315:, any external radiation from a gaseous tritium light device is solely due to bremsstrahlung, usually in the range of 8–14 keV. The bremsstrahlung dose rate can not be calculated from the properties of tritium alone, as the dose rate and effective energy is dependent on the form of containment. A bare, cylindrical vial GTLS constructed of 0.1 mm thick glass that is 10 mm long and 0.5 mm in diameter will yield a surface dose rate of 100 millirads per hour per curie. If the same vial were instead constructed of 1 mm thick glass and enclosed in a plastic covering that is 2–3 mm thick, the GTLS will yield a surface dose rate of 1 millirad per hour per curie. The dose rate measured from 10 mm away will be two orders of magnitude lower than the measured surface dose rate. Given that the half-value thickness of 10 keV photon radiation in water is about 1.4 mm, the attenuation provided by tissue overlaying blood-forming organs is considerable.
22:
99:
194:
288:
338:
202:
79:, illumination of wristwatches, and portable yet very reliable sources of low intensity light which won't degrade human night vision. Gun sights for night use and small lights (which need to be more reliable than battery powered lights, yet not interfere with night vision or be bright enough to easily give away one's location) used mostly by military personnel fall under the latter application.
175:
will cause the brightness of a tritium tube to drop by more than half in that period. The more tritium is initially placed in the tube, the brighter it is to begin with, and the longer its useful life. Tritium exit signs usually come in three brightness levels guaranteed for 10, 15, or 20-year useful
162:
Various preparations of the phosphor compound can be used to produce different colors of light. For example, doping zinc sulfide phosphor with different metals can change the emission wavelength. Some of the colors that have been manufactured in addition to the common phosphors are green, red, blue,
184:
have luminances of 200 to 300 cd/m. Sizes range from tiny tubes small enough to fit on the hand of a watch to ones the size of a pencil. Large tubes (5 mm diameter and up to 100 mm long) are usually only found in green, and can surprisingly be not as bright as the standard 22.5 mm ×
323:
of tritium – the time it takes for half of an ingested dose to be expelled from the body – is low, at only 12 days. Tritium excretion can be accelerated further by increasing water intake to 3–4 liters/day. Direct, short-term exposure to small amounts of tritium is mostly harmless. If a
274:
to glow, thus providing a long-lasting (several years) and non-battery-powered firearms sight that is visible in dim lighting conditions. The tritium glow is not noticeable in bright conditions such as during daylight, however; consequently some manufacturers have started to integrate
166:
The GTLSs used in watches give off a small amount of light: Not enough to be seen in daylight, but visible in the dark from a distance of several meters. The average such GTLS has a useful life of 10–20 years. The rate of β emissions decreases by half in each
410:
Parts, 30, 32, and 110. They are also subject to regulations for possession, use, and disposal in certain states. Luminous products containing more tritium than needed for a wristwatch are not widely available at retail outlets in the United States.
306:
Tritium presents no external beta radiation threat when encapsulated in non-hydrogen-permeable containers due to its low penetration depth, which is too short to penetrate intact human skin. However, GTLS devices do emit low levels of X-rays due to
318:
The primary danger from tritium arises if it is inhaled, ingested, injected, or absorbed into the body. This results in the absorption of the emitted radiation in a small region of the body, again due to the low penetration depth. The
303:, but encapsulated tritium lighting devices, typically taking the form of a luminous glass tube embedded in a thick block of clear plastic, prevent the user from being exposed to the tritium at all unless the device is broken apart.
414:
They are readily sold and used in the UK and US. They are regulated in
England and Wales by environmental health departments of local councils. In Australia products containing tritium are licence exempt if they contain less than
402:(though in quantities several thousand times larger than that in a keychain). In the US, devices such as self-luminous exit signs, gauges, wristwatches, etc. that contain small amounts of tritium are under the jurisdiction of the
179:
The light produced by GTLSs varies in color and size. Green usually appears as the brightest color with a brightness as high as 2 cd/m and red appears the least bright. For comparison, most consumer desktop
159:
briefly replaced radium as a radiation source. Tritium is the only radiation source used in radioluminescent light sources today due to its low radiological toxicity and commercial availability.
