490:
27:
1061:
552:
517:
459:
218:
1034:
1131:
1163:
427:
1108:
1186:
685:
1081:
83:
292:, and almost entirely confined their use of the arch to structures under external pressure, such as tombs and sewers. The Roman triumphal arch combined a round arch and a square entablature in a single free-standing structure. What were originally supporting columns became purely decorative elements on the outer face of arch, while the entablature, liberated from its role as a building support, became the frame for the civic and religious messages that the arch builders wished to convey through the use of statuary and symbolic, narrative and decorative elements.
1217:
1011:
666:
741:
717:
701:
1248:
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874:
652:. The inscriptions on Roman triumphal arches were works of art in themselves, with very finely cut, sometimes gilded letters. The form of each letter and the spacing between them was carefully designed for maximum clarity and simplicity, without any decorative flourishes, emphasizing the Roman taste for restraint and order. This conception of what later became the art of
602:– a square triumphal arch erected over a crossroads, with arched openings on all four sides – were built, especially in North Africa. Arch-building in Rome and Italy diminished after the time of Trajan (AD 98–117) but remained widespread in the provinces during the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD; they were often erected to commemorate imperial visits.
909:. It was one of the largest prints ever produced, measuring 3.75 metres (12.3 ft) high and consisting of 192 individual sheets, depicting an arch that was never intended to be built. It was printed in an edition of 700 copies and distributed to be coloured and pasted on the walls of city halls or the palaces of princes.
516:
895:
the opportunity to examine the allegories and inscriptions presented by the arches in a way that would not have been possible during the event. Sometimes the arches depicted were not even real structures but existed entirely as imaginary representations of royal propaganda. One famous example was the
820:
this was a new façade for the gateway to the castle. By the end of the 16th century the triumphal arch had become closely linked with court theatre, state pageantry and military fortifications. The motif of the triumphal arch was also adapted and incorporated into the façades of public buildings such
117:
following military victory, a "memorial arch" arch or "honourary arch", essentially built by emperors to celebrate themselves, and arches, typically in city walls, that are merely grand gateways. But the groups are often conflated. Often actual Roman triumphal arches were initially in wood and other
1001:. Although patterned after triumphal arches, these were built for quite different purposes – to memorialise war casualties, to commemorate a civil event (the country's independence, for example), or to provide a monumental entrance to a city, as opposed to celebrating a military success or general.
940:
planned to build the world's largest triumphal arch in Berlin. The arch would have been vastly larger than any previously built, standing 550 feet (170 m) wide, 92 feet (28 m) deep and 392 feet (119 m) high – big enough for the Arc de
Triomphe to fit into it 49 times. It was intended
924:
in Paris, built from 1806 to 1836, though it is consciously dissimilar from its Roman predecessors in omitting the customary ornamental columns – a lack that fundamentally changes the balance of the arch and gives it a distinctly "top-heavy" look. Other French arches more closely imitated those of
894:
Images of arches gained great importance as well. Although temporary arches were torn down after they had been used, they were recorded in great detail in engravings that were widely distributed and survived long after the original arches had been destroyed. The medium of engraving gave the viewer
957:
in 1982. It was designed to be substantially bigger than the Arc de
Triomphe in Paris and was erected on the site where, on October 14, 1945, Kim Il Sung gave his first public speech to the North Korean people. It is decorated with sculptures and reliefs depicting "the triumphal returning of the
832:. Unlike the individual arches erected for Roman conquerors, Renaissance rulers often built a row of arches through which processions were staged. They defined a space for the movement of people and denoted significant sites at which particular messages were conveyed at each stage. Newly elected
416:
at his own discretion and expense, Imperial triumphal arches were sponsored by decree of the senate, or sometimes by wealthy holders of high office, to honour and promote emperors, their office and the values of empire. Arches were not necessarily built as entrances, but – unlike many modern
489:
551:
186:, which although patterned after triumphal arches, were built to memorialise war casualties, to commemorate a civil event (the country's independence, for example), or to provide a monumental entrance to a city, as opposed to celebrating a military success or general.
