Dreyfus affair - Knowledge

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frame discussion on issues such as immigration, religious freedom, minority rights, and the French Republic itself. In recent years, the Dreyfus affair has also been used to draw attention to the resurgence of antisemitism in Europe, and to advocate for legislation that would protect minority rights across the continent. In recent years, there has been a significant push to create legislation to protect minority rights throughout Europe, with the Dreyfus affair serving as an important reference point. In France, lawmakers have proposed a number of bills that would extend protections to minority communities, such as prohibiting discrimination based on ethnicity or religion, and providing additional resources for victims of hate crimes. On a broader European level, the European Union has implemented a variety of measures, such as a hate crime reporting system and a program of positive discrimination to ensure that minority communities are not disproportionately affected by social and economic policies. Additionally, the European Commission has set up a coordinating body to ensure that member states are upholding their obligations to protect minority rights.

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the streets, the crowd chanted "Death to Judas, death to the Jew." Witnesses report the dignity of Dreyfus, who continued to maintain his innocence while raising his arms: "Innocent, Innocent! Vive la France! Long live the Army". The Adjutant broke his sword on his knee and then the condemned Dreyfus marched at a slow pace in front of his former companions. An event known as "the legend of the confession" took place before the degradation. In the van that brought him to the military school, Dreyfus is said to have confided his treachery to Captain Lebrun-Renault. It appears that this was merely self-promotion by the captain of the Republican Guard, and that in reality Dreyfus had made no admission. Due to the affair's being related to national security, the prisoner was then held in solitary confinement in a cell awaiting transfer. On 17 January 1895, he was transferred to the prison on

3733:. A banker, Castro, formally identified the writing as that of Esterhazy, who was his debtor, and told Mathieu. On 11 November 1897, the two paths of investigation met during a meeting between Scheurer-Kestner and Mathieu Dreyfus. The latter finally received confirmation that Esterhazy was the author of the note. Based on this, on 15 November 1897 Mathieu Dreyfus made a complaint to the minister of war against Esterhazy. The controversy was now public and the army had no choice but to open an investigation. At the end of 1897, Picquart returned to Paris and made public his doubts about the guilt of Dreyfus because of his discoveries. Collusion to eliminate Picquart seemed to have failed. The challenge was very strong and turned to confrontation. To discredit Picquart, Esterhazy sent, without effect, letters of complaint to the president of the republic. 3884:, Esterhazy was set to appear before a military court on 10 January 1898. A "delayed" closed court trial was pronounced. Esterhazy was notified of the matter on the following day, along with guidance on the defensive line to take. The trial was not normal: the civil trial Mathieu and Lucy Dreyfus requested was denied, and the three handwriting experts decided the writing in the bordereau was not Esterhazy's. The accused was applauded and the witnesses booed and jeered. Pellieux intervened to defend the General Staff without legal substance. The real accused was Picquart, who was dishonoured by all the military protagonists of the affair. Esterhazy was acquitted unanimously the next day after just three minutes of deliberation. With all the cheering, it was difficult for Esterhazy to make his way toward the exit, where some 1,500 people were waiting. 4395:, the new minister of war and a fierce supporter of anti-revisionism, definitely wanted to prove the guilt of Dreyfus and from there "wring the neck" of Esterhazy, whom he considered "a pathological liar and blackmailer". He was absolutely convinced of Dreyfus's guilt, a conviction reinforced by the legend of the confession (after meeting the main witness, Captain Lebrun-Renault). Cavaignac had the honesty of a doctrinaire intransigent, but absolutely did not know the depths of the affair—the General Staff had kept him in the dark. He was surprised to learn that all the documents on which the prosecution was based had not been expertly appraised and that Boisdeffre had "absolute confidence" in Henry. Cavaignac decided to investigate—in his office, with his assistants—and retrieved the secret file, which now contained 365 items. 3382:, made a theatrical statement in open court. He argued that leaks betraying the General Staff had been suspected to exist since February 1894 and that "a respectable person" accused Captain Dreyfus. He swore on oath that the traitor was Dreyfus, pointing to the crucifix hanging on the wall of the court. Dreyfus was apoplectic with rage and demanded to be confronted with his anonymous accuser, which was rejected by the General Staff. The incident had an undeniable effect on the court, which was composed of seven officers who were both judges and jury. However, the outcome of the trial remained uncertain. The conviction of the judges had been shaken by the firm and logical answers of the accused. The judges took leave to deliberate, but the General Staff still had a card in hand to tip the balance decisively against Dreyfus. 5050:

1906 that the Court of Cassation unanimously cancelled the judgment without reference to the military trial at Rennes in 1899 and pronounced "the end of the rehabilitation of Captain Dreyfus". The anti-Dreyfusards protested at this hasty rehabilitation. The goal was obviously political: it was to finish and finally turn the page. Nothing could dent the conviction of the opponents of Dreyfus. This method was the most direct and most definitive. What was annulled not only put a stop to Rennes, but the entire chain of prior acts, beginning with the arraignment order given by General Saussier in 1894. The Court focused on the legal aspects only and observed that Dreyfus did not have a duty to be returned before a Military Court for the simple reason that it should never have taken place due to the total absence of charges:

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emotions ran high. His physical appearance disturbed his supporters and some of his opponents. Despite his deteriorated physical condition, he had a complete mastery of the files acquired in only a few weeks. All the General Staff testified against Dreyfus without providing any proof. They stubbornly considered null and void the confessions of Henry and Esterhazy. The trial even tended to go out of control to the extent that the decisions of the Supreme Court were not taken into account. They discussed in particular the bordereau, which was the proof of guilt of Esterhazy. Nevertheless Mercier was booed at the end of the hearing. The nationalist press and the anti-Dreyfusards could only speculate on his silence about the "conclusive evidence" (the pseudo-note annotated by

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Scheurer-Kestner and Lazare, who advocated patience and reflection. Thanks to the national and international success of Zola's article, a trial became inevitable. From that critical moment the case followed two parallel paths. On one hand, the state used its apparatus to impose a limitation on the trial, restricting it to one of simple libel so as to separate the Dreyfus and Esterhazy cases, which had already been adjudicated. On the other hand, conflicting camps of opinion tried to influence judges and the government—one side pushed to obtain a review and the other to convict Zola. But Zola achieved his aim: the opening of a public debate at the

3982: 4197:, while insults to private figures—such as journalists and intellectuals—uttered by the nationalist and antisemitic press were limited to the civil adversarial system. (The taxpayer is at risk in the first case, while only the plaintiff is at risk in the second.) The minister referred to only three passages of Zola's article, eighteen lines out of hundreds. He accused Zola of having written that the court martial had committed "unlawful acts ... by order". The trial opened in an atmosphere of extreme violence—Zola had been the object of "the most shameful attacks" as well as important support and congratulations. (On 2 February, 3833: 2880:. While neither had anything to do with Dreyfus, their intimate and erotic correspondence (e.g. "Don't exhaust yourself with too much buggery."), which was obtained by the authorities, lent an air of truth to other documents that were forged by prosecutors to lend retroactive credibility to Dreyfus's conviction as a spy. Some of these forgeries referred to the real affair between the two officers; in one, Alessandro supposedly informed his lover that if "Dreyfus is brought in for questioning", they must both claim that they "never had any dealings with that Jew. ... Clearly, no one can ever know what happened with him." 1676: 40: 2897: 3417:, to the Italian military attaché, Lieutenant Colonel Alessandro Panizzardi, intercepted by the SR. The letter was supposed to accuse Dreyfus definitively since, according to his accusers, it was signed with the initial of his name. In reality, the Statistics Section knew that the letter could not be attributed to Dreyfus and if it was, it was with criminal intent. Colonel Maurel confirmed in the second Dreyfus trial that the secret documents were not used to win the support of the judges of the Military Court. He contradicted himself, however, by saying that he read only one document, "which was enough". 2777: 3058:. In fact the SR suspected that there had been leaks since the beginning of 1894 and had been trying to find the perpetrator. The minister had been harshly attacked in the press for his actions, which were deemed incompetent, and appears to have sought an opportunity to enhance his image. He immediately initiated two secret investigations, one administrative and one judicial. To find the culprit, using simple though crude reasoning, the circle of the search was arbitrarily restricted to suspects posted to, or former employees of, the General Staff – necessarily a trainee artillery officer. 3363:

bordereau showed that Captain Dreyfus could not be the author. At the same time the accused himself protested his innocence and defended himself point by point with energy and logic. Moreover, his statements were supported by a dozen defence witnesses. Finally, the absence of motive for the crime was a serious thorn in the prosecution case. Dreyfus was indeed a very patriotic officer highly rated by his superiors, very rich and with no tangible reason to betray France. The fact of Dreyfus's Jewishness, which was used extensively by the right-wing press, was not openly presented in court.