185:
3 mm sized tritium, this is due to the lower concentration and high cost of tritium; this smaller size is usually the brightest and is used mainly in keychains available commercially.
295:
Though these devices contain a radioactive substance, it is currently believed that self-powered lighting does not pose a significant health concern. A 2007 report by the UK government's
232:, and sights for weapons. In the case of solid tritium light sources, the tritium replaces some of the hydrogen atoms in the paint, which also contains a phosphor such as zinc sulfide.
90:
was found to be an ideal energy source for self-luminous compounds in 1953 and the idea was patented by Edward
Shapiro on 29 October 1953, in the US (2749251 – Source of Luminosity).
270:, contains a small amount of tritium for the same effect as an example of tritium use on a rifle sight. The electrons emitted by the radioactive decay of the tritium cause
727:
324:
tritium tube breaks, one should leave the area and allow the gas to diffuse into the air. Tritium exists naturally in the environment, but in very small quantities.
1078:
300:
909:
811:
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36:) 6-by-0.2-inch (152.4 mm × 5.1 mm) tritium vials are tritium gas-filled, thin glass vials with inner surfaces coated with a
757:
902:
348:
144:. Borosilicate is preferred for its strength and resistance to breakage. In the tube, the tritium gives off a steady stream of
703:
872:
516:
125:
The tritium in a gaseous tritium light source undergoes beta (β) decay, releasing electrons that cause the phosphor layer to
1648:
764:
299:
Advisory Group on
Ionizing Radiation declared the health risks of tritium exposure to be double that previously set by the
735:
1616:
1371:
224:. They are favored by the military for applications where a power source may not be available, such as for instrument
895:
381:
1670:
1411:
1653:
1056:
71:. The overall process of using a radioactive material to excite a phosphor and ultimately generate light is called
1914:
1811:
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75:. As tritium illumination requires no electrical energy, it has found wide use in applications such as emergency
623:
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with tritium vials to provide bright, high-contrast firearms sights in both bright and dim conditions.
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life expectancies. The difference between the signs is how much tritium the manufacturer installs.
140:-containing material is filled with tritium. The tube is then sealed at the desired length using a
1739:
1023:
1947:
1496:
1421:
783:"Decisions on the Adoption of Radiation Protection Standards for Gaseous Tritium Light Devices"
395:
181:
782:
1909:
585:
452:
406:, and are subject to possession, distribution, and import and export regulations found in 10
148:
due to β decay. These particles excite the phosphor, causing it to emit a low, steady glow.
355:
1621:
1124:
657:"Prospects for the Development of Tritium-Based Solid-State Radioluminescent Light Sources"
539:"Prospects for the Development of Tritium-Based Solid-State Radioluminescent Light Sources"
399:
320:
141:
883:
Luminor 2020 – Debunking
Panerai's fictional history of tritium-based lume (Perezcope.com)
67:
and, when they interact with a phosphor material, light is emitted through the process of
8:
1749:
1608:
1073:
1051:
114:
gas inside the tube. Such a tube is known as a "gaseous tritium light source" (GTLS), or
172:
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intended for diving, nighttime, or combat use. They are also used in glowing novelty
212:
These light sources are most often seen as "permanent" illumination for the hands of
72:
1952:
1724:
1658:
1588:
1539:
1271:
1090:
979:
974:
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586:"Preparation and Characteristics of Zinc Sulfide Phosphors Sensitive to Infra-Red*"
550:
504:
25:
508:
503:, Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, pp. a15_519.pub2,
1884:
1843:
1801:
1796:
1631:
1451:
1228:
957:
932:
758:"Gaseous tritium light sources (GTLSs) and gaseous tritium light devices (GTLDs)"
495:
Jüstel, Thomas; Möller, Stephanie; Winkler, Holger; Adam, Waldemar (2012-04-15),
439:
10 becquerels (0.027 Ci), except for in safety devices where the limit is 74
126:
68:
155:
was used to make self-luminous paint from the early 20th century to about 1970.
