which ended in Greek withdrawal. Almost of year of stalemate without much fighting followed, during which Greek morale and discipline faltered while Turkish strength increased. French and Italian forces evacuated Anatolia. The Allies offered an armistice to the Turks, which Mustafa Kemal refused. 5246:

and did not want to return to Constantinople, concerned that the foreign authorities might have designs for him beyond the sultan's plans. Before resigning from his position, he dispatched a circular to all nationalist organizations and military commanders to not disband or surrender unless for the

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which were settled in their properties during the First World War. Ethnic conflict restarted in Anatolia; government officials responsible for resettling Christian refugees often assisted Muslim refugees in these disputes, prompting European powers to continue bringing Ottoman territory under their

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in 1921. Miasnikyan's figures were broken down as follows: of the approximately 60,000 Armenians who were killed by the Turkish armies, 30,000 were men, 15,000 women, 5,000 children, and 10,000 young girls. Of the 38,000 who were wounded, 20,000 were men, 10,000 women, 5,000 young girls, and 3,000

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refused to be budged on the British position that the area was part of Iraq. The British Iraq Mandate's possession of Mosul was confirmed by a League of Nations brokered agreement between Turkey and Great Britain in 1926. The French delegation, however, did not achieve any of their goals and on 30

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The British still expected the GNA to make concessions. From the first speech, the British were startled as Ankara demanded fulfillment of the National Pact. During the conference, the British troops in Constantinople were preparing for a Kemalist attack. There was never any fighting in Thrace, as

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First negotiations between the sides failed during the Conference of London. The stage for peace was set after the Triple Entente's decision to make an arrangement with the Turkish revolutionaries. Before the talks with the Entente, the Nationalists partially settled their eastern borders with the

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was brokered demarcating the border between the Ankara government and French controlled Syria. In the end, there was a mass exodus of Cilician Armenians to French controlled Syria, Previous Armenian survivors of deportation found themselves again as refugees and families which avoided the worst of

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However, the treaty could never come into effect. The treaty was extremely unpopular, with protests against the final document held even before its release in Sultanahmet square. Though Mehmed VI and Ferid Pasha loathed the treaty, they did not want Istanbul to join Ankara in nationalist struggle.

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The British accepted the fact that a nationalist movement could not be defeated without deployment of consistent and well-trained forces. On 25 June, the forces originating from Kuva-i İnzibatiye were dismantled under British supervision. The British realised that the best option to overcome these

5983:, concluded that 27 divisions were necessary, but the British army did not have 27 divisions to spare. Also, a deployment of this size could have disastrous political consequences back home. World War I had just ended, and the British public would not support another lengthy and costly expedition. 5514:

to discuss the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire and the crisis in Anatolia. The British began to sense that the elected Ottoman government was under Kemalist influence and if left unchecked, the Entente could once again find themselves at war with the Empire. The Ottoman government was not doing

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force to keep stability in the region. Venizelos's rhetoric was more directed against the CUP regime than the Turks as a whole, an attitude not always shared in the Greek military: "Greece is not making war against Islam, but against the anachronistic Government, and its corrupt, ignominious, and

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ideology in the Defence of Rights movement, and the potential for themselves to meet fates 'like the Armenians' especially as warlords hailing from those communities assisted the deportations of the Christians even though as many commanders in the Nationalist movement also had Caucasian and Balkan

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and its immediate dependencies. This was followed by a fleet consisting of British, French, Italian and Greek ships deploying soldiers on the ground the next day, totaling 50,000 troops in Constantinople. The Allied Powers stated that the occupation was temporary and its purpose was to protect the

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as a peace settlement. They added to the points passed in Sivas, calling for plebiscites to be held in West Thrace; Batum, Kars, and Ardahan, and Arab lands on whether to stay in the Empire or not. Proposals were also made to elect Kemal president of the Chamber; however, this was deferred in the

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on 19 May and set up their first quarters in the Mıntıka Palace Hotel. British troops were present in Samsun, and he initially maintained cordial contact. He had assured Damat Ferid about the army's loyalty towards the new government in Constantinople. However, behind the government's back, Kemal

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Between 1920 and 1923, as Turkish and Western diplomats were negotiating the fate of the Armenian Question at peace conferences in London, Paris, and Lausanne, thousands of Armenians of the Ottoman Empire who had survived the massacres and deportations of World War I continued to face massacres,

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is under temporary occupation by foreign forces and that our independence is greatly restricted. Submitting to these conditions would mean national acceptance of a slavery proposed to us by foreign powers." The Treaty of Sèvres further promoted the Turkish narrative of the need to "liberate" the

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that used to serve as the provincial headquarters of the local CUP chapter. The inclusion of "Turkey" in its name reflected a increasing trend of new ways Ottoman citizens thought of their country, and was the first time it was formally used as the name of the country. On 23 April, the assembly,

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The 'War of Independence' was not against the occupying Allies – a myth invented by Kemalists – but rather a campaign to rid Turkey of remaining non-Turkish elements. In fact, Nationalists never clashed with Entente occupying forces until the French forces with Armenian contingents and Armenian

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Thus, from spring 1919, Kemal Pasha resumed, with ex- CUP forces, domestic war against Greek and Armenian rivals. These were partly backed by victors of World War I who had, however, abstained from occupying Asia Minor. The war for Asia Minor— in national diction, again a war of salvation and

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The Armenian Genocide, along with the killing of Assyrians and the expulsion of the Anatolian Greeks, laid the ground for the more homogeneous nation-state that arose from the ashes of the empire. Like many other states, including Australia, Israel, and the United States, the emergence of the

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and his forces defending Mosul would surrender to the British in October 1918, but the British ignored the armistice and seized the city, following which the pasha also ignored the armistice and distributed weapons to the locals. Even before Mustafa Kemal's movement was fully organized, rogue

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regions. He states that its aspect as a civil war is pushed into the background in official and academic books as 'revolts'. The losers of civil war who neither supported sultan nor Ankara Government, which they considered a continuation of CUP, did not consider themselves rebels. He further

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was the leading Turkish negotiator. İsmet maintained the basic position of the Ankara government that it had to be treated as an independent and sovereign state, equal with all other states attending the conference. In accordance with the directives of Mustafa Kemal, while discussing matters

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control over Constantinople; the rest of the Ottoman Empire was loyal to Kemal's movement to resist a partition of Anatolia and Thrace. Within a few months Mustafa Kemal went from General Inspector of the Ninth Army to a renegade military commander discharged for insubordination to leading a

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The argument that there was a mutually signed agreement for the population exchange ignores the fact that the Ankara government had already declared its intention that no Greek should remain on Turkish soil before the exchange was even discussed. The final killing and expulsion of the Greek

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Ittihadist violence was as near as near could be optimal against the Armenians (and Syriacs) and in the final Kemalist phase was quantitively entirely the greater in an increasingly asymmetric conflict where, for instance, Kemal could deport "enemies" into a deep interior in a way that his

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f. Greece took 22,071 military and civilian prisoners. Of these were 520 officers and 6,002 soldiers. During the prisoner exchange in 1923, 329 officers, 6,002 soldiers and 9,410 civilian prisoners arrived in Turkey. The remaining 6,330, mostly civilian prisoners, presumably died in Greek

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Mustafa Kemal completed what Talaat and Enver had started in 1915, the eradication of the Armenian population of Anatolia and the termination of Armenian political aspirations in the Caucasus. With the expulsion of the Greeks, the Turkification and Islamification of Asia Minor was nearly

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independence, thus in- line with what had begun in 1913— accomplished Talaat's demographic Turkification beginning on the eve of World War I. Resuming Talaat's Pontus policy of 1916– 17, this again involved collective physical annihilation, this time of the Rûm of Pontus at the Black Sea.

7210:. Most goals on the condition of sovereignty were granted to Turkey. In addition to Turkey's more favourable land borders compared with Treaty of Sèvres (as can be seen in the picture to the right), capitulations were abolished, the issue of Mosul would be decided by a League of Nations 4993:

at Smyrna, resulting in the Italian delegation walking out of the peace talks. On 30 April, Italy responded to the possible idea of Greek incorporation of Western Anatolia by sending a warship to Smyrna as a show of force against the Greek campaign. A large Italian force also landed in

8530: 5727:, where Indians protested Britain's planned dismemberment of Turkey. A committee was also started for sending funds to help the soon to be proclaimed Ankara government of Mustafa Kemal. A flood of supporters moved to Ankara just ahead of the Allied dragnets. Included among them were 6770:İsmet Pasha after the defeat as commander-in-chief as well as his political duties. The decision was made in the Greek military command to march on the Nationalist capital of Ankara to force Mustafa Kemal to the negotiating table. For 21 days, the Turks and Greeks fought a pitched 5493:

control of the British battalion stationed at Constantinople and any decisions by the parliament had to have the signatures of both Ali Rıza Pasha and the battalion's commanding officer. The only laws that passed were those acceptable to, or specifically ordered by the British.

4905:, including the Ottoman Empire. As a special body of the Paris Conference, "The Inter-Allied Commission on Mandates in Turkey", was established to pursue the secret treaties they had signed between 1915 and 1917. Italy sought control over the southern part of Anatolia under the 5199:(22 June 1919). Ottoman provincial authorities were notified via telegraph that the unity and independence of the nation was at risk, and that the government in Constantinople was compromised. To remedy this, a congress was to take place in Erzurum between delegates of the 7031:

for voting. In that article, it was stated that the form of the government in Constantinople, resting on the sovereignty of an individual, had already ceased to exist when the British forces occupied the city after World War I. Furthermore, it was argued that although the

5172: 7013:. The agreement came into force starting 15 October. Allied forces would stay in eastern Thrace for a month to assure law and order. In return, Ankara would recognise continued British occupation of Constantinople and the Straits zones until the final treaty was signed. 5222:, Admiral Calthorpe resigned on the basis that this was against the armistice that he had signed and was assigned to another position on 5 August 1919. The movement of British units alarmed the population of the region and convinced them that Mustafa Kemal was right. 8901: 5967:

with crushing Anzavur's revolt. This revealed the sultan did not have the unwavering support of his own men and allies. Meanwhile, the rest of these forces withdrew behind the British lines which held their position. For now, Istanbul was out of Ankara's grasp.

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had belonged to the Ottoman Empire, it rested on the Turkish state by its dissolution and Turkish National Assembly would have right to choose a member of the Ottoman family in the office of caliph. On 1 November, The Turkish Grand National Assembly voted to

4399:), which he reluctantly did, following which he was recalled to Constantinople. He made sure to distribute weapons to the population to prevent them from falling into the hands of Allied forces. Some of these weapons were smuggled to the east by members of 6979:

hosted the conference to arrange the armistice on 3 October 1922. İsmet Pasha—commander of the western armies—was in front of the Allies. The scene was unlike Mudros as the British and the Greeks were on the defence. Greece was represented by the Allies.

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certain knowledge that the British would prorogue the Chamber. The Chamber of Deputies would be forcefully dissolved for passing the National Pact anyway. The National Pact solidified Nationalist interests, which were in conflict with the Allied plans.

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With Anatolia in practical anarchy and the Ottoman army being questionably loyal in reaction to Allied land seizures, Mehmed VI established the military inspectorate system to reestablish authority over the remaining empire. Encouraged by Karabekir and

3859:. Founded as a radical revolutionary group seeking to prevent a collapse of the Ottoman Empire, by the eve of World War I it decided that the solution was to implement nationalist and centralizing policies. The CUP reacted to the losses of land and the 8819: 5714:

to provide delegates for a new parliament to represent the Ottoman (Turkish) people, which would convene in Ankara. With the proclamation of the counter-government, Kemal would then ask the sultan to accept its authority. Mustafa Kemal appealed to the

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government. In this text, the Nationalist Movement's goal was stated as freeing the sultanate and the caliphate from its enemies. In reaction to the desertion of several prominent figures to the Nationalist Movement, Ferid Pasha ordered Halide Edip,

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Eleftherios Venizelos, pessimistic of the rapidly deteriorating situation in Anatolia, requested to the Allies that a peace treaty be drawn up with the hope that fighting would stop. The subsequent treaty of Sèvres in August 1920 confirmed the Arab

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Phase". The occupation ceremony from the outset was tense from nationalist fervor, with Ottoman Greeks greeting the soldiers with an ecstatic welcome, and Ottoman Muslims protesting the landing. A miscommunication in Greek high command led to an

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Refet Bele was assigned to seize control of eastern Thrace from the Allies. He was the first representative to reach the old capital. The British did not allow the hundred gendarmes who came with him. That resistance lasted until the next day.

6899:, and signed the next day. The Greeks initially refused to agree but did so on 13 October. Factors persuading Turkey to sign may have included the arrival of British reinforcements. With the British government and public firmly anti-war, the 6298:. Though an alliance existed with the Turks, little material support came to him from Ankara, and by 1923 there was a desire to cease hostilities between the Turks and British at Barzanji's expense. Mahmud was overthrown in 1924, and after a 7583:

was considered as the "greatest threat" for the continuation of Turkish state, and that for this reason, they "fulfilled the genocidal policy of its CUP predecessor". After the Christian population was destroyed, the focus shifted to the

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According to John R. Ferris, "Decisive Turkish victory in Anatolia... produced Britain's gravest strategic crisis between the 1918 Armistice and Munich, plus a seismic shift in British politics..." Erik Goldstein and Brian McKerche,

6490:

be transferred to Armenia. This was unacceptable to the Turkish revolutionaries. However, Soviet support was absolutely vital for the Turkish Nationalist movement, as Turkey was underdeveloped and had no domestic armaments industry.

8005:"Українська державність у XX столітті: Історико-політологічний аналіз / Ред. кол.: О. Дергачов (кер. авт. кол.), Є. Бистрицький, О. Білий, І. Бураковський, Дж. Мейс, В. Полохало, М. Томенко та ін. – К.: Політ. думка, 1996. — 434 с." 5950:

Anatolia had many competing forces on its soil: British troops, Nationalist militia (Kuva-yi Milliye), the sultan's army (Kuva-yi İnzibatiye), and Anzavur's bands. On 13 April 1920, an uprising supported by Anzavur against the GNA

4813: 4738:

essentially controlled fiefdoms with tacit approval from bureaucrats and local elites. An amnesty issued in late 1918 saw these bandits strengthen their positions and fight amongst each other instead of returning to civilian life.

7393:

was appointed ambassador to Afghanistan to minimize their efforts; Turkey and Afghanistan signed a friendship treaty. After the war former high-ranking CUP members were semi-active in politics until they were purged following an

6290:. Having previously supported the British invasion of Mesopotamia to become the governor of South Kurdistan, Mahmud revolted but was apprehended by 1919. Without legitimacy to govern the region, he was released from captivity to 5100:. The Greek troops based in cosmopolitan Smyrna soon found themselves conducting counterinsurgency operations in a hostile, dominantly Muslim hinterland. Groups of Ottoman Greeks also formed contingents that cooperated with the 4407:, to be used in case resistance was necessary in Anatolia. Many Ottoman officials participated in efforts to conceal from the occupying authorities details of the burgeoning independence movement spreading throughout Anatolia. 5778:

Some 100 members of the Chamber of Deputies were able to escape the Allied roundup and joined 190 deputies elected. In March 1920, Turkish revolutionaries announced the establishment of a new parliament in Ankara known as the

7537:

Historian Erik Sjöberg concludes that "It seems, in the end, unlikely that the Turkish Nationalist leaders, though secular in name, ever had any intention of allowing any sizeable non-Muslim minority to remain." According to

4080:

The armistice was signed because the Ottoman Empire had been defeated in important fronts, but the military was intact and retreated in good order. Unlike other Central Powers, the Allies did not mandate an abdication of the

5003:

bloody administration, with a view to the expelling it from those territories where the majority of the population consists of Greeks." It was decided by the Triple Entente that Greece would control a zone around Smyrna and

4593:. While many leading Unionists were sentenced lengthy prison sentences, many made sure to escape the country before Allied occupation or to regions that the government now had minimal control over; thus most were sentenced 7426:

emphasizes that casualties and financial losses that occurred in the civil war is at least as catastrophic as the war that was fought against the enemies in other fronts. Thus, he concludes that the war was similar to the

8734: 5678:'s decapitation by the Entente allowed Mustafa Kemal to consolidate his position as the sole leader of Turkish resistance against the Allies, and to that end made him the legitimate representative of the Turkish people. 8133: 7214:

in 1926, while the border with Greece and Bulgaria would become demilitarised. The Turkish Straits would be under an international commission which gave Turkey more of a voice (this arrangement would be replaced by the

7615:

transitioned from a provisional counsel to being Turkey's primary legislative body. In 1923, A-RMHC changed its name to the People's Party. A couple years later, the name would be changed again by Mustafa Kemal to the

5987:

Turkish Nationalists was to use a force that was battle-tested and fierce enough to fight the Turks on their own soil. The British had to look no further than Turkey's neighbor already occupying its territory: Greece.

5305:

Following the congress, the Committee of Representation relocated to Sivas. As announced in the Amasya Circular, a new congress was held there in September with delegates from all Anatolian and Thracian provinces. The

8778: 4758:

that intensified during the war and were hesitant to pledge allegiance to the Defence of Rights movement, and only would if officials could facilitate truces. Various Muhacir groups were suspicious of the continued

1498: 11472: 6716:

A second Greek offensive in autumn was launched with the goal to pressure Istanbul and Ankara to sign the Sèvres Treaty. This peace process was temporarily halted with the fall of Venizelos when the pro-Entente

6467:

and Allied Powers on reshaping the border. Woodrow Wilson agreed to transfer territories to Armenia based on the principles of national self-determination. The results of these talks were to be reflected on the

5214:. His remarks were downplayed by George Kidson of the Eastern Department. Captain Hurst of the British occupation force in Samsun warned Admiral Calthorpe one more time, but Hurst's units were replaced with the 3860: 7542:, one of the Turkish delegates at Lausanne, wrote that "disposing of people of different races, languages and religions in our country is the most ... vital issue". Many Greek men were conscripted into unarmed 4693:

The Entente would have arrived at Constantinople to discover an administration attempting to deal with decades of accumulated refugee crisis. The new government issued a proclamation allowing for deportees to

12689: 12422: 9359:

As such, the Greco-Turkish and Armeno-Turkish wars (1919–23) were in essence processes of state formation that represented a continuation of ethnic unmixing and exclusion of Ottoman Christians from Anatolia.

4152:

were now outside of the Ottoman Empire and under Allied occupation, with some "imperialists" still loyal to the Ottoman Sultanate-Caliphate, and others wishing for independence or Allied protection under a

5134:

trusted the Allies to bring peace, and thought the terms offered at Mudros were considerably more lenient than they actually were. Pushback was potent in the capital, with 23 May 1919 being largest of the

9475:

The famous 'war of national liberation', prepared by the Unionists and waged by Kemal, was a vast operation, intended to complete the genocide by finally eradicating Armenian, Greek, and Syriac survivors.

9398:

The Treaty of Lausanne in 1923 officially recognized the " ethnic cleansing " that had gone on during the Turkish War of Independence ( 1919 - 1922 ) for the sake of undisputed Turkish rule in Asia Minor

7433: 5642:

being killed when troops raided their barracks. Among those arrested were the senior leadership of the Turkish National Movement and former members of the CUP. 150 arrested Turkish politicians accused of

7455:

and also leftists regard this historical narrative to be legitimate. In fact, Ottoman Empire had joined the First World War with expansionist goals. The CUP government intended to expand the Empire into

5719:, asking for help to make sure that everyone knew he was still fighting in the name of the sultan who was also the caliph. He stated he wanted to free the caliph from the Allies. He found an ally in the 5709:

The strong measures taken against the Nationalists by the Allies in March 1920 began a distinct new phase of the conflict. Mustafa Kemal sent a note to the governors and force commanders, asking them to

4998:. Faced with Italian annexation of parts of Asia Minor with a significant ethnic Greek population, Venizelos secured Allied permission for Greek troops to land in Smyrna per Article VII, ostensibly as a 5747:, the president of the now shuttered Chamber of Deputies. Celaleddin Arif's desertion of the capital was of great significance, as he declared that the Ottoman Parliament had been dissolved illegally. 7757: 6816:'s position. On 12 February 1921, he went with the annexation of the Aegean coast which was followed by the Greek offensive. David Lloyd George acted with his sentiments, which were developed during 9585:

adversaries could not..., it was the hard men, self-styled saviours of the Ottoman-Turkish state, and – culminating in Kemal – unapologetic génocidaires, who were able to wrest its absolute control.

8662: 4854:

on the remote Black Sea coast, Kemal had one last audience with Sultan Vahdettin, where he affirmed his loyalty to the sultan-caliph. It was in this meeting that they were informed of the botched

8694: 5170: 3930:" and threatened accountability. They also had imperialist ambitions on Ottoman territory, with correspondence over a post-war settlement in the Ottoman Empire being leaked to the press as the 7318:

In the orthodox Turkish version of events, the Nationalist Movement broke with its defective past and took its strength from popular support led by Kemal, consequently giving him the surname

5662:

and a return to absolutism. University students were forbidden from joining political associations inside and outside the classroom. With the lower elected Chamber of Deputies shuttered, the

5147:

in Turkish history at that point. The Ottoman government condemned the landing, but could do little about it. Ferid Pasha tried to resign, but was urged by the sultan to stay in his office.

12895: 1491: 5952: 9385: 7007:

was in Thrace at the time, and he covered the evacuation of eastern Thrace of its Greek population. He has several short stories written about Thrace and Smyrna, which appear in his book

8310: 5797: 5112:, which saw intense intercommunal violence and the razing of the city. What was supposed to be a peacekeeping mission of Western Anatolia instead inflamed ethnic tensions and became a 14619: 13113: 9184: 3312: 5242:

By early July, Mustafa Kemal Pasha received telegrams from the sultan and Calthorpe, asking him and Refet to cease his activities in Anatolia and return to the capital. Kemal was in

13108: 5341:. In October 1919, the last Ottoman governor loyal to Constantinople fled his province. Fearing the outbreak of hostilities, all British troops stationed in the Black Sea coast and 5096:(national forces), which were soon joined by Ottoman soldiers, bandits, and disaffected farmers. Most Kuva-yi Milliye bands were led by rogue military commanders and members of the 4797:– to restore order to Ottoman military units and to improve internal security on 30 April 1919, with his first assignment to suppress a rebellion by Greek rebels around the city of 3918:

was applied. A similar suspicion and suppression from the Turkish nationalist government was directed towards the Arab and Kurdish populations, leading to localized rebellions. The

4618:

With all the chaotic politics in the capital and uncertainty of the severity of the incoming peace treaty, many Ottomans looked to Washington with the hope that the application of

1418:

with the Greek troops. However, after this the United Kingdom would not take part in any more major fighting. Moreover, the British troops occupied several towns in Turkey such as

13123: 1484: 8731: 6108:

would also extend into Anatolia beyond the land concessions. The old capital of Constantinople as well as the Dardanelles would be under international League of Nations control.

5474:

nor to respect his parliamentary immunity if he went to the Ottoman capital, hence he remained in Anatolia. Mustafa Kemal and the Committee of Representation moved from Sivas to

13118: 12363: 6104:. Smyrna would hold a plebiscite on whether to stay with Greece or Turkey, and the Kurdistan region would hold one on the question of independence. British, French, and Italian 4816:

like Enver. He was therefore sidelined to the periphery of power throughout the Great War; after the CUP's dissolution he vocally aligned himself with moderates that formed the

4213:

and the vague right to occupy "in case of disorder" any territory if there were a threat to security. The clause relating to the occupation of the straits was meant to secure a

8342:

History of the Campaign of Minor Asia, General Staff of Army, Directorate of Army History, Athens, 1967, p. 140: on 11 June (OC) 6,159 officers, 193,994 soldiers (=200,153 men)

8130: 5975:

carried out aerial bombardments against the positions, which forced Nationalist forces to temporarily retreat to more secure missions. The British commander in Turkey, General

5207:

should send delegates. Sympathy and an lack of coordination from the capital gave Mustafa Kemal freedom of movement and telegraph use despite his implied anti-government tone.

