1394:
27:
869:
919:
1154:
1118:
1106:
1024:
578:(1862–1941), and now mostly discounted), the emergence into high-status public art of a simpler "popular" or "Italic" style that had been used by the less wealthy throughout the reign of Greek models, an active ideological turning against what classical styles had come to represent, and a deliberate preference for seeing the world simply and exploiting the expressive possibilities that a simpler style gave. The sculptors of Constantine's time were more interested in symbolism: both symbolism for religion as well as symbolism for history. One factor that cannot be responsible, as the date and origin of the Venice
1094:
891:
57:
935:
907:
1142:
438:
470:
1130:
293:
384:
5815:
497:
489:
688:
798:
458:
6078:
43:
606: the artists of their time could do better than what had already been done by different people. As yet another possible reason, it has often been suggested that the Romans of the 4th century truly did lack the artistic skill to produce acceptable artwork, and were aware of it, and therefore plundered the ancient buildings to adorn their contemporary monuments. This interpretation has become less prominent in more recent times, as the art of
1005:
624:
5770:
6571:
6547:
49:
2883:
1032:
6559:
6535:
1072:); the artist seems to have avoided using imagery of the triumph, as Constantine probably did not want to be shown triumphant over the Eternal City. On the northern face, looking towards the city, are two strips with the emperor's actions after taking possession of Rome. On the left (North east) is Constantine speaking to the citizens on the
598:
in battle and in his civilian duties. The other imagery supports this purpose: decoration taken from the "golden times" of the Empire under the 2nd century emperors whose reliefs were re-used places
Constantine next to these "good emperors", and the content of the pieces evokes images of the victorious and pious ruler.
528:, "violent", that where the head of an earlier emperor was replaced by that of Constantine the artist was still able to achieve a "soft, delicate rendering of the face of Constantine" that was "a far cry from the dominant style of the workshop". It remains the most impressive surviving civic monument from Rome in
1393:
289:. On these occasions they also said many prayers and renewed both spiritual and mundane vows. However, Constantine had actually entered Rome on 29 October 312, amidst great rejoicing, and the Senate then commissioned the monument. Constantine then left Rome within two months and did not return until 326.
1039:
The horizontal frieze below the round reliefs are the main parts from the time of
Constantine, running around the monument, one strip above each lateral archway and including the west and east sides of the arch. These "historical" reliefs depict scenes from the Italian campaign of Constantine against
601:
Another explanation given for the re-use is the short time between the start of construction (late 312 at the earliest) and the dedication (summer 315), so the architects used existing artwork to make up for the lack of time to create new art. It could be that so many old parts were used because the
597:
The arch is heavily decorated with parts of older monuments, which assume a new meaning in the context of the
Constantinian building. As it celebrates the victory of Constantine, the new "historic" friezes illustrating his campaign in Italy convey the central meaning: the praise of the emperor, both
556:
Gone too is the classical canon of proportions. Heads are disproportionately large, trunks square, legs stubby ... Differences in the physical size of figures drastically underline differences of rank and importance which the second-century artist had indicated by subtle compositional means within a
1204:
To the
Emperor Caesar Flavius Constantinus, the greatest, pious, and blessed Augustus: because he, inspired by the divine, and by the greatness of his mind, has delivered the state from the tyrant and all of his followers at the same time, with his army and just force of arms, the Senate and People
222:
procession. Dedicated in 315, it is the largest Roman triumphal arch, with overall dimensions of 21 m (69 ft) high, 25.9 m (85 ft) wide and 7.4 m (24 ft) deep. It has three bays, the central one being 11.5 m (38 ft) high and 6.5 m (21 ft) wide and
547:
where the figures are "pressed, trapped, as it were, between two imaginary planes and so tightly packed within the frame as to lack all freedom of movement in any direction", with "gestures that are "jerky, overemphatic and uncoordinated with the rest of the body". In the 4th century reliefs, the
1232:
until 324, while
Constantine started to support the Christian church from 312 on. In this situation, the vague wording of the inscription can be seen as the attempt to please all possible readers, being deliberately ambiguous, and acceptable to both pagans and Christians. As was customary, the
1196:
IMP(eratori) · CAES(ari) · FL(avio) · CONSTANTINO · MAXIMO · P(io) · F(elici) · AVGVSTO · S(enatus) · P(opulus) · Q(ue) · R(omanus) · QVOD · INSTINCTV · DIVINITATIS · MENTIS · MAGNITVDINE · CVM · EXERCITV · SVO · TAM · DE · TYRANNO · QVAM · DE · OMNI · EIVS · FACTIONE · VNO · TEMPORE · IVSTIS ·
416:
Whatever the faults of
Maxentius, his reputation in Rome was influenced by his contributions to public building. By the time of his accession in 306 Rome was becoming increasingly irrelevant to the governance of the empire, most emperors choosing to live elsewhere and focusing on defending the
570:. The question of how to account for what may seem a decline in both style and execution has generated a vast amount of discussion. Factors introduced into the discussion include: a breakdown of the transmission in artistic skills due to the political and economic disruption of the
428:, Constantine set out to systematically erase the memory of Maxentius. Consequently, there remains considerable uncertainty regarding the patronage of early fourth century public buildings, including the Arch of Constantine, which may originally have been an Arch of Maxentius.
1483:
in 1732, in which Bracci states that he carved new heads for seven of the Dacian slaves surmounting the columns and a completely new statue for the eighth (right of centre, south side). He also made new heads for the emperors and other figures on the reliefs between the
1400:
984:; this framing is only extant on the right side of the northern façade. Similar medallions, of Constantinian origin, are located on the small sides of the arch; the eastern side shows the Sun rising, on the western side, the Moon. Both are on chariots.
731:), and the emperor interrogating a German prisoner. On the south side, from left to right, are depicted a captured enemy chieftain led before the emperor, a similar scene with other prisoners (illustrated below), the emperor speaking to the troops (
424:(preserver of his city). Thus, Constantine was perceived as the deposer of one of the city's greatest benefactors, and needed to acquire legitimacy. Much controversy has surrounded the patronage of the public works of this period. Issuing a
508:, of the stylistic changes of the 4th century, and the "collapse of the classical Greek canon of forms during the late Roman period", a sign the city was in decline, and would soon be eclipsed by Constantine's founding of a new capital at
1172:
In the central archway, there is one large panel of Trajan's Dacian War on each wall. Inside the lateral archways are eight portraits busts (two on each wall), destroyed to such an extent that it is no longer possible to identify them.
1457:) according to the inscription, though the Emperor may have "suggested". See also: A. L. Frothingham. "Who Built the Arch of Constantine? III." The Attic, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 19, No. 1. (Jan.–Mar., 1915), pp. 1–12
565:
The commission was clearly highly important, if hurried, and the work must be considered as reflecting the best available craftsmanship in Rome at the time; the same workshop was probably responsible for a number of surviving
816:
The general layout of the main façade is identical on both sides of the arch, consisting of four columns on bases, dividing the structure into a central arch and two lateral arches, the latter being surmounted by two round
710:
and is identical on both sides of the arch. Flanking the inscription on both sides are four pairs of relief panels above the minor archways, eight in total. These were taken from an unknown monument erected in honour of
868:
1286:, i.e. the 10th anniversary of his reign (counted from 306), which he celebrated in Rome in the summer of 315. It can be assumed that the arch honouring his victory was inaugurated during his stay in the city.
1189:
letters. It can still be read easily; only the recesses in which the letters sat, and their attachment holes, remain. It reads thus, identically on both sides (with abbreviations completed in parentheses):
396:
There has been much controversy over the origins of the arch, with some scholars claiming that it should no longer be referred to as
Constantine's arch, but is in fact an earlier work from the time of
2807:
557:
seemingly casual grouping. Gone, finally are elaboration of detail and differentiation of surface texture. Faces are cut rather than modeled, hair takes the form of a cap with some superficial
849:, either inscribing a shield or holding palm branches, while those to the side show captured barbarians alone or with Roman soldiers. Though Constantinian, they are modelled on those of the
1282:
They give a hint on the date of the arch: "Solemn vows for the 10th anniversary – for the 20th anniversary" and "as for the 10th, so for the 20th anniversary". Both refer to
Constantine's
2397:
Bonamente, Giorgio (ed.) 1992. Costantino il Grande dall'Antichità all'Umanesimo; Atti del 2. colloquio sul
Cristianesimo nel mondo antico, Università di Macerata, 18-20 dicembre 1990
1233:
vanquished enemy is not mentioned by name, but only referred to as "the tyrant", drawing on the notion of the rightful killing of a tyrannical ruler; together with the image of the "
780:. Together with the two reliefs on the inside of the central archway, these came from a large frieze celebrating the Dacian victory. The original place of this frieze was either the
5087:
1213:("inspired by the divine") have been greatly commented on. They are usually read as sign of Constantine's shifting religious affiliation: The Christian tradition, most notably
6611:
1311:
918:
420:
These factors contributed to
Maxentius' ability to seize power. In contrast to his predecessors, Maxentius concentrated on restoring the capital; his epithet was
5077:
4175:
2825:
995:
figures with trophies (illustrated below), those of the smaller archways show river gods. Column bases and spandrel reliefs are from the time of Constantine.