458:
1162:
1060:
1130:
129:
has inspired many post-Roman states and rulers, up to the present day, to erect their own triumphal arches in emulation of the Romans. Triumphal arches in the Roman style have been built in many cities around the world, including the
74:
on which a statue might be mounted or which bears commemorative inscriptions. The main structure is often decorated with carvings, sculpted reliefs, and dedications. More elaborate triumphal arches may have multiple archways, or in a
609:, writing in the first century AD, was the only ancient author to discuss them. He wrote that they were intended to "elevate above the ordinary world" an image of an honoured person usually depicted in the form of a statue with a
1216:
1033:
1185:
613:. However, the designs of Roman imperial triumphal arches – which became increasingly elaborate over time and evolved a regularised set of features – were clearly intended to convey a number of messages to the spectator.
102:. Effectively invented by the Romans, and using their skill in making arches and vaults, the Roman triumphal arch was used to commemorate victorious generals or significant public events such as the founding of new
1080:
1107:
426:
269:
Roman aqueducts, bridges, amphitheaters and domes employed arch principles and technology. The Romans probably borrowed the techniques of arch construction from their
Etruscan neighbours. The
62:
with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road, and usually standing alone, unconnected to other buildings. In its simplest form, a triumphal arch consists of two massive
295:
The largest arches often had three archways, the central one significantly larger. The minority type of arch with passageways in both directions, often placed at crossroads, is called a
1350:"Arches." Ancient Greece and Rome: An Encyclopedia for Students. Ed. Carroll Moulton. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1998. 45-46. World History in Context. Web. 1 Dec. 2013.
769:
Roman triumphal arches remained a source of fascination well after the fall of Rome, serving as a reminder of past glories and a symbol of state power, that was especially appealing to
665:
1010:
684:
323:, tend to be oblong, with clear main faces and smaller side faces. Examples with three arches on the long face as well as arches at the ends, so with eight piers, are called
836:, for instance, processed through the streets of Rome under temporary triumphal arches built specially for the occasion. Arches were also built for dynastic weddings; when
716:
400:
decreed that triumphs and triumphal honours were to be confined to members of the
Imperial family; in practice, this meant the ruling emperor or his antecedents. The term
1605:
1627:
578:
Most Roman triumphal arches were built during the
Imperial period. By the fourth century AD there were 36 such arches in Rome, of which three have survived – the
26:
284:
The two key elements of the Roman triumphal arch – a round-topped arch and a square entablature – had long been in use as separate architectural elements in
620:. As such, it concentrated on factual imagery rather than allegory. The façade was ornamented with marble columns, and the piers and attics with decorative
590:(315). Numerous arches were built elsewhere in the Roman Empire. The single arch was the most common, but many triple arches were also built, of which the
859:
118:
rather temporary materials, only later replaced by one in stone; the majority of ancient survivals are actually from the other two groups.
936:
Triumphal arches have continued to be built into the modern era, often as statements of power and self-aggrandizement by dictators.
801:, however, that rulers sought to associate themselves systematically with the Roman legacy by building their own triumphal arches.
433:
308:
640:. The piers and internal passageways were also decorated with reliefs and free-standing sculptures. The vault was ornamented with
700:
384:
constructed one in the Roman Forum in 121 BC. None of these structures has survived and little is known about their appearance.
360:) and bore imagery that described and commemorated the victory and triumph. Lucius Steritinus is known to have erected two such
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1715:
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1290:
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to be carved with the names of
Germany's 1.8 million dead in the First World War. However, construction was never begun.
841:
764:
381:
273:
used elaborately decorated single bay arches as gates or portals to their cities; examples of
Etruscan arches survive at
106:, the construction of a road or bridge, the death of a member of the imperial family or the accession of a new emperor.