4522:, and refused to partake in any future election. With the collapse of the CUP and its censorship regime, an outpouring of condemnation against the party came from all parts of 15630: 5353:

that an election would be called for the Ottoman Parliament to establish national unity by upholding the resolutions made in the Sivas Congress, including the National Pact.

5337:

to arrest Kemal before the Sivas Congress led to the cutting of all ties with the Ottoman government until a new election would be held in the lower house of parliament, the

13128: 12715: 12710: 11399: 8775: 7466:

accused the Ankara-based Nationalist Movement of being a rebellion against the caliphate and the monarchy. After the war, Islamists, disturbed by Mustafa Kemal's secularist

6270: 6260: 5658:

On 18 March, the Chamber of Deputies declared that it was unacceptable to arrest five of its members, and dissolved itself. Mehmed VI confirmed this and declared the end of

4124:

Due to the Turkish nationalist policies pursued by the CUP against Ottoman Christians by 1918 the Ottoman Empire held control over a mostly homogeneous land of Muslims from

6207:

as well as various Armenian militia groups. 150,000 Armenians were repatriated to their homes within months of French occupation. On 21 January 1920, a Turkish Nationalist

5247:

latter if they could be replaced by cooperative nationalist commanders. Now only a civilian stripped of his command, Mustafa Kemal was at the mercy of the new inspector of

9512: 8962:Özdalga, Elizabeth. "The Last Dragoman: the Swedish Orientalist Johannes Kolmodin as Scholar, Activist and Diplomat (2006), Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, p. 63". 7345:

had been former members of the committee. However, their conduct during and after the war shows that various movements were competing with each other. Kazım Karabekir had

6444: 3961:, an imperialist and multicultural nationalism. Mistreatment of non-Turk groups after 1913, and the general context of great socio-political upheaval that occurred in the 337: 12385: 9029:

HG, Howell. "Report on the Nationalist Offensive in Anatolia, Istanbul: The Inter-Allied commission proceeding to Bourssa, F.O. 371-7898, no. E10383.(15 September 1922)".

6243:

Some efforts to coordinate between Turkish Nationalists and the Syrian rebels persisted from 1920 to 1921, with the Nationalists supporting the Faisal's kingdom through

11464: 12375: 6809:

Woodrow Wilson as he insisted on "respect for nationalities" in the Fourteen Points. He believed that the sentiments of the Turks "will never accept this annexation".

5935:(Caliphate Army) to combat the Nationalists. Then using money from the Allies, another force about 2,000 strong from non-Muslim inhabitants were initially deployed in 8501: 7885:: 18 infantry divisions and 5 cavalry divisions, if the independent brigade and regiments are included, 19 infantry divisions and 5.5 cavalry divisions (207,942 men). 12955: 12888: 8602:Σειρά Μεγάλες Μάχες: Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή (Νο 8), συλλογική εργασία, έκδοση περιοδικού Στρατιωτική Ιστορία, Εκδόσεις Περισκόπιο, Αθήνα, Νοέμβριος 2002, σελίδα 64 8209: 8185: 6223:

which featured intense sectarian violence between Turks and Armenians. After a failed uprising by the Nationalists in Adana, by 1921, the French and Turks signed an

5210:

On 23 June, High Commissioner Admiral Calthorpe, realising the significance of Mustafa Kemal's discreet activities in Anatolia, sent a report about the Pasha to the

4375:

commanding Turkey's coal mining region. These continued seizures of land prompted Ottoman commanders to refuse demobilization and prepare for the resumption of war.

8443: 5979:—, asked for reinforcements. This led to a study to determine what would be required to defeat the Turkish Nationalists. The report, signed by French Field Marshal 13084: 12943: 6752: 6537:

power in Armenia, since Soviet rule was already established in the country. On 16 March 1921, the Bolsheviks and Turkey signed a more comprehensive agreement, the

6379: 3434: 14390: 14196: 7216: 4077:, and five other high-ranking members of the CUP escaped the Ottoman Empire on a German torpedo boat later that night, plunging the country into a power vacuum. 3362: 13149: 12182: 14939: 13064: 11032: 10993: 5674:

declared Mustafa Kemal's struggle legitimate, and resigned after less than a month in office. In his place, Damat Ferid Pasha returned to the premiership. The

3305: 12380: 5784: 5130:

The reaction of Greek landing at Smyrna and continued Allied seizures of land served to destabilize Turkish civil society. Ottoman bureaucrats, military, and

4552:

A general amnesty was soon issued, allowing the exiled and imprisoned dissidents persecuted by the CUP to return to Constantinople. Vahdettin invited the pro-

14775: 13144: 13039: 12340: 12106: 7198:, finally signed in July 1923, led to international recognition of the Grand National Assembly as the legitimate government of Turkey and sovereignty of the 6455:'. Both sides of the new borders had massive refugee populations and famine, which were compounded by the renewed and more symmetric sectarian violence (See 3689: 1526: 7579:

to Kazım Karabekir in mid-1921 "the most important thing is to eliminate Armenia, both politically and materially". Avedian holds that the existence of the

6697:

of 1920, which Istanbul condemned, that took control over the Marmara coast and provided strategic depth to the İzmir occupation zone. The cities of İzmit,

14807: 13079: 13054: 12881: 12676: 12293: 12249: 7742: 6456: 5928:. Throughout late 1919 and early 1920 the warlord recruited fellow Circassian bandits, decrying Kemal's nationalists as 'wicked Unionists and freemasons'. 4639: 4275:

A wave of seizures took place in the rest of the country in the following months. Citing Article VII, British forces demanded that Turkish troops evacuate

15530: 14780: 13069: 13044: 13029: 13019: 12353: 11518: 6460: 6387: 4450: 11555: 8237: 7752: 13049: 13024: 13004: 12556: 6686:

The Greco-Turkish War—referred to as the "Western Front" by the Turks and the "Asia Minor Campaign" by the Greeks—started when Greek forces landed in

5774:. The foreign press used the term "Kemalists" interchangeably with the word "nationalists" to denote the Ankara-based movement and its armed strength. 4626:

never declared war on the Ottoman Empire, so many imperial elite believed Washington could be a neutral arbiter that could fix the empire's problems.

15486: 12938: 9741:

Greeks were massacred and more than a million deported to Greece... throughout 1914–1924, the overarching aim was to achieve a Turkey free of Greeks.

7898:

sources give 100,000 killed and wounded, with a total sum of 200,000 casualties, taking into account that 100,000 casualties were solely suffered in

4703:

control. Of the 800,000 Ottoman Christian refugees, approximately over half returned to their homes by 1920. Meanwhile 1.4 million refugees from the

4654:'s health, the United States diplomatically withdrew from the Middle East to focus on Europe, leaving the Entente powers to construct a post-Ottoman 3298: 9133: 9110: 9085: 9062: 8376: 6867:

With the borders secured with treaties and agreements at east and south, Mustafa Kemal was now in a commanding position. On August 26, 1922, in the

15576: 9156: 5069:" (meaning "long live Venizelos"), and 300–400 unarmed Turkish soldiers and civilians and 100 Greek soldiers and civilians were killed or wounded. 5048:

Most historians mark the Greek landing at Smyrna on 15 May 1919 as the start date of the Turkish War of Independence as well as the start of the "

15300: 14684: 13322: 13074: 7183: 5811:, calling for the death of its leaders. The fatwa stated that true believers should not go along with the Nationalist Movement as they committed 3834: 3207: 9369: 7935:

Mehmet Çavuş's fire against the French in Dörtyol was misknown until near past. But Hasan Tahsin's firing was the first bullet in Western Front.

6690:(now İzmir), on 15 May 1919. A perimeter around the city known as the Milne Line was established in which low-intensity guerilla war commenced. 4410:

Other commanders began refusing orders from the Ottoman government and the Allied powers. After Mustafa Kemal Pasha returned to Constantinople,

4157:. Sizable Greek and Armenian minorities remained within its borders, and most of these communities no longer wished to remain under the Empire. 15603:

Prolonged conflicts are listed in the decade when initiated; ongoing conflicts are marked italic, and conflicts with +100,000 killed with bold.

14802: 12873: 12432: 8352: 6562: 6397: 5903: 3245: 1766: 1451: 771: 736: 8691: 8307: 7516: 3785:, a treaty more favorable to Turkey than Sèvres. The Allies evacuated Anatolia and eastern Thrace, the Ottoman government was overthrown, the 14840: 13859: 12313: 12223: 7532: 6432: 6203:. There was also a desire facilitate the return of Armenian refugees in the region to their homes, and the occupation force consisted of the 5711: 4804:

Mustafa Kemal was a well known, well respected, and well connected army commander, with much prestige coming from his status as the "Hero of

4221:

forces. There was also a hope to follow through punishing local actors that carried out exterminatory orders from the CUP government against

3911: 3798: 9943: 9181: 7494:

writes that the Italians were "currying favor" with Turkish Nationalist forces by allowing "clandestine sale and shipment of arms" to them.

15219: 14022: 13401: 9663:

population of the Ottoman Empire in 1920–24 was part of a series of hostile actions that began even before Turkey's entry into World War I.

9278: 7358: 7083: 6934: 6857: 6630: 6424: 6383: 6337: 6018: 5867: 5557: 5392: 418: 291: 5463:

in favor of the Kemalists were regular occurrences in rural provinces. This controversy led to many of the nationalist MPs organizing the

4928:

Greece justified their territorial claims of Ottoman land not least from Greece's entrance to WWI on the Allied side but also through the

4603:

as their holding ground made the trials unpopular. The partisan nature of the trials was not lost on observers either. The hanging of the

15504: 14693: 14643: 14383: 12863: 11421:

T., Ataöv (1974). "1-7 Eylül 1920 Doğu Hakları Birinci Kongresinde (Bakü) Enver Paşa'nın Konuşma Metni ve Bununla İlgili Kongre Kararı".

8165: 7787: 7737: 7471: 1235: 1095: 634: 8527: 7487:

country. Should no action be taken, the Turkish state would be reduced to rump state in central Anatolia under heavy foreign influence.

15665: 15660: 15625: 15333: 13995: 13396: 9459:(2020). "The Final Phase: The Cleansing of Armenian and Greek Survivors, 1919–1922". In Astourian, Stephan; Kévorkian, Raymond (eds.). 7621: 5315: 5311: 4468: 5251:(renamed from Ninth Army) Karabekir Pasha, indeed the War Ministry ordered him to arrest Kemal, an order which Karabekir refused. The 15670: 15650: 14636: 12908: 12792: 12099: 8889:

children. Instances of mass rape, murder and violence were also reported against the Armenian populace of Kars and Alexandropol: see

8583: 5687: 4057:

intended to sign an armistice, and resigned on 8 October 1918 so that a new government would receive less harsh armistice terms. The

3677: 1369: 251: 9040: 8102: 15091: 14650: 13793: 12276: 9436: 9252: 7159:

and the like, he refused any proposal that would compromise Turkish sovereignty. Finally, after long debates, on 24 July 1923, the

4734:

Administration in much of the Anatolian and Thracian countryside would soon all but collapse by 1919. Army deserters who turned to

3965:, meant many minorities now wished to divorce their future from imperialism to form futures of their own by separating into (often 11395: 9819: 9296:

Republic of Turkey involved the removal and subordination of native peoples who had lived on its territory prior to its founding.

6743:

When the offensive resumed, the Turks received their first victory when the Greeks encountered stiff resistance in the battles of

15635: 15249: 14460: 13182: 11373: 8659: 5639: 4356: 3464: 3389: 2764: 15323: 8028: 6792: 3825:

during World War I. The Christian presence in Anatolia was largely destroyed, the Muslim demographic increased from 80% to 98%.

14911: 14604: 14528: 14420: 14399: 14376: 14285: 13427: 13374: 12759: 11070: 7483: 7337:

The claim that the Nationalist Movement emerged as a continuation of the CUP is based on the fact Nationalist leaders such as:

6987: 5793: 5519: 4891: 1908: 11685: 11656:"Towards a Theory of Displacement Atrocities: The Cherokee Trail of Tears, The Herero Genocide, and The Pontic Greek Genocide" 8884:, the President of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Armenia, in a telegram he sent to the Soviet Foreign Minister 5478:

so that he could keep in touch with as many deputies as possible as they traveled to Constantinople to attend the parliament.

15512: 14719: 14425: 12832: 12075: 12010: 11911: 11882: 11842: 11820: 11798: 10960: 10912: 10885: 10858: 10821: 10765: 10419: 10326: 10221: 9733: 9689: 9655: 9632: 9521: 9493: 9468: 9379: 9352: 9288: 8069: 7988: 6783: 6451:

which were subsequently invaded by Armenia. Ottoman soldiers were convinced not to demobilize lest the area become a 'second

5971:

The clash outside İzmit brought serious consequences. British forces conducted combat operations on the Nationalists and the

5097: 4569: 4510:. He was disgusted with the policies of the CUP, and wished to be a more assertive sovereign than his diseased half brother. 4404: 4190: 3646: 2915: 2855: 15137: 8940: 8075: 7696:

covered the events in Anatolia extensively. Ihrig argues that Turkish War of Independence had a more definite impact on the

4832:

powers over all of Anatolia which was meant to accommodate him and other nationalists to keep them loyal to the government.

15620: 13305: 13160: 12842: 12639: 12092: 8485: 7009: 6759: 6282:

commanders found allies in Kurdish tribes. The Kurds detested the taxes and centralization the British demanded, including

5758:

and the Allies. Istanbul contemptuously referred to anyone who supported the nationalist movement led by Mustafa Kemal as "

5498: 5338: 4782: 4586: 4499: 3755: 3697: 3377: 2988: 1649: 457: 444: 9695: 8440: 8206: 8182: 2905: 15700: 15695: 15690: 15685: 15543: 15266: 14758: 14677: 13752: 13467: 13293: 11863: 7152: 6883:. Greece's retreat from Anatolia saw its army committing scorched earth tactics and the depopulation of Muslim villages. 6392: 5276: 3927: 3200: 3058: 2684: 2375: 431: 5670:

were all that remained of the Ottoman government, and were basically a puppet regime of the Allied powers. Grand Vizier

15680: 15207: 14243: 13783: 13773: 13103: 12036: 11212: 10345:), "Report of American Section of Inter-allied Commission of Mandates in Turkey" published by American Section in 1919. 9623:(1998). "Finishing the Genocide: Cleansing Turkey of Armenian Survivors, 1920-1923". In Hovannisian, Richard G. (ed.). 8207:

Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries; Turkish and British Indian soldiers killed in a clash at the War Office

7580: 7543: 7127: 7037: 6841: 6732: 5663: 5526:, demanded Ali Rıza Pasha to reassert control over the area, to which he responded with his resignation to the sultan. 4906: 4844: 4102: 3802: 3786: 3693: 3429: 3419: 3269: 3075: 2885: 2345: 17: 11238: 9407:"State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide" 9223:"State Identity, Continuity, and Responsibility: The Ottoman Empire, the Republic of Turkey and the Armenian Genocide" 8183:

British Indian troops attacked by Turks; thirty wounded and British officer captured – Warships' guns drive enemy back

5455:

winning, including the A-RMHC. The Nationalists' obvious links to the CUP made the election especially polarizing and

4887: 4790: 321: 15417: 14787: 14415: 13788: 13735: 13673: 13361: 13344: 12566: 12358: 12304: 12202: 12054: 11989: 11971: 11930: 11623: 11026: 10987: 9916: 9604: 8984: 8913: 8836: 8543: 8495: 8471: 8158: 8040: 7882: 7612: 7370: 7166:

The conference opened with representatives from the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Turkey. It heard speeches from

7105: 7045: 6956: 6666: 6652: 6359: 6237: 6089: 6040: 5889: 5780: 5703: 5693: 5579: 5414: 5345:

were evacuated. Damat Ferid Pasha resigned, and the sultan replaced him with a general with nationalist credentials:

5334: 5330: 4817: 4716: 4506:, promising elections for the next year. Vahdettin just ascended to the throne only months earlier with the death of 3838: 3790: 3735: 3265: 3165: 2630: 2415: 1574: 87: 11016: 10977: 6172:

In contrast to the Eastern and Western fronts, it was mostly unorganized Kuva-yi Milliye which were fighting in the

5518:

Mustafa Kemal manufactured a crisis to pressure the Istanbul government to pick a side by deploying Kuva-yi Milliye

15517: 15153: 15060: 14901: 14221: 13906: 13705: 13629: 13417: 9885:

Jowett, S. Philip, Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Ordular 1919-22, çev. Emir Yener, Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2015.

8007: 7620:(Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, CHP), one of Turkey's major political parties as well as its oldest. CHP went on to rule 6721:

died from sepsis after being bitten by a monkey. Much to Allied chagrin he was replaced by his anti-Entente father

4825: 4590: 3033: 2704: 831: 10484: 10191: 9550:(2020). "Through a Glass Darkly: The Resurrection of Religious Fanaticism as First Cause of Ottoman Catastrophe". 7881:

area: 1 infantry regiment and 1 cavalry regiment (1,000 men); Interior region units and institutions: 12,000 men;

7673: 7247: 6583: 5631:, while they carried out the arrests and occupied several government buildings in the early hours of the morning. 5061:

fired the "first bullet" at the Greek standard bearer at the head of the troops, turning the city into a warzone.

4415: 2945: 138:

to determine the objectives of the Turkish National Movement; Turkish civilians carrying ammunition to the front;

15640: 15473: 14556: 14480: 13901: 13349: 12948: 12129: 11870: 10835:

Khilafat movement which was primarily designed to prevent the allied dismemberment of Turkey after World War One.

7762: 7508: 6184: 5616: 5444: 5211: 4874: 4565: 4515: 4265: 4222: 4062: 4005: 3883: 3848: 3638: 3233: 54: 12903: 9202:

The Unionist Factor: The Role of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement, 1905-1926

15675: 15655: 15645: 15434: 14670: 14609: 14512: 14043: 13740: 13695: 13609: 13587: 13500: 8803: 8759: 8727: 8687: 8655: 8631: 8590:, Ankara University, Türk İnkılap Tarihi Enstitüsü Atatürk Yolu Dergisi, Edition 2, Number 6, 1990, pp. 328–332 8428: 8407: 8303: 7747: 7349:(Enver Pasha's uncle) deported from Anatolia during the war. Suspecting that he may reorganize the CUP through 7087: 6938: 6806: 6634: 6428: 6341: 6101: 6022: 5916: 5871: 5561: 5396: 4821: 4631: 4106: 3367: 3193: 2039: 752: 284: 15289: 15040: 12634: 11510: 9776: 6748: 4066: 3950:. A new imperative was given to the Entente powers to knock the Ottoman Empire out of the war and restart the 3852: 3751: 2960: 1644: 1380:

from the regions invaded by the Greek army. In July 1921 Italy began to withdraw its troops from southwestern

15720: 15710: 15313: 14954: 14746: 14132: 13849: 13570: 12228: 12218: 8234: 7625: 7307: 6821: 6767: 5976: 5440: 4503: 4051: 4009: 3394: 2330: 1100: 391: 15176: 15132: 12629: 9461:

Collective and State Violence in Turkey: The Construction of a National Identity from Empire to Nation-State

7122:

The Treaty of Lausanne, signed in 1923 that guaranteed Turkey's independence, replacing the Treaty of Sèvres

6744: 6737: 5287:

was established as a provisional executive body based in Anatolia, with Mustafa Kemal Pasha as its chairman.

5092:

commenced in the countryside, as Turks began to organize themselves into irregular guerilla groups known as

4960:

also earned it favors in Paris. Venizelos' demands included parts of eastern Thrace, the islands of Imbros (

3781:

The Grand National Assembly in Ankara was recognized as the legitimate Turkish government, which signed the

3747: 3664:. In an attempt to establish control over the power vacuum in Anatolia, the Allies agreed to launch a Greek 2940: 1639: 369: 15388: 15294: 15108: 14850: 14344: 14216: 13911: 13542: 13522: 7617: 6440: 6120: 5820: 5667: 5489:", he was wrong to think the election could bring him any legitimacy. The Ottoman parliament was under the 4982:, on the basis that every province of the Empire holds Muslim majorities. This plea was met with ridicule. 4957: 4898: 4248: 4214: 4086: 4023: 3809:, the Turks created the secular nation of Turkey. Turkey's demographics were significantly impacted by the 3570: 3322: 3155: 3118: 3038: 2998: 2900: 2895: 1400: 760: 714: 113: 6812:

Neither the Conference of London nor Admiral Mark Lambert Bristol's report changed British prime minister

5081: 4715:). Many provinces were simply depopulated from years of fighting, conscription, and ethnic cleansing (see 15523: 15103: 14891: 14753: 14561: 14533: 14490: 14435: 14171: 13798: 13778: 13700: 13624: 13175: 12812: 12749: 12488: 9342: 9130: 9107: 9082: 9059: 8374:"When Greek meets Turk; How the Conflict in Asia Minor Is Regarded on the Spot – King Constantine's View" 8373: 5511: 5284: 5248: 5073: 4836: 4728: 4523: 4050:, and opened the undefended Ottoman capital to Entente attack. With the major fronts crumbling, Unionist 3951: 1697: 258: 9153: 7712:

just like the Treaty of Sèvres was abolished. After the failed putsch media coverage on the war ceased.

7406:

were found guilty and executed and former members like Kâzım Karabekir were put on trial but acquitted

5698: 15428: 15393: 15229: 15224: 15202: 15097: 14977: 14949: 14896: 13894: 13869: 13747: 13597: 13434: 13422: 13288: 12546: 12323: 12167: 10850:

IAS Mains Paper 1 Indian Heritage & Culture History & Geography of the world & Society 2020

10754:

Turkey, from Empire to Revolutionary Republic: The Emergence of the Turkish Nation from 1789 to Present

7438: 5788: 5136: 5123: 3273: 2993: 2694: 2365: 1753: 1351:

30,000+ buildings and 250+ villages burnt to the ground by the Hellenic Army and Greek/Armenian rebels.

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List of political parties in the Ottoman Empire#Armistice era and Independence war parties (1918–1922)

4858:(İzmir) by the Greeks. He and his carefully selected staff left Constantinople aboard the old steamer 4209:

to be evacuated. Critically, Article VII granted the Allies the right to occupy forts controlling the

1669: 15376: 14997: 14991: 14573: 14442: 14072: 13710: 13690: 13337: 13059: 12664: 12157: 12139: 11851: 10757: 9338: 7374: 7312: 7160: 6876: 6499: 6479: 6404: 6081: 5659: 5452: 5016: 4922: 4647: 4635: 4454: 4442: 4154: 3931: 3844: 3767: 3661: 3634: 3491: 3449: 3352: 3225: 3003: 2970: 2870: 2865: 2535: 2152: 1674: 1428: 1313: 1244: 1136: 1084: 1073: 668: 237: 143: 9940: 7576: 7270:, with Mustafa Kemal Pasha was elected as the first President. In forming his government, he placed 6251:

which were also fighting the French. While the French conquered Syria, Cilicia had to be abandoned.