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to find logical reasons for the guilt and conviction of Dreyfus but was not silent on this discovery. A board of inquiry was formed to investigate Esterhazy, before which he panicked and confessed his secret reports to Major du Paty de Clam. Collusion between the General Staff and the traitor was revealed. On 30 August 1898 Cavaignac resigned himself to demanding explanations from Colonel Henry in the presence of Boisdeffre and Gonse. After an hour of questioning by the minister himself, Henry broke down and made a full confession. He was placed under arrest at the

5194:. In the short term, progressive political forces from the elections of 1893 and confirmed in 1898 as a result of the Dreyfus affair disappeared in 1899. The shock trials of Esterhazy and Zola created a dreyfusian politics whose aim was to develop a republican consciousness and to fight against authoritarian nationalism, which expressed itself during the affair. For the uninhibited growth of populist nationalism was another major result of the event in French politics even though it did not originate from the Dreyfus affair. It grew out of the 4306: 3867: 3233:, reluctantly gave the order for an enquiry. He had the power to stop the process but did not, perhaps because of an exaggerated confidence in military justice. Major Besson d'Ormescheville, the recorder for the Military Court, wrote an indictment in which "moral elements" of the charge (which gossiped about the habits of Dreyfus and his alleged attendance at "gambling circles", his knowledge of German, and his "remarkable memory") were developed more extensively than the "material elements", which are rarely seen in the charge: 4631:

recorder for the consideration of the application for review. He took on the legal files and decided on a further investigation. Ten additional witnesses were interviewed, which further weakened the version of the General Staff. In the final discussion, President Ballot-Beaupré demonstrated the inanity of the bordereau, which was the only evidence against Dreyfus. The prosecutor Manau echoed the views of the President. Mornard who represented Lucie Dreyfus argued without any difficulty or opposition from the prosecution.

3737: 4159:. Anti-intellectualism became a major theme of right-wing intellectuals, who accused the Dreyfusards of failing to put the nation's interests first, an argument that continued throughout the years that followed and which became the basis of the public debate: a choice between justice and truth on the one hand, and the defense of the nation, preservation of society, and superiority of the state on the other. At first, the political left did not echo this mobilization of intellectuals—on 19 January 1898 Socialist 4052:). With a typical circulation of 30,000, the newspaper distributed nearly 300,000 copies that day. This article had the effect of an explosion. The article was a direct attack, explicit and clear, and named names. It denounced all those who had conspired against Dreyfus, including the minister of war and the General Staff. The article contained numerous errors, exaggerating or minimizing the roles of one or another of the figures involved (the role of General Mercier was greatly underestimated, for instance). 3863:, asked, "Who protects Major Esterhazy? The law must stop sucking up to this ineffectual Prussian disguised as a French officer. Why? Who trembles before Esterhazy? What occult power, why shamefully oppose the action of justice? What stands in the way? Why is Esterhazy, a character of depravity and more than doubtful morals, protected while the accused is not? Why is an honest soldier such as Lieutenant-Colonel Picquart discredited, overwhelmed, dishonoured? If this is the case we must speak out!" 4455: 4915: 3259: 72: 4680:

confidential. At the end of 1898, he learned with astonishment the actual size of the affair, about which he knew nothing: the accusation by his brother against Esterhazy, the acquittal of the traitor, Henry's confession and suicide, and the reading of the record of investigations of the Supreme Court, which he received two months after its publication. On 5 June 1899, Alfred Dreyfus was notified of the decision of the Supreme Court on the judgement of 1894. On 9 June 1899, he left

5166: 3526: 5065: 4740:, sent respectful word to Major Louis Carrière, the government commissioner. He asked him to act in the spirit of the revised judgment of the Supreme Court. The officer pretended not to understand the allusion and helped the nationalist lawyer Auffray to make the indictment against Dreyfus. The defence needed to make a decision because the outcome of the case looked bad, despite evidence of the absence of charges against the accused. On behalf of the president of the council, 5332: 3178: 4290: 1622: 5267: 3708:. The doubts of the General Staff regarding the innocence of Dreyfus flew out the window. With this discovery the General Staff decided to protect Esterhazy and persecute Colonel Picquart, "who did not understand anything". Picquart, who knew nothing of the "faux Henry", quickly felt isolated from his fellow soldiers. Major Henry accused Picquart of embezzlement and sent him a letter full of innuendo. He protested in writing and returned to Paris. 3014: 4795: 3115: 251: 4580: 3499: 2507: 3964: 4736:

returned. Incidents between the two lawyers for Dreyfus multiplied. Labori reproached Demange about his excessive caution. The government, in the face of the military hardening stance, still had two ways to influence events: call for testimony from Germany or abandon the charge. These negotiations in the background, however, had no result. The German Embassy sent a polite refusal to the government. The Minister of War, General

3900:, did not give up and involved himself further in the affair. When Mathieu thanked him, he replied curtly that he was "doing his duty". Esterhazy benefited from special treatment by the upper echelons of the army, which was inexplicable except for the General Staff's desire to stifle any inclination to challenge the verdict of the court martial that had convicted Dreyfus in 1894. The army declared Esterhazy unfit for service. 4701: 5588: 4377: 3093: 3040: 12078: 4811:

this extremely long and controversial affair. Also there were very few demonstrations in the provinces while agitation persisted somewhat in Paris. In the military world appeasement was also essential. Two of the seven judges voted for acquittal. They refused to yield to the implied military order. This was also clearly seen. In an apostrophe for the army, Galliffet announced: "The incident is closed".

