28:
20:
273:, typically reached at a temperature around 900 °C. The glass is softened and undergoes steady deformation when viscosity is less than 10 poises, near 700 °C. Though apparently hardened, soda–lime glass can nonetheless be annealed to remove internal stresses with about 15 minutes at 10 poises, near 500 °C. The relationship between viscosity and temperature is largely logarithmic, with an
280:
The following table lists some physical properties of soda–lime glasses. Unless otherwise stated, the glass compositions and many experimentally determined properties are taken from one large study. Those values marked in
126:
at temperatures locally up to 1675 °C. The temperature is only limited by the quality of the furnace structure material and by the glass composition. Relatively inexpensive minerals such as
58:, used for windowpanes and glass containers (bottles and jars) for beverages, food, and some commodity items. Some glass bakeware is made of soda-lime glass, as opposed to the more common
198:
Soda–lime glass is relatively inexpensive, chemically stable, reasonably hard, and extremely workable. Because it can be resoftened and remelted numerous times, it is ideal for
1085:"High temperature glass melt property database for process modeling"; Eds.: Thomas P. Seward III and Terese Vascott; The American Ceramic Society, Westerville, Ohio, 2005,
269:
with decreasing temperature, permitting operations of steadily increasing precision. The glass is readily formable into objects when it has a viscosity of 10
230:
O), which is added in the form of sodium carbonate or related precursors. Soda lowers the glass-transition temperature. However, the soda makes the glass
1052:
1065:
B. H. W. S. de Jong, "Glass"; in "Ullmann's
Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry"; 5th edition, vol. A12, VCH Publishers, Weinheim, Germany, 1989,
1013:
1747:
1161:
222:) and viscosity make it difficult to work with. Other substances are therefore added to simplify processing. One is the "soda", or
1299:
186:
content. From the lower content of highly water-soluble ions (sodium and magnesium) in container glass comes its slightly higher
1144:
1070:
1046:
1175:
1090:
1176:"ISO 719:1985 - Glass -- Hydrolytic resistance of glass grains at 98 degrees C -- Method of test and classification"
689:
685:
1772:
1568:
286:
981:
277:
strongly dependent on the composition of the glass, but the activation energy increases at higher temperatures.
1853:
942:
143:
138:
are usually used instead of pure chemicals. Green and brown bottles are obtained from raw materials containing
1684:
1661:
1517:
668:
664:
123:
1848:
1292:
39:, Germany: The distorted reflections of a tree indicate that the flat glass was possibly not made by the
930:
1588:
1548:
1469:
1359:
1005:
1817:
1449:
218:, being able to survive immersion in water while red hot, its high melting temperature (1723
1812:
1679:
1553:
961:
904:
900:
262:), contribute to the durability. The resulting glass contains about 70 to 74% silica by weight.
1285:
27:
1036:
1621:
1429:
1136:
1777:
1651:
1563:
1399:
1389:
1264:
936:
880:
819:
815:
102:, which provides the magnesium oxide), and aluminium oxide; along with small quantities of
1689:
8:
1797:
1724:
1719:
1641:
1616:
1583:
948:
875:
743:
187:
1704:
1626:
1374:
1364:
1206:
777:
274:
91:
59:
1221:
1782:
1752:
1709:
1646:
1631:
1543:
1434:
1140:
1086:
1066:
1042:
83:
1573:
1558:
1328:
1233:
1202:
1128:
720:
411:
1767:
1762:
1611:
1507:
1484:
1479:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1414:
1384:
860:
428:
396:
379:
361:
335:
324:
298:
251:
247:
231:
203:
199:
183:
171:
159:
119:
234:, which is usually undesirable. To provide for better chemical durability, the "
1729:
1699:
1694:
235:
190:
against water, which is required especially for storage of beverages and food.