6596:
2859:
1244:
Two short inscriptions on the inside of the central archway transport a similar message: Constantine came not as conqueror, but freed Rome from occupation:
5804:
890:
237:
Though dedicated to Constantine, much of the sculptural decoration consists of reliefs and statues removed from earlier triumphal monuments dedicated to
2737:"Die historischen Reliefs der römischen Kaiserzeit IV: Stadtrömische Denkmäler unbekannter Bauzugehörigkeit aus hadrianischer bis konstantinischer Zeit"
906:
6036:
968:. The head of the emperor (originally Hadrian) has been reworked in all medallions: on the north side, into Constantine in the hunting scenes and into
2869:
2847:
281:
inscription, and officially opened on 25 July 315. Not only did the Roman senate give the arch for Constantine's victory, they also were celebrating
2239:
365:, here. Works of restoration were first carried out in the 18th century, the last excavations have taken place in the late 1990s, just before the
102:
2841:
6591:
361:
During the Middle Ages, the Arch of Constantine was incorporated into one of the family strongholds of ancient Rome, as shown in the painting by
6641:
5037:
1493:
For which, see Conforto, however, for the contrary view that the whole arch was constructed in the 4th century, see Pensabene & Panella
772:
From the same time period the two large (3 m high) panels decorating the attic on the east and west sides of the arch show scenes from
4642:
1056:) on the left (South west), an event which was of great importance to the war in Northern Italy. On the right (South east) is depicted the
6626:
2945:
437:
223:
the laterals 7.4 m (24 ft) by 3.4 m (11 ft) each. The arch is constructed of brick-faced concrete covered in marble.
5933:
4922:
4165:
2757:"Die historischen Reliefs der römischen Kaiserzeit VII. Der Bogen des Septimius Severus, die Decennalienbasis und der Konstantinsbogen"
2181:
Elsner, Jaś (2000). "From the culture of spolia to the cult of relics: the Arch of Constantine and the genesis of late antique forms".
6163:
5445:
4942:
4713:
4045:
400:, reworked during Constantine's reign, or at least the lower part. Another theory holds that it was erected, or at least started, by
797:
743:). Together with three panels now in the Capitoline Museum, the reliefs were probably taken from a triumphal monument commemorating
5797:
4005:
2875:
1724:
1040:
Maxentius which was the reason for the construction of the monument. The frieze starts at the western side with the Departure from
4290:
2864:
1800:
6029:
5022:
4602:
4170:
2602:
1153:
543:", and there is "an illusion of open, airy space in which figures move freely and with relaxed self-assurance" with the later
6616:
6508:
6474:
6461:
6444:
6431:
6413:
6392:
6379:
6358:
6344:
6331:
6310:
6297:
6280:
6271:
6258:
6233:
6208:
6199:
6190:
6181:
6168:
6155:
6146:
6137:
6128:
6119:
6110:
6101:
6092:
6059:
5387:
2122:
1589:
706:
can be seen, which date from Trajan. Above the central archway is the inscription, forming the most prominent portion of the
370:
5773:
4957:
3443:
1117:
836:
645:
1692:
1105:
6448:
6045:
5790:
4952:
4723:
4697:
934:
2853:
1647:
6456:
6348:
5818:
5042:
3995:
3428:
2831:
Patrizio Pensabene (1992). Il reimpiego nell'età costantiniana a Roma, in Bonamente, Giorgio 1992 Pt. 2 p. 749-768
2369:
2330:
2221:
2143:
2091:
2056:
1992:
1964:
1708:
1335:
1606:
6631:
6621:
6022:
5260:
4992:
4862:
4080:
3433:
3198:
2954:
2621:
2560:
2508:
2480:
2433:
2412:
1434:
1093:
671:
6262:
1622:
653:
5410:
5057:
5002:
4977:
4632:
4220:
3403:
585:
The stylistic references to the earlier arches of Titus and Septimius Severus, together with the incorporation of
5062:
4962:
4617:
4391:
4376:
4145:
2938:
694:
334:, and around the Palatine Hill; immediately after the Arch of Constantine, the procession would turn left at the
26:
6512:
6245:
5873:
5082:
4160:
3877:
2262:
Frothingham, A. L. (July 1912). "Who Built the Arch of Constantine? Its History from Domitian to Constantine".
1429:
649:
579:
1141:
42:
6491:
6383:
6314:
6159:
5475:
5440:
4797:
4592:
4030:
548:
figures are disposed geometrically in a pattern that "makes sense only in relation to the spectator", in the
326:. This route was that taken by the emperors when they entered the city in triumph. This route started at the
715:. On the north side, from left to right, the panels depict the emperor's return to Rome after the campaign (
6435:
5863:
5838:
5047:
4552:
4456:
4315:
4295:
4020:
1305:
1225:
1057:
952:. They display scenes of hunting and sacrificing: (north side, left to right) hunt of a boar, sacrifice to
610:
has been appreciated in its own right. It is possible that a combination of those explanations is correct.
574:,influence from Eastern and other pre-classical regional styles from around the Empire (a view promoted by
457:
274:
201:
2639:
1129:
6636:
6606:
6150:
6132:
5893:
5425:
5139:
5017:
4987:
4693:
4557:
4140:
4135:
4110:
4100:
4085:
4065:
4035:
3902:
3872:
2887:
2108:
2073:
1502:
The controversy extends to a number of other public buildings attributed to Constantine, as hinted at by
1363:
1080:), while to the right (North west) is the final panel with Constantine distributing money to the people (
571:
6601:
6525:
6362:
6288:
5280:
4366:
4115:
4070:
4040:
3408:
2931:
1295:
2660:
2322:
Byzantine art in the making: Main lines of stylistic development in mediterranean art, 3rd–7th century
1578:
Sande, Siri (2012). "The Arch of Constantine - Who Saw What?". In Birk, Stine; Poulsen, Birte (eds.).
6284:
6123:
6105:
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5380:
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4637:
4627:
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4501:
4431:
4401:
4205:
4200:
4015:
3799:
3579:
3423:
3413:
3240:
3033:
850:
469:
355:
227:
2772:
Marlowe, Elizabeth (June 2006). "Framing the Sun: The Arch of Constantine and the Roman Cityscape".
6417:
6400:
6326:
6203:
6194:
6176:
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5470:
5465:
5415:
5270:
5027:
4997:
4748:
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4310:
4285:
4190:
4095:
4050:
3794:
3764:
3471:
3438:
3165:
1329:
1323:
634:
1535:, one of three triumphal arches on that road, and was destroyed ca. 1491 during reconstruction of
589:
from the times of other earlier emperors may be considered a deliberate tribute to Roman history.
6452:
6275:
6216:
5953:
5908:
5782:
5533:
5158:
5145:
5122:
5117:
5092:
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4912:
4837:
4752:
4672:
4567:
4451:
4426:
4381:
4300:
4215:
4180:
4010:
3487:
3188:
2899:
1734:
1536:
777:
638:
552:
scene (below) centred on the emperor who looks directly out to the viewer. Kitzinger continues:
5152:
5133:
960:. On the south side, the left pair show the departure for the hunt (see below) and sacrifice to
380:
The arch was damaged after sustaining a direct hit from a lightning strike on 3 September 2024.
6465:
6228:
6185:
5998:
5938:
5923:
5883:
5868:
5561:
5328:
5168:
5032:
4902:
4882:
4842:
4416:
4265:
4230:
4195:
4185:
4130:
4090:
4025:
3907:
3892:
3862:
3770:
1049:
1004:
964:, while those on the right (illustrated on the right) show the hunt of a bear and sacrifice to
1668:
1023:
234:(which stands at the end of the triumph route) and repeated in several other arches now lost.
6335:
5913:
5898:
5848:
5747:
5607:
5528:
5490:
4972:
4897:
4812:
4516:
4481:
4371:
4250:
4235:
4155:
4150:
4075:
3882:
3816:
3775:
3616:
3584:
3528:
2005:
1974:
1718:
1702:
1616:
1357:
687:
189:
5127:
1641:
6504:
6487:
6318:
6141:
5822:
5484:
5373:
5173:
4887:
4792:
4782:
4607:
4506:
4441:
4280:
4225:
4055:
4000:
3970:
3691:
3463:
3183:
3038:
2661:"Notes on Roman historical sculptures: II The Relief-Medallions of the Arch of Constantine"
2525:
1218:
992:
961:
879:
844:
707:
374:
362:
297:
1221:, relate the story of a vision of God to Constantine during the campaign, and that he was
8:
6575:
6539:
6482:
6404:
6096:
6067:
5727:
5190:
4728:
4105:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3887:
3686:
3676:
3652:
3589:
3566:
3370:
3343:
3147:
3070:
3023:
1222:
313:
214:
2451:
2300:
6408:
6114:
6003:
5943:
5853:
5628:
5522:
5338:
5300:
5290:
4927:
4772:
4767:
4612:
4320:
4210:
3897:
3839:
3811:
3746:
3681:
3448:
3365:
3102:
3060:
2797:
2789:
2720:
2680:
2549:
2355:
2287:
2279:
2198:
2169:
1345:
981:
2644:
Mitteilungen des Kaiserlich Deutschen Archaeologischen Instituts, Roemische Abtheilung
532:, but is also one of the most controversial with regards to its origins and meanings.