1796:
1768:
1169:
837:
1149:
906:
790:
264:
38:, France, the oldest surviving triple-arched Roman triumphal arch, probably built during the reign of Emperor
1177:
417:
triumphal arches – they were often erected across roads and were intended to be passed through, not around.
1067:
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The form of the triumphal arch has also been put to other purposes, notably the construction of monumental
926:
707:
523:
496:
328:
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and associated his dynasty, through the art and architecture of the arches, with the imperial Roman past.
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950:
338:
derives from the notion that this form of architecture was connected to the award and commemoration of a
217:
1830:
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1040:
99:
1825:
1543:
1153:
1099:
962:
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The French led the way in building new permanent triumphal arches when the imperial ambitions of the
691:
583:
465:
155:
1399:
Imago triumphalis: the function and significance of triumphal imagery for
Italian Renaissance rulers
616:
The ornamentation of an arch was intended to serve as a constant visual reminder of the triumph and
1137:
897:
878:
591:
570:
31:
20:
1835:
794:
109:
Archaeologists like to distinguish between a true "triumphal arch", built to celebrate an actual
1682:
1506:
F. B. Sear and
Richard John. "Triumphal arch." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. 30 Jul. 2010
816:
in 1470, supposedly to commemorate his taking over the kingdom in 1443, although like the later
1204:
974:
481:
252:
197:
can be placed. and more generally a combination of "one large and two small doorways", such as
189:
In architecture, "triumphal arch" is also the name given to the arch above the entrance to the
171:
1462:
1455:
1404:
781:
was built in deliberate imitation of a Roman triumphal arch to signify continuity between the
562:
198:
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636:, while the attic was often inscribed with a dedicatory inscription naming and praising the
1087:
633:
139:
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in 1585, he processed under temporary triumphal arches that asserted the antiquity of the
8:
1708:
Adolf Hitler: a psychological interpretation of his views on architecture, art, and music
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856:
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AD 21) is the earliest surviving example. From the 2nd century AD, many examples of the
1675:
917:
786:
782:
770:
206:
530:, Greece, built in 298–299 AD and dedicated in 303 AD to celebrate the victory of the
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1785:
1764:
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1686:
1653:
1584:
1524:
1466:
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1397:
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led to a spate of arch-building. By far the most famous arch from this period is the
674:' triumphal procession depicted on the Arch of Titus, showing the loot captured from
473:
902:
887:
1230:, the second tallest triumphal arch in the world, built in 1982 to commemorate the
1208:
1091:
970:
913:
377:
346:. The earliest arches set up to commemorate a triumph were made in the time of the
167:
143:
35:
1430:"Roman Theatre and its Surroundings and the "Triumphal Arch" of Orange"
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1114:
998:
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373:
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151:
131:
103:
87:
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628:, the captured weapons of the enemy or the triumphal procession itself. The
937:
805:
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114:
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Triumphal arches are one of the most influential and distinctive types of
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798:
147:
71:
67:
1176:, built in 1889–1892 to commemorate the United States' victory over the
624:. Sculpted panels depicted victories and achievements, the deeds of the
1521:
The architecture of Rome: an architectural history in 400 presentations
1275:
982:
930:
804:
Probably the earliest large recreation was the "Aragonese Arch" at the
653:
441:
296:
179:
76:
1429:
500:
229:, an early Roman imperial triumphal arch with a single archway, built
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Roman triumphal practices changed significantly at the start of the
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1071:
649:
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397:
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365:
278:
240:
91:
43:
39:
1285:
1044:
883:
621:
274:
190:
1141:
1121:, built in 1826–1830 to commemorate Britain's victories in the
1118:
809:
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641:
1247:
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Little is known about how the Romans viewed triumphal arches.
