1064:
manufacturers, although there are other brands available. The metals used to color borosilicate glass, particularly silver, often create strikingly beautiful and unpredictable results when melted in an oxygen-gas torch flame. Because it is more shock-resistant and stronger than soft glass, borosilicate is particularly suited for pipe making, as well as sculpting figures and creating large beads. The tools used for making glass beads from borosilicate glass are the same as those used for making glass beads from soft glass.
766:, painter's tape, hair spray, glue stick, ABS+acetone slurry, etc.), ensure that the first layer may be adhered to and remain adhered to the plate, without warping, as the first and subsequent layers cool following extrusion. Subsequently, following the build, the heating elements and plate are allowed to cool. The resulting residual stress formed when the plastic contracts as it cools, while the glass remains relatively dimensionally unchanged due to the low coefficient of
20:
750:(FDM), or fused filament fabrication (FFF), build plates. Its low coefficient of expansion makes borosilicate glass, when used in combination with resistance-heating plates and pads, an ideal material for the heated build platform onto which plastic materials are extruded one layer at a time. The initial layer of build must be placed onto a substantially flat, heated surface to minimize shrinkage of some build materials (
596:
483:
682:(OLED) (for display and lighting purposes) also use borosilicate glass (BK7). The thicknesses of the BK7 glass substrates are usually less than 1 millimeter for OLED fabrication. Due to its optical and mechanical characteristics in relation with cost, BK7 is a common substrate in OLEDs. However, depending on the application,
737:
common to lower grades of this type of glass. The maximal working temperature is 268 °C (514 °F). While it transitions to a liquid starting at 288 °C (550 °F) (just before it turns red-hot), it is not workable until it reaches over 538 °C (1,000 °F). That means that in
380:
content over 80%. High chemical durability and low thermal expansion (3.3 × 10 K) – the lowest of all commercial glasses for large-scale technical applications – make this a versatile glass material. High-grade borosilicate flat glasses are used in a wide variety of industries, mainly for technical
698:
use glass mirror components made of borosilicate glass because of its low coefficient of thermal expansion. This makes very precise optical surfaces possible that change very little with temperature, and matched glass mirror components that "track" across temperature changes and retain the optical
457:
content reduces the chemical resistance; in this respect, high-borate borosilicate glasses differ widely from non-alkaline-earth and alkaline-earth borosilicate glasses. Among these are also borosilicate glasses that transmit UV light down to 180 nm, which combine the best of the borosilicate
1049:
In 1968, English metallurgist John Burton brought his hobby of hand-mixing metallic oxides into borosilicate glass to Los
Angeles. Burton began a glass workshop at Pepperdine College, with instructor Margaret Youd. A few of the students in the classes, including Suellen Fowler, discovered that a
852:
is an established technology. Vitrification is a particularly attractive immobilization route because of the high chemical durability of the vitrified glass product. The chemical resistance of glass can allow it to remain in a corrosive environment for many thousands or even millions of years.
606:
Cookware is another common usage for borosilicate glass, including bakeware. It is used for some measuring cups, featuring screen printed markings providing graduated measurements. Borosilicate glass is sometimes used for high-quality beverage glassware, particularly in pieces designed for hot
304:
The temperature differential that borosilicate glass can withstand before fracturing is about 330 °F (180 °C), whereas soda–lime glass can withstand only about a 100 °F (55 °C) change in temperature. This is why typical kitchenware made from traditional soda–lime glass will
1063:
In recent years, with the resurgence of lampworking as a technique to make handmade glass beads, borosilicate has become a popular material in many glass artists' studios. Borosilicate for beadmaking comes in thin, pencil-like rods. Glass
Alchemy, Trautman Art Glass, and Northstar are popular
1054:
to purples and blues, depending on the heat and flame atmosphere. Fowler shared this combination with Paul
Trautman, who formulated the first small-batch colored borosilicate recipes. He then founded Northstar Glassworks in the mid-1980s, the first factory devoted solely to producing colored
1045:
for hollow work tubes and vessels/containers. Lampworking is used to make complex and custom scientific apparatus; most major universities have a lampworking shop to manufacture and repair their glassware. For this kind of "scientific glassblowing", the specifications must be exact and the
138:). Borosilicate glass is the name of a glass family with various members tailored to completely different purposes. Most common today is borosilicate 3.3 or 5.0x glass such as Duran, Corning33, Corning51-V (clear), Corning51-L (amber), International Cookware's NIPRO BSA 60, and BSC 51.
1040:
tools to shape it. Borosilicate is referred to as "hard glass" and has a higher melting point (approximately 3,000 °F / 1648 °C) than "soft glass", which is preferred for glassblowing by beadmakers. Raw glass used in lampworking comes in glass rods for solid work and
770:, provides a convenient aid in removing the otherwise mechanically bonded plastic from the build plate. In some cases the parts self-separate as the developed stresses overcome the adhesive bond of the build material to the coating material and underlying plate.
381:
applications that require either good thermal resistance, excellent chemical durability, or high light transmission in combination with a pristine surface quality. Other typical applications for different forms of borosilicate glass include glass tubing, glass
240:
is even better in this respect (having one-fifteenth the thermal expansion of soda–lime glass); however, the difficulty of working with fused quartz makes quartzware much more expensive, and borosilicate glass is a low-cost compromise. While more resistant to
762:, etc.) due to cooling after deposition. Depending on the material used, the build plate will cycle from room temperature to between 50 °C and 130 °C for each prototype that is built. The temperature, along with various coatings (
235:
coefficient (3.3 × 10 K), about one-third that of ordinary soda–lime glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature gradients, which makes borosilicate a more suitable type of glass for certain applications (see below).