6387:
5858:
5623:
5450:
5420:
5333:
4937:
4787:
4708:
4547:
4496:
4386:
4305:
4125:
3927:
3867:
3741:
3730:
3696:
3623:
3533:
3513:
3418:
3230:
3220:
3132:
3117:
2801:
2684:
2617:
2556:
2529:
2504:
2476:
2429:
2408:
2365:
2326:
2291:
2217:
2202:
2160:
Deane, Sidney N, ed. (January–March 1921). "Archaeological News July December 1920".
2139:
2118:
2087:
2052:
1595:
1585:
1417:
765:
582:
show, is the rise of Christianity to official support, as the changes predated that.
575:
425:
6396:
6301:
6063:
5958:
5903:
5722:
5717:
5602:
5566:
5508:
5455:
5435:
5111:
5007:
4872:
4827:
4817:
4582:
4511:
4471:
4396:
4344:
4335:
4325:
4260:
3985:
3833:
3805:
3548:
3453:
3360:
3276:
3178:
3127:
3077:
3043:
3013:
2785:
2781:
2712:
2672:
2271:
2190:
1423:
1373:
948:
The pairs of round reliefs above each lateral archway date to the times of Emperor
826:
744:
173:
89:
6478:
6253:
6241:
6220:
5968:
5963:
5918:
5697:
5669:
5545:
5540:
5512:
5480:
5459:
5320:
5305:
5246:
5208:
5067:
4718:
4657:
4521:
4486:
4466:
4421:
4411:
4120:
3933:
3716:
3518:
3458:
3380:
3290:
3283:
3173:
3152:
3122:
3082:
3048:
3028:
2998:
2973:
2752:
2732:
2611:
2578:
2498:
2470:
2423:
2402:
2359:
2320:
2316:
2211:
2133:
2112:
2081:
2046:
1503:
1341:
965:
781:
755:
from 169–175, which ended with Marcus Aurelius' triumphant return in 176. On the
712:
540:
525:
521:
347:
292:
246:
218:, the route taken by victorious military leaders when they entered the city in a
6237:
539:
of Hadrian lion-hunting, which is "still rooted firmly in the tradition of late
6563:
6439:
6249:
5878:
5685:
5680:
5638:
5597:
5518:
5429:
5213:
4967:
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4777:
4667:
4461:
4436:
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4245:
3958:
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3657:
3647:
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3573:
3523:
3482:
3225:
3137:
3008:
2993:
2988:
2978:
2968:
2915:
1540:
1351:
717:
607:
529:
509:
383:
331:
327:
181:
137:
6014:
2676:
2194:
1599:
1069:
6585:
6421:
5948:
5814:
5707:
5659:
5571:
5310:
5223:
5218:
5198:
5163:
5012:
4832:
4807:
4738:
4491:
4446:
4240:
4060:
3856:
3541:
3508:
3375:
3336:
3245:
3235:
3112:
3087:
3065:
3018:
2077:
1480:
1404:
1073:
973:
831:
739:
366:
351:
343:
305:
266:
219:
209:
152:
117:
104:
2756:
2736:
2613:
Monumenta Graeca et Romana. damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture
2425:
Who Built the Arch of Constantine?: Its History from Domitian to Constantine
1952:
1061:
496:
488:
6551:
5993:
5928:
5702:
5643:
5354:
5295:
5275:
5241:
5228:
5203:
4892:
4703:
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4406:
4275:
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3297:
3142:
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3097:
3092:
3055:
2983:
1579:
785:
722:
512:
in 324. The contrast between the styles of the re-used Imperial reliefs of
504:
Constantine's Arch is an important example, frequently cited in surveys of
309:
286:
258:
193:
1289:
1197:
REMPVBLICAM · VLTVS · EST · ARMIS · ARCVM · TRIVMPHIS · INSIGNEM · DICAVIT
1053:
257:
The arch, which was constructed between 312 and 315, was dedicated by the
6495:
6322:
5888:
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5712:
5690:
5396:
4733:
4572:
4361:
3723:
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3318:
3311:
3251:
1317:
1081:
1064:) with Constantine's army victorious and the enemy drowning in the river
855:
505:
492:
Relief panels, round reliefs and frieze over left (west) arch, from south
335:
231:
2793:
1077:
721:), the emperor leaving the city and saluted by a personification of the
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6469:
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5988:
5983:
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4852:
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3630:
3304:
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2346:
1922:
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1214:
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and was replaced by a white marble column. The columns stand on bases (
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748:
567:
282:
6077:
2724:
2283:
2173:
1980:
1910:
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5500:
5102:
4877:
4847:
3662:
3397:
3003:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1403:
Arch of Constantine, viewed from the Colosseum looking south west to
1383:
1367:
1238:
1045:
988:
976:
in the sacrifice scenes; on the south side, vice versa. The reliefs,
733:
558:
448:
401:
322:
270:
205:
197:
6352:
6266:
2923:
2701:"Genesis and Mimesis: The Design of the Arch of Constantine in Rome"
2135:
Adriano e Costantino: le due fasi dell'arco nella valle del Colosseo
1228:. The official documents (esp. coins) still prominently display the
843:
or socles), decorated on three sides. The reliefs on the front show
623:
6292:
5757:
5664:
5285:
4577:
3602:
3477:
2716:
2275:
1871:
1531:
1479:
Deane comments that Gradara published an excerpt from the diary of
1454:
1234:
969:
957:
912:
Round reliefs above right lateral archway, from south, over friezes
760:
727:
405:
5812:
1883:
1854:
226:
The three-bay design with detached columns was first used for the
6425:
4562:
1299:
1237:", it serves as justification of Constantine's civil war against
1229:
949:
840:
818:
703:
536:
517:
397:
242:
2700:
561:, drapery folds are summarily indicated by deeply drilled lines.
524:
and those newly made for the arch is dramatic and, according to
6305:
5737:
4587:
2882:
1769:
1377:
1186:
1031:
953:
822:
773:
544:
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269:
reign (306–337) and his victory over the then reigning emperor
238:
48:
6570:
5365:
417:
fragile boundaries, where they frequently founded new cities.
6339:
5732:
5675:
4982:
2404:
The emperor and Rome : space, representation, and ritual
2011:
1065:
1041:
2816:
Liberator Urbis Suae: Constantine and the Ghost of Maxentius
1830:
1801:"A lightning strike damages Rome's ancient Constantine Arch"
1068:. On the eastern side, Constantine and his army enter Rome (
803:
Detail of relief panel, south side, right panel of left arch
6172:
5826:
2585:
2475:(Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2305:
Bullettino della Commissione Archeologica Communale di Roma
500:
Round reliefs and frieze over right (east) arch, from south
185:
2870:
Guided tour of the Arch of Constantine on Roma Interactive
1205:
of Rome have dedicated this arch, decorated with triumphs.
404:, and one scholar believed it was as early as the time of
285:: a series of games that happened every decade during the
249:(161–180), with the portrait heads replaced with his own.
991:
of the main archway are decorated with reliefs depicting
702:
On the top of each column, large sculptures representing
2238:
Follo, Valentina; Harris, Beth; Zucker, Steven (2015).
2023:
1842:
1290:
Works modeled on or inspired by the Arch of Constantine
16:
Ancient Roman triumphal arch, a landmark of Rome, Italy
2705:
The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians
2301:"Restauri settecenteschi fatti all'Arco di Costantino"
2083:
L'arte dell'antichità classica. Volume 2: Etruria-Roma
1747:
1745:
1743:
784:, or the barracks of the emperor's horse guard on the
737:), and the emperor sacrificing a pig, sheep and bull (
6612:
Buildings and structures completed in the 4th century
6523:
1997:
1995:
1420: – Ancient Roman arch, a landmark of Rome, Italy
2048:
Rome alive : a source-guide to the ancient city
1818:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1633:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1539:. The remains, including the plinths are now in the
1263:
Over each of the small archways, inscriptions read:
369:
of 2000. The arch served as the finish line for the
2856:, a detailed article "for scholars and enthusiasts"
1781:
1740:
874:
Detail of north plinth on second column from east (
725:, the emperor distributing money among the people (
2584:(Monographs on archaeology and the fine arts, 14.
2548:
2496:
2361:Arco di Costantino: tra archeologia e archeometria
1757:
1584:. Aarhus: Aarhus Universitetsforlag. p. 277.
2472:The Cambridge companion to the Age of Constantine
2401:Ewald, Björn C.; Noreña, Carlos F., eds. (2010).