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became convinced of his innocence. Moved by his discovery, Picquart diligently conducted an enquiry in secret without the consent of his superiors. The enquiry demonstrated that Esterhazy had knowledge of the elements described by the "bordereau" and that he was in contact with the German Embassy. It was established that the officer sold the Germans many secret documents, whose value was quite low.

4744:, aided by Zola and Jaurès, Labori was convinced to give up his argument so as not to offend the military. They decided to risk conciliation in exchange for the acquittal that seemed to be promised by the government. Mr. Demange, alone and without illusions, continued the defence of Dreyfus in an atmosphere of civil war. In Paris, the antisemitic and nationalist agitators of Auteuil were arrested. 4757: 3631: 3391: 4031:, he said at his trial, "I ask General Pellieux if there are not many ways to serve France? It can be served by the sword or by the pen. General Pellieux has probably won great victories! I have won mine, too. By my work the French language has been brought into the world. I have my victories! I bequeath to posterity the name of General Pellieux and that of Émile Zola: history will choose! 5090:(French Action) not only to disrupt the ceremony for the "two traitors" Zola and Dreyfus, but also to remake the Dreyfus trial through a new trial, a revenge of some sort. The trial was at the Assises of the Seine, where Grégori was acquitted – the latest in a long series of judicial misconducts. It was an occasion for new antisemitic riots that the government suppressed half-heartedly. 4942: 4717: 4247:

fear the worst excesses if the jury acquitted Mr. Zola". However, the Zola trial was rather a victory for the Dreyfusards. Indeed, the affair and its contradictions had been widely discussed throughout the trial, especially by the military. In addition, the violent attacks against Zola and the injustice of the conviction of Dreyfus reinforced the commitment of the Dreyfusards.

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on the defensive and just get the acquittal of Dreyfus. Labori, a brilliant lawyer who was just 35 years old, wanted to take the offensive, to aim higher and defeat and publicly humiliate the General Staff. Mathieu Dreyfus imagined a complementarity between the two lawyers. The conduct of the trial revealed the disunity that served the prosecution with a defence so impaired.

3111:. On being shown some letters by Dreyfus and the bordereau on 5 October, du Paty concluded immediately who had written the two writings. After a day of additional work he provided a report that, despite some differences, the similarities were sufficient to warrant an investigation. Dreyfus was therefore "the probable author" of the bordereau in the eyes of the General Staff. 9028:: "Without doubt, I am also more firmly than ever the enemy of the death penalty. But it can never be understood by the public that the state a few weeks ago has shot an unfortunate child 20 years old who was guilty of throwing a button of his tunic at the head of the President of a Military Court, while the traitor Dreyfus will soon leave for l'île de Nou (sic) 4433:(deputies) gave him an ovation and voted to display copies of the three documents in the 36,000 communes of France. The anti-Dreyfusards had triumphed, but Cavaignac implicitly recognized that the Dreyfus's defence had not had access to all the evidence. The application for annulment made by Lucie Dreyfus became admissible. The next day, Picquart declared in 3066:

favoured by France for their knowledge of the German language and culture. There was also antisemitism in the offices of the General Staff, and it fast became central to the affair by filling in the credibility gaps in the preliminary enquiry. In particular, Dreyfus was at that time the only Jewish officer to be recently passed by the General Staff.

4486:"). In December the same newspaper launched a subscription, in favour of his widow, to erect a monument to Henry. Each gift was accompanied by pithy, often abusive, remarks on Dreyfus, the Dreyfusards, and the Jews. Some 14,000 subscribers, including 53 deputies, sent 131,000 francs. On 3 September 1898, Brisson, the president of the council, urged 3518:. Indeed, during the deportation of Adjutant Lucien Châtelain, sentenced for conspiring with the enemy in 1888, the facilities did not provide the required conditions of confinement and detention conditions were considered too soft. On 21 February 1895, Dreyfus embarked on the ship Ville de Saint-Nazaire. The next day the ship sailed for 5011:. The court identified three events (grounds) for review, the demonstration of the falsification of the Panizzardi telegram, demonstration of a date change on a document in the 1894 trial (April 1895 changed to April 1894) and demonstration of the fact that Dreyfus had not removed the minutes related to heavy artillery in the army. 5073:

that his five years of imprisonment were not taken into account for the reconstruction of his career and that his promotion to major was back-dated only to 10 July 1903. This decision blocked any hope of a career worthy of his past successes before his arrest in 1894. After serving for a year as commander of the artillery depot at