448:
as additional components have low softening points and low thermal expansion. Sealability to metals in the expansion range of tungsten and molybdenum and high electrical insulation are their most important features. The increased
1178:
490:
Virtually all modern laboratory glassware is made of borosilicate glass. It is widely used in this application due to its chemical and thermal resistance and good optical clarity, but the glass can react with
1055:
borosilicate glass rods and tubes for use by artists in the flame. Trautman also developed the techniques and technology to make the small-batch colored boro that is used by a number of similar companies.
733:" eyeglass lenses. Ordinary lower-cost borosilicate glass, like that used to make kitchenware and even reflecting telescope mirrors, cannot be used for high-quality lenses because of the striations and
1493:
301:(about 2.23 g/cm) than typical soda–lime glass due to the low atomic mass of boron. Its mean specific heat capacity at constant pressure (20–100 °C) is 0.83 J/(g⋅K), roughly one fifth of water's.
1046:
glassblower must be highly skilled and able to work with precision. Lampworking is also done as art, and common items made include goblets, paper weights, pipes, pendants, compositions and figurines.
1363:
R Wananuruksawong et al 2011 IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 18 192010 doi:10.1088/1757-899X/18/19/192010 Fabrication of
Silicon Nitride Dental Core Ceramics with Borosilicate Veneering material
1286:
201:. Though more difficult to make than traditional glass due to its high melting temperature, it is economical to produce. Its superior durability, chemical and heat resistance finds use in
134:
in 1915, the name became synonymous with borosilicate glass in the
English-speaking world (since the 1940s, a sizable portion of glass produced under the Pyrex brand has also been made of
1093:
568:–based electronic equipment, such as commercial broadcast transmitters. It was also used for the envelope material for glass transmitting tubes which operated at high temperatures.
352:
up to a maximum of 13%), there are others that – due to the different way in which the boric oxide is incorporated into the structural network – have only low chemical resistance (B
1337:
Lima, M.M.R.A.; Monteiro, R.C.C.; Graça, M.P.F.; Ferreira da Silva, M.G. (October 2012). "Structural, electrical and thermal properties of borosilicate glass–alumina composites".
925:
181:
is used in the manufacture of borosilicate glass. The composition of low-expansion borosilicate glass, such as those laboratory glasses mentioned above, is approximately 80%
1020:
of tetraethylorthosilicate and trimethoxyboroxine. When this gel is exposed to water under proper conditions, a dynamic reaction ensues, which results in the nanoparticles.
778:
Aquarium heaters are sometimes made of borosilicate glass. Due to its high heat resistance, it can tolerate the significant temperature difference between the water and the
1310:
Pires, Ricardo A.; Abrahams, Isaac; Nunes, Teresa G.; Hawkes, Geoffrey E. (2009). "The role of alumina in aluminoborosilicate glasses for use in glass–ionomer cements".
1501:
344:, >8%) as glass network formers. The amount of boric oxide affects the glass properties in a particular way. Apart from the highly resistant varieties (B
466:
Borosilicate glass has a wide variety of uses ranging from cookware to lab equipment, as well as a component of high-quality products such as implantable
1279:
507:), but the cost and manufacturing difficulties associated with fused quartz make it an impractical investment for the majority of laboratory equipment.
2631:
1526:
1005:
503:
is also found in some laboratory equipment when its higher melting point and transmission of UV are required (e.g. for tube furnace liners and UV
328:
For the purposes of classification, borosilicate glass can be roughly arranged in the following groups, according to their oxide composition (in
2518:
900:
526:. The chemical resistance of borosilicate glass minimizes the migration of sodium ions from the glass matrix, thus making it well suited for
252:
Different borosilicate glasses cover a wide range of different thermal expansions, enabling direct seals with various metals and alloys like
2904:
1202:
738:
order to industrially produce this glass, oxygen/fuel torches must be used. Glassblowers borrowed technology and techniques from welders.
957:
1085:
1600:
921:
3367:
978:
245:
than other types of glass, borosilicate glass can still crack or shatter when subjected to rapid or uneven temperature variations.
2070:
845:
830:
893:
BK7 of Schott, a borosilicate glass with a high level of purity. Main use in lens and mirrors for laser, cameras and telescopes.
1454:
1373:
3027:
2624:
1234:
823:
305:
shatter if a vessel containing boiling water is placed on ice, but Pyrex or other borosilicate laboratory glass will not.
3362:
2909:
1183:. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, , Industrial Environmental Research Laboratory.
544:
Many implantable devices benefit from the unique advantages of borosilicate glass encapsulation. Applications include
537:
such as prosthetic eyes, artificial hip joints, bone cements, dental composite materials (white fillings) and even in
2949:
2617:
890:, manufactured by the company of the same name, used in laboratory glassware and microwaveable kitchenware in India
257:
211:
The manufacturing process depends on the product geometry and can be differentiated between different methods like
46:
1141:
1004:
precursor would prevent successful forming of these shapes. However, in 2008 a team of researchers from the Swiss
2543:
2339:
930:
751:
1388:
3357:
1556:
576:
1546:
M. I. Ojovan and W.E. Lee. An
Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 315 p. (2005)
417:). This is a subtype of slightly softer glasses, which have thermal expansions in the range (4.0–5.0) × 10 K.
