692:
in. Spawning of trout cod has never been observed in the wild and is not well understood. It is believed to be essentially the same as Murray cod but occurs about three weeks earlier and at significantly lower temperatures in waters shared by the two species. Trout cod are believed to spawn at temperatures as low as 15 degrees in upland rivers, using rocks as a spawning substrate; these are also clear adaptations to cool, rocky upland river habitats. Significantly, and unlike Murray cod, trout cod will not breed in earthen dam brood ponds; another indication that trout cod are a more specialised upland species than Murray cod. Artificial breeding programs being conducted for the species recovery use hormone injections to induce ovulation in naturally ripe fish in spring. Trout cod will hybridise with Murray cod and so for recovery projects it is important that Murray cod are not stocked into sites where Trout Cod and Murray cod are not already coexisting sympatrically.
735:
of blue nose , white eye and greasies . While he was at war, he even dreamt about fishing the Indi. When he came home he returned to his old job at Tom
Groggin and announced that before he did any work, he wanted to go fishing. Very quickly he caught a fish about a foot (30cm) in length, the like of which he had never seen before. So intrigued was he by this strange spotted but nicely shaped fish that he immediately took it to the homestead thinking it was something quite unique. At the homestead, he was told it was a brown trout. From that time both the white eye and the blue nose numbers went into decline, while the numbers of brown and rainbow trout increased. To my mind, this man did do something remarkable, he had set a very positive timeframe of a change over of fish species in the Indi River.
729:
south-eastern
Australia has been reserved in a trout-free state for larger upland native fish species. The effects of this course of action by fishery departments has been stark, and catastrophic events such as drought or bushfire, after which introduced trout species were restocked but upland native fish were not restocked, have shifted the balance further. The net result is that a number of upland native fish species including trout cod (and Macquarie perch) have completely died out or nearly so in their upland river habitats in the wild, apparently unable to cope with massive predation on their larvae/juveniles by introduced trout species and unable to cope with massive competition from introduced trout species for food and habitat at all life stages.
446:
756:
frequently stocked into upland river habitats where introduced trout species were heavily entrenched, and in at least one case, were carried in conjunction with far larger stockings of introduced trout. A semi-natural population exists in a stretch of the very small upland Seven Creeks, which was established by translocations of trout cod (and
Macquarie perch) above a set of falls in the 1920s. The Seven Creeks population is not a wholly artificial population, or a wholly unrepresentative habitat, as often claimed, as some of the trout cod translocated came — literally — from the base of the falls.
717:) over long time frames (i.e. decades) cannot be discounted however. Historical accounts such as those from J.O.Langtry indicate lowland trout cod populations were secondary populations in secondary habitats, clearly in the minority to more abundant primarily lowland native fish species such as Murray cod, golden perch and silver perch. Therefore, it is doubtful whether strong trout cod populations can ever be established in lowland habitats, and therefore the issue of upland habitats, and the return of some upland habitats in trout-free form, needs to be addressed in trout cod conservation.
27:
179:
223:
721:
one of its upland river habitats is an unresolved issue. Contrary to popular belief, many of these upland rivers still contain significant stretches of unregulated, high quality habitat. While dams, thermal pollution, siltation and other forms of habitat modification and degradation are responsible for the trout cod's extinction in many upland river habitats, it is almost certain that the reason for the trout cod's extinction in higher quality upland river habitats, that
198:
671:
radio-tracked trout cod in the surviving Murray River population have small home ranges and may be a species which does not move away from their original base, except during the breeding season when they follow a common trend in Murray-Darling fish of migrating upstream prior to spawning. It seems likely that trout cod follow a similar pattern to Murray cod and return post spawning to their original location.
713:, which were present in great numbers in the lowland reaches of the southern MDB for several decades, also played a large role in the decline of native fish in those reaches including trout cod. The possibility that trout cod populations in upland habitats were the ultimate source of trout cod populations in lowland habitats (i.e.