5655:). The interest of the book focuses on a strictly factual relating of the story with documented facts and multifaceted reflection on the different aspects of the event. The book also revealed for the first time the existence of homosexual correspondence in the prosecution case. Expanding on a 2008 article they published in 3719:, like Dreyfus), who was in turn infected by doubts. Without citing Picquart, the senator revealed the affair to the highest people in the country. The General Staff, however, still suspected Picquart of causing leaks. This was the beginning of the Picquart affair, a new conspiracy by the General Staff against an officer. 4598:. On 26 September 1898, after a Cabinet vote, the Minister of Justice appealed to the Supreme Court. On 29 October 1898, after the submission of the report from the recorder Alphonse Bard, the Criminal Chamber of the Court stated that "the application is admissible and will proceed with a supplementary investigation". 3406:. Recent research indicates the existence of numbering which suggests the presence of a dozen documents. Among these letters were some of an erotic homosexual nature (the Davignon letter among others) raising the question of the tainted methods of the Statistics Section and the objective of their choice of documents. 3878:. This convinced the Office of the General Staff to find a way to stop the questions, doubts, and the beginnings of demands for justice. The idea was to require Esterhazy to demand a trial and be acquitted, to stop the noise and allow a return to order. Thus, to finally exonerate him, according to the old rule 3770:, which was the first article in a series of three. Faced with threats of massive cancellations from its readers, the paper's editor stopped supporting Zola. Gradually, from late-November through early-December 1897, a number of prominent people got involved in the fight for retrial. These included the authors 11411:"Dreyfus Unaware to End He Had Been Victim of Plot; Was Instrument of Conspiracy to Destroy the French Republic, Documents Disclose -- Likened to Nazi Movement in Reich. Enemies of Dreyfus Left a Trail of Forgeries, Perjuries and Murders Zola's 'J' Accuse' Led to the Undoing of the 'Outrageous Judicial Crime'" 4272:

that should have made the complaint. Prosecutor-General Manau supported a review of the Dreyfus trial and strongly opposed the antisemites. The judges of the military court, whom Zola had challenged, therefore opened a new suit against him for libel. The case was brought before the Assizes of Seine-et-Oise in

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localities, and associated them with "the campaign undertaken in favor of ex-Captain Dreyfus", or with the "intervention by M. Zola", or the Zola trial itself, which "seems to have aroused the antisemitic demonstrations". In Paris, demonstrations around the Zola trial were frequent and sometimes violent.

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The publication of notes by Schwartzkoppen in 1930 shed light on the guilty role of Esterházy in the affair and exonerated Alfred Dreyfus at the same time, if such vindication was needed. The extreme right questioned the value of this testimony but most historians hold it to be a valid source despite

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refused to display it there. Hernu claimed that this was because the École Militaire is not open to the public, but it was widely believed that this was done to avoid provoking the army. Mitterrand did not override his minister and the statue was instead installed at Boulevard Raspail, No. 116–118 at

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Though Alfred Dreyfus was eventually exonerated of all charges, the scandal and its aftermath had lasting repercussions in French society. In the 21st century, the Dreyfus affair remains an important part of French history and has been the focus of much public debate. The controversy has been used to

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of Vienna and was present at the degradation of Dreyfus in 1895. "The catalyst for Herzl's 'conversion' is usually seen as the Dreyfus affair, which made him realise the impossibility of Jewish existence in Europe", although some scholars believe that Herzl may have exaggerated the influence that the

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Dreyfus was reinstated in the army with the rank of artillery major by law on 13 July 1906. This reflected the rank to which he could reasonably have been expected to have risen had his career not been interrupted by the false charges against him. However, Dreyfus and his supporters were disappointed

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On 9 March 1905, Attorney-General Baudouin delivered an 800-page report in which he demanded the convictions be quashed without further reference to another court and denounced the army. He began a divestiture of the military justice system, which did not conclude until 1982. It was not until 12 July

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It was in this spirit that on 17 November 1899, Waldeck-Rousseau filed an amnesty law covering "all criminal acts or misdemeanours related to the Dreyfus affair or that have been included in a prosecution for one of these acts" excluding only Alfred Dreyfus himself who was instead pardoned to be able

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to the council president, "I am in a position to establish before a court of competent jurisdiction that the two documents bearing the date of 1894 could not be attributed to Dreyfus and that the one that bears the date of 1896 had all the characteristics of a fake", which earned him eleven months in