107:
71:
1842:
1636:
1593:
1499:
1474:
1369:
840:
836:
796:
371:
239:
215:
179:
1439:
1802:
1757:
1714:
1404:
1379:
1333:
349:
270:
223:
211:
175:
167:
154:
Soda–lime glass is divided technically into glass used for windows, called
103:
79:
1827:
1792:
1512:
1394:
163:
40:
1102:
1822:
1787:
1656:
1424:
1419:
1277:
303:
155:
139:
1237:
70:
The manufacturing process for soda–lime glass consists in melting the
543:
266:
243:
19:
1265:"Soda-Lime (Float) Glass Material Properties :: MakeItFrom.com"
1807:
1578:
1354:
1349:
170:
for containers), and chemical composition. Flat glass has a higher
135:
1527:
705:
285:
font have been interpolated from similar glass compositions (see
219:
62:. Soda–lime glass accounts for about 90% of manufactured glass.
1603:
1409:
75:
32:
162:. The two types differ in the application, production method (
1522:
1489:
1323:
1308:
127:
55:
1193:
Wiederhorn, S.M. (1969). "Fracture stress energy of glass".
131:
36:
1250:
Janssen, L. P. B. M., Warmoeskerken, M. M. C. G., 2006.
1006:"Borosilicate Glass vs. Soda Lime Glass? - Rayotek News"
1219:
193:
1222:"Bouncing Motion of Spherical Particles in Fluids"
214:. Whereas pure silica has excellent resistance to
178:content than container glass, and a lower silica,
1159:
1127:
982:"The Pyrex Glass Controversy That Just Won't Die"
1840:
265:Soda–lime glass undergoes a steady increase in
202:. It is used in preference to chemically-pure
1748:Conservation and restoration of glass objects
1293:
1300:
1286:
1192:
1035:Robertson, Gordon L. (22 September 2005).
933:(glass sphere vs. glass wall): 0.97 ± 0.01
694:ppm/K, ~100–300 °C (212–572 °F)
1103:"Calcium Carbonate - Glass Manufacturing"
1034:
1307:
1220:Gondret, P.; M. Lance; L. Petit (2002).
1081:
1079:
865:at ~1,300 °C (2,370 °F), mJ/m
289:) due to the lack of experimental data.
26:
18:
1195:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
1038:Food Packaging: Principles and Practice
1841:
1059:
1281:
1162:"Viscosity Behavior of Oxide Glasses"
1076:
1055:from the original on 2 December 2017.
979:
142:. The mix of raw materials is termed
23:Reusable soda–lime glass milk bottles
980:Estes, Adam Clark (March 16, 2019).
194:Typical compositions and properties
158:, and glass for containers, called
13:
1252:Transport phenomena data companion
1207:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1969.tb13350.x
1016:from the original on 23 April 2017
14:
1865:
709:at 20 °C (68 °F), g/cm
800:at 20 °C (68 °F), GPa
781:at 20 °C (68 °F), GPa
54:, is the most prevalent type of
35:made from soda-lime flat glass,
1818:Radioactive waste vitrification
1773:Glass fiber reinforced concrete
1257:
1244:
1213:
1186:
287:calculation of glass properties
242:(CaO), generally obtained from
149:
1168:
1153:
1121:
1095:
1041:(Second ed.). CRC Press.
1028:
998:
973:
622:1,450 °C (2,640 °F)
578:1,450 °C (2,640 °F)
1:
1685:Chemically strengthened glass
967:
830:1,000 °C (1,830 °F)
825:1,040 °C (1,900 °F)
65:
1518:Glass-ceramic-to-metal seals
680:564 °C (1,047 °F)
677:573 °C (1,063 °F)
250:(MgO) and alumina, which is
7:
955:
843:at 20 °C (68 °F),
746:at 20 °C (68 °F),
730:at 20 °C (68 °F)
619:550 °C (1,022 °F)
575:550 °C (1,022 °F)
10:
1872:
931:Coefficient of restitution
1738:
1670:
1602:
1549:Chemical vapor deposition
1536:
1498:
1470:Ultra low expansion glass
1360:Borophosphosilicate glass
1342:
1316:
1133:Chemistry of the Elements
1131:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
238:" is also added. This is
1788:Glass-reinforced plastic
1450:Sodium hexametaphosphate
1680:Anti-reflective coating
1554:Glass batch calculation
1435:Photochromic lens glass
1109:. congcal. 28 June 2012
962:Glass batch calculation
547:log(η, dPa·s or poise)
86:(in the form of (Ca(OH)
1160:Thomas H. Sanders Jr.