747:
Scientific studies to document and quantify the impacts of introduced trout on trout cod (and
Macquarie perch) in upland river habitats, and develop a more scientific approach to trout cod conservation and re-establishment efforts, including in upland river habitats, are desperately needed. Given the
734:
I regret not knowing the name of a man I met at Tom
Groggin Station, a Victorian property on the Indi River near Mt Kosciusko, who told me that he worked at Tom Groggin before he enlisted in the army and went to the first World War. He had fished the Indi before he left and it carried a great number
704:
as endangered due to overfishing, degradation of habitat and the introduction of invasive Trout species. The species is now totally protected. Only one wild, naturally occurring trout cod population remains in the Murray River in a region where the river is basically an extended transition zone from
670:
In the surviving Murray River population trout cod tend to stick to areas of deep water near banks, around snags, rocks or other large structure. However, historical accounts of trout cod in upland river habitats stated that trout cod were often found in shallow riffles and runs. Generally speaking,
437:
however they were also known as trout cod, and this common name was adopted when the species status of the fish was finally confirmed by genetic studies in the early 1970s. This choice of official common name was perhaps unfortunate; it has been suggested that bluenose cod is a more appropriate name
691:
Trout cod reach sexual maturity at 3 to 5 years (which corresponds to about 35 cm in males and 43 cm in females). Trout cod reach sexual maturity at a smaller size than Murray cod, which is an adaptation to the rocky, low nutrient and often quite small upland habitats trout cod were found
506:
While trout cod were only conclusively described as a separate species to Murray cod in 1972, commercial and recreational fishermen and early fishery biologists were in no doubt that there were two separate species of cod in the Murray-Darling system from the 1850s onwards, and noted the trout cod's
457:
Trout cod are a listed species on a number of different registers including
Endangered under the New South Wales Fisheries Management Act 1994, the Australian Commonwealth's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the Australian Capital Territory's Nature Conservation Act 1980
720:
Historical evidence indicates trout cod (and
Macquarie perch) were abundant in most of the larger upland rivers and streams in the south-east corner of the Murray-Darling river system, and that these upland river habitats were their primary habitats. The extinction of trout cod populations in every
511:
habitats. During the 19th and early 20th centuries trout cod were recognised by the scientific community as separate species, due to differing habitat preferences, morphological differences (especially the much smaller size at sexual maturity) and differing spawning times. It was really only post
491:
Trout cod are a small to medium groper-like fish with a deep, elongated body that is round in cross section. In contrast to Murray cod, trout cod have a pointed head with the top jaw overhanging the bottom jaw, and the slope of the head is straight. The eyes are slightly larger and more prominent
1027:
Trueman WT (2007). Some recollections of native fish in the Murray-Darling system with special reference to the trout cod (Maccullochella macquariensis). Summary and source material for the draft publication ‘True Tales of the Trout Cod’. Native Fish
Australia (Victoria) Incorporated, Doncaster,
755:
at
Gundagai and Narranderra, although it is far from clear whether these populations will be self-sustaining in the long term. Many other stockings of trout cod have failed, which is not surprisingly considering the small number of trout cod fingerlings stocked, and the fact that trout cod were
499:
The spiny dorsal fin is moderate in height and is partially separated by a notch from the high, rounded soft dorsal fin. Soft dorsal, anal and caudal (tail) fins are all large and rounded, and are light grey to dark grey or black with distinct white edges. The large, rounded pectoral fins are
495:
Trout cod are cream to light grey on their ventral (“belly”) surfaces. Their back and flanks are most commonly bluish-grey in colour, overlain with irregular black speckling, but this can be highly variable depending on the habitat specimens come from, and can range from almost white to light
728:
Every single larger upland river and stream in south-eastern
Australia is dominated by introduced trout species (rainbow trout and brown trout), with many having been continually stocked with introduced trout species for more than a century, and not a single larger upland river or stream in
500:
usually similar in colour to flanks. The pelvic fins are large and angular and set forward of the pectoral fins. The leading white-coloured rays on the pelvic fins split into two trailing white filaments, while the pelvic fins themselves are usually a translucent cream or light grey.