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was responsible for conducting an investigation. It was brief, thanks to the General Staff's skillful manipulation of the investigator. The real culprit, they said, was Lieutenant-Colonel Picquart. The investigation was moving towards a predictable conclusion until Esterhazy's former mistress, Madame

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The nationalist press launched a violent campaign against the burgeoning Dreyfusards. In counter-attack, the General Staff discovered and revealed the information hitherto ignored in the "secret file". Doubt began to surface, and figures in the artistic and political spheres asked questions. Picquart

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from 1877 to 1880. A man with a personality disorder, a sulphurous reputation and crippled by debt, he was considered by Picquart to be a traitor driven by monetary reasons to betray his country. Picquart communicated the results of his investigation to the General Staff, which opposed him under "the

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who was not an expert in handwriting, was presented as a scholar of the first importance. He advanced the theory of "autoforgery" during the trial and accused Dreyfus of imitating his own handwriting, explaining the differences in writing by using extracts of writing from his brother Matthieu and his

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The letters, real and fake, provided a convenient excuse for placing the entire Dreyfus dossier under seal, given that exposure of the liaison would have 'dishonoured' Germany and Italy's military and compromised diplomatic relations. As homosexuality was, like Judaism, then often perceived as a sign

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Faced with the evidence that the identity of the writer of the bordereau was Esterházy, the General Staff had spread the rumour that the bordereau was in fact copied from a note that was even commented in the handwriting of the German Emperor Wilhelm II. This allowed the people behind the rumours to

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by "Henri-Dutrait Crozon", a pseudonym of Colonel Larpent, is the basis of all anti-Dreyfusard literature after the affair to the present time. The author develops the theory of conspiracy, fueled by Jewish finance, to push Esterhazy to accuse himself of crime. Under a scientific exterior there will

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and assisted by judges. The investigation was conducted by Captain Antoine Louis Targe, aide to the minister. During searches of the Statistics Section he discovered numerous documents, most of which were obviously fabricated. In November 1903 a report was submitted to the Minister of Justice by the

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On the evening of 13 August 1898, Louis Cuignet, who was attached to the cabinet of Cavaignac, was working by the light of a lamp and observed that the colour of the lines on the "faux Henry" paper header and footer did not correspond with the central part of the document. Cavaignac was still trying

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On 2 April 1898, an application to the Supreme Court received a favourable response. This was the court's first intervention in the affair. The court upheld the appeal, on the formal grounds that as the alleged libel was against the military court, rather than the minister, it was the military court

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in Paris. While the drums rolled, Dreyfus was accompanied by four artillery officers, who brought him before an officer of the state who read the judgment. A Republican Guard adjutant tore off his badges, thin strips of gold, his stripes, cuffs and sleeves of his jacket. As he was paraded throughout

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Mrs. Dreyfus was informed of the arrest the same day by a police raid to search their apartment. She was terrorized by Du Paty, who ordered her to keep the arrest of her husband secret and even said, "One word, one single word and it will be a European war!" Illegally, Dreyfus was placed in solitary

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The opposition of the Radicals and Socialists resulted in a centrist government with policies oriented towards economic protectionism, a certain indifference to social issues, a willingness to break international isolation, the Russian alliance, and development of the colonial empire. These centrist

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Another social consequence was the enhanced role of the press. For the first time it exerted an important influence on French political life. It was possible to speak of a fourth estate since it could act the part of all state organs. Especially as the high editorial quality of the press was mainly

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The enduring significance of the Dreyfus Affair ... lies in its manifest embodiment of multiple narratives and multiple strands of historical causality. It shows how longstanding beliefs and tensions can be transformed ... into a juggernaut that alters the political and cultural landscape

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This judicial conclusion also had an unfortunate consequence for the relationship between the Dreyfus family and the branch of Ultra-Dreyfusards. Fernand Labori, Jaures, and Clemenceau, with the consent of Picquart openly accused Alfred Dreyfus of accepting the pardon and only gently protesting the

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The day after the verdict, Alfred Dreyfus, after much hesitation, filed an appeal for a retrial. Waldeck-Rousseau, in a difficult position, tackled for the first time the possibility of a pardon. Dreyfus had to accept guilt. Exhausted, having been away from his family for too long, he accepted. The

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On 9 September 1899, the court rendered its verdict: Dreyfus was convicted of treason, but "with extenuating circumstances" (by five votes to two) and sentenced to ten years' imprisonment and a further degradation. Contrary to appearances, this verdict was on the verge of acquittal by one vote. The

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General Mercier, champion of the anti-Dreyfusards, intervened constantly in the press to confirm the accuracy of the first judgement: Dreyfus was surely guilty. Immediately, however, dissent emerged in the defence of Dreyfus. His two lawyers actually had opposing strategies. Demange wanted to stand