2814:
2455:
2432:
1593:
679:
627:
2288:
99:
disc and contained in a borosilicate glass gas discharge tube (arc tube) and a metal cap. They include the
1522:
84:, Glassco, Supertek, Suprax, Simax, Bellco, Marinex (Brazil), BSA 60, BSC 51 (by NIPRO), Heatex, Endural,
3347:
2929:
2063:
1670:
607:
drinks. Items made of borosilicate glass can be thin yet durable, or thicker for extra strength, and are
58:
1250:
3158:
580:
545:
2359:
2319:
2240:
2130:
747:
329:
274:
Showing an extremely high chemical resistance in corrosive environments. Norm tests for example for
3352:
3286:
2794:
2749:
2588:
2220:
1586:
849:
729:. Other less costly borosilicate glasses, such as Schott B270 or the equivalent, are used to make "
808:, as the heat resistance prevents the glass from cracking, causing cuts and burns that can spread
3058:
3043:
2583:
2450:
2324:
848:
has been incorporated into alkali borosilicate or phosphate vitreous waste forms for many years;
800:
can be made from borosilicate glass. The high heat resistance makes the pipes more durable. Some
1194:
3113:
2924:
2056:
1110:
797:
703:
572:
332:). Characteristic of borosilicate glasses is the presence of substantial amounts of silica (SiO
1469:
872:
Borosilicate glass is offered in slightly different compositions under different trade names:
3123:
2964:
2859:
2392:
2200:
1982:
1703:
1691:
1560:
Vol. 86 No. 37, 15 September 2008, "Making
Borosilicate nanoparticles is now possible", p. 35
1494:"Safer Crack Cocaine Smoking Equipment Distribution: Comprehensive Best Practice Guidelines"
1127:
3098:
3009:
2759:
2694:
2674:
2548:
2422:
2334:
2170:
2160:
2018:
1990:
1425:
1036:; the glassworker uses a burner torch to melt and form glass, using a variety of metal and
942:
730:
722:
695:
309:
127:
45:
as the main glass-forming constituents. Borosilicate glasses are known for having very low
2874:
2460:
8:
3176:
3103:
2969:
2889:
2824:
2779:
2568:
2495:
2490:
2412:
2387:
2354:
2215:
935:(2014 insolvency), mainly used for containers and equipment in laboratories and medicine.
734:
683:
620:
584:
135:
1429:
963:
Simax of
Kavalierglass a.s., Czechia, produced for both laboratory and consumer markets.
864:
nozzles. This allows a clear view of the arc in situations where visibility is limited.
560:
During the mid-20th century, borosilicate glass tubing was used to pipe coolants (often
3296:
3048:
2869:
2809:
2784:
2729:
2684:
2679:
2475:
2397:
2145:
1726:
1665:
631:
496:
106:
Borosilicate glass usually melts at about 1,650 °C (3,000 °F; 1,920 K).
3316:
3143:
3133:
3128:
2989:
2979:
2884:
2553:
2523:
2480:
2417:
2402:
2314:
2205:
1675:
1657:
1230:
841:
767:
635:
471:
232:
220:
100:
1413:
154:, and alumina. Since borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary
3068:
3053:
2804:
2789:
2344:
2329:
2099:
1649:
1450:
1346:
1319:
1051:
549:
317:
231:
The common type of borosilicate glass used for laboratory glassware has a very low
174:
166:
151:
66:
1350:
725:. It is also designated as 517642 glass after its 1.517 refractive index and 64.2
619:
Many high-quality flashlights use borosilicate glass for the lens. This increases
530:
applications. This type of glass is typically referred to as USP / EP JP Type I.
3321:
3281:
3276:
3211:
3153:
3138:
2934:
2714:
2669:
2538:
2533:
2382:
2278:
2255:
2250:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2185:
2155:
2034:
2002:
1844:
1746:
1683:
1633:
1609:
1224:
782:
561:
510:
Additionally, borosilicate tubing is used as the feedstock for the production of
467:
406:
283:
198:
194:
182:
170:
89:
38:
2984:
1159:
61:
of about 165 °C (300 °F). It is commonly used for the construction of
3181:
2994:
2939:
2919:
2844:
2829:
2704:
2689:
2654:
2500:
2470:
2465:
2010:
1948:
1924:
1915:
1892:
1868:
1856:
1832:
1808:
1623:
801:
538:
534:
527:
523:
492:
271:
Allowing high maximum temperatures of typically about 500 °C (930 °F)
155:
147:
62:
54:
42:
2754:
1570:
420:
This is not to be confused with simple borosilicate glass-alumina composites.
3341:
3291:
3261:
3241:
3226:
3191:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3063:
2999:
2899:
2854:
2839:
2734:
2407:
2364:
2270:
2245:
2140:
1968:
1936:
1628:
896:
834:
805:
793:
755:
710:
242:
77:
50:
2210:
3266:
3256:
3236:
3196:
3148:
3093:
3073:
2944:
2864:
2719:
2664:
2659:
2573:
2528:
2485:
2175:
2150:
2104:
1754:
1029:
1028:
Borosilicate (or "boro", as it is often called) is used extensively in the
997:
973:
969:
949:
910:
816:
789:
717:
BK-7 (or the equivalent from other makers, such as the
Chinese crown glass
654:
650:
646:
599:
500:
291:
237:
190:
23:
2609:
996:
It was initially thought that borosilicate glass could not be formed into
548:, neurostimulators for the treatment of epilepsy, implantable drug pumps,
360:
content over 15%). Hence we differentiate between the following subtypes.