5349:. On 16 October 1919, Ali Rıza and the Nationalists held negotiations in Amasya. They agreed in the 15447: 15035: 14792: 14763: 14270: 13936: 13634: 13563: 13332: 12931: 12541: 12475: 10411:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

9723: 9596: 7846: 6373: 5448: 4712: 4561: 4538: 4484: 4304: 3962: 3872: 3723: 3580: 3444: 3028: 3023: 3018: 2920: 2495: 1898: 1748: 1684: 998: 675: 126: 118: 12407: 12402: 9939:"The Armenian Legion and Its Destruction of the Armenian Community in Cilicia", Stanford J. Shaw, 8895:

The History of the Armenian Genocide: Ethnic Conflict from the Balkans to Anatolia to the Caucasus

5635: 5230: 5062: 4786: 4666: 4392: 3657: 2275: 1546: 1539: 15705: 15371: 15366: 14944: 14814: 14465: 14332: 13619: 13592: 13537: 13532: 13384: 12822: 12807: 12574: 12465: 12460: 7512: 7422: 7295: 7076: 6927: 6849: 6722: 6623: 6412: 6330: 6264: 6228: 6113: 6011: 5907: 5860: 5792:

assuming full governmental powers, gathered for the first time, electing Mustafa Kemal its first

5550: 5385: 5031: 4937: 4855: 4261: 3935: 3486: 3481: 3053: 3043: 3008: 2724: 2370: 1961: 1873: 1789: 1774: 1582: 1455: 1392: 1067: 1009: 550: 162: 13379: 12654: 9537: 7980: 7467: 7283: 6868: 5603: 5481:

Though Ali Rıza Pasha called the election as per the Amasya Protocol to keep unity between the "

4518:

declared the termination of their relationship with the Ottoman Empire through their respective

4061:

was signed on 30 October 1918, ending World War I for the Ottoman Empire. Three days later, the

3806: 3285: 1664: 65: 15468: 15452: 15318: 14599: 14507: 14127: 14067: 14055: 13948: 13805: 13298: 13221: 13168: 12926: 12802: 12619: 12498: 12412: 12348: 11611: 7899: 7528: 7491: 7174:

of France. At its conclusion, Turkey assented to the political clauses and the "freedom of the

7118: 6837: 6694: 6680: 6526: 6507: 6248: 6204: 6151: 6080:

of the empire would be reorganized into new nations given to Britain and France in the form of

5598: 5503: 5470:

Mustafa Kemal was elected an MP from Erzurum, but he expected the Allies neither to accept the

5310:

repeated the points of the National Pact agreed to in Erzurum, and united the various regional

5295: 5280: 4978: 3822: 3454: 3439: 3424: 3063: 3048: 2580: 2515: 2064: 2054: 1991: 1707: 1629: 1556: 1534: 1447: 1415: 579: 498: 58: 14662: 14122: 10902: 10848: 10811: 9909:

From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919-1920

8974: 8466:: La république d'Arménie. 1918–1920 La mémoire du siècle., éditions complexe, Bruxelles 1989 8162: 7142:, which, under the new government of the Grand National Assembly, was no longer recognised by 5443:, with polls only open in unoccupied Anatolia and Thrace. It was boycotted by Ottoman Greeks, 5080:, situated a hundred kilometres south of the city at a key location that commands the fertile 3224:(19 May 1919 – 24 July 1923) was a series of military campaigns and a revolution waged by the 2177: 15308: 15121: 14860: 14724: 14470: 14275: 14060: 14050: 14017: 13757: 13580: 12978: 12741: 12684: 12644: 12536: 12531: 12493: 12397: 12283: 12254: 11556:"İngiltere Büyükelçisi Moore'dan Kadir Mısıroğlu'nun 'Atatürk' iddiasına yanıt: Sahte tarih!" 10875: 10342: 8848: 8463: 7866: 7772: 7378: 7279: 7267: 7147: 6771: 6503: 6219:, resulting in a massacre of many Armenians by Turkish militia. A grueling siege followed in 6192: 5942: 5824: 5736: 5464: 5066: 4945: 4744: 4230: 4186: 4035: 3915: 3759: 3739: 3715: 3676:), inflaming sectarian tensions and beginning the Turkish War of Independence. A nationalist 3630: 3536: 3241: 3108: 2930: 2744: 2625: 2237: 2217: 2127: 1971: 1853: 1813: 1743: 1738: 1702: 1654: 1551: 1324: 1226: 1062: 1050: 986: 880: 541: 508: 31: 13190: 7829:. Equivalent to 24 infantry divisions and 7 cavalry divisions, if the additional 3 infantry 6827: 5728: 5326: 5184: 4627: 4113:. This is despite famine and economic collapse that was brought on by the extreme levels of 15569: 15383: 15356: 15261: 15239: 15197: 14881: 14452: 14211: 14206: 14191: 14137: 14082: 13966: 13825: 13810: 13658: 13575: 13389: 12988: 12837: 12817: 12578: 8881: 7812: 7709: 7338: 7052:

also resigned as Grand Vizier (Prime Minister) a couple days later, without a replacement.

6996: 6970: 6880: 6802: 6475: 6295: 6224: 6063:

Borders (spheres of influence not shown) of the Ottoman Empire according to the unratified

5964: 5361:

homegrown anti-Entente movement that overthrew a government and driven it into resistance.

5319: 4805: 4438: 3856: 3775: 3669: 3511: 3093: 2835: 2774: 2137: 2059: 1966: 1933: 1587: 385: 166: 12440: 12187: 9456: 8648:

Islamic Roots and Resurgence in Turkey: Understanding and Explaining the Muslim Resurgence

8578: 7547: 4307:

on the outskirts of Constantinople. On 1 December, British troops based in Syria occupied

1799: 801: 69: 8: 15715: 15563: 15423: 15328: 15256: 15075: 15065: 14983: 14971: 14961: 14855: 14566: 14087: 14038: 13971: 13921: 13820: 13730: 13678: 13491: 13472: 13258: 12983: 12754: 12624: 12609: 12318: 11435:

FO 37t/Ö473/E 8417: Harington’dan Savaş Bakanlığı’na kapalı telyazısı, İstanbul 13.7.1921

10341:

The activities of commission is reported in Henry Churchill King, Charles Richard Crane (

9669: 8096: 7841:

and 3 cavalry regiments are included (271,403 men total). The troops were distributed in

7826: 7819: 6762:. While it was an eventual Greek victory, the Turkish army withdrew in good order to the 6718: 6452: 6105: 5925: 5628: 5482: 5460: 5255:

was a meeting of delegates and governors from the six Eastern Vilayets. They drafted the

4772: 4740: 4655: 4642:). American diplomats attempted to ascertain a role they could play in the area with the 4622:

would mean Constantinople would stay Turkish, as Muslims outnumbered Christians 2:1. The

4178: 4058: 4031: 3743: 3626: 3516: 3501: 3281: 3068: 3013: 2935: 2845: 2734: 2247: 2029: 2019: 2014: 1903: 1634: 1619: 1147: 1039: 869: 857: 813: 14548: 12782: 9406: 9222: 9018:

Loder Park, U.S. Vice-Consul James. "Smyrna, 11 April 1923. US archives US767.68116/34".

8266:

Ergün Aybars, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti tarihi I, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, 1984, pp 319–334

7474:

to try to discredit both the war and Kemal, the commander-in-chief of the Turkish side.

7327: 7275: 7171: 7139: 6469: 6064: 6054: 5467:

separate from Kemal's movement, which risked the nationalist movement splitting in two.

4956:, and from his charisma and charming personality. Greece's participation in the Allies' 4723:

lost 50% of its Muslim population from conscription, while according to the governor of

4457:

state. Elsewhere in the country, regional nationalist resistance organizations known as

4372: 3701: 3612: 15361: 15244: 15213: 15159: 15127: 15070: 14906: 14797: 14583: 14258: 14201: 14181: 14094: 13983: 13926: 13722: 13644: 13310: 13231: 13226: 13034: 13014: 12960: 12847: 12777: 12508: 12450: 10476: 10183: 9869: 9823: 9768: 9749:"The Genocide of the Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, 1913–1923: A Comprehensive Overview" 9575: 9274: 9094: 8856: 8719: 8715: 8385: 7973: 7585: 7522: 7427: 7199: 7195: 7049: 6817: 6813: 6796:

A political cartoon: Greek king Constantine runs away from the bomb which reads "KEMAL"

6755:, as well as France and Italy, who sought to check British influence in the Near East. 6726: 6416: 6173: 6137: 6068: 5911: 5823:

issued a simultaneous fatwa, declaring that the caliphate was under the control of the

5750: 5671: 5666:

terminated, and the capital occupied; Sultan Vahdettin, his cabinet, and the appointed

5471: 5456: 5264: 5256: 5215: 5144: 5101: 4949: 4883: 4809: 4643: 4110: 3817:. The Turkish Nationalist Movement carried out massacres and deportations to eliminate 3782: 3719: 3597: 3506: 3414: 3342: 3277: 3253: 3149: 3123: 2965: 2955: 2925: 2880: 2825: 2811: 2674: 2615: 2390: 2305: 2024: 1779: 1715: 1443: 1423: 1396: 1021: 567: 171: 12614: 12551: 11453:

Mumcu, Uğur (1992). Gazi Paşa'ya Suikast. Uğur Mumcu Vakfı Yayınları. ISBN 9758084097.

11369: 7460: 7223:(Meriç) River would again become the western border of Turkey, as it was before 1914. 6278: 5655:

civilization, its right to life and independence – its entire future".

5109: 4170: 1758: 1624: 948: 892: 15283: 14830: 14736: 14707: 14538: 14430: 14407: 14368: 14356: 14303: 14265: 14228: 14114: 14099: 13916: 13854: 13841: 13815: 13683: 13614: 13558: 13477: 13270: 13245: 13206: 13009: 12594: 12370: 12271: 12134: 12071: 12050: 12032: 12006: 11985: 11967: 11945: 11926: 11907: 11901: 11888: 11878: 11859: 11838: 11816: 11794: 11677: 11619: 11066: 11022: 10983: 10956: 10908: 10881: 10854: 10817: 10761: 10468: 10415: 10322: 10217: 10175: 9912: 9772: 9729: 9725:

The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924

9685: 9651: 9628: 9600: 9593:

The Thirty-Year Genocide: Turkey's Destruction of Its Christian Minorities, 1894–1924

9579: 9567: 9517: 9507: 9489: 9464: 9428: 9375: 9365: 9348: 9284: 9244: 8980: 8909: 8890: 8832: 8799: 8755: 8723: 8683: 8651: 8627: 8539: 8491: 8467: 8424: 8403: 8299: 8154: 8065: 7984: 7782: 7777: 7479: 7447: 7382: 6546: 6519: 6511: 6492: 6464: 6177: 6143: 6097: 6085: 5932: 5828: 5771: 5755: 5720: 5486: 5113: 5089: 4708: 4704: 4595: 4582: 4557: 4534: 4284: 4257: 4234: 3939: 3899: 3810: 3705: 3642: 3558: 3399: 3357: 3160: 3133: 2910: 2850: 2830: 2714: 2485: 2395: 2147: 2044: 1832: 1604: 1561: 1345: 1296: 1212: 1125: 1078: 1045: 1034: 1015: 1004: 993: 980: 523: 484: 193: 7640:

would have far reaching consequences on British dominion policy. As the Dominion of

7300:

The orthodox Turkish perspective on the war is based primarily on the speeches (see

6522:, and the Armenian government surrendered to Bolshevik forces, ending the conflict. 5346: 5203:

to decide on a response, and another congress would take place in Sivas where every

4507: 3372: 2430: 1888: 15496: 15479: 15440: 15115: 15050: 15045: 15017: 14916: 14876: 14497: 14186: 14154: 13976: 13931: 13874: 13527: 13450: 13265: 12720: 12705: 12516: 12298: 12177: 12065: 11667: 11655: 10460: 10167: 9760: 9620: 9613: 9559: 9418: 9234: 8885: 7911: 7857:

fortified areas and 5 border regiments (29,514 men); El-Cezire front (southeastern

7697: 7418: 7354: 7167: 7004: 6448: 6233: 6208: 6188: 5833: 5299: 5252: 5235: 5188: 5105: 4463: 4411: 4238: 4198: 4090: 4069:—held its last congress, where it was decided the party would be dissolved. Talât, 4027: 3867:

by turning even more nationalistic. Part of its effort to consolidate power was to

3607: 3459: 3143: 3103: 2820: 2654: 2560: 2460: 2445: 2355: 2285: 2192: 2187: 2162: 2069: 2049: 2034: 1893: 1723: 915: 471: 305: 11966:(Paperback ed.). Woodstock, NY: Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. 9563: 9280:"They Can Live in the Desert but Nowhere Else": A History of the Armenian Genocide 8936: 7894:

According to some Turkish estimates the casualties were at least 120,000-130,000.

6380:

Soviet Union–Turkey relations § Bolshevik support for Turkish revolutionaries

6164: 4312: 4241:

to continue ruling their empire, though at the cost of its remaining sovereignty.

2475: 2385: 15192: 15169: 14886: 14845: 14320: 14253: 14233: 14164: 14159: 14104: 14077: 13988: 13961: 13639: 13604: 12649: 12599: 12526: 12455: 12445: 12197: 12172: 12162: 12029:

Making of the Greek Genocide: Contested Memories of the Ottoman Greek Catastrophe

12000: 11196: 9947: 9486:

Fall of the Sultanate: The Great War and the End of the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1922

9188: 9160: 9137: 9114: 9089: 9066: 8905: 8828: 8807: 8782: 8738: 8698: 8666: 8587: 8534: 8447: 8380: 8361: 8314: 8241: 8231:

Governments of the World: a Global Guide to Citizens' Rights and Responsibilities

8213: 8189: 8169: 8137: 8106: 8059: 7693: 7203: 7156: 7138:

and lasted into 1923. Its purpose was the negotiation of a treaty to replace the

6872: 6515: 6420: 6403:

Since 1917, the Caucasus was in a chaotic state. The border of newly independent

6283: 6220: 5972: 5744: 5350: 5272: 5196: 5176: 5140: 5093: 5049: 5020: 4973: 4941: 4829: 4751: 4695: 4619: 4608: 4553: 4546: 4400: 4253: 4226: 4210: 4165: 4082: 3943: 3922:

reacted to these developments by charging the CUP leaders, commonly known as the

3898:, during which a genocidal campaign was waged against Ottoman Christians, namely 3895: 3763: 3711: 3496: 3249: 3183: 2875: 2860: 2500: 2380: 2340: 2315: 2295: 2242: 2227: 2079: 2074: 1943: 1938: 1928: 1883: 1858: 1794: 1784: 1733: 1659: 1609: 1411: 1089: 904: 825: 353: 139: 11672: 9007:

Toynbee, Arnold. "Toynbee, Arnold (6 April 1922) , "Letter", The Times, Turkey".

7271: 5740: 5732: 5263:, which envisioned new borders for the Ottoman Empire by applying principles of 4434: 3986: 2280: 2107: 1164: 970: 15583: 15164: 15147: 15142: 15012: 14176: 13956: 13879: 13512: 13280: 13241: 12827: 12769: 12604: 12521: 12483: 12266: 12192: 9719: 9673: 8976:

Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Social Science Monographs. p. 190

8868: 8127:

Proceedings of the ... Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History

7646: 7414: 7323: 7207: 7188: 7179: 6887: 6845: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6408: 6303: 6299: 6287: 6244: 6183:

The British troops which occupied coastal Syria by the end of World War I were

6093: 5980: 5307: 5268: 4933: 4918: 4910: 4902: 4651: 4511: 4300: 4299:. On 14 November, joint Franco-Greek occupation was established in the town of 4269: 4182: 4129: 4015: 3947: 3919: 3903: 3731: 3602: 3585: 3404: 3229: 3113: 2840: 2806: 2605: 2595: 2550: 2510: 2505: 2450: 2440: 2435: 2420: 2350: 2335: 2320: 2310: 2222: 2122: 2112: 2102: 1728: 1692: 1614: 1340: 1253: 1142: 1131: 937: 730: 615: 603: 591: 135: 12589: 12084: 10904:

The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India

9371:

A Quest for Belonging: Anatolia Beyond Empire and Nation (19th-21st Centuries)

7403: 7331: 6999:

was signed on 11 October. By its terms, the Greek army would move west of the

6725:. Greece ceased to receive much Allied support after the change in power. The 5057:

column marching by the municipal Turkish barracks. The nationalist journalist

4859: 4467:

in revolutionary Russia– were founded, most incorperating themselves into the

4383: 3855:

in 1913, and then further consolidated its control after the assassination of

2405: 1599: 15614: 15536: 15234: 14966: 14308: 14248: 14149: 13889: 13884: 13517: 13462: 13253: 12417: 12261: 12244: 11830: 11808: 11681: 10472: 10405: 10179: 9571: 9501:

was symptomatic of how precarious the Nationalists felt their prospects were.

9481: 9432: 9248: 7895: 7729: 7701: 7637: 7589: 7463: 7362: 7357:

as a representative to Moscow after learning Enver Pasha was lobbying in the

6900: 6896: 6787: 6763: 6676: 6436: 6196: 6147: 5724: 5716: 5675: 5624: 4961: 4953: 4901:

was first held, at which Allied nations set the peace terms for the defeated

4634:

led the movement that advocated for the empire to be governed by an American

4623: 4472: 4352: 4336: 4324: 4288: 3966: 3891: 3876: 3771: 3548: 3476: 3280:. This resulted in the transfer of sovereignty from the sultan-caliph to the 2950: 2784: 2754: 2664: 2570: 2565: 2540: 2520: 2360: 2232: 2207: 2182: 2167: 2157: 2142: 2097: 1863: 1839: 1566: 1476: 1432: 1152: 1055: 1027: 788: 701: 11961: 11892: 11220: 9344:

The Making of Modern Turkey: Nation and State in Eastern Anatolia, 1913–1950

7552: 7395: 7286:

in Turkey, transforming the country into a modern and secular nation state.

6729:

was purged of Venizelist officers, their replacements being less competent.

6261:

United Kingdom during the Turkish War of Independence § Al Jazira front

4760: 4698:, but many Greeks and Armenians found their old homes occupied by desperate 4396: 1410:

d. The United Kingdom occupied Constantinople, then fought directly against

14933: 14835: 14502: 14280: 14238: 13864: 13315: 12904: 12584: 12288: 12061: 11996: 11957: 11949: 11234: 11054: 10934: 9715: 9648:

Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923

8098:

The Place of the Turkish Independence War in the American Press (1918–1923)

7792: 7705: 7456: 7399: 7390: 7163:

was signed. Ten weeks after the signature the Allied forces left Istanbul.

6291: 6088:, while the rest of the Empire would be partitioned between Greece, Italy, 5924:

The Istanbul government finally found an ally outside of the city walls in

5648: 5219: 5200: 5058: 4999: 4612: 4600: 4519: 4453:

were established in the army's wake to hamper the consolidation of the new

4296: 4292: 4218: 4194: 4149: 4074: 4054: 3997: 3970: 3923: 3868: 3665: 3575: 3553: 3526: 3347: 2620: 2600: 2585: 2545: 2530: 2490: 2425: 2410: 2300: 2202: 1868: 1594: 1200: 9423: 9239: 8925:

Armenia : The Survival of a Nation, Christopher Walker, 1980, p. 230.

8044: 7600: 6702: 5955:

as a direct consequence of the fatwa. Within days the rebellion spread to

3290: 15597: 15055: 15007: 15002: 14731: 14713: 14614: 14144: 13455: 11786: 9547: 8626:

Ali Çimen, Göknur Göğebakan: Tarihi Değiştiren Savaşlar, Timaş Yayınevi,

7386: 7350: 7342: 7175: 7135: 6777: 6483: 6119:

Kemal's GNA Government responded to the Treaty of Sèvres by promulgating

5131: 5036: 4929: 4755: 4724: 4674: 4577: 4529: 4427: 4303:

in eastern Thrace as well as the railway axis until the train station of

4283:

were killed en masse. In the Caucasus, Britain established a presence in

4137: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4070: 3887: 3864: 3685: 3409: 3261: 3237: 3098: 2635: 2575: 2525: 2470: 2265: 2197: 1923: 1918: 959: 652: 197: 147: 12002:

Paradise Lost: Smyrna 1922: The Destruction of Islam's City of Tolerance

11791:

Lords of the Golden Horn: From Suleiman the Magnificent to Kamal Ataturk

11262:

The Eastern Question, the Last Phase: a Study in Greek-Turkish Diplomacy

10060: 8752:

The Harper encyclopedia of military history: from 3500 BC to the present

8004: 7661: 7539: 7235: 6571: 6240:

under French authority would be proclaimed in former Ottoman territory.

6216: 6156: 5427: 4989:

by Greek and Italian delegations led Greece to land the flagship of the

4879: 4323:. Beginning in December, French troops began successive seizures of the 4244:

On 13 November 1918, a French brigade entered Constantinople to begin a

4217:, while the rest of the article was used to allow for Allied controlled 3178: 14485: 14475: 10480: 10448: 10187: 10156:"Beiträge zur Geschichte des Kampfes der Türkei um ihre Unabhängigkeit" 10155: 9764: 7478:

perspective of the situation: "It is known to all that the seat of the

7211: 7090: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7041: 6941: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6897:

hours before the British intended to engage Nationalist forces at Çanak

6637: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6344: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 6025: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5874: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5620: 5564: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5399: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5192: 4990: 4573: 3958: 3818: 3814: 3531: 3138: 3128: 2590: 2555: 2480: 2465: 2400: 2325: 2270: 2172: 2117: 1996: 1981: 926: 11618:. Vol. 3. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 408. 8937:"Statistics Of Turkey's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources" 5608: 5342: 5004: 11062: 7878: 7874: 7862: 7410: 7346: 7032: 5644: 5529: 5119: 4599:. The Allies encouragement of the proceedings and the use of British 4495: 4368: 4364: 4094: 4019: 3653: 2610: 2290: 1986: 1878: 1113: 10464: 10171: 7672: with: influence on nations other than Germany. You can help by 7409:

According to Mesut Uyar, the Turkish War of Independence was also a

7065: 7003:, clearing eastern Thrace to the Allies. The famous American author 6916: 6612: 6319: 6000: 5849: 5836:

and Mustafa Kemal to be sentenced to death in absentia for treason.

5539: 5374: 5077: 1175: 15410: 15350: 14000: 13327: 12005:(Paperback ed.). London: Sceptre; Hodder & Stoughton Ltd. 10316: 9748: 9681: 9539:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

9307:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

7858: 7842: 7834: 7830: 7816: 7131: 5812: 5523: 5243: 4986: 4965: 4840: 4735: 4686: 4678: 4604: 4564:, to form a government, whose members quickly set out to purge the 4471:

which protested continued Allied occupation and appeasement by the

4348: 4202: 4098: 4065:(CUP)—which governed the Ottoman Empire as a one-party state since 4039: 3727: 3257: 2455: 2212: 1976: 1913: 1381: 189: 185: 14010: 8400:

British Miscalculations: The Rise of Muslim Nationalism, 1918–1925

6903:

led to the collapse of David Lloyd George's coalition government.

6840:, but changes in the Caucasus—especially the establishment of the 6706: 6176:

against France. They had help from the Syrians, who were fighting

5920:

A British officer inspecting Greek troops and trenches in Anatolia

5041: 4969: 4707:

would pass through the Turkish straits and Anatolia, with 150,000

4430: 3992: 3673: 3645:. Ottoman commanders therefore refused orders from the Allies and 30:"Turkish Revolution" redirects here. For the 1908 revolution, see 11198:

Admiral Mark L. Bristol and Turkish-American Relations, 1919-1922

9941:

http://www.armenian-history.com/books/Armenian_legion_Cilicia.pdf

7850: 7838: 7823: 7568: 7564: 7220: 7000: 6976: 6892: 6861: 6693:

The conflict escalated when Greece and Britain performed a joint

6294:, where he again declared an uprising against the British as the 6200: 6077: 5808: 5803:

Hoping to undermine the Nationalist Movement, Mehmed VI issued a

5432: 5204: 5085: 5054: 4995: 4914: 4794: 4747: 4699: 4682: 4670: 4446: 4360: 4328: 4320: 4145: 4141: 1446:("Caliphate Army") fought the Turkish revolutionaries during the 1419: 15600:

and later conflicts (after 1914) of at least 100 fatalities each

6510:. With an advance on Yerevan imminent, on 28 November 1920, the 5290: 5164:. It was there that he first showed the flag of the resistance. 4615:

resulted in a demonstration against the courts martials trials.