1772:
1663:
1554:
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1491:
1461:
1328:
947:
942:
655:
Zelenina, E. V.; Sychov, M. M.; Kostylev, A. I.; Ogurtsov, K. A. (2019-01-01).
537:
Zelenina, E. V.; Sychov, M. M.; Kostylev, A. I.; Ogurtsov, K. A. (2019-01-01).
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Products containing tritium are controlled by law because tritium is used in
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Tritium is not the only material that can be used for self-powered lighting.
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478:"Luminor 2020: Debunking Panerai's fictional history of tritium-based lume"
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Australian
Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Regulations 1999
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633:. Vol. 1, no. 1. Federal Emergency Management Agency (
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so that the flashlight can be easily located in the dark.
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sight as well as the LPS 4x6° TIP2 telescopic sight of a
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A self-luminous exit sign that contains tubes of tritium
494:
730:(Press release). HPA Press Statement. United Kingdom:
136:
tube that has had the internal surface coated with a
435:/g) tritium and have a total activity of less than 1
704:"Acer Ferrari One 200 Review – More than a Netbook"
301:
International
Commission on Radiological Protection
106:Tritium lighting is made using glass tubes with a
499:, in Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA (ed.),
1929:
205:Tritium-illuminated handgun night sights on an
501:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
16:Use of gaseous tritium to create visible light
903:
443:10 becquerels (2.0 Ci) total activity.
475:
910:
896:
792:. OECD Legal Instruments: 15. 24 July 1973
239:were formerly used in fishing lures. Some
382:Learn how and when to remove this message
59:, to create visible light. Tritium emits
354:Relevant discussion may be found on the
286:
200:
192:
97:
20:
1930:
812:"Nuclide Safety Data Sheet Hydrogen-3"
366:to additional sources at this section.
891:
583:
197:A "permanent" illumination watch dial
765:Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)
701:
331:
163:yellow, purple, orange, and white.
13:
734:. 29 November 2007. Archived from
648:
347:relies largely or entirely upon a
250:Tritium is used to illuminate the
14:
1964:
866:
530:
873:Cleanup of a broken tritium sign
476:Pereztroika, Jose (2019-11-30).
336:
132:During manufacture, a length of
1427:Parabolic aluminized reflector
839:
804:
775:
584:Fonda, Gorton R. (1946-07-01).
311:. According to a report by the
1372:Hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide
750:
728:"Advice on risks from tritium"
720:
702:Hung, Jonathan (May 3, 2010).
695:
616:
577:
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469:
327:
1:
763:. Radiation Safety Handbook.
509:10.1002/14356007.a15_519.pub2
463:
404:Nuclear Regulatory Commission
118:(since the tritium undergoes
917:
629:. U.S. Fire Administration.
7:
1617:Automotive light bulb types
1467:Intelligent street lighting
446:
10:
1969:
1380:Hydrargyrum quartz iodide
102:Radioluminescent keychains
82:
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1819:Stage lighting instrument
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673:10.1134/S1066362219010089
555:10.1134/S1066362219010089
282:
93:
45:Tritium radioluminescence
1880:Battlefield illumination
1637:high-intensity discharge
1069:Electrochemiluminescence
847:"www.legislation.gov.au"
732:Health Protection Agency
624:"Self-illuminated signs"
297:Health Protection Agency
254:of some small arms. The
220:and in self-illuminated
1740:Electroluminescent wire
497:"Luminescent Materials"
396:boosted fission weapons
243:have slots for tritium
188:
182:liquid crystal displays
1422:Multifaceted reflector
878:Radioluminescent items
602:10.1364/JOSA.36.000382
292:
209:
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47:is the use of gaseous
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1812:ellipsoidal reflector
1417:Ellipsoidal reflector
1101:Fluorescent induction
1079:field-induced polymer
453:List of light sources
400:thermonuclear weapons
290:
204:
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171:(12.32 years). Also,
101:
24:
1649:Rear position lights
1622:Daytime running lamp
1550:Mechanically powered
1437:Aviation obstruction
360:improve this article
321:biological half-life
173:phosphor degradation
142:carbon dioxide laser
122:), or tritium lamp.