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On 3 June 1899, the joint chambers of the Supreme Court overturned the judgment of 1894 in a formal hearing. The case was referred to the Military Court of Rennes. By that judgment, the Supreme Court imposed itself as an absolute authority capable of standing up to military and political power. For

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accused of being a deserter and tainted by the Prussians. Despite the compliant silence of Mercier, Billot, Zurlinden, and Roget, who hid behind the authority of "already judged" and "state secret", understanding of the affair increased. Cavaignac made a statement two days long, but failed to prove

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Zola was sentenced to one year in prison and a fine of 3,000 francs, which was the maximum penalty. This harshness was due to the atmosphere of violence surrounding the trial. "The excitement of the audience and the exasperation of the crowd in front of the courthouse were so violent that one could

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was assigned to be head of the staff of the Military Intelligence Service (SR) in July 1895, following the illness of Colonel Sandherr. In March 1896, Picquart, who had followed the Dreyfus affair from the outset, now required to receive the documents stolen from the German Embassy directly without

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The jousting of the columnists took place within a broader debate about the issue of a closed court. For Ranc and Cassagnac, who represented the majority of the press, the closed court was a low manoeuvre to enable the acquittal of Dreyfus, "because the minister is a coward". The proof was "that he

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to justify their previous campaigns against the presence of Jews in the army on the theme "You have been told!" This long delay above all enabled the General Staff to prepare public opinion and to put indirect pressure on the judges. On 8 November 1894, General Mercier declared Dreyfus guilty in an

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The operation of military counterintelligence, alias the "Statistics Section" (SR), should be noted. Spying as a tool for secret war was a novelty as an organised activity by governments in the late 19th century. The Statistics Section was created in 1871 but consisted of only a handful of officers

2806:

of 27 August 1892 was signed, although some opponents thought it "against nature". The army had recovered from the defeat, but many of its officers were aristocrats and monarchists. Cult of the flag and contempt for the parliamentary republic prevailed in the army. The Republic celebrated its army;

5387:

image, which made it appear a shelter from extremist excess. He had originally been a fanatic supporter for assimilation of Jews into European Gentile society. The Dreyfus affair shook Herzl's view on the world, and he became completely enveloped in a tiny movement calling for the restoration of a

5314:

who attacked ferociously. This being said the role of the press was limited by the size of circulation, influential in Paris but to a lesser extent nationwide. The entire run of the national press appeared to revolve around four and a half million copies whose real influence was relatively strong.

5142:

published a feature by Walter Littlefield headlined “Dreyfus Unaware to End He Had Been Victim of Plot…” The piece fills 2 full pages and leads with the statement that the truth could not be published during Dreyfus' lifetime “because while he lived this would have caused him pain and resentment.”

5045:

who "reasoned badly on forged documents". The report showed that the writing was certainly by Esterhazy and that the latter had also confessed subsequently. Finally the Court demonstrated by a comprehensive and skilled analysis of the bordereau the futility of this purely intellectual construction

4836:

superiors, they accorded too much importance to fragile allegations that were only made against the accused." Thus he concluded: "For surely it might have been predicted with certainty that, if the revision trial had taken place before the Cour de cassation ... Dreyfus would now be a free man.

4810:

Reactions in France were strong, consisting of "shock and sadness" in the revisionist camp. Still other reactions tended to show that the "verdict of appeasement" made by the judges was understood and accepted by the population. The Republicans sought above all social peace and to turn the page on

4609:

Picquart then demonstrated all the workings of the error, then the conspiracy. In a decision dated 8 December 1898 in response to his divestiture announcement, Picquart was protected from the military court by the Criminal Division of the Supreme Court. This was a new obstacle to the wishes of the

4527:

was appointed in place of Brisson. In 1894 he had covered the actions of General Mercier at the beginning of the Dreyfus affair, and four years later he announced that he would follow the judgment of the Supreme Court, thus blocking the road for those who wanted to stifle the review and divest the

4511:

who succeeded him and was influenced by the General Staff, delivered a negative opinion at the review on 10 September 1898 comforting the extremist press by saying that, "a review means war". The obstinacy of the government, who voted to revert to the Supreme Court on 26 September 1898, led to the

4315:

Antisemitic disturbances and riots broke out in 1898 in cities across Metropolitan France, mostly in January and February. Antisemitic riots predated the Dreyfus affair, and were almost a tradition in the East, which "the Alsatian people observed upon the outbreak of any revolution in France". But

4276:

where the public was considered more favourable to the army and more nationalistic. On 23 May 1898, at the first hearing, Mr. Labori appealed to the Supreme Court regarding the change of jurisdiction, which adjourned the trial and postponed the hearing to 18 July 1898. Labori advised Zola to leave

4242:

This trial was also the scene of a real legal battle in which the rights of the defence were constantly violated. Many observers were aware of the collusion between France's political and military worlds. Evidently the court received instructions not to raise the subject of former judicial errors.