3914:

that the three groups would rebel on the side of the Allies, so

3660:, to restore order; however, he became an enabler and leader of 14692: 14005: 13198: 13193: 7641: 7556: 7366: 7143: 6736:

Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his comrades-in-arms at the end of the

6698: 6687: 6487: 6212: 6059: 5960: 5787:

included Turks, Circassians, Kurds, and one Jew. They met in a

5475: 5156: 4851: 4835:

Mustafa Kemal had earlier declined to become the leader of the

4798: 4720: 4423: 4340: 4332: 4047: 4043: 3794: 3681: 3650: 2132: 219: 11903:

The Ottoman Centuries: The Rise and Fall of the Turkish Empire

11496:

The Turkish War of Independence: a Military History, 1919-1923

9320: 9318: 8560:

Millî Mücadele – Cilt I (engl.: National Struggle – Edition I)

8151:

Mudros to Lausanne: Britain's Frontier in West Asia, 1918–1923

7869:

area: 1 infantry division and 1 cavalry brigade (10,000 men);

6671: 5681: 5510:

From February to April, leaders of Britain, France, and Italy

5010: 14741: 11724: 11444:

Mehmet Saray, Afganistan ve Türkler, İstanbul 1987, s. 91 vd.

10847:

Ali, A.; Sahni, J.; Sharma, M.; Sharma, P.; Goel, P. (2019).

10379:"Not War Against Islam-Statement by Greek Prime Minister" in 8041:"Hüseyin Adıgüzel – Atatürk, Nerimanov ve Kurtuluş Savaşımız" 7954: 7952: 7870: 7865:): 1 infantry division and 2 cavalry regiments (10,447 men); 7592:

with the collaboration with Ankara and Istanbul governments.

7517:

Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) § Greek massacres of Turks

7443: 7322:, meaning "Father of Turks". According to historians such as 7301: 6710: 6274: 5946:

Execution of a Kemalist by the British forces in Izmit (1920)

5936: 5816: 5804: 5161: 4542: 4419: 4344: 4308: 4280: 4276: 4169:

Allied occupation troops marching at the Grande Rue de Péra (

4133: 4022:

was lost, including the Ottomans'. Almost simultaneously the

3907: 3637:, and to facilitate the prosecution of former members of the 1450:

and the Ottoman government in Constantinople supported other

11164: 9513:

Talaat Pasha: Father of Modern Turkey, Architect of Genocide

4968:), and parts of Western Anatolia around the city of Smyrna ( 3758:

and drove on Ankara. The Turks checked their advance in the

3240:. The conflict was between the Turkish Nationalists against 11274:

A. L. Macfie, 'The Chanak affair (September–October 1922)'

10793: 10791: 10789: 10694: 10692: 10096: 9315: 9044:(English: Italian occupations during the National Struggle) 7854: 7560: 7151:

regarding the control of Turkish finances and justice, the

6853: 5956: 5143:

against the Greek occupation of Smyrna, the largest act of

4711:

choosing to settle in Istanbul for short or long term (see

4316: 4206: 10538: 9802: 9800: 9627:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 113–45. 7949: 7753:

List of Ottoman Grand Viziers#Second Constitional Monarchy

6679:

troops advancing on Nationalist positions during the 1920

5931:

On 28 April the sultan raised 4,000 soldiers known as the

5592: 4268:—the British signatory of the Mudros Armistice—stated the 11748: 11736: 11712: 11700: 11637: 11635: 11330:

Osman's Dream: The Story of the Ottoman Empire, 1300-1923

10665: 10653: 10641: 10617: 10550: 10239: 9625:

Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide

7282:

in important positions. They helped him to establish his

6269:

Kuva-yi Milliye also engaged with British forces in the "

5283:

should be promulgated to defend Turkish sovereignty. The

5155:

Mustafa Kemal Pasha and his colleagues stepped ashore in

4750:

resettled by the government in northwestern Anatolia and

4387:

Mustafa Kemal Pasha in 1918, then an Ottoman army general

142:

infantry; Turkish horse cavalry in chase; Turkish Army's

11835:

Heroin, Organized Crime, and the Making of Modern Turkey

11176: 11152: 11140: 11128: 11116: 11104: 11079: 10786: 10774: 10728: 10716: 10704: 10689: 10607: 10605: 10580: 10578: 10319:

Britain and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History

8772:

Revue internationale d'histoire militaire - Issues 46-48

7373:

deputies. They intended to seize power and expected the

6886:

The British were prepared to defend the neutral zone of

6871:, the Turks routed the Greek positions and launched the 5104:

to combat Kuva-yi Milliye within the zone of control. A

5072:

Greek troops moved from Smyrna outwards to towns on the

4932:

as well as international sympathy from the suffering of

10361: 10132: 10120: 10084: 10072: 9988: 9797: 8061:

Turkestan Struggle Abroad From Jadidism to Independence

6844:—required one more round of talks. The outcome was the 5607:

British occupation troops marching in Istanbul's Pera (

5183:

in order to build his movement's momentum. He met with

4101:, there was no threat of mutiny or revolutions like in 3813:

and deportations of Greek-speaking, Orthodox Christian

3363:

Conscription disturbance at the Brisbane School of Arts

14398: 11963:

Ataturk: The Biography of the Founder of Modern Turkey

11923:

Handbook of Ethnic Conflict:International Perspectives

11632: 10108: 10048: 10036: 10024: 9860:, chap. 10: Figures on a ruined landscape, pp. 157–85. 7588:

population. Ethnic cleansing was also carried against

6991:

Kemal Pasha inspects the Turkish troops (18 June 1922)

6778:

Peace negotiations and the Great Offensive (1921–1922)

4921:, and a portion of southeastern Anatolia based on the 3766:, which expelled Greek forces. The war ended with the 3704:, a treaty unfavorable to Turkish interests that the " 3649:

to disband their forces. In an atmosphere of turmoil,

2812: 1431:, came to the brink of a great war in September 1922 ( 1427:

Kingdom, which also fought diplomatically against the

15631:

Civil wars involving the states and peoples of Europe

10677: 10629: 10602: 10590: 10575: 10526: 10428: 10386: 9822:(in Turkish). TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. Archived from 8029:Внешняя политика Азербайджана в годы cоветской власти 7902:. Material losses, during the war, were enormous too. 7571:—forced across the border into French-mandate Syria. 6831:

Turkish troops enter Constantinople on 6 October 1923

6160:

Military situation of Syria and Cilicia, January 1920

5743:, many of Kemal's allies in the Ministry of War, and 5314:

organizations, into a united political organisation:

4985:

At the Paris Peace Conference, competing claims over

4868: 4820:

instead of the rump radical faction which formed the

4449:. Evacuating from the Caucusus, puppet republics and 4160: 3746:

paid off when Ankara forces fought the Greeks in the

1349:

15,000+ Turkish civilians killed in the Western Front

12250:

United States during the Turkish War of Independence

10846: 10317:

Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl (2007).

10285: 10251: 10227: 10012: 10000: 9976: 9964: 9952: 9921: 9838: 7743:

List of media during the Turkish War of Independence

7719: 7636:

In addition to toppling the British government, the

7546:

where the death rate sometimes exceeded 90 percent.

7509:

Armenian genocide § Turkish War of Independence

5322:

failed to ratify American membership in the League.

5065:

was murdered by bayonet for refusing to shout "Zito

4640:

United States during the Turkish War of Independence

4201:

handed to the Allies, and occupied territory in the

11396:"Kut kahramanı Halil Paşa 1921'de sınırdışı edildi" 11370:"Treaty of Lausanne - World War I Document Archive" 10853:. Arihant Publications India limited. p. 273. 10813:

Nationalism: Critical Concepts in Political Science

7365:. In July 1921 Enver Pasha organized a congress in 7178:", which was Britain's main concern. The matter of 5522:. The British, concerned about the security of the 5225: 4193:to an end. The Ottoman Army was to demobilize, its 4085:as a condition for peace, nor did they request the 3976: 3847:, the Ottoman Empire came under the control of the 9450:deportees began to return to Cilicia in late 1919. 7972: 6766:, their last line of defence. Mustafa Kemal Pasha 6215:. The French position untenable they retreated to 5530:Jurisdictional conflict: March 1920 – January 1921 5356:By October 1919, the Ottoman government only held 4727:, almost 95% of its prewar residents were dead or 4661: 4489: 3801:, the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire, and the 3625:While World War I ended for the Ottomans with the 15378:Islamic insurgency in Saudi Arabia (2000–present) 11201:. University of California, Berkeley. p. 62. 7631: 7398:on Mustafa Kemal's life. Former Finance minister 6879:by Turkish forces right after which occurred the 5316:Anatolia and Rumeli Defence of Rights Association 4279:, claiming that Christian civilians in Mosul and 4014:In the summer months of 1918, the leaders of the 3942:was driven in part by the Ottoman closure of the 15612: 11308: 9714: 9590: 9516:. Princeton University Press. pp. 319–320. 9283:. Princeton University Press. pp. 364–365. 9131:"Allies occupy Constantinople; seize ministries" 7918:"War of Liberation", also known figuratively as 7226: 6506:, blowing through Armenian opposition, and then 6457:Massacres of Azerbaijanis in Armenia (1917–1921) 6195:. France which wanted to take control of all of 5515:all that it could to suppress the Nationalists. 3684:when it became clear the Ottoman government was 625: 15531:Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present) 12114: 11344:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey 10809: 8880:These are according to the figures provided by 8121: 8119: 8117: 8115: 7040:. Mehmed VI fled Turkey on 17 November 1922 on 6495:was assigned to negotiate with the Bolsheviks. 6461:Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan 6388:Muslim uprisings in Kars and Sharur–Nakhichevan 6098:Armenia (potentially under an American mandate) 5647:were interned in Malta and became known as the 3957:World War I would be the nail in the coffin of 3835:Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire 3821:populations—a continuation of the genocide and 1282:5,362 died of wounds or other non-combat causes 692: 10358:, chap. 8, extended story at the Cost section. 9746: 8298:, Türkiye İş̧ Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2008, 8290: 8288: 8233:, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, 7361:as he made promises to return Anatolia during 6563:Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence 6398:American Committee for Relief in the Near East 6067:(1920) which was annulled and replaced by the 5904:Revolts during the Turkish War of Independence 5325:Momentum was now on the Nationalists' side. A 3688:the Allies. The Allies pressured the Ottoman " 1506: 14841:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 14678: 14384: 13176: 12889: 12100: 12067:The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923 11235:"ANN/Groong -- Treaty of Berlin - 07/13/1878" 10894: 8598: 8596: 8125:Western Society for French History. Meeting: 7652: 7533:Population exchange between Greece and Turkey 7025: 6433:Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic 4441:refused to surrender his intact and powerful 4357:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration North 4128:to the Persian border. These included mostly 3799:population exchange between Greece and Turkey 3306: 3201: 1492: 1368:a. Kuva-yi Milliye came under command of the 489: 176:(4 years, 2 months and 5 days) 11920: 11771:. London, England: Harvard University Press. 9324: 8554: 8552: 8112: 7849:: 2 infantry divisions, 1 cavalry division, 6891:asked for the negotiations to be started at 6836:Democratic Republic of Armenia, signing the 5783:(GNA) that was dominated by the A-RMHC. The 5770:was used pejoratively as a reference to the 5497:On 12 January 1920, the last session of the 5441:election was held for the Ottoman parliament 4591:courts martial trials held in Constantinople 4494:Following the occupation of Constantinople, 3981: 275: 14694:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 14644:The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors 12047:Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey 11610: 11583:Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey 11544:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5. 10950: 8750:Richard Ernest Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, 8712:Anglo-Turkish relations in the interwar era 8680:Turkey Unveiled: A History of Modern Turkey 8525:Kate Fleet, Suraiya Faroqhi, Reşat Kasaba: 8364:, Taylor & Francis, p. 56 (footnote 5). 8285: 8255:Power and Stability: British Foreign Policy 8129:, New Mexico State University Press, 1996, 7788:List of modern conflicts in the Middle East 7738:Timeline of the Turkish War of Independence 7607:(Memory of Victory) by Hasan Sabri in 1925. 6713:were taken with little Turkish resistance. 5682:Promulgation of the Grand National Assembly 5011:Organizational phase: May 1919 – March 1920 4909:. France expected to exercise control over 4426:to organise resistance groups, such as the 3805:, the Ottoman era came to an end, and with 3320: 14685: 14671: 14391: 14377: 13183: 13169: 12896: 12882: 12107: 12093: 11921:Landis, Dan; Albert, Rosita, eds. (2012). 11462: 10951:Heper, Metin; Sayari, Sabri (7 May 2013). 10907:. Columbia University Press. p. 137. 10449:"Mustafa Kemal und England in Neuer Sicht" 9896:Istanbul under Allied Occupation 1918–1923 9619: 9216: 9214: 9212: 9210: 9083:"Greeks enter Brussa; Turkish raids go on" 8874: 8617:journal, Issue 203, December 2013, page 67 8593: 7470:in Republican Turkey, put forward various 5807:to qualify the Turkish revolutionaries as 5638:, resulted in 5 Ottoman soldiers from the 5451:, resulting in groups associated with the 5431:Fire caused by the British bombardment in 5364: 5025: 4767: 3871:and exile opposition politicians from the 3734:(1921). The Western Front is known as the 3313: 3299: 3208: 3194: 1499: 1485: 1399:thus ended. The French troops remained in 68:. Please do not remove this message until 12909:Government of the Grand National Assembly 11754: 11742: 11730: 11718: 11706: 11671: 11465:"Kurtuluş Savaşı gerçek bir savaş mıydı?" 11259: 11188: 9645: 9455: 9422: 9238: 9178:Birinci Askeri Tarih Semineri: bildiriler 8704: 8580:Savaş esirlerinin Milli mücadeledeki yeri 8549: 8282:, Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225 7975:History of the Balkans: Twentieth century 7106:Learn how and when to remove this message 6957:Learn how and when to remove this message 6758:June–July 1921 saw heavy fighting in the 6653:Learn how and when to remove this message 6360:Learn how and when to remove this message 6041:Learn how and when to remove this message 5890:Learn how and when to remove this message 5688:Government of the Grand National Assembly 5627:to support British forces, including the 5580:Learn how and when to remove this message 5415:Learn how and when to remove this message 4754:in southeastern Anatolia were engaged in 743: 659: 88:Learn how and when to remove this message 15577:Israel–Hezbollah conflict (2023–present) 14651:To the Unknown British Soldier in France 11829: 11807: 11508: 11194: 11182: 11170: 11158: 11146: 11134: 11122: 11110: 11085: 10797: 10780: 10747: 10745: 10743: 10734: 10722: 10710: 10698: 10398: 10367: 10138: 10126: 10114: 10102: 10090: 10078: 10054: 10042: 10030: 9994: 9806: 9488:. Oxford University Press. p. 288. 9480: 9347:. Oxford University Press. p. 121. 9060:"British to defend Ismid-Black Sea line" 8573: 8571: 8528:The Cambridge History of Turkey Volume 4 8521: 8519: 7970: 7958: 7599: 7432: 7306: 7268:proclaimed a Republic on 29 October 1923 7117: 6986: 6826: 6791: 6731: 6670: 6423:(4 June 1918). To the east, Armenia was 6391: 6211:occurred against the French garrison in 6163: 6155: 6058: 5941: 5915: 5749: 5697: 5602: 5426: 5289: 5229: 5166: 5150: 5118: 5035: 4878: 4828:. His new assignment gave him effective 4776:Sultan Mehmed VI after his sword girding 4771: 4665: 4528: 4382: 4378: 4164: 4038:cut communications from Constantinople ( 3985: 3722:, and remobilized army units went on to 3680:led by Mustafa Kemal was established in 3435:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 532: 514: 64:Relevant discussion may be found on the 15250:Consolidation of the Iranian Revolution 12026: 11939: 11899: 11869: 11641: 11008: 10953:The Routledge Handbook of Modern Turkey 10900: 10446: 10404: 10153: 9668: 9404: 9220: 9207: 8487:Armies of the Greek-Turkish War 1919–22 8057: 7964: 7513:Greek genocide § Greco-Turkish War 7446:, U.S., called Mustafa Kemal "Turkey's 7353:'s directives, Mustafa Kemal appointed 7284:subsequent political and social reforms 6906: 5593:Decapitation of the Istanbul government 5312:Defence of National Rights Associations 4418:under his command. He marched first to 4395:to turn over the port of Alexandretta ( 3754:. The Greeks emerged victorious in the 2765:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 643: 462: 14: 15613: 14637:A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay 14605:American Commission to Negotiate Peace 14508:Possible cause of the Second World War 14113: 12049:(New York: The Overlook Press, 2004). 11995: 11984:(New York: The Overlook Press, 2004). 11785: 11053: 11014: 10969: 10487:from the original on 25 September 2021 10194:from the original on 25 September 2021 9747:Meichanetsidis, Vasileios Th. (2015). 9546: 9506: 9364: 9017: 8483: 8354:Greece's Anatolian Venture - and After 8329:Arnold J. Toynbee/Kenneth P Kirkwood, 7979:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6463:). There were talks going on with the 4700:Rumelian and Caucasian Muslim refugees 4585:by the Unionists soon became basis of 3843:Following the chaotic politics of the 27:Interwar conflict in Turkey, 1919–1923 14666: 14372: 13164: 12877: 12088: 11956: 11766: 11653: 11539: 10975: 10873: 10751: 10740: 10683: 10671: 10659: 10647: 10635: 10623: 10611: 10596: 10584: 10556: 10544: 10532: 10434: 10392: 10291: 10257: 10245: 10233: 10149: 10147: 10066: 10018: 10006: 9982: 9970: 9958: 9927: 9844: 9779:from the original on 23 November 2022 9411:European Journal of International Law 9337: 9227:European Journal of International Law 8972: 8943:from the original on 27 February 2017 8568: 8516: 8490:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 45. 8064:. SOTA Publications. pp. 78–81. 7055: 6895:. This was agreed on 11 October, two 6824:, who was his officer on the ground. 4191:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 4093:. Though the army suffered from mass 3294: 2916:1946 Italian institutional referendum 2856:Spanish American wars of independence 1480: 14339: 14327: 12060: 11856:Smyrna: 1922 The Destruction of City 11595: 11580: 11493: 11376:from the original on 12 January 2013 11047: 11035:from the original on 15 January 2023 10996:from the original on 15 January 2023 10979:Islam and the Politics of Secularism 10877:Longman History & Civics Icse 10 10810:Hutchinson, J.; Smith, A.D. (2000). 10514:Jäschke, Gotthard (1975), pp.186–187 9591:Ze'evi, Dror; Morris, Benny (2019). 9536:Kieser, Hans-Lukas. "Pasha, Talat". 9388:from the original on 15 January 2023 9273: 8650:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003, 8538:, Cambridge University Press, 2008, 8504:from the original on 15 January 2023 8441:"British in Turkey May Be Increased" 8272: 8078:from the original on 15 January 2023 7656: 7369:for former CUP members who were now 7230: 7088:adding citations to reliable sources 7059: 6939:adding citations to reliable sources 6910: 6848:, a successor treaty to the earlier 6635:adding citations to reliable sources 6606: 6566: 6541:, which involved representatives of 6384:Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920) 6342:adding citations to reliable sources 6313: 6187:, with the Syrian interior going to 6023:adding citations to reliable sources 5994: 5872:adding citations to reliable sources 5843: 5562:adding citations to reliable sources 5533: 5397:adding citations to reliable sources 5368: 5234:Mustafa Kemal and his colleagues in 4478: 3797:on 29 October 1923. With the war, a 38: 11837:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 11813:The Last Days of the Ottoman Empire 11542:Turkey, the Jews, and the Holocaust 10517: 9879: 9154:"British to fight rebels in Turkey" 9042:Millî Mücadele'de İtalyan İşgalleri 9006: 8961: 8280:Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi 7997: 7502: 7381:. Due to Enver's leadership of the 6860:on 13 October 1921 and ratified in 6185:replaced by French troops over 1919 5990: 5839: 4469:Defence of National Rights movement 4215:Southern Russian intervention force 2685:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 24: 15487:Insurgency in Egypt (2013–present) 14912:1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine 14400:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 11420: 11402:from the original on 15 April 2022 11327: 10976:Ardic, Nurullah (21 August 2012). 10144: 10069:, p. 193, 197, 210, 212, 213. 9330: 9301:Ronald Grigor Suny (26 May 2015). 9108:"Turk Nationalists capture Beicos" 9048:Journal of Atatürk Research Center 8934: 8043:. 24 December 2014. Archived from 8010:from the original on 9 August 2020 6498:On 24 September 1920, Karabekir's 6254: 6121:a new constitution in January 1921 4976:rhetoric, wishing for a return to 4944:. Privately, Greek prime minister 4907:Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne 4869:Negotiations for Ottoman partition 4433:he assembled with guerilla leader 4355:, incorporating the area into the 4161:Armistice of Mudros and occupation 3938:from World War I and descent into 3742:'s organization of militia into a 3656:dispatched well-respected general 25: 15732: 15666:Wars involving the United Kingdom 15661:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire 15324:1987 Sharjawi coup d'état attempt 14416:Covenant of the League of Nations 11858:(Newmark Press: New York, 1988). 11688:from the original on 19 June 2021 11511:"Osmanlı ve Türkiye'de Yahudiler" 10880:. Pearson Education. p. 88. 10570:Atatürk: The Re-birth of a Nation 8853:Armenia: The Survival of a Nation 8562:, Burçak yayınevi, 1963, p. 109. 7289: 6784:Conference of London of 1921–1922 6238:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 6131: 5781:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 5694:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 5137:Sultanahmet Square demonstrations 4717:Ottoman casualties of World War I 4502:which was dominated by Unionists 4249:occupation of the Ottoman capital 3839:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire 3791:Grand National Assembly of Turkey 3633:continued occupying land per the 150:preparing to leave for the front. 15671:Wars involving the United States 15651:Wars involving Georgia (country) 15362:Terror campaign in Egypt (1990s) 14350: 14338: 14326: 14315: 14314: 14302: 13706:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 13192: 13089:Ankara Command, Istanbul Command 12833:Conference of London (1921–1922) 11875:Atatürk: The Rebirth of a Nation 11760: 11647: 11604: 11589: 11574: 11548: 11533: 11521:from the original on 8 June 2021 11502: 11487: 11475:from the original on 22 May 2021 11456: 11447: 11438: 11429: 11414: 11388: 11362: 11349: 11336: 11321: 11299: 11290: 11281: 11268: 11253: 11241:from the original on 11 May 2011 11227: 11205: 11091: 10944: 10928: 10867: 10840: 10803: 10562: 10508: 10499: 10440: 10373: 10348: 10335: 9698:from the original on 16 May 2021 9176:Nurettin Türsan, Burhan Göksel: 8774:, University of Michigan, 1980, 8762:, HarperCollins, 1993, page 1087 8423:, Simon Publications LLC, 2001, 8402:, Transaction Publishers, 2012, 7929: 7722: 7660: 7234: 7180:the status of Mosul was deferred 7064: 6915: 6852:of March 1921. It was signed in 6611: 6602: 6570: 6318: 6309: 5999: 5848: 5538: 5373: 5226:Consolidation through congresses 4850:The day before his departure to 4650:. However, with the collapse of 4461:–meaning "councils", not unlike 4359:while French forces embarked by 4097:throughout the war which led to 3977:Prelude: October 1918 – May 1919 3886:brought the Ottoman Empire into 3286:nationalist revolutionary reform 3177: 2705:Discourses Concerning Government 1461: 1438: 1406: 1387: 1375: 1364: 1323: 1312: 1295: 1272: 1252: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1211: 1188: 1169: 1158: 1151: 1141: 1130: 1119: 1106: 1094: 1083: 1072: 1061: 1054: 1044: 1033: 1026: 1014: 1003: 992: 979: 964: 953: 942: 931: 920: 909: 898: 886: 874: 863: 850: 819: 807: 795: 782: 745: 723: 708: 694: 661: 645: 627: 609: 597: 585: 573: 561: 534: 516: 491: 478: 464: 450: 437: 424: 411: 379: 363: 347: 331: 315: 299: 277: 245: 125: 43: 15544:Yemeni civil war (2014–present) 15513:Syrian War spillover in Lebanon 15267:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 14557:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 14529:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 14481:Hague conference on reparations 14351: 12359:First Offensive of Sulaymaniyah 12130:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 11779: 11769:Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination 11660:Genocide Studies and Prevention 11509:Gündoğan, Kazım (4 June 2021). 11423:Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi 10523:Jäschke, Gotthard (1975), p.188 10505:Jäschke, Gotthard (1975), p.186 10414:. Macmillan. pp. 360–373. 10310: 10297: 10272: 10263: 10206: 9933: 9901: 9888: 9863: 9850: 9812: 9463:. Berghahn Books. p. 165. 9439:from the original on 7 May 2021 9267: 9255:from the original on 7 May 2021 9194: 9170: 9147: 9124: 9101: 9076: 9053: 9033: 9022: 9011: 9000: 8966: 8955: 8928: 8919: 8861: 8842: 8812: 8788: 8765: 8744: 8672: 8640: 8620: 8608: 8477: 8457: 8434: 8413: 8392: 8367: 8345: 8336: 8323: 8260: 8246: 8223: 8199: 8175: 7905: 7888: 7805: 7075:needs additional citations for 6975:The Marmara sea resort town of 6926:needs additional citations for 6622:needs additional citations for 6518:crossed over into Armenia from 6502:and Kurdish militia advance on 6329:needs additional citations for 6116:with Ankara only months later. 6010:needs additional citations for 5859:needs additional citations for 5617:partition of the Ottoman Empire 5549:needs additional citations for 5384:needs additional citations for 5294:Borders and plebiscites of the 4875:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 4865:on the evening of 16 May 1919. 4662:Banditry and the refugee crisis 4490:Politics of de-Ittihadification 4266:Somerset Arthur Gough-Calthorpe 4063:Committee of Union and Progress 4006:Committee of Union and Progress 3849:Committee of Union and Progress 3639:Committee of Union and Progress 3264:. The revolution concluded the 3248:forces over the application of 2971:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 15636:Civil wars of the 20th century 14610:Commission of Responsibilities 14513:International Opium Convention 12229:Grand National Assembly (1923) 12224:Grand National Assembly (1920) 11264:. New York: Pella. p. 33. 10269:Jäschke, Gotthard (1957), p.29 9911:, Ohio University Press, 1974 9753:Genocide Studies International 9676:. In Charny, Israel W. (ed.). 9650:. Berghahn Books. p. 62. 9028: 8143: 8090: 8051: 8033: 8022: 7861:, eastern region of the river 7632:Aftermath of the Chanak Crisis 7046:the over 600 year-old monarchy 6429:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic 5634:An Indian Army operation, the 5623:warships were anchored in the 4791:Ninth Army Troops Inspectorate 4560:, leader of the reconstituted 4189:, bringing hostilities in the 4121:, and mass murder since 1914. 3662:Turkish Nationalist resistance 3266:collapse of the Ottoman Empire 2906:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 2886:German Revolution of 1918–1919 13: 1: 15626:History of Greece (1909–1924) 15314:1986 Egyptian conscripts riot 14955:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 12310:Ankara Government and Georgia 12070:. London; New York: Longman. 12045:Pope, Nicole and Pope, Hugh, 11944:. New York: The John Day Co. 9678:Encyclopedia of Genocide: A-H 9646:Shirinian, George N. (2017). 9564:10.1080/14623528.2020.1735560 8979:. Social Science Monographs. 8821:Tarih boyunca Batı Ermenileri 7942: 7419:Western and Eastern Black Sea 7396:alleged assassination attempt 7227:Establishment of the Republic 7130:began on 21 November 1922 in 6667:Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922) 5754:Zones of control held by the 5615:As they were negotiating the 5218:. When the British landed in 4958:Southern Russian intervention 4856:occupation ceremony of Smyrna 4787:Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) 4572:. Ferid Pasha hoped that his 4393:Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) 4010:Ottoman Empire in World War I 3828: 3658:Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk) 1403:with the other Allied troops. 15518:Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) 15505:Turkish involvement in Syria 15389:al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen 15220:Political violence in Turkey 15154:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 15061:Yemeni–Adenese clan violence 14940:Italian bombing of Palestine 14902:1935–1936 Iraqi Shia revolts 14851:Arab separatism in Khuzestan 14197:Intangible cultural heritage 13543:Southeastern Anatolia Region 13375:Proclamation of the republic 12690:Liberation of Constantinople 12423:Liberation of Constantinople 11260:Psomiades, Harry J. (2000). 9728:. Harvard University Press. 9552:Journal of Genocide Research 8897:. New York: Berghahn Books, 6435:, and received support from 5741:Mustafa Fevzi Pasha (Çakmak) 5453:Turkish Nationalist Movement 5335:British intelligence officer 5110:battle for the town of Aydın 5106:massacre of Turks at Menemen 5044:'s coastal street, May 1919. 4632:Wilsonian Principles Society 4391:The British similarly asked 4117:, destruction from the war, 3762:and counter-attacked in the 3156:Republic without republicans 2901:11 September 1922 Revolution 2896:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 1307:4,878 died outside of combat 7: 15621:Turkish War of Independence 14770:Turkish War of Independence 14754:Unification of Saudi Arabia 14579:Turkish War of Independence 14562:Conference of London (1920) 14534:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 14436:Little Treaty of Versailles 13468:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 12913:Turkish War of Independence 12813:Conference of London (1920) 12116:Turkish War of Independence 11673:10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1297 11021:. SUNY Press. p. 140. 9374:. Isis Press. p. 171. 9204:. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1984. 8634:, 2. Cilt, 2007, sayfa 321 8419:Charles à Court Repington: 8294:Celâl Erikan, Rıdvan Akın: 7715: 7622:Turkey as a one party state 6772:battle at the Sakarya river 6760:Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir 6168:Turkish militias in Cilicia 6126: 6094:Britain (via Iraqi mandate) 6090:France (via Syrian mandate) 5737:Mustafa İsmet Pasha (İnönü) 5285:Committee of Representation 5265:national self-determination 4948:had British prime minister 4403:, a successor to the CUP's 3756:Battle of Kütahya-Eskişehir 3522:Turkish War of Independence 3222:Turkish War of Independence 2891:Turkish War of Independence 2813: 1395:was signed in 1921 and the 338:Provisional Kars Government 107:Turkish War of Independence 70:conditions to do so are met 10: 15737: 15701:1922 in the Ottoman Empire 15696:1921 in the Ottoman Empire 15691:1920 in the Ottoman Empire 15686:1919 in the Ottoman Empire 15435:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 15429:Houthi insurgency in Yemen 15418:Balochi insurgency in Iran 15394:1999 Shia uprising in Iraq 15230:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 15225:Islamist uprising in Syria 15203:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 15092:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 14978:Kurdish separatism in Iran 14897:Goharshad Mosque rebellion 13299:Conquest of Constantinople 12324:Yalova Peninsula massacres 12168:Sultanahmet demonstrations 11852:Dobkin, Marjorie Housepian 11581:Pope, Nicóle; Pope, Hugh. 11463:Mesut Uyar (1 July 2020). 10816:. Routledge. p. 926. 10447:Jäschke, Gotthard (1975). 10154:Jäschke, Gotthard (1957). 8710:Stephen Joseph Stillwell, 7971:Jelavich, Barbara (1983). 7653:Influence on other nations 7526: 7520: 7506: 7439:The Abilene Daily Reporter 7293: 7026:Abolition of the sultanate 7020: 6968: 6781: 6664: 6560: 6556: 6396:Fundraising poster by the 6377: 6371: 6258: 6141: 6135: 6052: 5901: 5691: 5685: 5596: 5029: 5014: 4952:'s backing because of his 4884:Ahmed Tevfik Pasha (Okday) 4872: 4482: 4028:Macedonian Front collapsed 4003: 3832: 3803:abolition of the sultanate 3641:and those involved in the 2946:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 2695:The Commonwealth of Oceana 1442:e. The Ottoman controlled 29: 15681:Military history of Italy 15593: 15556: 15461: 15402: 15342: 15275: 15193:Black September in Jordan 15185: 15084: 15028: 14925: 14869: 14823: 14700: 14628: 14592: 14574:Turkish National Movement 14547: 14521: 14451: 14406: 14298: 14031: 13947: 13840: 13806:The constitutional system 13766: 13721: 13666: 13657: 13551: 13499: 13490: 13443: 13410: 13360: 13338:Second Constitutional Era 13323:Decline and modernization 13279: 13240: 13214: 13205: 13137: 13096: 12997: 12971: 12919: 12860: 12791: 12768: 12740: 12733: 12698: 12675: 12565: 12507: 12474: 12431: 12339: 12332: 12237: 12219:Ottoman Parliament (1919) 12211: 12158:Turkish National Movement 12148: 12122: 11925:. Springer. p. 264. 11900:Kinross, Patrick (1979). 11877:. London: Phoenix Press. 10955:. Routledge. p. 41. 10758:New York University Press 10321:. ABC-CLIO. p. 696. 8939:. University of Hawai'i. 8586:18 September 2017 at the 8512:– via Google Books. 8058:Andican, A. Ahat (2007). 7618:Republican People's Party 7595: 7497: 7313:Turkish National Movement 7311:Propaganda poster of the 6753:support from Soviet Union 6695:offensive over the summer 6431:after the breakup of the 6415:(3 March 1918) after the 5331:loyalist Ottoman governor 5124:Sultanahmet demonstration 5040:Greek troops marching on 5017:Turkish National Movement 4636:League of Nations Mandate 4327:, including the towns of 4229:escaped the fates of the 4155:League of Nations mandate 4030:. The sudden decision by 3996:on 4 November 1918, "The 3982:Conclusion of World War I 3845:Second Constitutional Era 3492:Irish War of Independence 3368:Australian general strike 3332: 3226:Turkish National Movement 3119:The Emperor's New Clothes 2871:5 October 1910 revolution 2866:French Revolution of 1848 1889:Liberty as non-domination 1520: 1429:Turkish National Movement 1355: 1346:Armenian civilians killed 1338: 1265: 1181: 843: 737:Other pro-Istanbul rebels 229: 154: 134:: Delegation gathered in 124: 111: 106: 15295:Kurdish–Turkish conflict 15290:1980 Turkish coup d'état 15109:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 15041:1953 Iranian coup d'état 15036:1952 Egyptian revolution 14764:1919 Egyptian revolution 14747:Mount Lebanon starvation 13789:Ministry of the Interior 13774:Administrative divisions 13333:First Constitutional Era 12620:Summer Offensive of 1920 12413:Summer Offensive of 1920 11815:. Dublin: Random House. 