428:
In the 19th and early 20th centuries, when trout cod were widely recognised as a separate species by commercial fishermen, recreational fishermen, riverside residents and fisheries scientists, they were generally known as bluenose cod or simply bluenose, particularly in
992:
Douglas, J.W.& Brown, P. (2000). Notes on successful spawning and recruitment of a stocked population of the endangered Australian freshwater fish, trout cod, Maccullochella macquariensis (Cuvier) (Percichthyidae).
536:
species. Historical research is confirming a primarily upland distribution for trout cod; recent governmental literature lacking such historical research and suggesting trout cod are primarily a lowland fish species
650:
Trout cod are often found close to cover and in faster currents and in cooler waters than Murray cod. Their diet is essentially the same as Murray cod with adjustment made for size, eating mainly other fishes,
708:
In more lowland river habitats, river regulation and habitat degradation through activities like de-snagging, and overfishing, are probably the primary causes of decline. Heavy predation by introduced
516:— by which time trout cod had become very rare or even extinct in much of their original range — that the erroneous idea that they were really just anomalous Murray cod gained any currency.
1034:
Trueman WT (2011). True Tales of the Trout Cod: River Histories of the Murray-Darling Basin. Publication No. 215/11. Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Canberra. Also available online at:
748:
strong cultural cringe towards introduced trout in the wider community and the management bias towards introduced trout amongst fishery agencies these studies may be some way off.
503:
Smaller trout cod tend to be more slender than equivalent sized Murray cod; curiously, very large trout cod appear to develop deeper shoulders than equivalent sized Murray cod.
1054:
714:
667:
and water fowl. However, recent anecdotal evidence suggests terrestrial insects made up a significant proportion of the trout cod's diet in upland rivers and streams.
679:
Trout cod are carnivores and feed on other fish, crustaceans (such as crayfish, yabbies and freshwater shrimp) as well as aquatic and terrestrial insects. Larvae are
555:
species is a relatively common phenomena in native fish genera of the Murray-Darling and East Coast systems with other notable pairs shown in the following table:
725:
experienced serious modification and degradation, is the heavy domination of these habitats by introduced trout species, which are aggressive, predatory fish.
528:
sister species to Murray cod. Therefore, the trout cod's main habitats were the larger upland rivers and creeks, which they usually co-inhabited with
1239:
485:
Trout cod have been reliably recorded to at least 80 cm and 16 kg, but there are some credible anecdotal accounts of larger specimens.
1278:
751:
Two small populations of trout cod that have shown indications of breeding have been created by hatchery stockings in the lowland reaches of
931:
1035:
982:
Cadwallader, P.L. & Gooley, G. (1984) Past and present distributions and translocations of Murray cod and trout cod in Victoria.
1370:
458:
and by the World Conservation Union (IUCN). They are also listed as Threatened under the Victorian Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act 1998.
1355:
1345:
1066:
1213:
1252:
948:
Butcher, A.D. (1945) The food of indigenous and non-indigenous freshwater fish in Victoria, with special reference to trout.
912:
438:
as the name trout cod causes confusion amongst the Australian public. (Trout cod are an Australian native freshwater fish; they
1360:
492:
than in Murray cod. The head tends to be free of speckling however a distinct dark stripe through the eye is usually present.
1083:
1365:
1257:
908:
488:
Trout cod are broadly similar to the Murray cod, however there are some distinct differences in morphology and colouration.
1304:
1072:
496:
grey-green, light brown, dark brown or almost black. The black speckling on the back and flanks is consistent however.
1309:
70:
48:
41:
1317:
1283:
972:
Cadwallader, P.L. (1979) Distribution of native and introduced fish in the Seven Creeks river system, Victoria.