1057:Electron-stimulated
1943:Nuclear technology
1900:Luminous gemstones
1074:Electroluminescent
1052:Cathodoluminescent
819:www.ehso.emory.edu
738:on 2 December 2007
293:
277:fiber optic sights
235:Tritium lights or
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134:borosilicate glass
110:layer in them and
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42:
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1924:
1442:Balanced-arm lamp
1398:
1397:
1282:Yablochkov candle
1150:Acetylene/Carbide
1120:Radioluminescence
992:Luminous efficacy
938:Color temperature
518:978-3-527-30673-2
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73:radioluminescence
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1659:Safety reflector
1654:Reversing lights
1589:Navigation light
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1091:Fluorescent lamp
1064:Chemiluminescent
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372:September 2021
358:. Please help
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1707:
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1700:
1697:
1694:
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1690:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1674:
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1669:
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1657:
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1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1584:Laser pointer
1582:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
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1531:
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1512:
1508:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:Pendant light
1485:
1483:
1482:Neon lighting
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
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1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
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1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:Mercury-vapor
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1319:
1318:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1300:Deuterium arc
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1292:Gas discharge
1289:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
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1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
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1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
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1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
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1080:
1077:
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1072:
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1058:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1004:
998:
997:Task lighting
995:
993:
990:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
969:
966:
964:
961:
960:
959:
956:
954:
953:Light fixture
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
924:
920:
913:
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906:
901:
899:
894:
893:
890:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
852:
848:
842:
828:on 2006-09-08
824:
820:
813:
807:
791:
784:
778:
770:
766:
759:
753:
737:
733:
729:
723:
709:
705:
698:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
651:
636:
632:
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619:
611:
607:
603:
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587:
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572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
533:
520:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
491:
483:
482:perezcope.com
479:
472:
468:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
444:
434:
426:
422:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
386:
383:
375:
365:
361:
357:
351:
350:
349:single source
345:This section
343:
334:
333:
325:
322:
316:
314:
310:
304:
302:
298:
289:
280:
278:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
228:in aircraft,
227:
223:
219:
215:
208:
207:FN Five-seven
203:
195:
186:
183:
177:
174:
170:
164:
160:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
135:
130:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
100:
91:
89:
80:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
35:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1760:Strobe light
1755:Plasma globe
1730:Crackle tube
1720:Bubble light
1681:trafficators
1676:Turn signals
1502:Street light
1457:Gas lighting
1390:Sodium vapor
1362:Metal-halide
1264:Electric arc
1016:Incandescent
985:Edison screw
854:. Retrieved
850:
841:
830:. Retrieved
823:the original
818:
806:
794:. Retrieved
789:
777:
767:. May 2009.
752:
740:. Retrieved
736:the original
722:
711:. Retrieved
707:
697:
667:(1): 55–57.
664:
660:
650:
639:. Retrieved
637:). July 2009
630:
618:
593:
589:
579:
549:(1): 55–57.