2072:
2017:
1466:Constantine chose to date his accessionbrate his
1426: – Roman aqueduct, a landmark of Rome, Italy
6583:
2500:Der spätantike Bildschmuck des Konstantinsbogens
2497:L'Orange, Hans Peter; Gerkan, Armin von (1939).
2353:
1836:
1565:A History of Western Architecture: Fifth Edition
1048:). It continues on the southern, face, with the
924:Plinths of columns on north side, looking west (
6044:
2428:. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
2364:(in Italian). Rome: "L'Erma" di Bretschneider.
2213:The Arch of Constantine: Inspired by the Divine
1948:. London: Laurence King Publishing. p. 88.
1567:. London: Laurence King Publishing. p. 87.
859:), and may be considered as a "standard" item.
2551:A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome
1167:
835:), one of which has been transferred into the
6030:
5798:
5381:
2939:
2874:High-resolution 360° Panoramas and Images of
2555:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
6597:Cultural depictions of Constantine the Great
1688:. New York: The Overlook Press. p. 151.
1686:Constantine: Roman Emperor, Christian Victor
320:) at its origin, where it diverged from the
5038:Museo Storico Nazionale dell'Arte Sanitaria
2821:
2421:
2400:
2261:
2237:
2117:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
2086:(in Italian) (2nd ed.). Torino: Utet.
2029:
1848:
763:has been eradicated following the latter's
652:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
296:The Arch of Constantine, Rome - painted by
56:
6037:
6023:
5805:
5791:
5769:
5388:
5374:
5189:
4923:Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
2946:
2932:
2546:
1683:
759:panel, the figure of Marcus Aurelius' son
196:to commemorate Constantine's victory over
5446:Temple of Jupiter Stator (8th century BC)
2590:. NY: Archaeological Institute of America
2524:
2407:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2325:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press.
2315:
1986:
1958:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1877:
1865:
672:Learn how and when to remove this message
387:Dates of incorporated decorative material
5088:Santa Cecilia Musical Instruments Museum
4006:Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls
2631:
2449:
2131:
1824:
1730:
1030:
1022:
495:
487:
382:
291:
2813:
2771:
2751:
2731:
2298:
2247:Art of the Ancient Mediterranean: Roman
2216:. Stroud: Amberley Publishing Limited.
1787:
1751:
1018:
277:on 28 October 312, as described on its
6592:Ancient Roman triumphal arches in Rome
6584:
5023:Museo nazionale del Palazzo di Venezia
4011:Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican
2860:Inscriptions illustrated and discussed
2637:
2609:
2576:
2468:
2209:
2180:
2107:
2044:
2001:
1970:
1943:
1763:
1714:
1698:
1664:
1637:
1612:
1562:
79:Click on the map for a fullscreen view
6642:Roman sculpture portraits of emperors
6509:Queensland Sport and Athletics Centre
6018:
5786:
5369:
4291:Sacro Cuore di Gesù a Castro Pretorio
2953:
2927:
2848:1960 Summer Olympics official report.
2842:1960 Summer Olympics official report.
2698:
2658:
2159:
2051:. Wauconda, Ill.: Bolchazy-Carducci.
1939:
1937:
1775:
1581:Patrons and viewers in late antiquity
1577:
898:see detail of left plinth in side bar
5774:List of monuments of the Roman Forum
4698:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier of Italy
4046:S. Antonio da Padova in Via Merulana
2665:Papers of the British School at Rome
2640:"Die Medaillons am Konstantinsbogen"
2422:Frothingham, Arthur Lincoln (2012).
2183:Papers of the British School at Rome
1679:
1677:
1338:, east façade (1936) – New York City
837:Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano
650:adding citations to reliable sources
617:
4714:Column of the Immaculate Conception
4643:in Piazza Santa Maria in Trastevere
1223:victorious in the sign of the cross
483:
192:. The arch was commissioned by the
13:
6627:Venues of the 1960 Summer Olympics
5043:Museum of Contemporary Art of Rome
3996:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
2386:
1934:
1470:in the year July 315 to July 316
1336:American Museum of Natural History
14:
6653:
4993:Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
4958:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Moderna
3434:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
2835:
2699:Jones, Mark Wilson (March 2000).
2450:Lanciani, Rodolfo Amedeo (1892).
1946:A History Of Western Architecture
1674:
1435:List of ancient monuments in Rome
602:builders themselves did not
6569:
6557:
6545:
6533:
6164:Riverside Drive at Griffith Park
6076:
5813:
5768:
5411:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
5058:Museum of the Liberation of Rome
5003:Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
4953:Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica
4943:Galleria Comunale d'Arte Moderna
3404:Temple of Antoninus and Faustina
2881:
2580:Panel Reliefs of Marcus Aurelius
2534:. London: Adam and Charles Black
2132:Conforto, Maria Letizia (2001).
1392:
1253:(liberator of the city) —
1152:
1140:
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1003:
980:2 m in diameter, were framed in
940:Plinths, north side looking east
933:
917:
905:
889:
867:
829:made of Numidian yellow marble (
796:
686:
622:
468:
456:
436:
204:in AD 312. Situated between the
55:
47:
41:
25:
6449:Estádio Olímpico João Havelange
5395:
5063:National Museum of Oriental Art
4963:Giorgio de Chirico House Museum
4392:Palazzo Barberini ai Giubbonari
4377:Domus Internationalis Paulus VI
2876:Arch of Constantine | Art Atlas
2264:American Journal of Archaeology
2162:American Journal of Archaeology
1793:
1512:
1496:
1487:
1473:
1176:
956:, hunt of a lion, sacrifice to
811:
312:, spanned the ancient route of
6263:Estadio Olímpico Universitario
5083:Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
3878:Columbarium of Pomponius Hylas
2850:Volume 2, Part 1. p. 118.
2786:10.1080/00043079.2006.10786288
1571:
1556:
1460:
1447:
1430:List of Roman triumphal arches
1185:would originally have been of
592:
580:Portrait of the Four Tetrarchs
463:North side, from the Colosseum
391:
1:
6492:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
6315:Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum
5476:Temple of Vespasian and Titus
2547:Richardson, Lawrence (1992).
2138:(in Italian). Milan: Electa.
2038:
2018:Bandinelli & Torelli 1992
6617:4th-century Roman sculptures
5864:Cesano Infantry School Range
5839:Acqua Santa Golf Club Course
5048:Museum of Roman Civilization
4978:Keats–Shelley Memorial House
4457:Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne
4001:Basilica of Saint Mary Major
2074:Bandinelli, Ranuccio Bianchi
1837:Pensabene & Panella 2001
1550:
1453:By the "Senate and people" (
1312:Arc de Triomphe du Bucharest
1306:Arc de Triomphe du Carrousel
1181:The main inscription on the
1058:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
411:
275:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
202:Battle of the Milvian Bridge
7:
6424:Walking course, Streets of
6046:Olympic venues in athletics
5904:Naples Saint Paul's Stadium
5894:Lazio Pigeon Shooting Stand
5426:Temple of Castor and Pollux
5140:Ludovisi Battle sarcophagus
5018:Museo di Roma in Trastevere
4988:Museo Archeologico Ostiense
4724:Hospital of the Holy Spirit
4296:S. Sebastiano fuori le mura
3903:Tomb of Eurysaces the Baker
3873:Catacombs of San Sebastiano
2865:Google Maps satellite image
2814:Marlowe, Elizabeth (2010).
2808:Full text available on line
2577:Ryberg, Inez Scott (1967).
2531:The remains of ancient Rome
2469:Lenski, Noel, ed. (2012) .
2456:. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin
1411:
1168:Inner sides of the archways
896:Detail of western plinths (
572:Crisis of the Third Century
350:, passing through both the
10:
6658:
5281:Castello Orsini-Odescalchi
4367:Casa dei Cavalieri di Rodi
4141:S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini
4136:S. Giovanni a Porta Latina
3409:Temple of Apollo Palatinus
2638:Bieber, Margarete (1911).
1182:
878:), viewed from east, with
825:. The four columns are of
304:The location, between the
278:
261:to commemorate ten years (
252:
69:Shown within Augustan Rome
6372:
6349:Estadi Olímpic de Monjuïc
6285:Montreal Botanical Garden
6124:Stockholm Olympic Stadium
6085:
6074:
6052:
5974:Stadio Olimpico del Nuoto
5884:L'Aquila Communal Stadium
5874:Grosseto Communal Stadium
5869:Florence Communal Stadium
5834:
5766:
5652:
5616:
5590:
5577:Arch of Septimius Severus
5554:
5499:
5403:
5347:
5319:
5259:
5237:
5182:
5101:
5073:Palazzo delle Esposizioni
4911:
4861:
4747:
4686:
4540:
4502:Palazzo Vidoni-Caffarelli
4402:Palazzo della Cancelleria
4354:
4334:
3984:
3943:
3848:
3825:
3800:Column of Marcus Aurelius
3787:
3705:
3640:
3580:Basilica of Junius Bassus
3558:
3496:
3424:Temple of Hercules Victor
3414:Temple of Apollo Sosianus
3389:
3353:
3328:
3261:
3241:Arch of Septimius Severus
3208:
3197:
3163:
2961:
2677:10.1017/S0068246200005006
2659:Jones, H. Stuart (1906).