1280:
1021:
867:
863:
852:
671:
316:
244:
135:
1518:
1310:
Oxford
Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
288:, but the Greeks preferred the use of entablatures in their
1606:"Pietro Paolo Troisi (1686–1750): A Maltese Baroque Artist"
933:
closely modelled on the Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome.
833:
825:
656:
remains of fundamental importance down to the present day.
648:, a group of statues depicting the emperor or general in a
352:
226:
194:
59:
58:
is a free-standing monumental structure in the shape of an
510:
by a general from the city, dedicated to Emperor Caracalla
342:
to particularly successful Roman generals, by vote of the
1200:
644:. Some triumphal arches were surmounted by a statue or a
121:
The survival of great Roman triumphal arches such as the
1759:
Fleming, John; Honour, Hugh; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1980).
307:. Roman examples are usually roughly cubical, like the
1457:
Not built in a day: exploring the architecture of Rome
1733:
North of the DMZ: essays on daily life in North Korea
851:
Temporary wooden triumphal arches were also built in
1758:
1243:
890:, 1515; purely a paper arch, never meant to be built
561:
in Rome, built in 312–315 AD to commemorate Emperor
66:
connected by an arch, typically crowned with a flat
1674:
1454:
997:, built as an entrance to the fairgrounds for the
1628:"Architectural scenography in 18th-century Mdina"
785:and its Roman predecessor. In the now dismantled
751:, a Renaissance triumphal arch integrated into a
690:The elaborate carvings and coffered vault of the
1817:
1583:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 244–265.
1490:"Triumphal arch." Encyclopædia Britannica (2010)
1024:, built in 1672 to commemorate the victories of
468:in Rome, built in 203–205 AD to commemorate the
1761:The Penguin Dictionary of Architecture, 3rd edn
1677:Transformations in late eighteenth century art
735:
154:in London. After about 1820 arches are often
42:(27 BC–14 AD), later reconstructed by emperor
16:Monumental structure in the form of an archway
1364:
1346:
1344:
1312:, 2nd ed., OUP, Oxford and New York, p. 658.
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1199:, built in 1922 to celebrate the victory in
1070:in Paris, built in 1806–1808 to commemorate
793:attempted a triumphal arch in the idiom of
1341:
364:in 196 BC to commemorate his victories in
212:
1777:
1672:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1493:
1479:
958:victorious Great Leader to the country".
258:
1705:
1514:
1512:
1452:
1360:
1358:
1356:
872:
855:for ceremonies in which a newly elected
739:
216:
81:
25:
1681:. Princeton University Press. pp.
1647:
1519:Ulrich Fürst; Stefan Grundmann (1998).
660:Ornamentation on Roman triumphal arches
247:'s victory together with their father,
79:, passages leading in four directions.
1818:
1781:The Classical Language of Architecture
1730:
1603:
1578:
1565:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1625:
1509:
1353:
989:, or simple welcoming arches such as
797:. It was not until the coming of the
113:, a grand procession declared by the
1650:German Renaissance Prints, 1490-1550
1581:Cities at War in Early Modern Europe
1394:
1365:Honour, Hugh; Fleming, John (2005).
1144:, built in 1829–1834 to commemorate
1523:. Edition Axel Menges. p. 43.
1383:
1291:List of post-Roman triumphal arches
842:Infanta Catherine Michelle of Spain
828:and plaster were often erected for
824:Temporary triumphal arches made of
765:List of post-Roman triumphal arches
382:Quintus Fabius Maximus Allobrogicus
13:
1637:. Malta Historical Society: 63–76.
1604:Briffa, Joseph A. (January 2006).
1427:
1047:, built in 1770–71 to commemorate
14:
1847:
1806:
1329:Fleming, Honour, and Pevsner, 326
838:Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy
706:Galerius (L) attacks Narses (R).
1706:Zalampas, Sherree Owens (1990).