3221:
3206:
3118:
3108:
3004:
2764:
2598:
2563:
2283:
2165:
1820:
1784:
1042:
1033:
1001:
954:
United
Scientific, manufacturers and distributors of laboratory glassware
938:
881:
857:
809:
726:
666:
658:
642:
565:
313:
268:
with a CTE around 5.0 because of the matched CTE with the sealing partner
212:
186:
115:
3251:
2914:
2819:
2593:
2558:
2427:
2195:
2190:
2048:
1880:
1738:
1569:
Robert Mickelsen, "Art Glass Lampworking History" Online Glass Museum,
676:
Lighting manufacturers use borosilicate glass in some of their lenses.
511:
253:
216:
205:
123:
1142:"Lighting Comparison: LED vs High Pressure Sodium/Low Pressure Sodium"
918:
of Schott, mainly used for containers for pharmaceutical applications.
653:
movement has responded to color. Borosilicate is commonly used in the
3306:
3231:
3216:
2974:
2959:
2879:
2799:
2774:
2724:
1323:
1013:
985:
877:
759:
714:
686:
substrates of similar thicknesses are also used in OLED fabrication.
670:
608:
287:
275:
202:
85:
1012:
were successful in forming borosilicate nanoparticles of 100 to 500
804:
organizations also give out borosilicate pipes intended for smoking
2578:
2349:
2125:
2120:
1796:
1037:
1009:
779:
718:
645:
techniques led to artistic applications such as contemporary glass
261:
49:(≈3 × 10 K at 20 °C), making them more resistant to
19:
1578:
1336:
1050:
specific combination of oxides made a glass that would shift from
3326:
3301:
3201:
2834:
2744:
2739:
2709:
2298:
1768:
1180:
Summary Report on Emissions from the Glass Manufacturing Industry
966:
Supertek, manufacturer of scientific lab equipment and glassware.
960:
of VEB Jenaer Glaswerk Schott & Genossen, for technical glass
887:
861:
840:
Borosilicate glasses are used for immobilisation and disposal of
662:
519:
515:
504:
298:
73:
208:
equipment, cookware, lighting, and in certain kinds of windows.
158:, some new techniques were required for industrial production.
72:
Borosilicate glass is sold under various trade names, including
2954:
2849:
2374:
2180:
1776:
915:
763:
623:
through the lens compared to plastics and lower-quality glass.
385:, glass containers, etc. especially for the chemical industry.
382:
162:
1251:"Borosilikatglas BOROFLOAT® – Thermische Produkteigenschaften"
376:
content for borosilicate glass is typically 12–13% and the SiO
278:
create extreme conditions and reveal very low impacts on glass
248:
Among the characteristic properties of this glass family are:
3311:
3271:
3246:
2894:
2769:
2699:
2293:
2260:
2094:
2079:
906:
880:, a borosilicate glass, which is produced to flat glass in a
265:
178:
131:
81:
53:
than any other common glass. Such glass is subjected to less
34:
114:
Borosilicate glass was first developed by German glassmaker
972:
is an alkali free, thin and flexible borosilicate glass of
119:
96:
92:, Kimax, Gemstone Well, United Scientific, and MG (India).
595:
482:
1523:"SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITER SYSTEMS THERMAL PROTECTION SYSTEM"
1017:
746:
Borosilicate glass has become the material of choice for
638:, use borosilicate glass as the outer envelope material.
122:. This early borosilicate glass thus came to be known as
1309:
709:
The optical glass most often used for making instrument
1418:
Very Large Telescopes and Their Instrumentation, Vol. 2
948:
Kimax is the trademark for borosilicate glassware from
146:
Borosilicate glass is created by combining and melting
95:
Single-ended self-starting lamps are insulated with a
1177:
Spinosa, E. D.; Hooie, D. T.; Bennett, R. B. (1979).
571:
Borosilicate glasses also have an application in the
294:) of type 7740 Pyrex is 820 °C (1,510 °F).
57:
and can withstand temperature differentials without
1176:
661:and the artists create a range of products such as
981:is a brand of borosilicate glass drinking bottles.
945:, formerly Schott AG. Mainly used for kitchenware.
826:because of its high strength and heat resistance.
69:, as well as lighting, electronics, and cookware.
1389:"The Pyrex Glass Controversy That Just Won't Die"
3339:
1084:Brandt, R. C.; Martens, R. I. (September 2012),
856:Borosilicate glass tubing is used in specialty
673:, as well as for artistic glass smoking pipes.
822:Borosilicate is also a material of choice for
2625:
2519:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
2064:
1594:
1274:
1272:
1083:
991:
514:drug packaging, such as vials and pre-filled
1160:"The Sodium Lamp – How it works and history"
2639:
1571:http://www.theglassmuseum.com/lampwork.html
1229:(2 ed.). Academic Press. p. 315.
533:Borosilicate is widely used in implantable
405:, these glasses contain up to 5% oxides of
226:
2632:
2618:
2071:
2057:
1601:
1587:
1303:
1269:
103:that is commonly used in street lighting.
2905:Pauly & C. - Compagnia Venezia Murano
1330:
903:, similar to Pyrex, Simax or Jenaer Glas.
587:bonded to the etched borosilicate glass.