2347:Review: Art Bulletin 1979
2195:10.1017/S0068246200003901
2045:Aicher, Peter J. (2004).
1684:Stephenson, Paul (2010).
1332:(1908) – Washington, D.C.
884:(left), prisoners (right)
851:Arch of Septimius Severus
228:Arch of Septimius Severus
188:dedicated to the emperor
158:
148:
143:
133:
96:
84:
77:
36:
24:
6632:Olympic athletics venues
6622:4th-century inscriptions
6418:Beijing National Stadium
6204:Melbourne Cricket Ground
5979:Umberto I Shooting Range
5934:Pescara Adriatic Stadium
5471:Temple of Venus and Roma
5466:Shrine of Venus Cloacina
5416:Temple of Divus Augustus
5271:Appian Way Regional Park
5078:Pigorini National Museum
4998:Museo Civico di Zoologia
4633:della Piazza dei Quiriti
4345:List of churches in Rome
4286:Sacro Cuore di Cristo Re
4111:S. Croce in Via Flaminia
4086:S. Cecilia in Trastevere
4071:Ss. Bonifacio ed Alessio
4051:S. Apollinare alle Terme
4031:S. Anastasia al Palatino
4016:S. Lorenzo fuori le mura
3795:Column of Antoninus Pius
3472:Largo di Torre Argentina
3444:Temple of Minerva Medica
3439:Temple of Jupiter Tonans
2822:Ewald & Noreña (2010
2610:Varner, Eric R. (2004).
2453:Pagan and Christian Rome
2391:
2114:Constantine and Eusebius
1440:
1330:Washington Union Station
1324:Arcade du Cinquantenaire
1269:VOTIS X — VOTIS XX
613:
6422:Olympic Green Promenade
5899:Livorno Ardenza Stadium
5534:Colossus of Constantine
5159:Portonaccio sarcophagus
5146:Ecstasy of Saint Teresa
5123:Colossus of Constantine
5118:Augustus of Prima Porta
5093:Venanzo Crocetti Museum
5053:Museum of the Ara Pacis
5028:Museo Nazionale Etrusco
4948:Galleria Doria Pamphilj
4838:Via della Conciliazione
4798:Piazza della Repubblica
4427:Palazzo Fusconi-Pighini
4382:Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga
4221:S. Maria della Vittoria
4116:S. Croce in Gerusalemme
4066:S. Bartolomeo all'Isola
4021:S. Agnese fuori le mura
3488:Porta Maggiore Basilica
3189:Obelisk of Montecitorio
2900:Obelisk of Montecitorio
2854:The Arch of Constantine
1537:Santa Maria in Via Lata
1159:North west: Liberalitas
1010:Spandrel over main arch
6466:Japan National Stadium
6229:Via Cristoforo Colombo
5999:Via Cristoforo Colombo
5924:Palazzetto dello sport
5329:Festa della Repubblica
5169:Sistine Chapel ceiling
5033:Museo Nazionale Romano
4903:Parco degli Acquedotti
4883:Villa Borghese gardens
4843:Via dei Fori Imperiali
4417:Palazzo della Consulta
4301:S. Silvestro in Capite
4206:S. Maria in Trastevere
4201:S. Maria sopra Minerva
4176:S. Maria in Montesanto
4036:S. Andrea delle Fratte
3908:Tomb of Hilarus Fuscus
3893:Mausoleum of Maxentius
3863:Catacombs of Domitilla
3771:Villa of the Quintilii
2503:. Berlin: de Gruyter.
1961:, pp. 5–6, 9, 19.
1944:Watkin, David (2011).
1563:Watkin, David (2011).
1036:
1028:
563:
501:
493:
422:conservator urbis suae
388:
301:
177:
6336:Seoul Olympic Stadium
6097:Croix-Catelan Stadium
5914:Palazzo dei Congressi
5849:Basilica of Maxentius
5748:Umbilicus urbis Romae
5608:Five-Columns Monument
5529:Basilica of Maxentius
5491:Portico Dii Consentes
5321:Events and traditions
5128:La Bocca della Verità
4973:Jewish Museum of Rome
4467:Palazzo del Quirinale
4311:S. Sofia a Via Boccea
4171:S. Maria degli Angeli
4161:S. Maria Ausiliatrice
4041:S. Andrea della Valle
3883:Mausoleum of Augustus
3817:Five-Columns Monument
3765:Insula dell'Ara Coeli
3617:Portico Dii Consentes
3585:Basilica of Maxentius
2890:at Wikimedia Commons
2844:Volume 1. p. 80.
2632:Articles and chapters
2526:Middleton, John Henry
2354:Pensabene, Patrizio;
2240:"Arch of Constantine"
2210:Ferris, Iain (2013).
1358:Church of Saint-Denis
1354:– Derbyshire, England
1226:at the Milvian Bridge
1211:instinctu divinitatis
1034:
1026:
554:
535:Kitzinger compares a
499:
491:
386:
295:
212:, the arch spans the
190:Constantine the Great
118:41.88972°N 12.49083°E
6319:Santa Monica College
6142:Stade Yves-du-Manoir
5823:1960 Summer Olympics
5485:House of the Vestals
5174:Velletri Sarcophagus
5134:Laocoön and His Sons
4888:Villa Doria Pamphili
4793:Piazza della Minerva
4618:di Piazza d'Aracoeli
4507:Palazzo del Viminale
4452:Palazzo di Giustizia
4281:Sacro Cuore di Maria
4266:Ss. Quattro Coronati
4251:S. Pietro in Vincoli
4236:S. Nicola in Carcere
4231:Ss. Nereo e Achilleo
4216:S. Maria in Via Lata
4191:S. Maria in Aracoeli
4181:S. Maria in Cosmedin
4156:S. Lorenzo in Lucina
4151:S. Lorenzo in Damaso
4146:Ss. Giovanni e Paolo
4091:Ss. Celso e Giuliano
4076:S. Camillo de Lellis
3692:Theatre of Marcellus
3464:House of the Vestals
2909:Arch of Constantine
2646:(in German): 214–237
1276:SIC X — SIC XX
1219:Eusebius of Caesarea
1123:South east: Proelium
1035:Liberalitas (detail)
1019:Constantinian frieze
745:Marcus Aurelius' war
646:improve this section
375:1960 Summer Olympics
363:Herman van Swanevelt
338:and march along the
298:Herman van Swanevelt
6405:Panathenaic Stadium
6382:: Marathon course,
6361:: Marathon course,
6351:, Marathon course,
6213:Arch of Constantine
6068:Panathenaic Stadium
5919:Palazzo dello Sport
5844:Arch of Constantine
5728:Puteal Scribonianum
5582:Arch of Constantine
4694:Altare della Patria
4355:Castles and palaces
4226:S. Martino ai Monti
4196:S. Maria del Popolo
4186:S. Maria in Domnica
4131:S. Francesca Romana
4101:Ss. Cosma e Damiano
3923:Tombs of Via Latina
3918:Tomb of the Scipios
3913:Tomb of the Haterii
3888:Mausoleum of Helena
3687:Stadium of Domitian
3677:Gardens of Maecenas
3653:Circus of Maxentius
3590:Basilica of Neptune
3567:Basilica Argentaria
3371:Baths of Diocletian
3344:Cloaca Circi Maximi
3216:Arch of Constantine
3184:Obelisk of Minerveo
2888:Arch of Constantine
2356:Panella, Clementina
2299:Gradara, C (1918).
1111:South west: Obsidio
926:see detail to right
853:(and the destroyed
170:Arch of Constantine
114: /
63:Arch of Constantine
31:Arch of Constantine
21:
20:Arch of Constantine
6637:Terminating vistas
6607:315 establishments
6513:Alexandra Headland
6409:Stadium at Olympia
6115:White City Stadium
6004:Via di Grottarossa
5949:Pratoni del Vivaro
5944:Piscina delle Rose
5854:Baths of Caracalla
5629:Clivus Capitolinus
5523:Basilica Sempronia
5339:Rome Film Festival
5301:Villa Aldobrandini
4928:Capitoline Museums
4773:Clivus Capitolinus
4432:Palazzo Giustinani
4372:Castel Sant'Angelo
4316:S. Stefano Rotondo
3898:Pyramid of Cestius
3747:Palace of Domitian
3682:Gardens of Sallust
3529:Forum of Vespasian
3449:Temple of Portunus
3366:Baths of Caracalla
2109:Barnes, Timothy D.