1260:
1246:
1215:
1184:
1161:
1129:
1106:
1079:
1059:
1032:
1009:
730:distributing gifts to the people
715:
699:
683:
664:
550:
515:
488:
457:
425:
319:, but modern examples, like the
1724:
1699:
1666:
1641:
1619:
1597:
1556:
1537:
1428:Centre, UNESCO World Heritage.
1098:, built in 1814 to commemorate
759:'s victorious entry into Naples
745:Arco di Trionfo di Castel Nuovo
421:Types of Roman triumphal arches
1446:
1421:
1332:
1323:
1302:
1100:Russia's victory over Napoleon
951:world's largest triumphal arch
905:, commissioned by the Emperor
265:List of Roman triumphal arches
1:
1752:
1710:. Popular Press. p. 81.
929:in Paris, for instance, is a
541:and capture of their capital
504:
447:
230:
193:of a medieval church where a
47:
1453:Sullivan, George H. (2006).
1434:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
1369:. Laurence King Publishing.
1308:Curl, James Stevens (2006).
1068:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
927:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
821:as city halls and churches.
524:Arch of Galerius and Rotunda
329:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
7:
1812:A lecture on Triumphal arch
1635:Proceedings of History Week
1395:Zaho, Margaret Ann (2004).
1239:
1170:Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch
1005:Post-Roman triumphal arches
736:Post-Roman triumphal arches
243:to commemorate his brother
19:For the woodcut print, see
10:
1852:
1673:Rosenblum, Robert (1969).
1461:. Da Capo Press. pp.
1232:Korean resistance to Japan
789:of the 1230s, the Emperor
762:
331:in Paris is an example.
303:in Latin), as it has four
262:
253:Jewish rebellion in Judaea
100:ancient Roman architecture
18:
1735:. McFarland. p. 83.
1154:French invasion of Russia
898:Ehrenpforte Maximilians I
879:Ehrenpforte Maximilians I
692:Arch of Septimius Severus
584:Arch of Septimius Severus
466:Arch of Septimius Severus
434:Arch of Septimius Severus
408:(arch). While Republican
309:Arch of Septimius Severus
156:memorial gates and arches
1778:Summerson, John (1980).
1652:. British Museum Press.
1648:Bartrum, Giulia (1995).
1296:
632:usually depicted flying
592:Triumphal Arch of Orange
571:Battle of Milvian Bridge
32:Triumphal Arch of Orange
21:Triumphal Arch (woodcut)
1731:Lankov, Alexei (2007).
1579:Pollak, Martha (2010).
1562:Summerson, 23-24, 34-35
1403:. Peter Lang. pp.
1338:Summerson, 23-24, 34-35
795:Romanesque architecture
755:, built to commemorate
440:, Libya, a four-arched
213:Origins and development
1626:Thake, Conrad (1994).
1367:A world history of art
1203:and the coronation of
975:Washington Square Arch
891:
760:
412:could be erected by a
259:Roman triumphal arches
255:
172:Washington Square Arch
95:
51:
1178:Confederate Rebellion
1150:victory over Napoleon
876:
743:
726:, in Rome, depicting
220:
199:Leon Battista Alberti
85:
29:
1088:Narva Triumphal Arch
777:, the triple-arched
350:. These were called
140:Narva Triumphal Arch
1546:, Mario D'Onofrio,
1268:Ancient Rome portal
1254:Architecture portal
1049:Frederick the Great
1026:Louis XIV of France
925:imperial Rome; the
862:took possession of
814:Alfonso V of Aragon
771:Holy Roman Emperors
724:Arch of Constantine
588:Arch of Constantine
559:Arch of Constantine
203:Tempio Malatestiano
201:'s façades for the
158:built as a form of
127:Arch of Constantine
1550:, 2005, online at
1051:'s victory in the
918:Napoleon Bonaparte
892:
787:City Gate of Capua
783:Carolingian Empire
761:
646:currus triumphalis
586:(203–205) and the
476:and his two sons,
470:Parthian victories
256:
207:San Andrea, Mantua
96:
90:, Paris, begun by