2078:
1467:
1222:
594:
481:
141:
18:
1105:
1103:
837:were coated with a borosilicate glass.
824:evacuated-tube solar thermal technology
440:, and smaller amounts of alkalis and Al
16:Glass made of silica and boron trioxide
3340:
1122:
1120:
1079:
1077:
1016:in diameter. The researchers formed a
499:, a common laboratory reducing agent.
320:(1.51–1.54 across the visible range).
3028:List of defunct glassmaking companies
2613:
2052:
1582:
1470:"Material of the Month: Borosilicate"
1411:
1386:
477:
363:
1414:"8 m Borosilicate Honeycomb Mirrors"
1387:Estes, Adam Clark (March 16, 2019).
1100:
741:
308:Optically, borosilicate glasses are
1608:
1117:
1074:
860:torch nozzles in place of standard
721:), a very finely made borosilicate
13:
1090:American Ceramics Society Bulletin
14:
3379:
1023:
388:
47:coefficients of thermal expansion
1457:from the original on 2017-07-05.
819:are made of borosilicate glass.
258:coefficient of thermal expansion
3368:Low thermal expansion materials
2589:Radioactive waste vitrification
2544:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
1563:
1557:Chemical & Engineering News
1549:
1540:
1529:from the original on 2009-07-15
1515:
1486:
1468:Reynolds, Sheila (2018-02-15).
1461:
1443:
1405:
1380:
1366:
1357:
1339:Journal of Alloys and Compounds
1292:from the original on 2017-08-24
1205:from the original on 2012-06-30
1096:from the original on 2015-03-10
1006:Federal Institute of Technology
706:is made of borosilicate glass.
1312:Journal of Materials Chemistry
1243:
1216:
1187:
1170:
1152:
1134:
1128:"The Low Pressure Sodium Lamp"
1111:"The Low Pressure Sodium Lamp"
867:
577:microelectromechanical systems
555:
423:
316:around 65) and relatively low
1:
2965:Sterlite Optical Technologies
2815:Kokomo Opalescent Glass Works
2456:Chemically strengthened glass
1451:"Bor-crown glass from SCHOTT"
1351:10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.05.024
1226:Vacuum Physics and Technology
1092:, American Ceramics Society,
1067:
1058:
680:Organic light-emitting diodes
579:(MEMS), as part of stacks of
552:, and physiological sensors.
2289:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
846:high-level radioactive waste
458:glass and the quartz world.
393:In addition to about 75% SiO
118:in the late 19th century in
7:
1086:"Shattering Glass Cookware"
984:Endural is a brand name of
815:Most premanufactured glass
614:
590:
546:veterinary tracking devices
428:Glasses containing 15–25% B
323:
297:Borosilicate glass is less
10:
3386:
3363:Fused filament fabrication
992:Borosilicate nanoparticles
699:system's characteristics.
264:with a CTE around 4.0 and
109:
26:made of borosilicate glass
3167:
3036:
3018:
2645:
2509:
2441:
2373:
2320:Chemical vapor deposition
2307:
2269:
2241:Ultra low expansion glass
2131:Borophosphosilicate glass
2113:
2087:
1981:
1961:
1909:Boron oxides and sulfides
1908:
1767:
1719:
1642:
1616:
748:fused deposition modeling
689:
2755:Firozabad glass industry
2750:Fenton Art Glass Company
2559:Glass-reinforced plastic
2221:Sodium hexametaphosphate
1412:Angel, J. R. P. (1988).
1223:Weissler, G. L. (1979).
831:thermal insulation tiles
773:
628:high-intensity discharge
495:upon heating to produce
227:Physical characteristics
3059:Irving Wightman Colburn
2640:Glass makers and brands
2451:Anti-reflective coating
2325:Glass batch calculation
2206:Photochromic lens glass
611:- and dishwasher-safe.
461:
1146:www.stouchlighting.com
909:borosilicate glass of
603:
575:in the development of
573:semiconductor industry
487:
286:(temperature at which
173:traditionally used in
27:
3358:Transparent materials
3124:Henry William Stiegel
2855:Mats Jonasson Målerås
2795:Holmegaard Glassworks
2584:Prince Rupert's drops
2433:Transparent materials
2393:Gradient-index optics
2201:Phosphosilicate glass
1983:Organoboron compounds
702:The Hale Telescope's
696:reflecting telescopes
630:(HID) lamps, such as
598:
564:) through high-power
485:
312:with low dispersion (
142:Manufacturing process
22:
3099:Michael Joseph Owens
2675:Aurora Glass Foundry
2549:Glass ionomer cement
2423:Photosensitive glass
2350:Liquidus temperature
2171:Fluorosilicate glass
1164:edisontechcenter.org
1000:, since an unstable
943:Zwiesel Kristallglas
844:. In most countries
486:Borosilicate beakers
470:and devices used in
407:alkaline earth metal
336:) and boric oxide (B
290:is approximately 10
3187:Bomex/Duran/Endural
3104:Alastair Pilkington
2780:Guardian Industries
2685:Barovier & Toso
2569:Glass-to-metal seal
2491:Self-cleaning glass
2413:Optical lens design
1617:Boron pnictogenides
1430:1988ESOC...30..281A
1280:"Technical glasses"
621:light transmittance
128:Corning Glass Works
3348:Glass compositions
3049:Richard M. Atwater
2870:Nippon Sheet Glass
2810:Kingdom of Crystal
2730:Dartington Crystal
2554:Glass microspheres
2476:Hydrogen darkening
2398:Hydrogen darkening
2146:Chalcogenide glass
2136:Borosilicate glass
842:radioactive wastes
694:Many astronomical
636:metal-halide lamps
604:
497:sodium borohydride
488:
478:Health and science
364:Non-alkaline-earth
318:refractive indices
256:glass with a CTE (
31:Borosilicate glass
28:
3335:
3334:
3144:Tomasz Urbanowicz
3134:Lino Tagliapietra
3129:S. Donald Stookey
2980:Val Saint Lambert
2875:Nižbor glassworks
2790:Hardman & Co.