1314:(1922) – Bucharest
1259:(founder of peace)
1147:North east: Oratio
1037:
1029:
821:over a horizontal
502:
494:
389:
330:, led through the
302:
178:Arco di Costantino
123:41.88972; 12.49083
19:
6602:Rome R. XIX Celio
6521:
6520:
6373:21st century
6133:Olympisch Stadion
6086:20th century
6053:19th century
6012:
6011:
5909:Olympic Velodrome
5859:Campo Tre Fontane
5780:
5779:
5624:Milliarium Aureum
5451:Temple of Romulus
5421:Temple of Concord
5363:
5362:
5334:Rome Quadriennale
5261:Metropolitan City
5255:
5254:
4938:Galleria Borghese
4813:Piazza San Pietro
4788:Piazza del Popolo
4783:Piazza d'Aracoeli
4756:and public spaces
4638:di Piazza Nicosia
4628:di Piazza Farnese
4623:di Piazza Colonna
4497:Palazzo Valentini
4387:Palazzo Barberini
4081:S. Carlo al Corso
3980:
3979:
3971:Ponte Sant'Angelo
3928:Tomb of Priscilla
3868:Catacombs of Rome
3742:House of Augustus
3731:Domus Transitoria
3697:Theatre of Pompey
3624:Porticus Octaviae
3514:Forum of Augustus
3419:Temple of Hadrian
3231:Arch of Gallienus
3221:Arch of Dolabella
3179:Flaminian Obelisk
2955:Landmarks of Rome
2922:
2921:
2912:Succeeded by
2906:Landmarks of Rome
2886:Media related to
2761:Bonner Jahrbücher
2741:Bonner Jahrbücher
2616:. Leiden: Brill.
2124:978-0-674-16531-1
1931:, pp. 10–18.
1591:978-87-7124-417-5
1522:, was erected by
1418:Arch of Dolabella
1326:(1905) – Brussels
1256:FUNDATORI QVIETIS
766:damnatio memoriae
682:
681:
674:
576:Josef Strzygowski
443:South side, from
426:damnatio memoriae
371:marathon athletic
356:Septimius Severus
273:(306–312) at the
166:
165:
6649:
6574:
6573:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6538:
6537:
6536:
6529:
6365:, Walking course
6355:, Walking course
6246:National Stadium
6242:Karasuyama-machi
6225:Via Appia Antica
6217:Raccordo Anulare
6080:
6039:
6032:
6025:
6016:
6015:
5984:Via Appia Antica
5959:Stadio dei Marmi
5954:Raccordo Anulare
5817:
5807:
5800:
5793:
5784:
5783:
5772:
5771:
5723:Plutei of Trajan
5718:Mamertine Prison
5603:Column of Phocas
5567:Arch of Tiberius
5562:Arch of Augustus
5509:Basilica Aemilia
5456:Temple of Saturn
5436:Temple of Caesar
5390:
5383:
5376:
5367:
5366:
5187:
5186:
5112:Apollo Belvedere
5008:Museo delle Mura
4828:Via dei Coronari
4818:Piazza di Spagna
4512:Palazzo Wedekind
4472:Palazzo Pamphilj
4397:Palazzo Borghese
4306:S. Sisto Vecchio
3834:Porticus Aemilia
3806:Column of Phocas
3788:Column monuments
3549:Forum Holitorium
3454:Temple of Saturn
3361:Baths of Agrippa
3277:Aqua Alexandrina
3209:Triumphal arches
3206:
3205:
3078:Castra Praetoria
2948:
2941:
2934:
2925:
2924:
2896:Preceded by
2893:
2892:
2885:
2826:pp. 199–219
2819:
2805:
2774:The Art Bulletin
2768:
2753:Koeppel, Gerhard
2748:
2733:Koeppel, Gerhard
2728:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2627:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2589:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2554:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2521:
2519:
2517:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2418:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2317:Kitzinger, Ernst
2312:
2295:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2230:
2206:
2177:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2128:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2033:
2030:Follo et al 2015
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
1999:
1990:
1989:, pp. 8–15.
1984:
1978:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1941:
1932:
1926:
1920:
1919:, pp. 9–12.
1914:
1908:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1852:
1849:Frothingham 1912
1846:
1840:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1805:Associated Press
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1749:
1738:
1728:
1722:
1712:
1706:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1681:
1672:
1662:
1645:
1635:
1620:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1575:
1569:
1568:
1560:
1544:
1516:
1510:
1500:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1424:Aqua Alexandrina
1396:
1374:Pitzhanger Manor
1360:, façade – Paris
1296:Brandenburg Gate
1278:
1277:
1271:
1270:
1258:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1250:LIBERATORI VRBIS
1199:
1198:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1096:
1027:Obsidio (detail)
1007:
937:
921:
909:
893:
871:
827:Corinthian order
800:
690:
677:
670:
666:
663:
657:
626:
618:
484:Sculptural style
472:
460:
440:
129:
128:
126:
125:
124:
119:
115:
112:
111:
110:
107:
90:Regio X Palatium
59:
58:
51:
45:
29:
22:
18:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6646:
6582:
6581:
6580:
6568:
6558:
6556:
6546:
6544:
6534:
6532:
6524:
6522:
6517:
6479:Stade de France
6440:Olympic Stadium
6436:Marathon Course
6428:Marathon course
6401:Olympic Stadium
6397:Marathon (city)
6388:Olympic Stadium
6368:
6363:Olympic Stadium
6289:Olympic Stadium
6221:Stadio Olimpico
6195:Olympic Stadium
6177:Olympic Stadium
6173:Avus Motor Road
6160:Olympic Stadium
6151:Olympic Stadium
6081:
6072:
6064:Marathon (city)
6048:
6043:
6013:
6008:
5969:Stadio Olimpico
5964:Stadio Flaminio
5939:Piazza di Siena
5830:
5811:
5781:
5776:
5762:
5698:Gemonian stairs
5670:Ficus Ruminalis
5648:
5612:
5586:
5550:
5546:Basilica Porcia
5541:Basilica Opimia
5513:Basilica Fulvia
5495:
5481:Temple of Vesta
5460:Altar of Saturn
5441:Temple of Janus
5399:
5394:
5364:
5359:
5343:
5315:
5291:Hadrian's Villa
5263:of Rome Capital
5262:
5251:
5247:Monte Testaccio
5233:
5178:
5097:
5068:Palazzo Colonna
4914:
4907:
4865:
4857:
4768:Campo de' Fiori
4755:
4743:
4687:Other landmarks
4682:
4658:Quattro Fontane
4536:
4522:Villa Farnesina
4517:Palazzo Zuccari
4487:Palazzo Ruspoli
4422:Palazzo Farnese
4412:Palazzo Colonna
4350:
4330:
4211:S. Maria in Via
3987:
3976:
3939:
3934:Vigna Randanini
3844:
3840:Trajan's Market
3821:
3812:Trajan's Column
3783:
3717:Domus Augustana
3701:
3636:
3554:
3519:Forum of Caesar
3492:
3459:Temple of Vesta
3429:Temple of Janus
3385:
3381:Baths of Trajan
3349:
3324:
3291:Aqua Anio Novus
3284:Aqua Anio Vetus
3257:
3200:
3193:
3174:Lateran Obelisk
3159:
2962:Walls and gates
2957:
2952:
2913:
2908:
2897:
2838:
2689:
2687:
2649:
2647:
2634:
2624:
2593:
2591:
2583:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2537:
2535:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2459:
2457:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2415:
2394:
2389:
2387:Further reading
2376:
2374:
2372:
2358:, eds. (2001).
2337:
2335:
2333:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2228:
2226:
2224:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2125:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2000:
1993:
1985:
1981:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1915:
1911:
1907:, pp. 8–9.