9674:"Ataturk, Mustafa Kemal" 9597:Harvard University Press 9405:Avedian, Vahagn (2012). 9325:Landis & Albert 2012 9221:Avedian, Vahagn (2012). 9159:24 February 2021 at the 9136:25 February 2021 at the 9088:27 February 2021 at the 9065:25 February 2021 at the 8682:, Overlook Press, 2000, 8678:Nicole Pope, Hugh Pope: 8446:19 February 2014 at the 8257:, 1865–1965, 2004 p. 139 7798: 7708:, wanted to abolish the 7577:Ahmet Muhtar (Mollaoğlu) 5465:National Salvation Group 5449:Freedom and Accord Party 4897:On 19 January 1919, the 4789:as the inspector of the 4713:Evacuation of the Crimea 4562:Freedom and Accord Party 4539:Freedom and Accord Party 4412:Ali Fuat Pasha (Cebesoy) 4177:On 30 October 1918, the 3963:aftermath of World War I 3873:Freedom and Accord Party 3581:Uprising in West Hungary 3395:German strike of January 3284:, setting the stage for 3236:following its defeat in 2961:1987 Fijian coups d'état 2921:1952 Egyptian revolution 1899:Political representation 1412:Turkish irregular forces 999:Leonidas Paraskevopoulos 119:aftermath of World War I 114:Revolutions of 1917–1923 15524:War in Iraq (2013–2017) 15372:Iraqi Kurdish Civil War 15367:Yemeni Civil War (1994) 15177:1966 Syrian coup d'état 15104:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 14945:Allied invasion of Iraq 14892:Saudi–Yemeni War (1934) 14815:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 13736:Parliamentary elections 13538:Eastern Anatolia Region 13533:Central Anatolia Region 13215:Ancient and Middle Ages 12660:Liberation of Balıkesir 12461:Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur 12203:Grand National Assembly 11942:They Called Him Atatürk 11616:The Republic of Armenia 11612:Hovannisian, Richard G. 11357:The Rebirth of a Nation 11195:Buzanski, P.M. (1960). 11099:Islam at War: A History 11015:Vahide, Sukran (2012). 10305:The Rebirth of a Nation 10280:The Rebirth of a Nation 9946:21 October 2020 at the 9187:15 January 2023 at the 8484:Jowett, Philip (2015). 8278:Turkish General Staff, 8212:4 December 2013 at the 8188:6 December 2013 at the 8168:15 January 2023 at the 7768:Izmir Economic Congress 7613:Grand National Assembly 7371:Grand National Assembly 7296:Kemalist historiography 6413:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 6304:British-controlled Iraq 6302:, Mosul was awarded to 6279:Ali İhsan Pasha (Sabis) 6265:Mahmud Barzanji revolts 5908:Revolt of Ahmet Anzavur 5733:Abdülhak Adnan (Adıvar) 5704:Grand National Assembly 5660:Constitutional Monarchy 5365:Last Ottoman parliament 5108:was followed up with a 5032:Greek landing at Smyrna 5026:Greek landing at Smyrna 5007:in western Asia Minor. 4888:Rıza Tevfik (Bölükbaşı) 4768:Mustafa Kemal's mission 4363:and sent troops to the 4181:was signed between the 3928:crimes against humanity 3465:Greater Poland uprising 3390:Austro-Hungarian strike 2941:1969 Libyan coup d'état 2725:Discourse on Inequality 1874:Consent of the governed 1372:after 4 September 1920. 1370:Grand National Assembly 370:Oltu Council Government 322:Iğdır National Republic 132:Clockwise from top left 15641:Wars involving Armenia 15469:2011 Bahraini uprising 15453:South Yemen insurgency 15334:Abu Nidal's executions 15319:1986 Damascus bombings 15098:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 14950:Syria–Lebanon campaign 14720:Middle Eastern theatre 13907:Science and technology 13741:Presidential elections 13222:Prehistory of Anatolia 12843:Conference of Lausanne 12803:Treaty of Alexandropol 12760:Paris Peace Conference 12027:Sjöberg, Erik (2016). 11940:Lengyel, Emil (1962). 11767:Ihrig, Stefan (2014). 11654:Basso, Andrew (2016). 11018:Islam in Modern Turkey 8796:Gun Digest Books, 2011 8383:, T. Walter Williams, 8296:Kurtuluş Savaşı tarihi 7922:"Independence War" or 7915: 7833:, 5 undersized border 7763:Independence Tribunals 7645:as the decline of the 7608: 7575:from Foreign Minister 7529:Late Ottoman genocides 7492:Richard G. Hovannisian 7451: 7385:and Djemal's visit to 7315: 7272:Mustafa Fevzi (Çakmak) 7128:Conference of Lausanne 7123: 6992: 6864:on 11 September 1922. 6838:Treaty of Alexandropol 6832: 6797: 6740: 6683: 6681:Greek Summer Offensive 6527:Treaty of Alexandropol 6400: 6205:French Armenian Legion 6169: 6161: 6152:Alawite revolt of 1919 6072: 5947: 5921: 5775: 5706: 5640:10th Infantry Division 5612: 5599:Occupation of Istanbul 5436: 5302: 5281:provisional government 5239: 5179: 5127: 5045: 4979:status quo ante bellum 4899:Paris Peace Conference 4894: 4892:Paris Peace Conference 4818:Liberal People's Party 4808:"—for his role in the 4777: 4690: 4648:King–Crane Commissions 4549: 4388: 4174: 4001: 3823:other ethnic cleansing 3752:Second Battle of İnönü 3455:1918 protest in Zagreb 3425:Canadian Labour Revolt 3420:British police strikes 3378:Brazil strike movement 3276:, and established the 3256:, in post-World War I 1448:Greek Summer Offensive 1416:Greek Summer Offensive 1341:Greek civilians killed 1280:22,690 died of disease 844:Commanders and leaders 15676:Wars involving Turkey 15656:Wars involving Greece 15646:Wars involving France 15309:South Yemen civil war 15208:Shatt al-Arab clashes 15133:Mar. 1963 Syrian coup 15122:North Yemen civil war 15071:1958 Iraqi revolution 14998:1948 Arab–Israeli War 14992:Arab–Israeli conflict 14861:Sheikh Said rebellion 14725:Battle of Robat Karim 14471:Reparation Commission 13902:Free trade agreements 13784:Intelligence Services 13581:North Anatolian Fault 12685:Bombardment of Samsun 12255:Bombardment of Samsun 12140:King–Crane Commission 11213:"ყარსის ხელშეკრულება" 10568:Lord Kinross. (1999) 10343:King-Crane Commission 10216:, John Murray, 1999, 8867:Death by Government, 8849:Christopher J. Walker 8464:Anahide Ter Minassian 8149:Briton Cooper Busch: 7900:August–September 1922 7773:Young Turk Revolution 7748:Medal of Independence 7704:. Germans, including 7626:1946 general election 7603: 7521:Further information: 7436: 7379:Battle of the Sakarya 7310: 7276:Köprülü Kâzım (Özalp) 7121: 7038:abolish the sultanate 6990: 6969:Further information: 6830: 6795: 6782:Further information: 6738:First Battle of İnönü 6735: 6674: 6514:under the command of 6476:Kâzım Karabekir Pasha 6395: 6193:Arab Kingdom of Syria 6189:Faisal bin Al-Hussein 6167: 6159: 6114:separate peace treaty 6062: 5945: 5919: 5753: 5701: 5606: 5439:In December 1919, an 5430: 5293: 5275:and the abolition of 5233: 5175: 5151:Organizing resistance 5122: 5039: 4946:Eleftherios Venizelos 4923:Sykes–Picot Agreement 4882: 4775: 4696:return to their homes 4677:waiting to cross the 4669: 4532: 4451:Muslim militia groups 4439:Kazım Karabekir Pasha 4386: 4379:Prelude to resistance 4187:Allies of World War I 4168: 3989: 3932:Sykes–Picot Agreement 3916:collective punishment 3912:an alleged conspiracy 3635:Sykes–Picot Agreement 3537:Luton Peace Day Riots 3288:in Republican Turkey. 3109:Criticism of monarchy 2931:North Yemen civil war 2745:The Federalist Papers 2040:Federal parliamentary 1630:1920 Summer Offensive 1557:1920 Summer Offensive 1266:Casualties and losses 1221:1922: 200,000–250,000 1196:November 1920: 86,000 1051:Georgios Hatzianestis 987:Eleftherios Venizelos 893:Kazım Karabekir Pasha 218:Establishment of the 146:; troops in Ankara's 32:Young Turk Revolution 15721:Wars of independence 15711:Rebellions in Turkey 15448:Fatah–Hamas conflict 15384:Operation Desert Fox 15357:1991 Iraqi uprisings 15351:Gulf War (1990–1991) 15262:Grand Mosque seizure 15240:Yemenite War of 1979 15198:Yemenite War of 1972 15138:Nov. 1963 Iraqi coup 15128:Feb. 1963 Iraqi coup 14882:Ahmed Barzani revolt 14793:Turkish–Armenian War 14620:List of participants 14453:Treaty of Versailles 14286:World heritage sites 13811:Turkish Armed Forces 13696:Constitutional Court 13610:Flora and vegetation 13588:Environmental issues 13576:East Anatolian Fault 13523:Mediterranean Region 12932:Turkish–Armenian War 12838:Armistice of Mudanya 12818:Cilicia Peace Treaty 12750:Conference of London 11906:. New York: Morrow. 11498:. pp. xvi, xxv. 11494:Erickson, Edward J. 11097:George F. Nafziger, 10901:Minault, G. (1982). 10752:Aksin, Sina (2007). 9826:on 23 September 2019 9820:"MONDROS MÜTAREKESİ" 9670:Adalian, Rouben Paul 9113:1 March 2021 at the 8973:Várdy, Béla (2003). 8882:Alexander Miasnikyan 8855:, Croom Helm, 1980, 8831:, Pars Yayın, 2004, 8389:, 10 September 1922. 8153:, SUNY Press, 1976, 8047:on 24 December 2014. 7710:Treaty of Versailles 7450:" on 13 October 1922 7413:which took place in 7084:improve this article 6997:Armistice of Mudanya 6971:Armistice of Mudanya 6935:improve this article 6907:Armistice of Mudanya 6881:great fire of Smyrna 6869:Battle of Dumlupınar 6803:Mark Lambert Bristol 6801:report from Admiral 6631:improve this article 6417:Bolshevik revolution 6374:Turkish–Armenian War 6338:improve this article 6106:spheres of influence 6019:improve this article 5965:Ethem the Circassian 5868:improve this article 5558:improve this article 5393:improve this article 5098:Special Organization 5082:Küçük Menderes River 4729:internally displaced 4628:Halide Edip (Adıvar) 4620:Wilsonian principles 4504:elected back in 1914 4405:Special Organization 3861:expulsion of Muslims 3857:Mahmud Shevket Pasha 3776:armistice in Mudanya 3708:" declared illegal. 3571:Mongolian Revolution 3512:March First Movement 3450:Swiss general strike 3353:French Army mutinies 3250:Wilsonian principles 3094:Classical radicalism 2836:Republic of Florence 2775:Democracy in America 1934:Separation of powers 1909:Public participation 1685:Turkish–Armenian War 1424:Naval landing forces 1206:August 1922: 271,000 1165:Ethem the Circassian 1137:Süleyman Şefik Pasha 971:Ethem the Circassian 238:Turkish Nationalists 15596:This list includes 15564:2021 Beirut clashes 15424:2004 Qamishli riots 15301:Turkey–PKK conflict 15257:1979 Qatif Uprising 15076:1959 Mosul uprising 15066:1958 Lebanon crisis 15013:1973 Yom Kippur War 14984:Iran crisis of 1946 14972:Al-Wathbah uprising 14962:1943 Barzani revolt 14856:Great Syrian Revolt 14836:Iraqi Revolt (1920) 14759:Simko Shikak revolt 14567:San Remo conference 14522:Subsequent treaties 14491:Lausanne Conference 13855:Banking and Finance 13473:History of Anatolia 13370:War of Independence 13362:Republic of Türkiye 13259:Battle of Manzikert 13145:Menderes Detachment 12998:Corps/Area commands 12755:San Remo conference 12376:Battle of Babaçiçek 12319:Samsun deportations 12314:Population exchange 12305:Personae non gratae 11733:, pp. 159–160. 11598:The Ottoman Endgame 11316:Rebirth of a Nation 10547:, p. 230, 232. 10453:Die Welt des Islams 10383:, 29 June 1920 p. 5 10248:, p. 187, 219. 10160:Die Welt des Islams 9907:Paul C. Helmreich, 9870:Erickson, Edward J. 9424:10.1093/ejil/chs056 9303:"Armenian Genocide" 9275:Suny, Ronald Grigor 9240:10.1093/ejil/chs056 9200:Zürcher, Erik Jan. 8904:9 June 2022 at the 8827:9 June 2022 at the 8781:9 June 2022 at the 8737:9 June 2022 at the 8697:9 June 2022 at the 8665:9 June 2022 at the 8646:Stephen Vertigans: 8615:Στρατιωτική Ιστορία 8533:9 June 2022 at the 8379:2 June 2021 at the 8360:9 June 2022 at the 8313:9 June 2022 at the 8240:9 June 2022 at the 8229:Chester Neal Tate, 8136:9 June 2022 at the 8105:2 June 2018 at the 7961:, pp. 204–206. 7926:"National Struggle" 7811:In August 1922 the 7490:Armenian historian 7472:conspiracy theories 7217:Montreux Convention 6877:recapture of Smyrna 6818:Battle of Gallipoli 6493:Bakir Sami (Kunduh) 6478:, commander of the 6419:, and later by the 6411:was defined in the 6191:'s self-proclaimed 5499:Chamber of Deputies 5483:Istanbul government 5461:ballot box stuffing 5339:Chamber of Deputies 5187:, Karabekir Pasha, 5088:towards the north. 4843:. But according to 4719:). The province of 4576:and an attitude of 4500:Chamber of Deputies 4496:Mehmed VI Vahdettin 4485:tr:Mütareke (dönem) 4179:Armistice of Mudros 4059:Armistice of Mudros 3946:to goods bound for 3740:İsmet Pasha (İnönü) 3730:, resulting in the 3720:French in the south 3690:Istanbul government 3627:Armistice of Mudros 3517:May Fourth Movement 3502:La Canadenca strike 3445:Egyptian Revolution 3184:Politics portal 2989:Antigua and Barbuda 2936:Zanzibar Revolution 2846:American Revolution 2735:The Social Contract 1904:Popular sovereignty 1148:Anzavur Ahmed Pasha 1040:Anastasios Papoulas 881:Mustafa İsmet Pasha 870:Mustafa Fevzi Pasha 858:Mustafa Kemal Pasha 731:Istanbul Government 57:of this article is 15245:Iranian Revolution 15214:Lebanese Civil War 15160:1948 Palestine war 14907:1935 Yazidi revolt 14798:Franco-Turkish War 14584:Treaty of Lausanne 14461:"War guilt" clause 13912:Telecommunications 13701:Court of Cassation 13402:Multi-party period 13311:Ottoman Old Regime 13232:Byzantine Anatolia 13227:Classical Anatolia 13150:Özdemir Detachment 12961:Franco-Turkish War 12848:Treaty of Lausanne 12451:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye 12183:Balıkesir Congress 12031:. Berghahn Books. 11540:Guttstadt, Corry. 11469:Independent Türkçe 11355:Kinross, Atatürk, 11328:Finkel, Caroline. 11278:20(2) (1979), 332. 11173:, p. 199–202. 11072:978-1-138-83-647-1 10874:Vipul, S. (2009). 10674:, p. 255–256. 10662:, p. 249–252. 10650:, p. 247–248. 10626:, p. 240–241. 10559:, p. 234–235. 10105:, p. 102–105. 9765:10.3138/gsi.9.1.06 9508:Kieser, Hans-Lukas 9457:Kévorkian, Raymond 9366:Kieser, Hans-Lukas 9165:The New York Times 9142:The New York Times 9119:The New York Times 9095:The New York Times 9071:The New York Times 8794:Robert W.D. Ball: 8720:Edwin Mellen Press 8558:Sabahattin Selek: 8452:The New York Times 8386:The New York Times 8333:, Benn 1926, p. 92 7609: 7523:Turkish war crimes 7452: 7428:Russian Revolution 7316: 7246:. You can help by 7200:Republic of Turkey 7196:Treaty of Lausanne 7161:Treaty of Lausanne 7124: 7056:Treaty of Lausanne 7050:Ahmed Tevfik Pasha 6993: 6833: 6814:David Lloyd George 6798: 6741: 6727:Army of Asia Minor 6684: 6582:. You can help by 6472:(10 August 1920). 6441:White Russian Army 6401: 6209:uprising and siege 6170: 6162: 6138:Franco-Turkish War 6073: 6069:Treaty of Lausanne 5948: 5933:Kuva-yi İnzibatiye 5922: 5912:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye 5776: 5707: 5672:Salih Hulusi Pasha 5613: 5457:voter intimidation 5437: 5303: 5240: 5216:Brigade of Gurkhas 5180: 5145:civil disobedience 5128: 5063:Süleyman Fethi Bey 5046: 4950:David Lloyd George 4895: 4810:Gallipoli Campaign 4778: 4691: 4570:Ottoman government 4550: 4389: 4175: 4018:realized that the 4002: 3910:. It was based on 3795:Republic of Turkey 3787:monarchy abolished 3783:Treaty of Lausanne 3768:recapture of İzmir 3678:counter government 3647:Ottoman government 3598:September Uprising 3507:Kinmel Park mutiny 3487:Southampton mutiny 3343:Russian Revolution 3278:Republic of Turkey 3254:self-determination 3150:Primus inter pares 2966:Nepalese Civil War 2956:Iranian Revolution 2926:14 July Revolution 2881:Russian Revolution 2876:Chinese Revolution 2826:Republic of Venice 2675:Discourses on Livy 1716:Franco-Turkish War 1444:Kuva-yi Inzibatiye 1397:Franco-Turkish War 1334:116,055 casualties 1022:Dimitrios Gounaris 568:French West Africa 220:Republic of Turkey 18:Turkish Revolution 15608: 15607: 14831:Franco-Syrian War 14788:Greco-Turkish War 14776:Anglo-Turkish War 14742:Assyrian genocide 14737:Armenian genocide 14708:Italo-Turkish War 14660: 14659: 14539:Treaty of Trianon 14431:Minority Treaties 14408:League of Nations 14366: 14365: 14294: 14293: 13836: 13835: 13779:Foreign relations 13753:Political parties 13653: 13652: 13486: 13485: 13478:History of Thrace 13380:Atatürk's reforms 13271:Anatolian beyliks 13158: 13157: 12964: 12952: 12949:Greco-Turkish War 12935: 12871: 12870: 12856: 12855: 12729: 12728: 12665:Capture of Smyrna 12441:Koçgiri rebellion 12381:Özdemir Operation 12371:Tal Afar uprising 12272:Burning of Smyrna 12188:Alaşehir Congress 12135:Khilafat Movement 12077:978-0-582-49380-3 12012:978-0-340-96234-3 11913:978-0-688-08093-8 11884:978-1-84212-599-1 11844:978-0-19-871602-0 11822:978-0-241-44432-0 11800:978-0-09-953950-6 11793:. London: Arrow. 11223:on 24 April 2007. 10962:978-1-136-30964-9 10914:978-0-231-51539-9 10887:978-81-317-2042-4 10860:978-93-241-9210-3 10823:978-0-415-20112-4 10767:978-0-8147-0722-7 10421:978-0-8050-8809-0 10328:978-1-85109-431-8 10222:978-0-7195-6592-2 9894:Nur Bilge Criss, 9735:978-0-674-91645-6 9691:978-0-87436-928-1 9657:978-1-78533-433-7 9634:978-0-8143-2777-7 9621:Marashlian, Levon 9595:. Cambridge, MA: 9523:978-1-4008-8963-1 9495:978-0-19-967607-1 9470:978-1-78920-451-3 9381:978-975-428-345-7 9354:978-0-19-965522-9 9290:978-1-4008-6558-1 8891:Vahakn N. Dadrian 8398:Isaiah Friedman: 8071:978-908-0-740-365 7990:978-0-521-27459-3 7783:Celali rebellions 7778:31 March Incident 7700:than Mussolini's 7690: 7689: 7581:Armenian Republic 7548:Raymond Kévorkian 7448:George Washington 7383:Basmachi movement 7264: 7263: 7116: 7115: 7108: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6663: 6662: 6655: 6600: 6599: 6547:Soviet Azerbaijan 6520:Soviet Azerbaijan 6465:Armenian Diaspora 6370: 6369: 6362: 6296:King of Kurdistan 6227:and eventually a 6180:with the French. 6144:Franco-Syrian War 6086:League of Nations 6051: 6050: 6043: 5953:occurred at Düzce 5900: 5899: 5892: 5756:Ankara government 5721:Khilafat movement 5712:conduct elections 5590: 5589: 5582: 5487:Ankara government 5445:Ottoman Armenians 5425: 5424: 5417: 5277:the capitulations 5173: 5139:organized by the 5114:counterinsurgency 4839:headquartered in 4814:Central Committee 4764:Muslim ancestry. 4705:Russian Civil War 4587:war crimes trials 4558:Damat Ferid Pasha 4516:Armenian Ottomans 4479:The Armistice era 4325:province of Adana 4285:Menshevik Georgia 4223:Armenian Ottomans 4024:Palestinian Front 3811:Armenian genocide 3807:Atatürk's reforms 3760:Battle of Sakarya 3736:Greco-Turkish War 3724:partition Armenia 3706:Ankara government 3692:" to suspend the 3643:Armenian genocide 3622: 3621: 3559:Patagonia Rebelde 3430:German Revolution 3400:Finnish Civil War 3274:Ottoman caliphate 3270:Ottoman sultanate 3232:was occupied and 3218: 3217: 3161:Republican empire 3134:List of republics 2983:National variants 2911:Spanish Civil War 2851:French Revolution 2831:Republic of Genoa 2715:The Spirit of Law 2648:Theoretical works 1992:Neo-republicanism 1823: 1822: 1650:Kütahya–Eskişehir 1575:Greco-Turkish War 1527:Anglo-Turkish War 1475: 1474: 1291:83,052 casualties 1217:Dec. 1919: 80,000 1126:Damat Ferid Pasha 1079:Drastamat Kanayan 252:Ankara Government 225: 224: 194:Upper Mesopotamia 144:capture of Smyrna 98: 97: 90: 16:(Redirected from 15728: 15570:Israel–Hamas war 15497:Syrian civil war 15480:Sinai insurgency 15441:2006 Lebanon War 15116:Dhofar Rebellion 15051:Cyprus Emergency 15046:Jebel Akhdar War 15018:1982 Lebanon War 15008:1967 Six-Day War 14917:Dersim rebellion 14877:Ararat rebellion 14781:Al-Jazeera Front 14687: 14680: 14673: 14664: 14663: 14549:Treaty of Sèvres 14393: 14386: 14379: 14370: 14369: 14354: 14353: 14342: 14341: 14330: 14329: 14318: 14317: 14306: 14111: 14110: 13996:Cities and towns 13977:Turkish language 13932:Turkish Airlines 13748:Electoral system 13711:Council of State 13664: 13663: 13598:Waste management 13528:Black Sea Region 13506: 13497: 13496: 13451:Turkic migration 13397:One-party period 13266:Sultanate of Rum 13212: 13211: 13197: 13196: 13185: 13178: 13171: 13162: 13161: 12958: 12946: 12929: 12898: 12891: 12884: 12875: 12874: 12823:Treaty of Ankara 12808:Treaty of Moscow 12783:Treaty of Sèvres 12738: 12737: 12557:Alemdar Incident 12403:Şehzadebaşı raid 12394:Eskişehir (1920) 12354:Al-Jazeera Front 12337: 12336: 12299:Menemen massacre 12284:Kaç Kaç incident 12178:Erzurum Congress 12109: 12102: 12095: 12086: 12085: 12081: 12042: 12023: 12021: 12019: 11977: 11953: 11936: 11917: 11896: 11871:Kinross, Patrick 11848: 11826: 11804: 11773: 11772: 11764: 11758: 11752: 11746: 11740: 11734: 11728: 11722: 11716: 11710: 11704: 11698: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11675: 11651: 11645: 11639: 11630: 11629: 11608: 11602: 11601: 11596:McMeekin, Sean. 11593: 11587: 11586: 11578: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11567: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11537: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11526: 11506: 11500: 11499: 11491: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11480: 11460: 11454: 11451: 11445: 11442: 11436: 11433: 11427: 11426: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11392: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11381: 11366: 11360: 11353: 11347: 11340: 11334: 11333: 11325: 11319: 11312: 11306: 11303: 11297: 11294: 11288: 11287:Psomiades, 27-8. 11285: 11279: 11272: 11266: 11265: 11257: 11251: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11231: 11225: 11224: 11219:. Archived from 11209: 11203: 11202: 11192: 11186: 11180: 11174: 11168: 11162: 11156: 11150: 11144: 11138: 11132: 11126: 11120: 11114: 11108: 11102: 11095: 11089: 11083: 11077: 11076: 11051: 11045: 11044: 11042: 11040: 11012: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11001: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10948: 10942: 10932: 10926: 10925: 10923: 10921: 10898: 10892: 10891: 10871: 10865: 10864: 10844: 10838: 10837: 10832: 10830: 10807: 10801: 10795: 10784: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10749: 10738: 10732: 10726: 10720: 10714: 10708: 10702: 10696: 10687: 10681: 10675: 10669: 10663: 10657: 10651: 10645: 10639: 10633: 10627: 10621: 10615: 10609: 10600: 10594: 10588: 10582: 10573: 10566: 10560: 10554: 10548: 10542: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10521: 10515: 10512: 10506: 10503: 10497: 10496: 10494: 10492: 10444: 10438: 10432: 10426: 10425: 10402: 10396: 10390: 10384: 10377: 10371: 10365: 10359: 10352: 10346: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10314: 10308: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10276: 10270: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10249: 10243: 10237: 10231: 10225: 10210: 10204: 10203: 10201: 10199: 10151: 10142: 10136: 10130: 10124: 10118: 10112: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10088: 10082: 10076: 10070: 10064: 10058: 10052: 10046: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10016: 10010: 10004: 9998: 9992: 9986: 9980: 9974: 9968: 9962: 9956: 9950: 9937: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9905: 9899: 9892: 9886: 9883: 9877: 9867: 9861: 9854: 9848: 9842: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9831: 9816: 9810: 9804: 9795: 9792: 9786: 9784: 9743: 9711: 9705: 9703: 9665: 9642: 9614:Levon Marashlian 9610: 9587: 9543: 9534:Lay summary in: 9531: 9503: 9477: 9452: 9446: 9444: 9426: 9401: 9395: 9393: 9361: 9339:Üngör, Uğur Ümit 9334: 9328: 9322: 9313: 9310: 9299:Lay summary in: 9294: 9271: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9242: 9218: 9205: 9198: 9192: 9174: 9168: 9151: 9145: 9144:, 18 March 1920. 9128: 9122: 9105: 9099: 9080: 9074: 9057: 9051: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9015: 9009: 9008: 9004: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8993: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8959: 8953: 8952: 8950: 8948: 8932: 8926: 8923: 8917: 8886:Georgy Chicherin 8878: 8872: 8865: 8859: 8846: 8840: 8816: 8810: 8792: 8786: 8769: 8763: 8748: 8742: 8708: 8702: 8676: 8670: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8624: 8618: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8600: 8591: 8575: 8566: 8565: 8556: 8547: 8523: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8481: 8475: 8461: 8455: 8438: 8432: 8417: 8411: 8396: 8390: 8371: 8365: 8349: 8343: 8340: 8334: 8327: 8321: 8320: 8292: 8283: 8276: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8258: 8250: 8244: 8227: 8221: 8220:(18 March 1920). 8203: 8197: 8179: 8173: 8147: 8141: 8123: 8110: 8100:by Bülent Bilmez 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8037: 8031: 8026: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7978: 7968: 7962: 7956: 7936: 7933: 7927: 7909: 7903: 7892: 7886: 7809: 7732: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7698:Beer Hall Putsch 7685: 7682: 7664: 7657: 7544:labor battalions 7503:Ethnic cleansing 7423:Central Anatolia 7415:Southern Marmara 7355:Ali Fuat Cebesoy 7259: 7256: 7238: 7231: 7172:Raymond Poincaré 7168:Benito Mussolini 7140:Treaty of Sèvres 7111: 7104: 7100: 7097: 7091: 7068: 7060: 7005:Ernest Hemingway 6962: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6942: 6919: 6911: 6850:Treaty of Moscow 6820:, as opposed to 6723:King Constantine 6675:A photograph of 6658: 6651: 6647: 6644: 6638: 6615: 6607: 6595: 6592: 6574: 6567: 6470:Treaty of Sèvres 6365: 6358: 6354: 6351: 6345: 6322: 6314: 6273:," primarily in 6234:Eastern question 6065:Treaty of Sèvres 6055:Treaty of Sèvres 6046: 6039: 6035: 6032: 6026: 6003: 5995: 5991:Treaty of Sèvres 5895: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5852: 5844: 5840:Clashes in İzmit 5636:Şehzadebaşı raid 5585: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5565: 5542: 5534: 5420: 5413: 5409: 5406: 5400: 5377: 5369: 5300:Erzurum Congress 5298:outlined in the 5253:Erzurum Congress 5174: 5090:Guerilla warfare 4987:Western Anatolia 4537:, leader of the 4373:Karadeniz Ereğli 4089:to dissolve its 3702:Treaty of Sèvres 3608:Hamburg Uprising 3460:Darwin rebellion 3327: 3315: 3308: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3210: 3203: 3196: 3182: 3181: 3166:Republican Party 3144:Peasant republic 3104:Communitarianism 2821:Classical Athens 2816: 2790: 2780: 2770: 2760: 2750: 2740: 2730: 2720: 2710: 2700: 2690: 2680: 2670: 2660: 1894:Mixed government 1828: 1827: 1515: 1514: 1501: 1494: 1487: 1478: 1477: 1464: 1441: 1409: 1393:Treaty of Ankara 1390: 1378: 1367: 1328: 1327: 1320:3,000+ prisoners 1317: 1316: 1309:13,740 prisoners 1300: 1299: 1277: 1276: 1275: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1204: 1194:May 1919: 35,000 1193: 1192: 1191: 1174: 1173: 1172: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1155: 1146: 1145: 1135: 1134: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1101:Sir George Milne 1099: 1098: 1088: 1087: 1077: 1076: 1066: 1065: 1058: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1019: 1018: 1008: 1007: 997: 996: 984: 983: 975: 969: 968: 967: 958: 957: 956: 947: 946: 945: 936: 935: 934: 925: 924: 923: 914: 913: 912: 903: 902: 901: 895: 891: 890: 889: 879: 878: 877: 868: 867: 866: 855: 854: 853: 839: 835: 824: 823: 822: 812: 811: 810: 800: 799: 798: 787: 786: 785: 776: 764: 755: 751: 749: 748: 728: 727: 726: 713: 712: 711: 704: 700: 698: 697: 679: 671: 667: 665: 664: 655: 651: 649: 648: 638: 637: 633: 631: 630: 614: 613: 612: 602: 601: 600: 590: 589: 588: 578: 577: 576: 566: 565: 564: 555: 554: 545: 544: 540: 538: 537: 526: 522: 520: 519: 501: 497: 495: 494: 483: 482: 481: 474: 470: 468: 467: 456: 454: 453: 443: 441: 440: 430: 428: 427: 417: 415: 414: 395: 384: 383: 382: 375: 368: 367: 366: 359: 352: 351: 350: 343: 336: 335: 334: 327: 320: 319: 318: 311: 304: 303: 302: 295: 287: 283: 281: 280: 262: 254: 250: 249: 248: 156: 155: 129: 104: 103: 93: 86: 82: 79: 73: 47: 46: 39: 21: 15736: 15735: 15731: 15730: 15729: 15727: 15726: 15725: 15611: 15610: 15609: 15604: 15602: 15589: 15552: 15474:Egyptian Crisis 15457: 15398: 15338: 15271: 15181: 15170:Second Intifada 15080: 15024: 14921: 14887:Simele massacre 14865: 14846:Adwan Rebellion 14819: 14696: 14691: 14661: 14656: 14624: 14588: 14543: 14517: 14447: 14402: 14397: 14367: 14362: 14290: 14109: 14105:Women in Turkey 14073:Law enforcement 14027: 14023:Life expectancy 13989:Islam in Turkey 13943: 13832: 13794:National Police 13762: 13717: 13649: 13640:Turkish Riviera 13547: 13504: 13503: 13482: 13439: 13406: 13385:Language reform 13356: 13275: 13236: 13201: 13191: 13189: 13159: 13154: 13133: 13097:Fortified areas 13092: 12993: 12967: 12939:El Cezire Front 12915: 12902: 12872: 12867: 12852: 12794: 12787: 12764: 12725: 12694: 12671: 12650:Great Offensive 12561: 12503: 12470: 12456:Battle of Geyve 12446:Konya rebellion 12427: 12328: 12233: 12207: 12198:Amasya Protocol 12173:Amasya Circular 12163:Karakol society 12150: 12144: 12118: 12113: 12078: 12039: 12017: 12015: 12013: 11982:The Turks Today 11980:Mango, Andrew, 11974: 11933: 11914: 11885: 11845: 11823: 11801: 11782: 11777: 11776: 11765: 11761: 11753: 11749: 11741: 11737: 11729: 11725: 11717: 11713: 11705: 11701: 11691: 11689: 11652: 11648: 11640: 11633: 11626: 11609: 11605: 11594: 11590: 11579: 11575: 11565: 11563: 11554: 11553: 11549: 11538: 11534: 11524: 11522: 11507: 11503: 11492: 11488: 11478: 11476: 11461: 11457: 11452: 11448: 11443: 11439: 11434: 11430: 11419: 11415: 11405: 11403: 11394: 11393: 11389: 11379: 11377: 11368: 11367: 11363: 11354: 11350: 11341: 11337: 11326: 11322: 11313: 11309: 11304: 11300: 11295: 11291: 11286: 11282: 11273: 11269: 11258: 11254: 11244: 11242: 11233: 11232: 11228: 11211: 11210: 11206: 11193: 11189: 11181: 11177: 11169: 11165: 11157: 11153: 11145: 11141: 11133: 11129: 11121: 11117: 11109: 11105: 11096: 11092: 11084: 11080: 11073: 11052: 11048: 11038: 11036: 11029: 11013: 11009: 10999: 10997: 10990: 10974: 10970: 10963: 10949: 10945: 10933: 10929: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10899: 10895: 10888: 10872: 10868: 10861: 10845: 10841: 10828: 10826: 10824: 10808: 10804: 10796: 10787: 10779: 10775: 10768: 10750: 10741: 10733: 10729: 10721: 10717: 10709: 10705: 10697: 10690: 10682: 10678: 10670: 10666: 10658: 10654: 10646: 10642: 10634: 10630: 10622: 10618: 10610: 10603: 10595: 10591: 10583: 10576: 10567: 10563: 10555: 10551: 10543: 10539: 10531: 10527: 10522: 10518: 10513: 10509: 10504: 10500: 10490: 10488: 10465:10.2307/1569959 10445: 10441: 10433: 10429: 10422: 10403: 10399: 10391: 10387: 10378: 10374: 10366: 10362: 10353: 10349: 10340: 10336: 10329: 10315: 10311: 10302: 10298: 10290: 10286: 10277: 10273: 10268: 10264: 10256: 10252: 10244: 10240: 10232: 10228: 10211: 10207: 10197: 10195: 10172:10.2307/1570253 10152: 10145: 10137: 10133: 10125: 10121: 10113: 10109: 10101: 10097: 10089: 10085: 10077: 10073: 10065: 10061: 10053: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10029: 10025: 10017: 10013: 10005: 10001: 9993: 9989: 9981: 9977: 9969: 9965: 9957: 9953: 9948:Wayback Machine 9938: 9934: 9926: 9922: 9906: 9902: 9893: 9889: 9884: 9880: 9868: 9864: 9855: 9851: 9843: 9839: 9829: 9827: 9818: 9817: 9813: 9805: 9798: 9782: 9780: 9736: 9701: 9699: 9692: 9658: 9635: 9607: 9599:. p. 672. 