2607:
2606:
2524:Glass-coated wire
2496:sol–gel technique
2481:Insulated glazing
2418:Photochromic lens
2403:Optical amplifier
2355:sol–gel technique
2046:
2045:
1236:978-0-12-475914-5
768:thermal expansion
742:Rapid prototyping
626:Several types of
550:cochlear implants
524:dental cartridges
472:space exploration
233:thermal expansion
101:sodium-vapor lamp
3375:
3084:Edward D. Libbey
3054:Frederick Carder
2634:
2627:
2620:
2611:
2610:
2345:Ion implantation
2100:Glass transition
2073:
2066:
2059:
2050:
2049:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1500:. Archived from
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1465:
1459:
1458:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1370:
1364:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1324:10.1039/B822285A
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1247:
1241:
1240:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1191:
1185:
1184:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1098:
1097:
1081:
934:
788:Specialty glass
238:Fused quartzware
167:sodium carbonate
3385:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3353:Boron compounds
3338:
3337:
3336:
3331:
3169:
3163:
3154:John M. Whitall
3139:W. E. S. Turner
3032:
3020:
3014:
2995:Watts & Co.
2715:Caithness Glass
2647:
2641:
2638:
2608:
2603:
2539:Glass electrode
2534:Glass databases
2511:
2505:
2443:
2437:
2369:
2303:
2279:Bioactive glass
2265:
2251:Vitreous enamel
2236:Thoriated glass
2231:Tellurite glass
2216:Soda–lime glass
2186:Gold ruby glass
2156:Cranberry glass
2109:
2083:
2077:
2047:
2042:
2038:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1977:
1972:
1957:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1888:
1884:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1852:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1824:
1816:
1812:
1804:
1800:
1792:
1788:
1780:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1661:
1653:
1638:
1612:
1610:Boron compounds
1607:
1577:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1530:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1507:
1505:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1476:
1466:
1462:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1395:
1385:
1381:
1372:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1335:
1331:
1308:
1304:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1282:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1249:
1248:
1244:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1208:
1206:
1193:
1192:
1188:
1175:
1171:
1158:
1157:
1153:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1125:
1118:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1082:
1075:
1070:
1061:
1026:
994:
928:
870:
783:heating element
776:
744:
704:200 inch mirror
692:
684:soda–lime glass
617:
593:
562:distilled water
558:
539:breast implants
535:medical devices
528:injectable-drug
480:
468:medical devices
464:
456:
452:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
426:
416:
412:
409:and alumina (Al
404:
400:
396:
391:
379:
375:
371:
366:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
326:
284:softening point
276:acid resistance
229:
199:aluminium oxide
195:potassium oxide
171:aluminium oxide
161:In addition to
150:, silica sand,
144:
136:soda–lime glass
112:
63:reagent bottles
17:
12:
11:
5:
3383:
3382:
3371:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Satsuma Kiriko
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3173:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3038:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3024:
3022:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2940:Royal Brierley
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2920:PPG Industries
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2845:Johns Manville
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:Liuli Gongfang
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2705:Bormioli Rocco
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Berengo Studio
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2655:Anchor Hocking
2651:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2614:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2504:
2503:
2501:Tempered glass
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2471:DNA microarray
2468:
2466:Dealkalization
2463:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2377:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2340:Glass modeling
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2271:Glass-ceramics
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Silicate glass
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2084:
2082:science topics
2076:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2053:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1765:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1562:
1548:
1539:
1514:
1485:
1460:
1442:
1404:
1379:
1365:
1356:
1329:
1302:
1268:
1255:www.schott.com
1242:
1235:
1215:
1195:"Borosilicato"
1186:
1169:
1151:
1133:
1116:
1099:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1025:
1024:In lampworking
1022:
993:
990:
989:
988:
982:
976:
967:
964:
961:
955:
952:
946:
936:
919:
913:
904:
894:
891:
885:
869:
866:
802:harm reduction
775:
772:
743:
740:
691:
688:
616:
613:
592:
589:
557:
554:
493:sodium hydride
479:
476:
463:
460:
454:
450:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
422:
414:
410:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:Alkaline-earth
387:
377:
373:
369:
365:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:mass fractions
325:
322:
280:
279:
272:
269:
228:
225:
156:silicate glass
143:
140:
111:
108:
55:thermal stress
43:boron trioxide
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3160:
3159:Caspar Wistar
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:Dante Marioni
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3079:Deming Jarves
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3064:Henry Crimmel