1903:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1855:
1847:
1843:
1835:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1741:
1729:
1725:
1713:
1709:
1697:
1693:
1682:
1675:
1663:
1648:
1636:
1623:
1611:
1607:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1517:
1513:
1504:Aurelius Victor
1501:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1478:
1474:
1465:
1461:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1364:Arch of triumph
1342:Bond University
1320:(1828) – London
1292:
1275:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1255:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1195:
1194:
1179:
1170:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1148:
1145:
1136:
1135:East: Ingressus
1133:
1124:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1100:
1099:West: Profectio
1097:
1050:Siege of Verona
1021:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1008:
946:
945:
944:
941:
938:
929:
922:
913:
910:
901:
894:
885:
872:
814:
809:
808:
807:
804:
801:
782:Forum of Trajan
713:Marcus Aurelius
700:
699:
698:
696:
691:
678:
667:
661:
658:
643:
627:
616:
595:
541:Hellenistic art
526:Ernst Kitzinger
522:Marcus Aurelius
486:
481:
480:
479:
476:
473:
464:
461:
452:
445:Via triumphalis
441:
414:
394:
352:Arches of Titus
348:Capitoline Hill
318:Via triumphalis
255:
247:Marcus Aurelius
215:Via Triumphalis
122:
120:
116:
113:
108:
105:
103:
101:
100:
80:
73:
72:
71:
70:
67:
66:
65:
64:
60:
52:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6655:
6645:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6594:
6579:
6578:
6566:
6554:
6542:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6515:
6502:
6485:
6483:Champs-Élysées
6472:
6459:
6442:
6429:
6411:
6390:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6369:
6367:
6366:
6356:
6342:
6329:
6308:
6295:
6278:
6276:Olympiastadion
6269:
6256:
6250:Sasazuka-machi
6231:
6206:
6197:
6188:
6186:Empire Stadium
6179:
6166:
6153:
6144:
6135:
6126:
6117:
6108:
6099:
6089:
6087:
6083:
6082:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6070:
6056:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6042:
6041:
6034:
6027:
6019:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5879:Gulf of Naples
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5810:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5787:
5778:
5777:
5767:
5764:
5763:
5761:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5688:
5686:Curia Hostilia
5683:
5681:Curia Cornelia
5673:
5662:
5656:
5654:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5639:Vicus Jugarius
5636:
5631:
5626:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5613:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5598:Columna Maenia
5594:
5592:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5558:
5556:
5552:
5551:
5549:
5548:
5543:
5538:
5526:
5519:Basilica Julia
5516:
5505:
5503:
5497:
5496:
5494:
5493:
5488:
5478:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5433:
5430:Lacus Juturnae
5423:
5418:
5413:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5400:
5393:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5370:
5361:
5360:
5358:
5357:
5351:
5349:
5345:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5267:
5265:
5257:
5256:
5253:
5252:
5250:
5249:
5244:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5184:
5180:
5179:
5177:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5149:
5142:
5137:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5107:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4968:Galleria Spada
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4933:Casa di Goethe
4930:
4925:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4898:Villa Torlonia
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4869:
4867:
4863:Parks, gardens
4859:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4823:Piazza Venezia
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4803:Piazza Farnese
4800:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4778:Piazza Colonna
4775:
4770:
4765:
4759:
4757:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4690:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4668:Trevi Fountain
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4648:di Ponte Sisto
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Palazzo Riario
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4462:Palazzo Mattei
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4442:Palazzo Madama
4439:
4437:Lateran Palace
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4358:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4348:
4340:
4338:
4336:Other churches
4332:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3986:Roman Catholic
3982:
3981:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3967:
3962:
3959:Pons Fabricius
3955:
3947:
3945:
3941:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3842:
3837:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3820:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3781:
3773:
3768:
3761:
3759:Villa of Livia
3756:
3753:Villa Gordiani
3749:
3744:
3739:
3737:Flavian Palace
3734:
3727:
3720:
3712:
3710:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3660:
3658:Circus of Nero
3655:
3650:
3648:Circus Maximus
3644:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3634:
3627:
3620:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3596:Basilica Ulpia
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3574:Basilica Julia
3570:
3562:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3553:
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3537:
3536:
3534:Trajan's Forum
3531:
3526:
3524:Forum of Nerva
3521:
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3226:Arch of Drusus
3223:
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3083:Janiculum Wall
3080:
3075:
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3068:
3063:
3053:
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3046:
3041:
3039:San Sebastiano
3036:
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3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
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2981:
2976:
2969:Aurelian Walls
2965:
2963:
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2950:
2943:
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2928:
2920:
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2916:Arch of Drusus
2910:
2903:
2879:
2878:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2845:
2837:
2836:External links
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2811:
2780:(2): 223–242.
2769:
2749:
2729:
2717:10.2307/991562
2696:
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2466:
2447:
2434:
2419:
2413:
2398:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2371:978-8882650360
2370:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2332:978-0674089556
2331:
2313:
2307:(in Italian).
2296:
2276:10.2307/497194
2270:(3): 368–386.
2259:
2249:. Khan Academy
2235:
2223:978-1445635446
2222:
2207:
2178:
2157:
2145:978-8843578399
2144:
2129:
2123:
2105:
2093:978-8877501950
2092:
2078:Torelli, Mario
2070:
2058:978-0865164734
2057:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1991:
1987:Kitzinger 1977
1979:
1963:
1959:Kitzinger 1977
1951:
1933:
1929:Kitzinger 1977
1921:
1917:Kitzinger 1977
1909:
1905:Kitzinger 1977
1897:
1893:Kitzinger 1977
1882:
1878:Kitzinger 1977
1870:
1866:Kitzinger 1977
1853:
1841:
1829:
1817:
1792:
1780:
1768:
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1739:
1723:
1707:
1703:pp. 44–47
1691:
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1621:
1605:
1590:
1570:
1554:
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1549:
1546:
1545:
1543:, in Florence.
1541:Boboli Gardens
1511:
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1361:
1355:
1352:Kedleston Hall
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1327:
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1315:
1309:
1308:(1806) – Paris
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530:Late Antiquity
510:Constantinople
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453:
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435:
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431:
430:
413:
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393:
390:
373:event for the
346:and on to the
332:Circus Maximus
328:Campus Martius
314:Roman triumphs
300:, 17th century
254:
251:
245:(117–138) and
182:triumphal arch
164:
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155:
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138:Triumphal arch
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6338:, Streets of
6337:
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6328:
6325:, Streets of
6324:
6321:, Streets of
6320:
6316:
6312:
6309:
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6304:, Streets of
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6106:Francis Field
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5708:Lacus Curtius
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5660:Cloaca Maxima
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5572:Arch of Titus
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5164:Raphael Rooms
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5019:
5016:
5014:
5013:Museo di Roma
5011:
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4915:art galleries
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4833:Via del Corso
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
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4811:
4809:
4808:Piazza Navona
4806:
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4779:
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4760:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4739:Spanish Steps
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4729:Milizie Tower
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4709:Capocci Tower
4707:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4685:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
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4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4653:Quattro Fiumi
4651:
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4641:
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4508:
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4500:
4498:
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4493:
4492:Palazzo Spada
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
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4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Palazzo Malta
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4407:Palazzo Chigi
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
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4309:
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4299:
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4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4261:S. Pudenziana
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
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3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3858:
3857:Casal Rotondo
3854:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3824:
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3810:
3807:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3792:
3790:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3776:Villa of the
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3760:
3757:
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3661:
3659:
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3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3641:Entertainment
3639:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
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3600:
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3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3544:
3543:
3542:Forum Boarium
3539:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3509:Imperial fora
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3394:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3376:Baths of Nero
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3337:Cloaca Maxima
3334:
3333:
3331:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3253:
3249:
3247:
3246:Arch of Titus
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3236:Arch of Janus
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:Ancient Roman
3196:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3162:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Querquetulana
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3071:Santo Spirito
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3024:San Pancrazio
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2929:
2926:
2918:
2917:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2830:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2812:
2809:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2697:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2657:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2625:
2623:90-04-13577-4
2619:
2615:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2588:: B0006BQ1JW)
2587:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2564:
2562:9780801843006
2558:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2533:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2512:
2510:9783110022490
2506:
2502:
2501:
2495:
2484:
2482:9781107013407
2478:
2474:
2473:
2467:
2455:
2454:
2448:
2437:
2435:9781477633144
2431:
2427:
2426:
2420:
2416:
2414:9780521519533
2410:
2406:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2373:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2260:
2248:
2241:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:(1): 83–109.
2167:
2163:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2130:
2126:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2031:
2026:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1988:
1983:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1960:
1955:
1947:
1940:
1938:
1930:
1925:
1918:
1913:
1906:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1880:, p. 29.
1879:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1833:
1826:
1825:Conforto 2001
1821:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1778:, p. 91.
1777:
1772:
1765:
1760:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1731:Lanciani 1892
1727:
1720:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1695:
1687:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1634:
1632:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1574:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1508:De Caesaribus
1505:
1499:
1490:
1482:
1481:Pietro Bracci
1476:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1415:
1406:
1405:Palatine Hill
1401:
1395:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1370:, North Korea
1369:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1343:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1301:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1287:
1285:
1273:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1203:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1155:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:Forum Romanum
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1025:
1006:
1001:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
985:
983:
979:
975:
974:Constantius I
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
936:
931:
927:
920:
915:
908:
903:
899:
892:
887:
883:
882:
877:
870:
865:
864:
860:
858:
857:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
834:
833:
832:giallo antico
828:
824:
820:
799:
794:
793:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
770:
768:
767:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:
740:suovetaurilia
736:
735:
730:
729:
724:
720:
719:
714:
709:
705:
695:
689:
676:
673:
665:
655:
651:
647:
641:
640:
636:
631:This section
629:
625:
620:
619:
611:
609:
605:
599:
590:
588:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
562:
560:
553:
551:
546:
542:
538:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
498:
490:
471:
466:
459:
454:
450:
446:
439:
434:
433:
429:
427:
423:
418:
409:
407:
403:
399:
385:
381:
378:
376:
372:
368:
367:Great Jubilee
364:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
344:Forum Romanum
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
324:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Palatine Hill
299:
294:
290:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:Constantine's
264:
260:
250:
248:
244:
240:
235:
233:
229:
224:
221:
217:
216:
211:
210:Palatine Hill
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
161:
157:
154:
153:Constantine I
151:
147:
142:
139:
136:
132:
127:
99:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
76:
50:
44:
35:
28:
23:
6576:Architecture
6540:Ancient Rome
6384:North Sydney
6327:Santa Monica
6212:
5994:Via Flaminia
5929:Passo Corese
5843:
5703:Graecostasis
5668:
5644:Vicus Tuscus
5581:
5532:
5355:Vatican City
5306:Villa d'Este
5296:Ostia Antica
5276:Capo di Bove
5242:Tiber Island
5151:
5144:
5132:
5110:
4893:Villa Medici
4734:Sisto Bridge
4704:Campo Verano
4608:del Pantheon
4553:Acqua Felice
4532:Villa Madama
4527:Villa Giulia
4477:Palazzo Poli
4343:
4241:S. Pancrazio
4126:S. Eustachio
4106:S. Crisogono
4056:Ss. Apostoli
3969:
3965:Ponte Milvio
3957:
3952:Pons Cestius
3950:
3932:
3855:
3832:
3777:
3763:
3751:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3706:Palaces and
3669:Ludus Magnus
3667:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3572:
3565:
3547:
3540:
3470:
3396:
3354:Public baths
3342:
3335:
3317:
3310:
3303:
3298:Aqua Claudia
3296:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3250:
3215:
3103:Caelimontana
3098:Servian Wall
3088:Terreus Wall
3061:Cavalleggeri
3056:Leonine Wall
3034:San Giovanni
2914:
2905:
2898:
2880:
2815:
2777:
2773:
2764:
2760:
2744:
2740:
2711:(1): 50–77.