1375:
1078:
1029:
638:
552:
222:
1166:
1161:
1148:
545:
525:
508:
524:
Although there is/was a very substantial overlap in range, trout cod are essentially a more specialised
1036:
https://web.archive.org/web/20130807212235/http://australianriverrestorationcentre.com.au/mdb/troutcod/
700:
Trout cod were once common and abundant throughout the Murray-Darling Basin but are now listed on the
1322:
1153:
797:
1104:
35:
1093:
1060:
1350:
445:
1244:
1116:
52:
507:
different appearance and spawning biology and preference for cooler, faster flowing water and
317:
1296:
1270:
1187:
852:"Who's your mama? Riverine hybridisation of threatened freshwater Trout Cod and Murray Cod"
609:
430:
8:
187:
825:
886:
851:
752:
343:
217:
202:
965:
Cadwallader, P.L. (ed.) (1977) J.O. Langtry's 1949–50 Murray River Investigations.
850:
Couch, Alan J.; Unmack, Peter J.; Dyer, Fiona J.; Lintermans, Mark (27 October 2016).
774:
1291:
1174:
891:
873:
629:
469:
epoch (from about 23.03 to 5.332 million years ago) to recent age, while the species
178:
1179:
1048:
881:
863:
792:
618:
589:
569:
529:
434:
284:
1139:
772:
710:
418:
410:
405:
334:
294:
264:
1339:
1265:
927:
877:
783:
598:
207:
129:
955:
Butcher, A.D. (1967) A changing aquatic fauna in a changing environment.
895:
578:
513:
1030:
https://www.nativefish.asn.au/userfiles/files/Recollections_compressed.pdf
1226:
274:
104:
1055:
Recovery Plan for the Trout Cod Maccullochella Macquariensis 1998 - 2005
1218:
1205:
868:
656:
414:
149:
114:
1231:
652:
422:
234:
154:
1110:
1200:
1133:
1053:
Australian Government Department of the Environment and Heritage -
1012:
Heads and Tales: Recollections of a Fisheries and Wildlife Officer.
940:
741:
Heads and Tales: Recollections of a Fisheries and Wildlife Officer.
533:
474:
254:
144:
139:
124:
119:
109:
98:
94:
680:
664:
466:
159:
134:
1192:
660:
417:. It was originally widespread in the south-east corner of the
244:
773:
Koehn, J.; Lintermans, M.; Lieschke, J.; Gilligan, D. (2019).
766:
701:
442:
a hybrid between Murray cod and introduced trout species.)
849:
1017:
Trueman, W. and Luker, C. (1992) Fishing Yesteryear.
1014:
The Australian Deer Research Foundation Ltd, Melbourne.
1005:
Australian Freshwater Fishes; Biology and Management.
403:, is a large predatory freshwater fish of the genus
1071:New South Wales Department of Primary Industries -
1065:New South Wales Department of Primary Industries -
1337:
952:. Fisheries and Wildlife Department, Victoria.
798:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T12574A123378211.en
705:upland river habitat to lowland river habitat.
995:Proceedings of the Linnaean Society of N.S.W.
984:Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria
1003:Merrick, J.R. & Schmida, G.E. (1984)
196:
177:
885:
867:
826:"Trout Cod, Maccullochella macquariensis"
796:
71:Learn how and when to remove this message
1092:, "le growler de la rivière Macquarie",
823:
819:
817:
815:
444:
34:This article includes a list of general
926:
913:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1338:
1115:
1114:
1019:Freshwater Fishing Australia Magazine
812:
969:Ministry for Conservation, Victoria.
425:, but is now an endangered species.
20:
784:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
13:
40:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1387:
1371:Extant Pliocene first appearances
1041:
824:Bray, Dianne; Thompson, Vanessa.
630:Mountain galaxias species complex
1356:Fish of the Murray-Darling basin
1346:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
1079:Sepkoski's Online Genus Database
221:
102:
25:
1098:Histoire naturelle des poissons
1028:Victoria. Available online at:
695:
686:
909:"Maccullochella macquariensis"
843:
480:
1:
1361:Endangered fauna of Australia
1107:in Griffith & Smith 1834.
974:Australian Journal of Ecology
967:Fisheries and Wildlife Paper.
957:IUCN Publications, New Series
759:
477:(3.6–5.3 mya) to recent age.