546:
542:
532:
522:, retrieved
500:
490:
481:
471:
458:Radium Girls
413:
393:
378:
369:
346:
317:
305:
294:
249:
236:
234:
214:wristwatches
211:
178:
165:
161:
150:
131:
127:phosphoresce
124:
115:
105:
86:
44:
43:
18:
1905:Signal lamp
1859:Stroboscope
1735:DJ lighting
1671:Stop lights
1642:sealed beam
1594:Searchlight
1334:Xenon flash
1277:Klieg light
1125:Solid-state
1086:Fluorescent
1044:Luminescent
796:19 February
328:Legislation
262:'s optical
252:iron sights
241:flashlights
237:beta lights
1932:Categories
1849:Grow light
1844:Germicidal
1834:Scientific
1831:Industrial
1787:Floodlight
1773:Theatrical
1715:Blacklight
1710:Aroma lamp
1699:Decorative
1609:Automotive
1599:Solar lamp
1562:Glow stick
1545:Flashlight
1477:Nightlight
1472:Light tube
1447:Chandelier
1404:Stationary
1346:discharge
1272:Carbon arc
1142:Combustion
1008:generation
1006:Methods of
856:2017-11-01
832:2006-11-09
771: 392.
742:5 February
713:2018-01-21
641:2020-12-13
524:2022-02-26
464:References
421:becquerels
222:exit signs
157:Promethium
120:beta decay
116:beta light
77:exit signs
65:beta decay
1915:Reflected
1895:Light art
1807:Spotlight
1792:Footlight
1777:Cinematic
1745:Lava lamp
1507:in the US
1412:Reflector
1329:Xenon arc
1310:Neon lamp
1239:Rushlight
1219:Limelight
968:Hong Kong
689:146018578
681:1608-3288
571:146018578
563:1608-3288
364:citations
356:talk page
268:PSL rifle
230:compasses
218:keychains
169:half-life
146:electrons
61:electrons
32:(67
1938:Lighting
1627:Headlamp
1567:Headlamp
1555:Tactical
1533:Portable
1514:Torchère
1195:Petromax
1190:Kerosene
1160:Campfire
1130:LED lamp
926:Concepts
919:Lighting
631:Techtalk
610:20991937
447:See also
431:10
272:phosphor
138:phosphor
108:phosphor
63:through
57:hydrogen
38:phosphor
1953:Tritium
1910:Sources
1864:Tanning
1750:Marquee
1695:Display
1579:Lantern
1572:outdoor
1524:Troffer
1367:ceramic
1224:Luchina
1202:Lantern
1095:compact
1093: (
1029:Halogen
1024:Regular
484:(blog).
258:on the
256:reticle
112:tritium
88:Tritium
83:History
53:isotope
49:tritium
1632:hidden
1497:Sconce
1322:Sulfur
1317:Plasma
1249:Tilley
1244:Safety
1207:Fanous
1170:Carcel
1165:Candle
1155:Argand
1034:Nernst
963:Hawaii
687:
679:
608:
569:
561:
515:
283:Safety
153:Radium
94:Design
1890:Laser
1802:Scoop
1429:(PAR)
1382:(HQI)
1374:(HMI)
1348:(HID)
1254:Torch
1212:Paper
1180:Flare
948:Glare
826:(PDF)
815:(PDF)
786:(PDF)
761:(PDF)
685:S2CID
627:(PDF)
567:S2CID
264:SUSAT
245:vials
226:dials
30:curie
1797:Gobo
1305:Neon
1175:Diya
798:2020
790:OECD
744:2011
677:ISSN
635:FEMA
606:PMID
590:JOSA
559:ISSN
513:ISBN
427:(2.7
425:gram
423:per
398:and
313:OECD
260:SA80
189:Uses
28:1.8-
1234:Oil
1185:Gas
769:JSP
669:doi
598:doi
551:doi
505:doi
419:10
408:CFR
55:of
34:GBq
1934::
849:.
817:.
788:.
706:.
683:.
675:.
665:61
663:.
659:.
604:.
594:36
592:.
588:.
565:.
557:.
547:61
545:.
541:.
511:,
480:.
433:Ci
129:.
1097:)
911:e
904:t
897:v
859:.
835:.
800:.
746:.
716:.
691:.
671::
644:.
612:.
600::
573:.
553::
507::
441:×
437:×
429:×
417:×
415:1
385:)
379:(
374:)
370:(
352:.
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