2708:
2704:
2688:. Retrieved
2668:
2664:
2648:. Retrieved
2643:
2612:
2592:. Retrieved
2579:
2566:. Retrieved
2550:
2536:. Retrieved
2530:
2514:. Retrieved
2499:
2486:. Retrieved
2471:
2458:. Retrieved
2452:
2439:. Retrieved
2424:
2403:
2375:. Retrieved
2360:
2336:. Retrieved
2321:
2308:
2304:
2267:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2246:
2227:. Retrieved
2212:
2186:
2182:
2165:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2134:
2113:
2097:. Retrieved
2082:
2062:. Retrieved
2047:
2025:
2013:
1982:
1966:
1954:
1945:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1895:, p. 8.
1873:
1868:, p. 7.
1844:
1832:
1820:
1809:. Retrieved
1807:. 2024-09-04
1804:
1795:
1788:Gradara 1918
1783:
1771:
1759:
1752:Marlowe 2010
1726:
1710:
1694:
1685:
1608:
1580:
1573:
1564:
1558:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1507:
1498:
1489:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1449:
1283:
1281:
1262:
1243:
1210:
1208:
1180:
1177:Inscriptions
1171:
1038:
986:
977:
947:
925:
897:
880:
875:
854:
845:
830:
815:
812:Main section
771:
764:
756:
747:against the
738:
732:
726:
723:Via Flaminia
716:
701:
668:
659:
644:Please help
632:
603:
600:
596:
586:
584:
564:
555:
549:
534:
503:
444:
421:
419:
415:
395:
379:
360:
339:
321:
317:
310:Caelian Hill
303:
287:Roman Empire
262:
256:
236:
225:
213:
194:Roman Senate
169:
167:
88:
6496:BMO Stadium
6323:Los Angeles
6302:Grand Arena
5889:Lake Albano
5753:Velian Hill
5713:Lapis Niger
5691:Curia Julia
5397:Roman Forum
5191:Seven Hills
4913:Museums and
4719:Conti Tower
4573:Il Facchino
4558:Acqua Paola
4256:S. Prassede
4096:S. Clemente
4026:S. Agostino
3778:sette bassi
3724:Domus Aurea
3610:Curia Julia
3504:Roman Forum
3319:Aqua Tepula
3312:Aqua Marcia
3252:Arcus Novus
3093:Romuli Wall
2671:: 229–251.
2189:: 149–184.
2002:Ferris 2013
1971:Ferris 2013
1764:Elsner 2000
1715:Ferris 2013
1699:Barnes 1981
1669:p. 184
1665:Aicher 2004
1638:Ferris 2013
1613:Ferris 2013
1529:314 on the
1520:Arcus novus
1348:, Australia
1318:Marble Arch
1082:Liberalitas
876:see gallery
856:Arcus novus
778:Dacian Wars
697:South attic
593:Iconography
506:art history
392:Controversy
336:Meta Sudans
232:Roman Forum
121: /
97:Coordinates
6586:Categories
6500:Grand Park
6470:Odori Park
6457:Sambódromo
6238:Fuchu City
5989:Via Cassia
5743:Tabularium
5209:Capitoline
4853:Via Veneto
4763:Appian Way
4663:Tartarughe
4121:S. Eugenio
4061:S. Balbina
3631:Tabularium
3305:Aqua Julia
3270:Aqua Appia
3128:Fontinalis
3044:Settimiana
2690:26 October
2650:26 October
2594:25 October
2568:28 October
2538:25 October
2516:26 October
2488:26 October
2460:25 October
2441:29 October
2377:21 October
2338:21 October
2311:: 161–164.
2253:21 October
2229:25 October
2151:21 October
2099:23 October
2064:19 October
2039:References
2006:p. 21
1975:p. 13
1811:2024-09-04
1776:Deane 1921
1735:p. 20
1719:p. 11
1617:p. 20
1600:1109724820
1524:Diocletian
1468:decennalia
1346:Gold Coast
1284:decennalia
1215:Lactantius
1209:The words
753:Sarmatians
749:Marcomanni
568:sarcophagi
283:decennalia
263:a decennia
241:(98–117),
109:12°29′27″E
106:41°53′23″N
5634:Via Sacra
5501:Basilicas
5214:Esquiline
5183:Landscape
4878:Villa Ada
4848:Via Sacra
4593:Navicella
4568:Barcaccia
4541:Fountains
4326:S. Vitale
4321:S. Teresa
4276:S. Sabina
3988:basilicas
3663:Colosseum
3398:Ara Pacis
3390:Religious
3262:Aqueducts
3201:landmarks
3153:Trigemina
3133:Gallienus
3123:Esquilina
3118:Dolabella
3049:Tiburtina
3029:San Paolo
2999:Nomentana
2974:Ardeatina
2802:191508817
2685:191433014
2292:193057848
2203:192088697
1642:p. 7
1551:Citations
1384:Siegestor
1380:, London.
1368:Pyongyang
1344:(1989) –
1302:, Prussia
1298:(1770) –
1239:Maxentius
1070:Ingressus
1046:Profectio
989:spandrels
734:adlocutio
662:July 2017
633:does not
559:stippling
475:West side
449:Colosseum
412:Symbolism
408:(81–96).
402:Maxentius
340:Via sacra
323:Via sacra
271:Maxentius
220:triumphal
206:Colosseum
198:Maxentius
6293:Montreal
6254:Shinjuku
5758:Vulcanal
5665:Comitium
5286:Frascati
5224:Quirinal
5219:Palatine
5199:Aventine
4873:Bioparco
4866:and zoos
4578:Marforio
4246:Pantheon
4166:S. Marco
3826:Commerce
3603:Comitium
3483:Pantheon
3478:Lupercal
3166:obelisks
3164:Ancient
3138:Viminale
3009:Pinciana
2994:Metronia
2989:Maggiore
2979:Asinaria
2794:25067243
2755:(1990).
2735:(1986).
2603:Contents
2528:(1892).
2319:(1977).
2111:(1981).
2080:(1992).
1532:Via lata
1455:S.P.Q.R.
1412:See also
1386:– Munich
1235:just war
1062:Proelium
982:porphyry
970:Licinius
962:Silvanus
958:Hercules
881:Victoria
846:Victoria
761:Commodus
757:largitio
751:and the
728:largitio
718:adventus
550:largesse
451:to right
406:Domitian
308:and the
208:and the
85:Location
6564:History
6526:Portals
6426:Beijing
5821:of the
5617:Streets
5591:Columns
5404:Temples
5348:Enclave
5229:Viminal
5204:Caelian
4753:streets
4749:Squares
4678:Tritone
4673:Tritons
4603:Nettuno
4598:Neptune
4563:Babuino
4271:S. Saba
3944:Bridges
3113:Collina
3066:Pertusa
3019:Portese
2767:: 1–64.
2747:: 1–90.
2243:(video)
1300:Potsdam
1230:Sun god
1054:Obsidio
993:victory
950:Hadrian
841:plinths
819:reliefs
786:Caelius
704:Dacians
654:removed
639:sources
537:roundel
518:Hadrian
398:Hadrian
342:to the
253:History
243:Hadrian
230:in the
200:at the
180:) is a
174:Italian
159:Founded
149:Builder
144:History
6453:Pontal
6353:Mataró
6306:Moscow
6267:Zócalo
5819:Venues
5738:Rostra
5555:Arches
4613:Pianto
4588:Nasone
3708:villae
3329:Sewers
3143:Naevia
3108:Capena
3014:Popolo
2984:Latina
2800:
2792:
2725:991562
2723:
2683:
2620:
2559:
2507:
2479:
2432:
2411:
2368:
2329:
2290:
2284:497194
2282:
2220:
2201:
2174:497891
2172:
2142:
2121:
2090:
2055:
1598:
1588:
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