1366:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
1154:Maccullochella_macquariensis
1125:Maccullochella macquariensis
934:Maccullochella macquariensis
777:Maccullochella macquariensis
471:Maccullochella macquariensis
451:Maccullochella macquariensis
396:Maccullochella macquariensis
327:Maccullochella macquariensis
7:
1103:Illustrations: figure 2 of
1096:in Cuvier and Valenciennes
1061:Australian Museum Fish Site
715:source and sink populations
453:, Lower Pliocene, Australia
10:
1392:
541:be considered inaccurate.
519:
1123:
1007:Griffin Press, Australia.
544:Division into specialist
413:, closely related to the
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316:
218:Scientific classification
216:
194:
185:
176:
87:
1088:Description (in French)
930:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
944:. October 2005 version.
674:
594:Macquaria novemaculeata
532:and one or both of the
55:more precise citations.
1376:Fish described in 1829
1047:Native Fish Australia
1010:Rhodes, J.O. (1999)
791:: e.T12574A123378211.
745:
574:Macquaria australasica
473:is present from Lower
454:
1090:Grystes Macquariensis
1084:Paleobiology Database
731:
683:and eat zooplankton.
448:
353:Grystes macquariensis
309:M. macquariensis
1059:Australian Museum -
950:Fisheries Pamphlet 2
610:Two-spined blackfish
433:. In some parts of
830:Fishes of Australia
623:Gadopsis marmoratus
614:Gadopsis bispinosis
603:Macquaria colonorum
380:W. J. Macleay, 1885
188:Conservation status
869:10.7717/peerj.2593
753:Murrumbidgee River
653:freshwater mussels
643:Galaxias rostratus
465:can be found from
455:
377:Oligorus gibbiceps
369:Oligorus mitchelii
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1292:Open Tree of Life
1117:Taxon identifiers
1067:cod recovery plan
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639:Flathead galaxias
583:Macquaria ambigua
461:Fossils of genus
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409:and the family
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356:G. Cuvier, 1829
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634:Galaxias spp.
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1073:cod fishnote
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719:
711:redfin perch
707:
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696:Conservation
690:
687:Reproduction
681:pelagic fish
678:
669:
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633:
622:
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602:
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582:
579:Golden perch
573:
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514:World War II
505:
502:
498:
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364:Lesson, 1831
360:
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295:
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1227:iNaturalist
804:19 November
657:crustaceans
481:Description
275:Perciformes
53:introducing
1340:Categories
760:References
659:, aquatic
449:Fossil of
415:Murray cod
203:Vulnerable
36:references
1100:, tome 3.
878:2167-8359
862:: e2593.
550:primarily
534:blackfish
423:Australia
391:trout cod
335:G. Cuvier
303:Species:
241:Kingdom:
235:Eukaryota
88:Trout cod
1245:10150504
1201:FishBase
1140:Q2711806
1134:Wikidata
1105:plate 12
1000:143-147.
979:361–385.
962:197–218.
941:FishBase
918:19 March
896:27812407
723:have not
663:, small
564:Lowland
475:Pliocene
431:Victoria
344:Synonyms
281:Family:
255:Chordata
251:Phylum:
245:Animalia
231:Domain:
208:IUCN 3.1
95:Pliocene
61:May 2020
1219:2380475
887:5088581
665:mammals
661:insects
561:Upland
553:lowland
520:Habitat
467:Miocene
440:are not
337:, 1829)
291:Genus:
271:Order:
261:Class:
206: (
166:↓
49:improve
1323:991272
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1167:148298
1024:34–38.
989:33–43.
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546:upland
526:upland
509:upland
99:Recent
38:, but
1318:WoRMS
1310:26171
1305:SPRAT
1271:12574
1240:IRMNG
1232:85287
1180:6R2GH
1094:p. 58
856:PeerJ
399:) or
1279:NCBI
1266:IUCN
1253:ITIS
1214:GBIF
1206:6308
1162:BOLD
998:122:
920:2006
892:PMID
874:ISSN
837:2014
806:2021
789:2019
702:IUCN
675:Diet
548:and
539:must
389:The
105:PreꞒ
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