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
3000:World Kitchen
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:Owens Corning
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2623:
2621:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Optical fiber
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2365:Vitrification
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:Glass melting
2333:
2331:
2330:Glass forming
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2246:Uranium glass
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Soluble glass
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2141:Ceramic glaze
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2017:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2001:
1999:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1954:
1947:
1945:
1935:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1891:
1889:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1855:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1783:
1781:
1775:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1753:
1751:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1690:
1688:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1645:
1643:Boron halides
1641:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1597:
1592:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1504:on 2018-05-24
1503:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1446:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1394:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1273:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1219:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1129:
1123:
1121:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1078:
1073:
1065:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:nanoparticles
987:
983:
980:
977:
975:
971:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
951:
947:
944:
940:
937:
932:
927:
923:
920:
917:
914:
912:
908:
905:
902:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
882:float process
879:
876:Borofloat of
875:
874:
873:
865:
863:
859:
854:
851:
850:vitrification
847:
843:
838:
836:
835:Space Shuttle
832:
827:
825:
820:
818:
817:guitar slides
813:
811:
807:
806:crack cocaine
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:smoking pipes
786:
784:
781:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:polycarbonate
753:
749:
739:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
700:
697:
687:
685:
681:
677:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
649:. The modern
648:
644:
639:
637:
633:
632:mercury-vapor
629:
624:
622:
612:
610:
601:
597:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
569:
567:
563:
553:
551:
547:
542:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
518:, as well as
517:
513:
508:
506:
502:
498:
494:
484:
475:
473:
469:
459:
421:
418:
408:
386:
384:
361:
331:
321:
319:
315:
311:
310:crown glasses
306:
302:
300:
295:
293:
289:
285:
277:
273:
270:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:
249:
246:
244:
243:thermal shock
239:
234:
224:
222:
218:
214:
209:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
107:
104:
102:
98:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:thermal shock
48:
44:
40:
36:
33:is a type of
32:
25:
21:
3197:Chevron bead
3186:
3149:Paolo Venini
3094:Antonio Neri
3074:A. H. Heisey
2985:Vallérysthal
2945:Saint-Gobain
2865:Mosser Glass
2695:Blenko Glass
2665:Ardagh Group
2660:Arc Holdings
2574:Porous glass
2529:Safety glass
2486:Porous glass
2444:modification
2256:Wood's glass
2176:Fused quartz
2151:Cobalt glass
2135:
2105:Supercooling
1565:
1555:
1551:
1542:
1531:. Retrieved
1517:
1506:. Retrieved
1502:the original
1498:www.catie.ca
1497:
1488:
1477:. Retrieved
1473:
1463:
1445:
1433:. Retrieved
1421:
1417:
1407:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:
1382:
1368:
1359:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1318:(22): 3652.
1315:
1311:
1305:
1294:. Retrieved
1259:. Retrieved
1254:
1245:
1225:
1218:
1207:. Retrieved
1199:refmexgl.com
1198:
1189:
1179:
1172:
1163:
1154:
1145:
1136:
1089:
1062:
1048:
1030:glassblowing
1027:
995:
970:Willow Glass
871:
855:
839:
828:
821:
814:
787:
777:
745:
708:
701:
693:
678:
675:
655:glassblowing
651:studio glass
640:
625:
618:
605:
600:Arc Holdings
570:
559:
543:
532:
509:
501:Fused quartz
489:
465:
436:, 65–70% SiO
427:
419:
392:
367:
327:
314:Abbe numbers
307:
303:
296:
281:
247:
230:
217:tube drawing
210:
191:sodium oxide
160:
145:
113:
105:
94:
71:
30:
29:
24:Guitar slide
3222:Dragontrail
3207:CorningWare
3119:Otto Schott
3109:Flavio Poli
3037:Glassmakers
3005:Xinyi Glass
2950:Saint-Louis
2860:Moser Glass
2760:Franz Mayer
2599:Glass fiber
2564:Glass cloth
2308:Preparation
2284:CorningWare
2166:Flint glass
2161:Crown glass
2114:Formulation
1474:Swift Glass
1435:14 February
1374:"StackPath"
1257:. Schott AG
1043:glass tubes
1034:lampworking
1002:boron oxide
939:Jenaer Glas
929: [
901:DURAN Group
868:Trade names
858:TIG welding
810:hepatitis C
764:Kapton tape
731:crown-glass
727:Abbe number
723:crown glass
667:kitchenware
659:lampworking
643:lampworking
566:vacuum-tube
556:Electronics
424:High-borate
397:and 8–12% B
187:boric oxide
175:glassmaking
148:boric oxide
130:introduced
116:Otto Schott
3342:Categories
3252:Millefiori
3170:and brands
3168:Trademarks
3044:John Adams
2915:Pilkington
2820:Kosta Boda
2594:Windshield
2428:Refraction
2388:Dispersion
2196:Milk glass
2191:Lead glass
1533:2009-07-15
1508:2018-05-14
1479:2022-08-05
1398:2019-03-22
1296:2017-08-24
1209:2012-11-02
1068:References
1059:Beadmaking
1014:nanometers
735:inclusions
512:parenteral
260:) of 4.6,
254:molybdenum
206:laboratory
124:Jena glass
59:fracturing
3317:Waterford
3307:Vitrolite
3282:Ravenhead
3232:Fire-King
3217:Cristallo
3212:Cranberry
3069:Friedrich
3021:companies
2990:Waterford
2975:Swarovski
2910:Phu Phong
2880:O-I Glass
2800:Holophane
2775:Glaverbel
2725:Crystalex
2648:companies
2461:Corrosion
2360:Viscosity
2315:Annealing
1345:: 66–72.