210:), otherwise known as
52:soda–lime–silica glass
44:
24:
1854:Transparent materials
1813:Prince Rupert's drops
1662:Transparent materials
1622:Gradient-index optics
1430:Phosphosilicate glass
1137:Butterworth-Heinemann
1129:Greenwood, Norman N.
951:: 585 kg/mm + 20
943:Hardness (Mohs scale)
30:
22:
1778:Glass ionomer cement
1652:Photosensitive glass
1579:Liquidus temperature
1400:Fluorosilicate glass
937:Thermal conductivity
168:blowing and pressing
1798:Glass-to-metal seal
1720:Self-cleaning glass
1642:Optical lens design
876:Chemical durability
188:chemical durability
122:(NaCl), etc.) in a
1849:Glass compositions
1783:Glass microspheres
1705:Hydrogen darkening
1627:Hydrogen darkening
1375:Chalcogenide glass
1365:Borosilicate glass
275:Arrhenius equation
60:borosilicate glass
45:
25:
1836:
1835:
1753:Glass-coated wire
1725:sol–gel technique
1710:Insulated glazing
1647:Photochromic lens
1632:Optical amplifier
1584:sol–gel technique
1238:10.1063/1.1427920
1226:Physics of Fluids
1146:978-0-08-037941-8
1071:978-3-527-20112-9
1048:978-0-8493-3775-8
939:: 0.7–1.3 W/(m·K)
927:
926:
690:thermal expansion
659:
658:
612:
611:
538:
537:
437:
436:
1861:
1574:Ion implantation
1329:Glass transition
1302:
1295:
1288:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1255:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1217:
1211:
1210:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1135:(2nd ed.).
1125:
1119:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1099:
1093:
1083:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1056:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
977:
905:intensity factor
881:Hydrolytic class
721:Refractive index
665:Glass transition
616:
615:
572:
571:
441:
440:
318:
317:
292:
291:
74:, which are the
1871:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1858:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1768:Glass electrode
1763:Glass databases
1740:
1734:
1672:
1666:
1598:
1532:
1508:Bioactive glass
1494:
1480:Vitreous enamel
1465:Thoriated glass
1460:Tellurite glass
1445:Soda–lime glass
1415:Gold ruby glass
1385:Cranberry glass
1338:
1312:
1306:
1276:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1218:
1214:
1191:
1187:
1174:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1084:
1077:
1064:
1060:
1049:
1033:
1029:
1019:
1017:
1004:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
978:
974:
970:
958:
912:
908:
903:
901:Critical stress
884:
879:
864:
861:Surface tension
844:
839:
818:
799:
780:
778:Young's modulus
761:
754:
747:
729:
723:
708:
693:
688:
674:
667:
652:
605:
567:
548:
546:
523:
514:
510:
499:
495:
471:
459:
450:
432:
415:
404:
400:
387:
383:
353:
339:
328:
313:
311:
299:Container glass
261:
257:
252:aluminium oxide
248:magnesium oxide
246:. In addition,
229:
209:
200:glass recycling
196:
184:aluminium oxide
172:magnesium oxide
160:container glass
152:
120:sodium chloride
117:
113:
101:
97:
89:
68:
48:Soda–lime glass
17:
12:
11:
5:
1869:
1868:
1857:
1856:
1851:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1730:Tempered glass
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1700:DNA microarray
1697:
1695:Dealkalization
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1608:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1569:Glass modeling
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1504:
1502:
1500:Glass-ceramics
1496:
1495:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1440:Silicate glass
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1313:
1311:science topics
1305:
1304:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1275:
1274:
1269:makeitfrom.com
1256:
1254:. Delft: VVSD.
1243:
1232:(2): 643–652.
1212:
1185:
1167:
1152:
1145:
1120:
1094:
1075:
1073:, pp. 365–432.