9535: 9524: 9496: 9471: 9442: 9440: 9391: 9389: 9382: 9355: 9335: 9331: 9323: 9316: 9300: 9291: 9272: 9268: 9258: 9256: 9219: 9208: 9199: 9195: 9189:Wayback Machine 9175: 9171: 9161:Wayback Machine 9152: 9148: 9138:Wayback Machine 9129: 9125: 9115:Wayback Machine 9106: 9102: 9098:, 11 July 1920. 9090:Wayback Machine 9081: 9077: 9073:, 19 July 1920. 9067:Wayback Machine 9058: 9054: 9039:Mevlüt Çelebi: 9038: 9034: 9027: 9023: 9016: 9012: 9005: 9001: 8991: 8989: 8987: 8971: 8967: 8960: 8956: 8946: 8944: 8933: 8929: 8924: 8920: 8906:Wayback Machine 8879: 8875: 8866: 8862: 8847: 8843: 8829:Wayback Machine 8817: 8813: 8793: 8789: 8783:Wayback Machine 8770: 8766: 8749: 8745: 8739:Wayback Machine 8709: 8705: 8699:Wayback Machine 8677: 8673: 8667:Wayback Machine 8645: 8641: 8635: 8625: 8621: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8601: 8594: 8588:Wayback Machine 8577:Ahmet Özdemir, 8576: 8569: 8563: 8557: 8550: 8535:Wayback Machine 8524: 8517: 8507: 8505: 8498: 8482: 8478: 8462: 8458: 8454:, 19 June 1920. 8448:Wayback Machine 8439: 8435: 8418: 8414: 8397: 8393: 8381:Wayback Machine 8372: 8368: 8362:Wayback Machine 8350: 8346: 8341: 8337: 8328: 8324: 8318: 8315:Wayback Machine 8293: 8286: 8277: 8273: 8267: 8265: 8261: 8251: 8247: 8242:Wayback Machine 8228: 8224: 8214:Wayback Machine 8204: 8200: 8196:(18 June 1920). 8190:Wayback Machine 8180: 8176: 8170:Wayback Machine 8148: 8144: 8138:Wayback Machine 8124: 8113: 8107:Wayback Machine 8095: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8072: 8056: 8052: 8039: 8038: 8034: 8027: 8023: 8013: 8011: 8003: 8002: 7998: 7991: 7969: 7965: 7957: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7939: 7934: 7930: 7916:Kurtuluş Savaşı 7910: 7906: 7893: 7889: 7810: 7806: 7801: 7728: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7686: 7680: 7677: 7670:needs expansion 7655: 7634: 7598: 7535: 7525: 7519: 7507:Main articles: 7505: 7500: 7461:Shaykh al-Islām 7402:and Politician 7377:would lose the 7339:Kâzım Karabekir 7298: 7292: 7260: 7254: 7251: 7244:needs expansion 7229: 7206:to the defunct 7204:successor state 7157:Turkish Straits 7112: 7101: 7095: 7092: 7081: 7069: 7058: 7028: 7023: 6973: 6963: 6952: 6946: 6943: 6932: 6920: 6909: 6873:Great Offensive 6790: 6780: 6669: 6659: 6648: 6642: 6639: 6628: 6616: 6605: 6596: 6590: 6587: 6580:needs expansion 6565: 6559: 6516:Anatoliy Gekker 6421:Treaty of Batum 6390: 6376: 6366: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6335: 6323: 6312: 6300:1926 plebiscite 6271:Al-Jazira Front 6267: 6259:Main articles: 6257: 6255:Al-Jazira Front 6154: 6140: 6134: 6129: 6057: 6047: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6016: 6004: 5993: 5973:Royal Air Force 5914: 5902:Main articles: 5896: 5885: 5879: 5876: 5865: 5853: 5842: 5745:Celalettin Arif 5702:Opening of the 5696: 5690: 5684: 5601: 5595: 5586: 5575: 5569: 5566: 5555: 5543: 5532: 5524:Bosporus Strait 5421: 5410: 5404: 5401: 5390: 5378: 5367: 5351:Amasya Protocol 5273:Fourteen Points 5228: 5197:Amasya Circular 5195:and issued the 5177:Kuva-yi Milliye 5167: 5153: 5141:Turkish Hearths 5094:Kuva-yi Milliye 5084:valley; and to 5050:Kuva-yi Milliye 5034: 5028: 5023: 5021:Kuva-yi Milliye 5015:Main articles: 5013: 4974:Fourteen Points 4877: 4871: 4845:Patrick Balfour 4830:plenipotentiary 4770: 4664: 4492: 4487: 4481: 4381: 4225:. For now, the 4211:Turkish Straits 4171:İstiklal Avenue 4163: 4107:Austria-Hungary 4083:imperial family 4012: 3984: 3979: 3944:Turkish straits 3896:Austria-Hungary 3890:on the side of 3841: 3831: 3764:Great Offensive 3700:, and sign the 3623: 3618: 3617: 3497:First Red Scare 3328: 3324: 3321: 3319: 3268:; ended of the 3214: 3176: 3171: 3170: 3089: 3081: 3080: 2984: 2976: 2975: 2861:Trienio Liberal 2802: 2794: 2793: 2788: 2778: 2768: 2758: 2748: 2738: 2728: 2718: 2708: 2698: 2688: 2678: 2668: 2658: 2649: 2641: 2640: 2376:Flynn (Stephen) 2261: 2253: 2252: 2093: 2085: 2084: 2010: 2002: 2001: 1957: 1949: 1948: 1944:Social equality 1939:Social contract 1929:Self-governance 1884:Democratization 1859:Anti-corruption 1854:Anti-monarchism 1849: 1833:Politics series 1826: 1825: 1824: 1819: 1818: 1660:Great Offensive 1516: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1505: 1471: 1470: 1469: 1359: 1350: 1348: 1344:60,000–250,000 1343: 1330: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1311: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 1302: 1294: 1287: 1286:7,000 prisoners 1285: 1283: 1281: 1279: 1273: 1271: 1259: 1251: 1250: 1242: 1241: 1233: 1232: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1198: 1197: 1195: 1189: 1187: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1159: 1157: 1156: 1140: 1139: 1129: 1128: 1120: 1118: 1117: 1107: 1105: 1104: 1103: 1093: 1092: 1090:Movses Silikyan 1082: 1081: 1071: 1070: 1060: 1059: 1043: 1042: 1032: 1031: 1013: 1012: 1002: 1001: 991: 990: 978: 973: 965: 963: 962: 954: 952: 951: 949:Ali İhsan Pasha 943: 941: 940: 932: 930: 929: 921: 919: 918: 910: 908: 907: 905:Fahrettin Pasha 899: 897: 896: 887: 885: 884: 883: 875: 873: 872: 864: 862: 861: 851: 849: 838: 829: 828: 820: 818: 814:Assyrian rebels 808: 806: 796: 794: 783: 781: 778: 777: 769: 765: 758: 757: 746: 744: 741: 724: 722: 721: 720: 719: 709: 707: 695: 693: 689: 688: 680: 673: 672: 662: 660: 658: 646: 644: 640: 639: 628: 626: 624: 620: 610: 608: 598: 596: 586: 584: 580:Armenian Legion 574: 572: 562: 560: 557: 556: 548: 547: 546: 535: 533: 531: 527: 517: 515: 513: 504: 492: 490: 479: 477: 465: 463: 451: 449: 438: 436: 425: 423: 412: 410: 407: 406: 398: 389: 388: 380: 378: 373: 372: 364: 362: 357: 356: 348: 346: 341: 340: 332: 330: 325: 324: 316: 314: 309: 308: 300: 298: 289: 288: 278: 276: 272: 271: 256: 255: 246: 244: 243: 242: 214: 208:Turkish victory 200: 188:, southwestern 175: 170: 167:11 October 1922 140:Kuva-yi Milliye 130: 116: 94: 83: 77: 74: 63: 48: 44: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15734: 15724: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15706:1923 in Turkey 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15606: 15605: 15594: 15591: 15590: 15588: 15587: 15584:Red Sea crisis 15580: 15573: 15566: 15560: 15558: 15554: 15553: 15551: 15550: 15549: 15548: 15534: 15527: 15520: 15515: 15510: 15509: 15508: 15492: 15491: 15490: 15483: 15471: 15465: 15463: 15459: 15458: 15456: 15455: 15450: 15445: 15444: 15443: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15414: 15406: 15404: 15400: 15399: 15397: 15396: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15374: 15369: 15364: 15359: 15354: 15346: 15344: 15340: 15339: 15337: 15336: 15331: 15329:Mecca massacre 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15305: 15304: 15292: 15287: 15279: 15277: 15273: 15272: 15270: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15253: 15252: 15242: 15237: 15232: 15227: 15222: 15217: 15210: 15205: 15200: 15195: 15189: 15187: 15183: 15182: 15180: 15179: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15167: 15165:First Intifada 15162: 15150: 15148:1964 Hama riot 15145: 15143:Aden Emergency 15140: 15135: 15130: 15125: 15118: 15113: 15112: 15111: 15106: 15094: 15088: 15086: 15082: 15081: 15079: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15032: 15030: 15026: 15025: 15023: 15022: 15021: 15020: 15015: 15010: 15005: 15000: 14988: 14987: 14986: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14958: 14957: 14952: 14947: 14942: 14929: 14927: 14923: 14922: 14920: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14873: 14871: 14867: 14866: 14864: 14863: 14858: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14833: 14827: 14825: 14821: 14820: 14818: 14817: 14812: 14811: 14810: 14805: 14800: 14795: 14790: 14785: 14784: 14783: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14750: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14728: 14727: 14710: 14704: 14702: 14698: 14697: 14690: 14689: 14682: 14675: 14667: 14658: 14657: 14655: 14654: 14647: 14640: 14632: 14630: 14626: 14625: 14623: 14622: 14617: 14612: 14607: 14602: 14596: 14594: 14590: 14589: 14587: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14570: 14569: 14564: 14553: 14551: 14545: 14544: 14542: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14525: 14523: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14494: 14493: 14488: 14483: 14478: 14468: 14463: 14457: 14455: 14449: 14448: 14446: 14445: 14440: 14439: 14438: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14412: 14410: 14404: 14403: 14396: 14395: 14388: 14381: 14373: 14364: 14363: 14361: 14360: 14348: 14336: 14324: 14312: 14299: 14296: 14295: 14292: 14291: 14289: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14268: 14263: 14262: 14261: 14251: 14246: 14241: 14236: 14231: 14226: 14225: 14224: 14222:Radio stations 14219: 14214: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14184: 14179: 14174: 14169: 14168: 14167: 14157: 14152: 14147: 14142: 14141: 14140: 14135: 14125: 14119: 14117: 14108: 14107: 14102: 14097: 14092: 14091: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14070: 14065: 14064: 14063: 14053: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14035: 14033: 14029: 14028: 14026: 14025: 14020: 14015: 14014: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13993: 13992: 13991: 13981: 13980: 13979: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13957:Turkish people 13953: 13951: 13945: 13944: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13922:Transportation 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13898: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13872: 13867: 13862: 13857: 13852: 13846: 13844: 13838: 13837: 13834: 13833: 13831: 13830: 13829: 13828: 13823: 13818: 13808: 13803: 13802: 13801: 13796: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13770: 13768: 13764: 13763: 13761: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13745: 13744: 13743: 13738: 13727: 13725: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13715: 13714: 13713: 13708: 13703: 13698: 13688: 13687: 13686: 13676: 13670: 13668: 13661: 13655: 13654: 13651: 13650: 13648: 13647: 13642: 13637: 13632: 13630:National parks 13627: 13622: 13617: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13595: 13585: 13584: 13583: 13578: 13568: 13567: 13566: 13564:Climate change 13555: 13553: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13513:Marmara Region 13509: 13507: 13505:(west to east) 13494: 13488: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13481: 13480: 13475: 13470: 13465: 13460: 13459: 13458: 13447: 13445: 13441: 13440: 13438: 13437: 13432: 13431: 13430: 13420: 13418:Constitutional 13414: 13412: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13387: 13377: 13372: 13366: 13364: 13358: 13357: 13355: 13354: 13353: 13352: 13342: 13341: 13340: 13335: 13330: 13320: 13319: 13318: 13308: 13306:Transformation 13303: 13302: 13301: 13291: 13285: 13283: 13281:Ottoman Empire 13277: 13276: 13274: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13262: 13261: 13250: 13248: 13238: 13237: 13235: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13218: 13216: 13209: 13203: 13202: 13188: 13187: 13180: 13173: 13165: 13156: 13155: 13153: 13152: 13147: 13141: 13139: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13100: 13098: 13094: 13093: 13091: 13090: 13087: 13085:Kastamonu Area 13082: 13077: 13072: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13042: 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13001: 12999: 12995: 12994: 12992: 12991: 12986: 12981: 12975: 12973: 12969: 12968: 12966: 12965: 12956:Southern Front 12953: 12941: 12936: 12923: 12921: 12917: 12916: 12901: 12900: 12893: 12886: 12878: 12869: 12868: 12861: 12858: 12857: 12854: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12845: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12828:Treaty of Kars 12825: 12820: 12815: 12810: 12805: 12799: 12797: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12785: 12780: 12774: 12772: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12762: 12757: 12752: 12746: 12744: 12735: 12731: 12730: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12708: 12702: 12700: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12681: 12679: 12673: 12672: 12670: 12669: 12668: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12571: 12569: 12563: 12562: 12560: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12513: 12511: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12480: 12478: 12472: 12471: 12469: 12468: 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12437: 12435: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12392: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12367: 12366: 12351: 12349:Constantinople 12345: 12343: 12334: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12311: 12308: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12280: 12279: 12277:Responsibility 12269: 12267:Fire of Manisa 12264: 12259: 12258: 12257: 12247: 12241: 12239: 12235: 12234: 12232: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12205: 12200: 12195: 12193:Sivas Congress 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12154: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12143: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12126: 12124: 12120: 12119: 12112: 12111: 12104: 12097: 12089: 12083: 12082: 12076: 12058: 12043: 12038:978-1785333255 12037: 12024: 12011: 11993: 11978: 11972: 11954: 11937: 11931: 11918: 11912: 11897: 11883: 11867: 11864:0-966 7451-0-8 11849: 11843: 11831:Gingeras, Ryan 11827: 11821: 11809:Gingeras, Ryan 11805: 11799: 11781: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11759: 11757:, p. 161. 11755:Kévorkian 2020 11747: 11745:, p. 164. 11743:Kévorkian 2020 11735: 11731:Kévorkian 2020 11723: 11721:, p. 155. 11719:Kévorkian 2020 11711: 11709:, p. 149. 11707:Kévorkian 2020 11699: 11646: 11631: 11624: 11603: 11600:. p. 439. 11588: 11573: 11547: 11532: 11517:(in Turkish). 11501: 11486: 11471:(in Turkish). 11455: 11446: 11437: 11428: 11413: 11387: 11361: 11348: 11335: 11320: 11307: 11298: 11296:Psomiades, 35. 11289: 11280: 11276:Balkan Studies 11267: 11252: 11226: 11204: 11187: 11185:, p. 181. 11175: 11163: 11161:, p. 198. 11151: 11149:, p. 185. 11139: 11137:, p. 176. 11127: 11125:, p. 161. 11115: 11113:, p. 213. 11103: 11090: 11088:, p. 155. 11078: 11071: 11065:. p. 97. 11046: 11027: 11007: 10988: 10968: 10961: 10943: 10927: 10913: 10893: 10886: 10866: 10859: 10839: 10822: 10802: 10800:, p. 169. 10785: 10783:, p. 156. 10773: 10766: 10739: 10737:, p. 141. 10727: 10725:, p. 139. 10715: 10713:, p. 168. 10703: 10701:, p. 138. 10688: 10686:, p. 253. 10676: 10664: 10652: 10640: 10638:, p. 245. 10628: 10616: 10614:, p. 239. 10601: 10599:, p. 238. 10589: 10587:, p. 235. 10574: 10561: 10549: 10537: 10535:, p. 230. 10525: 10516: 10507: 10498: 10439: 10437:, p. 223. 10427: 10420: 10406:Fromkin, David 10397: 10395:, p. 217. 10385: 10372: 10360: 10356:Ordered To Die 10347: 10334: 10327: 10309: 10303:Lord Kinross. 10296: 10294:, p. 218. 10284: 10278:Lord Kinross. 10271: 10262: 10260:, p. 214. 10250: 10238: 10236:, p. 171. 10226: 10212:Andrew Mango, 10205: 10143: 10141:, p. 148. 10131: 10129:, p. 108. 10119: 10107: 10095: 10093:, p. 104. 10083: 10081:, p. 103. 10071: 10059: 10047: 10035: 10023: 10021:, p. 210. 10011: 10009:, p. 201. 9999: 9997:, p. 128. 9987: 9985:, p. 208. 9975: 9973:, p. 207. 9963: 9961:, p. 192. 9951: 9932: 9930:, p. 191. 9920: 9900: 9887: 9878: 9874:Ordered To Die 9862: 9849: 9847:, p. 189. 9837: 9811: 9809:, p. 101. 9796: 9794: 9793: 9759:(1): 104–173. 9744: 9734: 9712: 9690: 9666: 9656: 9643: 9633: 9617: 9611: 9605: 9588: 9558:(4): 553–560. 9544: 9532: 9522: 9504: 9494: 9482:Gingeras, Ryan 9478: 9469: 9453: 9417:(3): 797–820. 9402: 9380: 9353: 9329: 9327:, p. 264. 9314: 9312: 9311: 9289: 9266: 9233:(3): 797–820. 9206: 9193: 9169: 9146: 9123: 9121:, 7 July 1920. 9100: 9075: 9052: 9032: 9021: 9010: 8999: 8985: 8965: 8954: 8927: 8918: 8873: 8869:Rudolph Rummel 8860: 8841: 8818:Pars Tuğlacı: 8811: 8787: 8764: 8743: 8703: 8671: 8639: 8619: 8607: 8592: 8567: 8548: 8515: 8496: 8476: 8456: 8433: 8412: 8391: 8366: 8351:A. A. Pallis: 8344: 8335: 8322: 8284: 8271: 8259: 8245: 8222: 8218:New York Times 8198: 8194:New York Times 8174: 8142: 8111: 8089: 8070: 8050: 8032: 8021: 7996: 7989: 7963: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7938: 7937: 7928: 7924:Millî Mücadele 7920:İstiklâl Harbi 7904: 7887: 7803: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7717: 7714: 7694:Weimar Germany 7688: 7687: 7667: 7665: 7654: 7651: 7647:British Empire 7633: 7630: 7605:Hatıra-i Zafer 7597: 7594: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7324:Donald Bloxham 7294:Main article: 7291: 7290:Historiography 7288: 7262: 7261: 7241: 7239: 7228: 7225: 7219:in 1936). The 7208:Ottoman Empire 7189:Orient Express 7114: 7113: 7072: 7070: 7063: 7057: 7054: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 6965: 6964: 6923: 6921: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6888:Constantinople 6846:Treaty of Kars 6807:U.S. President 6779: 6776: 6719:King Alexander 6665:Main article: 6661: 6660: 6619: 6617: 6610: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6577: 6575: 6561:Main article: 6558: 6555: 6551:Soviet Georgia 6543:Soviet Armenia 6539:Treaty of Kars 6409:Ottoman Empire 6372:Main article: 6368: 6367: 6326: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6288:Barzani family 6256: 6253: 6249:Alawite groups 6245:Ibrahim Hanunu 6236:. In 1923 the 6174:Southern Front 6136:Main article: 6133: 6132:Southern Front 6130: 6128: 6125: 6053:Main article: 6049: 6048: 6007: 6005: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5981:Ferdinand Foch 5898: 5897: 5856: 5854: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5798:Prime Minister 5686:Main article: 5683: 5680: 5597:Main article: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5546: 5544: 5537: 5531: 5528: 5472:Harbord report 5423: 5422: 5381: 5379: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5347:Ali Rıza Pasha 5308:Sivas Congress 5269:Woodrow Wilson 5261:Misak-ı Millî) 5227: 5224: 5212:Foreign Office 5189:Ali Fuat Pasha 5152: 5149: 5076:peninsula; to 5030:Main article: 5027: 5024: 5012: 5009: 4934:Ottoman Greeks 4903:Central Powers 4873:Main article: 4870: 4867: 4785:, he assigned 4783:Edmund Allenby 4769: 4766: 4663: 4660: 4652:Woodrow Wilson 4508:Mehmed V Reşad 4498:dissolved the 4491: 4488: 4480: 4477: 4380: 4377: 4270:Triple Entente 4227:House of Osman 4183:Ottoman Empire 4162: 4159: 4142:Muhacir groups 4126:eastern Thrace 4016:Central Powers 3990:Front page of 3983: 3980: 3978: 3975: 3920:Entente powers 3830: 3827: 3732:Treaty of Kars 3620: 3619: 3616: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3603:German October 3600: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3586:Rand Rebellion 3583: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3479: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3412: 3407: 3405:Cattaro mutiny 3402: 3397: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3373:Étaples mutiny 3370: 3365: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3323:Revolutions of 3318: 3317: 3310: 3303: 3295: 3262:eastern Thrace 3230:Ottoman Empire 3216: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3205: 3198: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3168: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3116: 3114:Egalitarianism 3111: 3106: 3101: 3096: 3090: 3088:Related topics 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3071: 3066: 3059:United Kingdom 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2841:Dutch Republic 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2809: 2807:Roman Republic 2803: 2800: 2799: 2796: 2795: 2792: 2791: 2781: 2771: 2761: 2751: 2741: 2731: 2721: 2711: 2701: 2691: 2681: 2671: 2661: 2650: 2647: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2513: 2508: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2258: 2255: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2248:Wollstonecraft 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2130: 2125: 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2094: 2091: 2090: 2087: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1994: 1989: 1984: 1979: 1974: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1843: 1842: 1836: 1835: 1821: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1810: 1809: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1679: 1678: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1627: 1622: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1579: 1578: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1535:Constantinople 1531: 1530: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1510:Turkish War of 1504: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1481: 1473: 1472: 1468: 1467: 1459: 1436: 1404: 1401:Constantinople 1385: 1373: 1361: 1360: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1336: 1335: 1305:48,880 wounded 1303:18,095 missing 1292: 1284:35,000 wounded 1268: 1267: 1263: 1262: 1207: 1184: 1183: 1179: 1178: 976: 960:Osman the Lame 938:Nureddin Pasha 916:Ali Fuat Pasha 846: 845: 841: 840: 837: 836: 816: 804: 802:Kurdish rebels 792: 768: 767: 766: 740: 739: 718: 717: 715:Denikin's army 705: 683: 682: 681: 657: 656: 635:United Kingdom 623: 622: 621: 619: 618: 606: 594: 582: 570: 530: 529: 528: 505: 503: 502: 487: 485:Indian Muslims 475: 460: 447: 445:Azerbaijan SSR 434: 421: 401: 400: 399: 397: 396: 376: 360: 344: 328: 312: 296: 266: 265: 264: 232: 231: 227: 226: 223: 222: 216: 210: 209: 206: 202: 201: 184: 182: 178: 177: 160: 152: 151: 136:Sivas Congress 122: 121: 109: 108: 102: 101: 96: 95: 51: 49: 42: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15733: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15618: 15616: 15601: 15599: 15592: 15586: 15585: 15581: 15579: 15578: 15574: 15572: 15571: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15561: 15559: 15555: 15547: 15546: 15545: 15540: 15539: 15538: 15537:Yemeni crisis 15535: 15533: 15532: 15528: 15526: 15525: 15521: 15519: 15516: 15514: 15511: 15507: 15506: 15502: 15501: 15500: 15499: 15498: 15493: 15489: 15488: 15484: 15482: 15481: 15477: 15476: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15466: 15464: 15460: 15454: 15451: 15449: 15446: 15442: 15439: 15438: 15437: 15436: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15419: 15415: 15413: 15412: 15408: 15407: 15405: 15401: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15379: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15365: 15363: 15360: 15358: 15355: 15353: 15352: 15348: 15347: 15345: 15341: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15303: 15302: 15298: 15297: 15296: 15293: 15291: 15288: 15286: 15285: 15284:Iran–Iraq War 15281: 15280: 15278: 15274: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15251: 15248: 15247: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15236: 15235:NDF Rebellion 15233: 15231: 15228: 15226: 15223: 15221: 15218: 15216: 15215: 15211: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15199: 15196: 15194: 15191: 15190: 15188: 15184: 15178: 15175: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15157: 15156: 15155: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15123: 15119: 15117: 15114: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15101: 15100: 15099: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15089: 15087: 15083: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15037: 15034: 15033: 15031: 15027: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15009: 15006: 15004: 15001: 14999: 14996: 14995: 14994: 14993: 14989: 14985: 14982: 14981: 14980: 14979: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14967:Alwaziri coup 14965: 14963: 14960: 14956: 14953: 14951: 14948: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14937: 14936: 14935: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14924: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14874: 14872: 14868: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14832: 14829: 14828: 14826: 14822: 14816: 14813: 14809: 14808:United States 14806: 14804: 14801: 14799: 14796: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14777: 14774: 14773: 14772: 14771: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14726: 14723: 14722: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14716: 14715: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14705: 14703: 14699: 14695: 14688: 14683: 14681: 14676: 14674: 14669: 14668: 14665: 14653: 14652: 14648: 14646: 14645: 14641: 14639: 14638: 14634: 14633: 14631: 14627: 14621: 14618: 14616: 14613: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14597: 14595: 14591: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14559: 14558: 14555: 14554: 14552: 14550: 14546: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14520: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14492: 14489: 14487: 