1261:31 August
986:Holophane
958:Rasotherm
878:Schott AG
760:polyamide
671:sculpture
609:microwave
288:viscosity
197:and 2–3%
3182:Bohemian
3114:Salviati
2925:Preciosa
2890:Orrefors
2785:Hadeland
2680:Baccarat
2579:Pre-preg
2383:Achromat
2126:Bioglass
2121:AgInSbTe
1962:Carbides
1527:Archived
1455:Archived
1287:Archived
1203:Archived
1094:archived
1038:graphite
1032:process
1010:Lausanne
794:cannabis
780:nichrome
657:form of
615:Lighting
602:bakeware
591:Cookware
583:silicon
520:ampoules
516:syringes
505:cuvettes
324:Families
262:tungsten
213:floating
203:chemical
152:soda ash
126:. After
3327:Zerodur
3302:Vitrite
3297:Visions
3292:Tiffany
3262:Opaline
3242:Gorilla
3227:Favrile
3202:Corelle
3192:Burmese
3019:Defunct
3010:Zwiesel
2970:Steuben
2840:Luoyang
2835:Iittala
2745:Fanavid
2740:Duralex
2720:Corning
2710:Borosil
2646:Current
2510:Diverse
2442:Surface
2299:Zerodur
1769:Boranes
1426:Bibcode
1424:: 281.
1393:Gizmodo
974:Corning
922:Ilmabor
911:Corning
888:Borosil
862:alumina
833:on the
798:tobacco
663:jewelry
647:marbles
221:molding
110:History
74:Borosil
3322:Wood's
3267:Peking
3257:Murano
3237:Forest
2960:Schott
2955:Seguso
2930:Riedel
2850:Mannok
2825:Libbey
2512:topics
2375:Optics
2181:GeSbTe
2088:Basics
1233:
979:Boroux
950:Kimble
916:Fiolax
715:Schott
711:lenses
690:Optics
585:wafers
581:etched
383:piping
185:, 13%
183:silica
169:, and
163:quartz
90:Refmex
86:Schott
67:flasks
39:silica
3312:Vycor
3272:Pyrex
3247:Macor
3177:Activ
2895:Osram
2885:Ohara
2770:Glava
2765:Fuyao
2700:Bodum
2670:Asahi
2294:Macor
2261:ZBLAN
2095:Glass
2080:Glass
1739:B(OH)
1720:Acids
1290:(PDF)
1283:(PDF)
1052:amber
933:]
907:Pyrex
897:Duran
774:Other
368:The B
299:dense
292:poise
266:Kovar
219:, or
189:, 4%
179:boron
132:Pyrex
82:Pyrex
78:Duran
37:with
35:glass
3277:Rona
2935:Rona
2805:Hoya
2735:Daum
2035:COBH
1727:B(NO
1437:2021
1263:2018
1231:ISBN
829:The
796:and
792:for
641:New
634:and
522:and
462:Uses
282:The
120:Jena
97:mica
65:and
41:and
2023:(BO
2011:BEt
2003:BMe
1995:Me)
1991:(BH
1747:BPO
1671:BFO
1658:BCl
1650:BBr
1624:BAs
1347:doi
1343:538
1320:doi
1018:gel
1008:at
941:of
926:TGI
924:of
899:of
752:ABS
713:is
193:or
3344::
2019:Ac
1899:22
1895:18
1887:14
1883:10
1875:12
1863:10
1851:11
1827:10
1813:NH
1809:BH
1777:BH
1755:BH
1708:Cl
1684:BI
1676:BF
1666:BF
1634:BP
1629:BN
1525:.
1496:.
1472:.
1453:.
1422:30
1420:.
1416:.
1391:.
1341:.
1316:19
1314:.
1285:.
1271:^
1253:.
1201:.
1197:.
1162:.
1144:.
1119:^
1102:^
1088:,
1076:^
931:de
812:.
785:.
758:,
754:,
719:K9
669:,
665:,
541:.
474:.
223:.
215:,
177:,
165:,
88:,
80:,
76:,
2633:e
2626:t
2619:v
2072:e
2065:t
2058:v
2037:3
2029:2
2027:)
2025:3
2021:4
2013:3
2005:3
1997:2
1993:2
1973:C
1971:4
1969:B
1953:O
1951:6
1949:B
1943:3
1941:S
1939:2
1937:B
1931:3
1929:O
1927:2
1925:B
1920:O
1918:2
1916:B
1897:H
1893:B
1885:H
1881:B
1873:H
1871:6
1869:B
1861:H
1859:6
1857:B
1849:H
1847:5
1845:B
1839:9
1837:H
1835:5
1833:B
1825:H
1823:4
1821:B
1815:3
1811:3
1803:6
1801:H
1799:2
1797:B
1791:4
1789:H
1787:2
1785:B
1779:3
1759:O
1757:3
1749:4
1741:3
1733:3
1731:)
1729:3
1710:4
1706:2
1704:B
1698:4
1696:F
1694:2
1692:B
1686:3
1678:3
1660:3
1652:3
1602:e
1595:t
1588:v
1536:.
1511:.
1482:.
1439:.
1428::
1401:.
1376:.
1353:.
1349::
1326:.
1322::
1299:.
1265:.
1239:.
1212:.
1166:.
1148:.
1130:.
1113:.
884:.
455:3
453:O
451:2
449:B
446:3
444:O
442:2
438:2
434:3
432:O
430:2
415:3
413:O
411:2
403:3
401:O
399:2
395:2
378:2
374:3
372:O
370:2
358:3
356:O
354:2
350:3
348:O
346:2
342:3
340:O
338:2
334:2
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