1058:
1047:
1027:
997:
971:
969:
966:
965:
964:
957:
954:
953:
952:
949:Knoop hardness
946:
940:
934:
925:
924:
919:
914:
910:
897:
896:
891:
886:
885:after ISO 719
872:
871:
869:
866:
857:
856:
851:
846:
833:
832:
827:
822:
812:
811:
806:
801:
793:
792:
787:
782:
774:
773:
768:
763:
759:
752:
740:
739:
736:
731:
727:
717:
716:
713:
710:
702:
701:
698:
695:
686:Coefficient of
682:
681:
678:
675:
672:
661:
660:
657:
656:
653:
650:
644:
643:
640:
634:
633:
630:
624:
623:
620:
613:
610:
609:
606:
603:
597:
596:
593:
587:
586:
580:
579:
576:
569:
565:
540:
539:
536:
535:
533:
531:
529:
525:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
508:
505:
501:
500:
497:
493:
490:
487:
484:
480:
479:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
461:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
438:
435:
434:
430:
426:
423:
421:
418:
417:
413:
409:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:
385:
381:
377:
374:
369:
365:
364:
359:
356:
351:
347:
343:
342:
337:
333:
330:
326:
322:
315:
307:
306:
301:
296:
259:
255:
227:
207:
195:
192:
151:
148:
115:
111:
108:sodium sulfate
106:agents (e.g.,
99:
95:
87:
67:
64:
50:, also called
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1867:
1866:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1637:Optical fiber
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1601:
1595:
1594:Vitrification
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1564:Glass melting
1562:
1560:
1559:Glass forming
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Uranium glass
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1455:Soluble glass
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1370:Ceramic glaze
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1204:
1201:(2): 99–105.
1200:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1163:
1156:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1091:1-57498-225-7
1088:
1082:
1080:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1031:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1001:
987:
983:
976:
972:
963:
960:
959:
950:
947:
944:
941:
938:
935:
932:
929:
928:
923:
920:
918:
915:
906:
902:
899:
898:
895:
892:
890:
887:
882:
877:
874:
873:
870:
867:
862:
859:
858:
855:
852:
850:
847:
842:
838:
835:
834:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
817:
814:
813:
810:
807:
805:
802:
798:
797:Shear modulus
795:
794:
791:
788:
786:
783:
779:
776:
775:
772:
769:
767:
764:
758:
751:
745:
742:
741:
737:
735:
732:
726:
722:
719:
718:
714:
711:
707:
704:
703:
699:
696:
691:
687:
684:
683:
679:
676:
670:
666:
663:
662:
654:
649:
646:
645:
641:
639:
636:
635:
631:
629:
626:
625:
621:
618:
617:
614:
607:
602:
599:
598:
594:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
581:
577:
574:
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16:Type of glass
1803:Porous glass
1758:Safety glass
1715:Porous glass
1673:modification
1485:Wood's glass
1444:
1405:Fused quartz
1380:Cobalt glass
1334:Supercooling
1268:
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212:fused quartz
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176:sodium oxide
153:
150:Applications
69:
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1828:Glass fiber
1793:Glass cloth
1537:Preparation
1513:CorningWare
1395:Flint glass
1390:Crown glass
1343:Formulation
1164:. Coursera.
1107:congcal.com
1010:rayotek.com
820:temperature
669:temperature
295:Properties
41:float glass
1843:Categories
1823:Windshield
1657:Refraction
1617:Dispersion
1425:Milk glass
1420:Lead glass
991:2019-03-22
968:References
845:J/(mol·K)
744:Dispersion
304:Flat glass
156:flat glass
140:iron oxide
66:Production
1690:Corrosion
1589:Viscosity
1544:Annealing
913:), MPa.m
544:Viscosity
267:viscosity
244:limestone
1808:Pre-preg
1612:Achromat
1355:Bioglass
1350:AgInSbTe
1113:5 August
1053:Archived
1020:23 April
1014:Archived
956:See also
841:capacity
816:Liquidus
561:in °C −
310:Chemical
136:feldspar
94:(CaMg(CO
92:dolomite
43:process.
1739:Diverse
1671:Surface
1528:Zerodur
1180:iso.org
986:Gizmodo
706:Density
632:−2.585
1741:topics
1604:Optics
1410:GeSbTe
1317:Basics
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283:italic
271:poises
204:silica
182:, and
134:, and
104:fining
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1523:Macor
1490:ZBLAN
1324:Glass
1309:Glass
894:3...4
734:1.518
715:2.53
712:2.52
642:4215
595:3922
144:batch
128:trona
56:glass
1141:ISBN
1115:2013
1087:ISBN
1067:ISBN
1043:ISBN
1022:2017
922:0.75
868:315
837:Heat
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