14484: 14482: 14479: 14477: 14474: 14473: 14472: 14469: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14459: 14458: 14456: 14454: 14450: 14444: 14441: 14437: 14434: 14433: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14413: 14411: 14409: 14405: 14401: 14394: 14389: 14387: 14382: 14380: 14375: 14374: 14371: 14359: 14358: 14349: 14347: 14346: 14337: 14335: 14334: 14325: 14323: 14322: 14313: 14311: 14310: 14305: 14301: 14300: 14297: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14260: 14257: 14256: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14235: 14232: 14230: 14227: 14223: 14220: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14209: 14208: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14183: 14180: 14178: 14175: 14173: 14170: 14166: 14163: 14162: 14161: 14158: 14156: 14153: 14151: 14148: 14146: 14143: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14130: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14116: 14112: 14106: 14103: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14075: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14062: 14059: 14058: 14057: 14054: 14052: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14030: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13998: 13997: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13985: 13982: 13978: 13975: 13974: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13952: 13950: 13946: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13924: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13881: 13878: 13877: 13876: 13873: 13871: 13868: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13843: 13839: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13817: 13814: 13813: 13812: 13809: 13807: 13804: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13791: 13790: 13787: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13775: 13772: 13771: 13769: 13765: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13749: 13746: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13733: 13732: 13729: 13728: 13726: 13724: 13720: 13712: 13709: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13692: 13689: 13685: 13682: 13681: 13680: 13677: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13656: 13646: 13643: 13641: 13638: 13636: 13633: 13631: 13628: 13626: 13623: 13621: 13618: 13616: 13613: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13593:Air pollution 13591: 13590: 13589: 13586: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13573: 13572: 13569: 13565: 13562: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13554: 13550: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13518:Aegean Region 13516: 13514: 13511: 13510: 13508: 13502: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13489: 13479: 13476: 13474: 13471: 13469: 13466: 13464: 13463:Turkification 13461: 13457: 13454: 13453: 13452: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13442: 13436: 13433: 13429: 13426: 13425: 13424: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13415: 13413: 13409: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13395: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13382: 13381: 13378: 13376: 13373: 13371: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13363: 13359: 13351: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13343: 13339: 13336: 13334: 13331: 13329: 13326: 13325: 13324: 13321: 13317: 13314: 13313: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13295: 13294:Classical Age 13292: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13282: 13278: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13260: 13257: 13256: 13255: 13254:Seljuk Empire 13252: 13251: 13249: 13247: 13243: 13239: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13195: 13186: 13181: 13179: 13174: 13172: 13167: 13166: 13163: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13142: 13140: 13136: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13095: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13078: 13076: 13073: 13071: 13068: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13002: 13000: 12996: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12980: 12977: 12976: 12974: 12970: 12962: 12957: 12954: 12950: 12945: 12944:Western Front 12942: 12940: 12937: 12933: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12922: 12918: 12914: 12910: 12906: 12899: 12894: 12892: 12887: 12885: 12880: 12879: 12876: 12866: 12865: 12859: 12849: 12846: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12800: 12798: 12796: 12790: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12778:Misak-ı Millî 12776: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12767: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12753: 12751: 12748: 12747: 12745: 12743: 12739: 12736: 12732: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12711:Artvin (1921) 12709: 12707: 12706:Artvin (1919) 12704: 12703: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12678: 12674: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12652: 12651: 12648: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12580: 12576: 12573: 12572: 12570: 12568: 12564: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12514: 12512: 12510: 12506: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12481: 12479: 12477: 12473: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12418:Chanak crisis 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12393: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12365: 12362: 12361: 12360: 12357: 12356: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12344: 12342: 12338: 12335: 12331: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12278: 12275: 12274: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12262:Chanak crisis 12260: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12245:Amasya trials 12243: 12242: 12240: 12236: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12216: 12214: 12210: 12204: 12201: 12199: 12196: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12147: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12127: 12125: 12121: 12117: 12110: 12105: 12103: 12098: 12096: 12091: 12090: 12087: 12079: 12073: 12069: 12068: 12063: 12062:Yapp, Malcolm 12059: 12056: 12055:1-58567-581-4 12052: 12048: 12044: 12040: 12034: 12030: 12025: 12014: 12008: 12004: 12003: 11998: 11997:Milton, Giles 11994: 11991: 11990:1-58567-615-2 11987: 11983: 11979: 11975: 11973:1-58567-334-X 11969: 11965: 11964: 11959: 11958:Mango, Andrew 11955: 11951: 11947: 11943: 11938: 11934: 11932:9781461404477 11928: 11924: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11905: 11904: 11898: 11894: 11890: 11886: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11850: 11846: 11840: 11836: 11832: 11828: 11824: 11818: 11814: 11810: 11806: 11802: 11796: 11792: 11788: 11784: 11783: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11751: 11744: 11739: 11732: 11727: 11720: 11715: 11708: 11703: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11674: 11669: 11665: 11661: 11657: 11650: 11644:, p. 40. 11643: 11638: 11636: 11627: 11625:0-520-01805-2 11621: 11617: 11613: 11607: 11599: 11592: 11585:. p. 52. 11584: 11577: 11561: 11557: 11551: 11543: 11536: 11520: 11516: 11512: 11505: 11497: 11490: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11459: 11450: 11441: 11432: 11424: 11417: 11401: 11397: 11391: 11375: 11371: 11365: 11358: 11352: 11345: 11339: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11311: 11302: 11293: 11284: 11277: 11271: 11263: 11256: 11240: 11236: 11230: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11208: 11200: 11199: 11191: 11184: 11183:Gingeras 2022 11179: 11172: 11171:Gingeras 2022 11167: 11160: 11159:Gingeras 2022 11155: 11148: 11147:Gingeras 2022 11143: 11136: 11135:Gingeras 2022 11131: 11124: 11123:Gingeras 2022 11119: 11112: 11111:Gingeras 2022 11107: 11100: 11094: 11087: 11086:Gingeras 2022 11082: 11074: 11068: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11050: 11034: 11030: 11028:9780791482971 11024: 11020: 11019: 11011: 10995: 10991: 10989:9781136489846 10985: 10982:. Routledge. 10981: 10980: 10972: 10964: 10958: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10936: 10931: 10916: 10910: 10906: 10905: 10897: 10889: 10883: 10879: 10878: 10870: 10862: 10856: 10852: 10851: 10843: 10836: 10825: 10819: 10815: 10814: 10806: 10799: 10798:Gingeras 2022 10794: 10792: 10790: 10782: 10781:Gingeras 2022 10777: 10769: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10736: 10735:Gingeras 2022 10731: 10724: 10723:Gingeras 2022 10719: 10712: 10711:Gingeras 2022 10707: 10700: 10699:Gingeras 2022 10695: 10693: 10685: 10680: 10673: 10668: 10661: 10656: 10649: 10644: 10637: 10632: 10625: 10620: 10613: 10608: 10606: 10598: 10593: 10586: 10581: 10579: 10571: 10565: 10558: 10553: 10546: 10541: 10534: 10529: 10520: 10511: 10502: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10436: 10431: 10423: 10417: 10413: 10412: 10407: 10401: 10394: 10389: 10382: 10376: 10370:, p. 99. 10369: 10368:Gingeras 2022 10364: 10357: 10351: 10344: 10338: 10330: 10324: 10320: 10313: 10306: 10300: 10293: 10288: 10281: 10275: 10266: 10259: 10254: 10247: 10242: 10235: 10230: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10209: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10181: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10166:(1/2): 1–64. 10165: 10161: 10157: 10150: 10148: 10140: 10139:Gingeras 2022 10135: 10128: 10127:Gingeras 2022 10123: 10117:, p. 34. 10116: 10115:Gingeras 2014 10111: 10104: 10103:Gingeras 2022 10099: 10092: 10091:Gingeras 2022 10087: 10080: 10079:Gingeras 2022 10075: 10068: 10063: 10057:, p. 97. 10056: 10055:Gingeras 2022 10051: 10045:, p. 96. 10044: 10043:Gingeras 2022 10039: 10033:, p. 94. 10032: 10031:Gingeras 2022 10027: 10020: 10015: 10008: 10003: 9996: 9995:Gingeras 2022 9991: 9984: 9979: 9972: 9967: 9960: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9942: 9936: 9929: 9924: 9918: 9917:0-8142-0170-9 9914: 9910: 9904: 9897: 9891: 9882: 9875: 9871: 9866: 9859: 9853: 9846: 9841: 9825: 9821: 9815: 9808: 9807:Gingeras 2022 9803: 9801: 9791: 9778: 9774: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9745: 9742: 9737: 9731: 9727: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9716:Morris, Benny 9713: 9710: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9664: 9659: 9653: 9649: 9644: 9641: 9636: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9606:9780674916456 9602: 9598: 9594: 9589: 9586: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9557: 9553: 9549: 9545: 9541: 9540: 9533: 9530: 9525: 9519: 9515: 9514: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9497: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9476: 9472: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9438: 9434: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9403: 9400: 9387: 9383: 9377: 9373: 9372: 9367: 9363: 9362: 9360: 9356: 9350: 9346: 9345: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9321: 9319: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9286: 9282: 9281: 9276: 9270: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9241: 9236: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9217: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9203: 9197: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9179: 9173: 9167:, 1 May 1920. 9166: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9150: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9127: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9109: 9104: 9097: 9096: 9091: 9087: 9084: 9079: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9061: 9056: 9049: 9045: 9043: 9036: 9025: 9014: 9003: 8988: 8986:9780880339957 8982: 8978: 8977: 8969: 8958: 8942: 8938: 8935:Rummel, R.J. 8931: 8922: 8915: 8914:1-57181-666-6 8911: 8907: 8903: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8870: 8864: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8845: 8838: 8837:975-7423-06-8 8834: 8830: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8815: 8809: 8805: 8801: 8797: 8791: 8784: 8780: 8777: 8773: 8768: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8747: 8740: 8736: 8733: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8707: 8700: 8696: 8693: 8689: 8685: 8681: 8675: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8643: 8633: 8629: 8623: 8616: 8611: 8599: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8574: 8572: 8561: 8555: 8553: 8545: 8544:0-521-62096-1 8541: 8537: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8522: 8520: 8503: 8499: 8497:9781472806864 8493: 8489: 8488: 8480: 8473: 8472:2-87027-280-4 8469: 8465: 8460: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8437: 8430: 8426: 8422: 8421:After the War 8416: 8409: 8405: 8401: 8395: 8388: 8387: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8370: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8355: 8348: 8339: 8332: 8326: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8291: 8289: 8281: 8275: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8202: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8178: 8171: 8167: 8164: 8160: 8159:0-87395-265-0 8156: 8152: 8146: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8122: 8120: 8118: 8116: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8093: 8077: 8073: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8054: 8046: 8042: 8036: 8030: 8025: 8009: 8006: 8000: 7992: 7986: 7982: 7977: 7976: 7967: 7960: 7959:Gingeras 2022 7955: 7953: 7948: 7932: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7908: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7884: 7883:Western Front 7880: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7847:Eastern Front 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7735: 7731: 7730:Turkey portal 7720: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7702:March on Rome 7699: 7695: 7692:The media in 7684: 7675: 7671: 7668:This section 7666: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7648: 7643: 7639: 7638:Chanak Crisis 7629: 7627: 7623: 7619: 7614: 7606: 7602: 7593: 7591: 7590:Pontic Greeks 7587: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7554: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7530: 7524: 7518: 7514: 7510: 7495: 7493: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7464:Mustafa Sabri 7462: 7458: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7440: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7424: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7392: 7388: 7384: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7363:Baku Congress 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7335: 7333: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7314: 7309: 7305: 7303: 7297: 7287: 7285: 7281: 7280:İsmet (İnönü) 7277: 7273: 7269: 7258: 7255:December 2021 7249: 7245: 7242:This section 7240: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7224: 7222: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7192: 7190: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7170:of Italy and 7169: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7153:Capitulations 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7120: 7110: 7107: 7099: 7096:December 2021 7089: 7085: 7079: 7078: 7073:This section 7071: 7067: 7062: 7061: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7018: 7014: 7012: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6978: 6972: 6961: 6958: 6950: 6947:December 2021 6940: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6924:This section 6922: 6918: 6913: 6912: 6904: 6902: 6901:Chanak Crisis 6898: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6825: 6823: 6822:General Milne 6819: 6815: 6810: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6789: 6788:Chanak Crisis 6785: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6765: 6764:Sakarya river 6761: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6691: 6689: 6682: 6678: 6677:Hellenic Army 6673: 6668: 6657: 6654: 6646: 6636: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6620:This section 6618: 6614: 6609: 6608: 6603:Western Front 6594: 6585: 6581: 6578:This section 6576: 6573: 6569: 6568: 6564: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6512:11th Red Army 6509: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6494: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6471: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6437:Anton Denikin 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6375: 6364: 6361: 6353: 6343: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6327:This section 6325: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6310:Eastern Front 6307: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6284:Shaykh Mahmud 6280: 6276: 6272: 6266: 6262: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6241: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6181: 6179: 6178:their own war 6175: 6166: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6148:Hananu Revolt 6145: 6139: 6124: 6122: 6117: 6115: 6109: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6070: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6045: 6042: 6034: 6031:December 2021 6024: 6020: 6014: 6013: 6008:This section 6006: 6002: 5997: 5996: 5988: 5984: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5954: 5944: 5940: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5927: 5926:Ahmet Anzavur 5918: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5894: 5891: 5883: 5880:February 2023 5873: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5857:This section 5855: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5821:Rifat Börekçi 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5773: 5772:Celalî rebels 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5752: 5748: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5725:British India 5722: 5718: 5717:Islamic world 5713: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5689: 5679: 5677: 5676:Sublime Porte 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5656: 5652: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5637: 5632: 5630: 5626: 5625:Galata Bridge 5622: 5618: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5584: 5581: 5573: 5570:December 2021 5563: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5547:This section 5545: 5541: 5536: 5535: 5527: 5525: 5521: 5520:towards İzmit 5516: 5513: 5512:met in London 5508: 5505: 5504:National Pact 5500: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5435:(6 July 1920) 5434: 5429: 5419: 5416: 5408: 5398: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5382:This section 5380: 5376: 5371: 5370: 5362: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5296:National Pact 5292: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5257:National Pact 5254: 5250: 5245: 5238:, 5 July 1919 5237: 5232: 5223: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5178: 5165: 5163: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5126:, 25 May 1919 5125: 5121: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5022: 5018: 5008: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4988: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4954:Philhellenism 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4822:Renewal Party 4819: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4765: 4762: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4709:White émigrés 4706: 4701: 4697: 4688: 4684: 4681:to Anatolia, 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4624:United States 4621: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4533:Grand Vizier 4531: 4527: 4525: 4524:Ottoman media 4521: 4520:patriarchates 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4486: 4476: 4474: 4473:Sublime Porte 4470: 4466: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4437:. Meanwhile, 4436: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4408: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4297:peace-keepers 4294: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4250: 4247: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4231:Hohenzollerns 4228: 4224: 4220: 4219:peace-keeping 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4172: 4167: 4158: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4132:, as well as 4131: 4127: 4122: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4091:general staff 4088: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4026:and then the 4025: 4021: 4017: 4011: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3988: 3974: 3972: 3971:nation-states 3968: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3953: 3952:Eastern Front 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3904:Pontic Greeks 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3880: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3793:declared the 3792: 3788: 3784: 3779: 3777: 3773: 3772:Chanak Crisis 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3718:defeated the 3717: 3716:Syrian forces 3713: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3670:occupy Smyrna 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3601: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3590: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3549:Ruhr uprising 3547: 3546: 3542: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3485: 3483: 3480: 3478: 3477:Biennio Rosso 3475: 3474: 3470: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3431: 3428: 3426: 3423: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3393: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3335: 3331: 3326: 3316: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3297: 3296: 3293: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3252:, especially 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3211: 3206: 3204: 3199: 3197: 3192: 3191: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3120: 3117: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3077: 3076:United States 3074: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3061: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3035: 3032: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2986: 2980: 2979: 2972: 2969: 2967: 2964: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2951:Metapolitefsi 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2787: 2786: 2785:On Revolution 2782: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2756: 2755:Rights of Man 2752: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2696: 2692: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2676: 2672: 2667: 2666: 2665:De re publica 2662: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2519: 2517: 2514: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2504: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2482: 2479: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2471:Jones (Lynne) 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2387: 2384: 2382: 2379: 2377: 2374: 2372: 2369: 2367: 2364: 2362: 2359: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2266:Adams (Gerry) 2264: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2214: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2134: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2065:Revolutionary 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2055:Parliamentary 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2012: 2006: 2005: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1983: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1864:Civil society 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1840:Republicanism 1838: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1788: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1776: 1775:Ahmet Anzavur 1773: 1772: 1769: 1768: 1764: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1717: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1696: 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1075: 1069: 1068:Henri Gouraud 1064: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1041: 1036: 1029: 1024: 1023: 1017: 1011: 1010:Constantine I 1006: 1000: 995: 989: 988: 982: 977: 972: 961: 950: 939: 928: 917: 906: 894: 882: 871: 860: 859: 848: 847: 842: 833: 827: 817: 815: 805: 803: 793: 790: 780: 779: 774: 773: 762: 756: 754: 738: 735: 734: 733: 732: 716: 706: 703: 702:United States 691: 690: 686: 677: 670: 654: 642: 641: 636: 617: 607: 605: 595: 593: 583: 581: 571: 569: 559: 558: 552: 543: 525: 511: 510: 509:Allied Powers 506: 500: 488: 486: 476: 473: 461: 459: 448: 446: 435: 433: 432:Ukrainian SSR 422: 420: 409: 408: 404: 393: 387: 377: 371: 361: 355: 345: 339: 329: 323: 313: 307: 306:Aras Republic 297: 293: 286: 274: 273: 269: 263: 260: 253: 240: 239: 234: 233: 228: 221: 217: 212: 211: 207: 204: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 180: 179: 173: 168: 164: 161: 158: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 128: 123: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 92: 89: 81: 71: 67: 61: 60: 56: 50: 41: 40: 37: 33: 19: 15595: 15582: 15575: 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Russia's 3888:World War I 3865:Balkan Wars 3613:Kraków riot 3482:Tragic Week 3410:Arab Revolt 3238:World War I 3234:partitioned 3099:Common good 3039:New Zealand 3034:Netherlands 2779:(1835–1840) 2749:(1787–1788) 2659:(c. 375 BC) 2581:Robespierre 2356:Etherington 2291:Benn (Tony) 2260:Politicians 2238:Tocqueville 2198:Montesquieu 2178:Machiavelli 1924:Rule of law 1919:Res publica 1814:1922 Samsun 1552:1920 Samsun 1540:Şehzadebaşı 927:Refet Pasha 772:Separatists 499:Afghanistan 374:(1919–1920) 358:(1919–1920) 342:(1918–1919) 326:(1918–1920) 310:(1918–1919) 213:Territorial 198:East Thrace 169:(armistice) 163:19 May 1919 148:Ulus Square 15716:Proxy wars 15615:Categories 14486:Young Plan 14476:Dawes Plan 14217:Newspapers 14202:Literature 14182:Folk dance 14083:Corruption 13967:Minorities 13895:Renewables 13850:Automotive 13659:Government 13390:Secularism 13080:Adana Area 12734:Agreements 12655:Dumlupınar 12579:Occupation 12547:Kanlıgeçit 10829:9 February 10684:Mango 2002 10672:Mango 2002 10660:Mango 2002 10648:Mango 2002 10636:Mango 2002 10624:Mango 2002 10612:Mango 2002 10597:Mango 2002 10585:Mango 2002 10557:Mango 2002 10545:Mango 2002 10533:Mango 2002 10435:Mango 2002 10393:Mango 2002 10354:Erickson, 10307:, chap 19. 10292:Mango 2002 10258:Mango 2002 10246:Mango 2002 10234:Mango 2002 10067:Mango 2002 10019:Mango 2002 10007:Mango 2002 9983:Mango 2002 9971:Mango 2002 9959:Mango 2002 9928:Mango 2002 9876:, chap. 1. 9845:Mango 2002 9783:8 December 8893:. 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2163:Jefferson 2158:Honderich 2138:Condorcet 2025:Christian 1987:Nasserism 1962:Classical 1879:Democracy 1749:Kovanbaşı 1739:Karboğazı 1670:Balıkesir 1645:2nd İnönü 1640:1st İnönü 1620:Tellidede 1260:(at peak) 1114:Mehmed VI 832:1920–1921 386:Kurdistan 292:1918–1920 259:1919–1920 66:talk page 15411:Iraq War 14600:Big Four 14443:Mandates 14321:Category 14259:Football 14244:Painting 14187:Folklore 14095:Marriage 14001:Istanbul 13984:Religion 13937:Railways 13927:Aviation 13865:Currency 13723:Politics 13691:Judicial 13667:Branches 13645:Wildlife 13435:Military 13423:Economic 13328:Tanzimat 13109:Bosporus 12989:2nd Army 12984:1st Army 12864:Timeline 12795:Assembly 12793:National 12149:National 12123:Concepts 12064:(1987). 11999:(2008). 11893:55516821 11873:(2003). 11833:(2014). 11811:(2022). 11789:(1988). 11686:Archived 11614:(1996). 11519:Archived 11473:Archived 11406:15 April 11400:Archived 11374:Archived 11318:, p. 348 11239:Archived 11057:(2014). 11033:Archived 10994:Archived 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