52:
1831:Victory monuments
1786:Thames and Hudson
1742:978-0-7864-2839-7
1717:978-0-87972-488-7
1692:978-0-691-00302-3
1659:978-0-7141-2604-3
1590:978-0-521-11344-1
1544:"Capua, Porta di"
1530:978-3-930698-60-8
1472:978-0-7867-1749-1
1414:978-0-8204-6235-6
1376:978-1-85669-451-3
1318:978-0-19-860678-9
1234:from 1925 to 1945
1096:Giacomo Quarenghi
1018:Porte Saint-Denis
757:Alfonso of Aragon
600:arcus quadrifrons
539:Sassanid Persians
503:, Algeria, built
497:Arch of Caracalla
474:Septimius Severus
443:arcus quadrifrons
372:was built on the
301:arcus quadrifrons
1843:
1826:Triumphal arches
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1092:Saint Petersburg
1083:
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1053:Seven Years' War
1041:Brandenburg Gate
1036:
1013:
971:Brandenburg Gate
719:
708:Arch of Galerius
703:
687:
668:
565:'s victory over
554:
519:
509:
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492:
461:
452:
449:
429:
404:was replaced by
378:Scipio Africanus
334:The modern term
235:
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168:Brandenburg Gate
144:Saint Petersburg
49:
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969:such as the
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1763:. Penguin.
1548:Federiciana
1152:during the
947:Kim Il Sung
943:North Korea
857:Hospitaller
799:Renaissance
638:triumphator
626:triumphator
618:triumphator
563:Constantine
472:of Emperor
414:triumphator
251:, over the
148:Marble Arch
68:entablature
1820:Categories
1753:References
1615:(6): 9–17.
1439:2023-09-04
1276:Gate tower
983:India Gate
967:city gates
949:built the
931:tetrapylon
916:kings and
763:See also:
654:typography
368:. Another
325:octopylons
297:tetrapylon
263:See also:
180:India Gate
164:city gates
77:tetrapylon
1228:Pyongyang
1197:Bucharest
991:Barcelona
987:New Delhi
981:, or the
955:Pyongyang
753:gatehouse
676:Jerusalem
634:Victories
630:spandrels
573:in 312 AD
567:Maxentius
545:in 298 AD
543:Ctesiphon
537:over the
478:Caracalla
391:when the
271:Etruscans
249:Vespasian
184:New Delhi
178:, or the
50:20–27 AD)
1552:Treccani
1240:See also
1072:Napoleon
840:married
779:Torhalle
678:in 81 AD
650:quadriga
622:cornices
611:quadriga
535:Galerius
532:tetrarch
446:, built
410:fornices
398:Augustus
394:princeps
366:Hispania
362:fornices
353:fornices
279:Volterra
241:Domitian
150:and the
104:colonies
92:Napoleon
44:Tiberius
40:Augustus
1683:131–132
1463:133–134
1286:Paifang
1156:in 1812
1045:Potsdam
914:Bourbon
884:woodcut
694:in Rome
642:coffers
569:at the
501:Tebessa
340:triumph
290:temples
275:Perugia
238:Emperor
191:chancel
125:or the
94:in 1806
60:archway
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810:Naples
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327:. The
138:, the
36:Orange
1631:(PDF)
1609:(PDF)
1407:–25.
1297:Notes
1281:Stele
1209:Marie
1022:Paris
868:Birgu
864:Mdina
853:Malta
834:popes
773:. At
672:Titus
596:circa
406:arcus
317:Libya
305:piers
245:Titus
162:, or
146:, or
136:Paris
72:attic
64:piers
1793:ISBN
1765:ISBN
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1371:ISBN
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1016:The
965:and
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557:The
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482:Geta
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299:(or
277:and
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221:The
205:and
195:rood
86:The
30:The
1226:in
1201:WWI
1195:in
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70:or
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