3722:

Major Henry, although deputy to Picquart, was jealous and fostered his own malicious operation to compromise his superior. He engaged in various malpractices (making a letter and designating it as an instrument of a "Jewish syndicate", wanting to help Dreyfus to escape, rigging the "petit bleu" to

3659:

On seeing letters from Esterhazy, Picquart realized with amazement that his writing was exactly the same as that on the "bordereau", which had been used to incriminate Dreyfus. He procured the "secret file" given to the judges in 1894 and was astonished by the lack of evidence against Dreyfus, and

5374:

f France – bastion of emancipation, progress and universal socialism – get caught up in a maelstrom of antisemitism and let the Parisian crowd chant 'Kill the Jews!' Where can they be safe once again – if not in their own country? Assimilation does not solve the problem because the Gentile world

5054:

Whereas in the final analysis of the accusation against Dreyfus nothing remains standing and setting aside the judgment of the Military Court leaves nothing that can be considered to be a crime or misdemeanour; therefore by applying the final paragraph of Article 445 no reference to another court

4835:

The Military judges were not familiar with the law or criminal proceedings. They lacked the experience and skill that can see the evidence behind the evidence. They were drowning in prejudice and they acted according to what they saw as the honour of the army. Impressed, full of respect for their

4708:

The trial opened on 7 August 1899 in an atmosphere of extreme tension. Rennes was in a state of siege. The judges of the court-martial were under pressure. Esterházy, who admitted authorship of the bordereau, was in exile in England. He and du Paty were both excused. On the appearance of Dreyfus,

4535:

A new crisis arose at the same time in the heart of the Supreme Court, since Quesnay de Beaurepaire, president of the Civil Chamber, accused the Criminal Chamber of Dreyfusism in the press. He resigned on 8 January 1899 as a hero of the nationalist cause. This crisis led to the divestiture of the

3544:

on 14 April 1895. Apart from his guards, he was the only inhabitant of the island and he stayed in a stone hut 4 by 4 metres (13 ft × 13 ft). Haunted by the risk of escape, the commandant of the prison sentenced him to a hellish life, even though living conditions were already very

3216:

On 1 November 1894, Alfred's brother, Mathieu Dreyfus, became aware of the arrest after being called urgently to Paris. He became the architect of the arduous fight for the liberation of his brother. Without hesitation, he began looking for a lawyer, and retained the distinguished criminal lawyer

3026:

The staff of the Military Intelligence Service (SR) worked around the clock to spy on the German Embassy in Paris. They had managed to get a French housekeeper named "Madame Bastian" hired to work in the building and spy on the Germans. In September 1894, she found a torn-up note which she handed

2936:

accused Jewish officers of "betraying their birth", the officers challenged the editors. Captain Crémieu-Foa, a Jewish Alsatian graduated from the Ecole Polytechnique, fought unsuccessfully against Drumont and against M. de Lamase, who was the author of the articles. Captain Mayer, another Jewish

4493:

France was thoroughly divided into two, but several things remain clear: the Jewish community had little involvement, intellectuals were not all Dreyfusards, the Protestants were divided, and Marxists refused to support Dreyfus. The split transcended religion and social background, as shown in a

3607:

The campaign for the review, relayed little by little into the leftist anti-military press, triggered a return of a violent yet vague antisemitism. France was overwhelmingly anti-Dreyfusard; Major Henry from the Statistics Section in turn was aware of the thinness of the prosecution case. At the

3069:

In fact, the reputation of Dreyfus as a cold and withdrawn or even haughty character, as well as his "curiosity", worked strongly against him. These traits of character, some false, others natural, made the charges plausible by turning the most ordinary acts of everyday life in the ministry into

5854:

These are treated in the single penultimate paragraph in one sentence: "The material elements consist of the incriminating letter including review by the majority of experts as well as by us and by the witnesses who have seen it until now except for those who wilfully see differences, showing a

5301:

in 1886. It was then greatly amplified by various legal episodes and press campaigns for nearly fifteen years. Antisemitism was from then on official and was espoused in numerous settings including the working classes. Candidates for the legislative elections took advantage of antisemitism as a

4630:

On 28 February 1899, Waldeck-Rousseau spoke to the Senate on the floor and denounced "moral conspiracy" within the government and in the street. The review was no longer avoidable. On 1 March 1899, Alexis Ballot-Beaupré, the new president of the Civil Chamber of the Supreme Court, was appointed

3401:

Military witnesses at the trial alerted high command about the risk of acquittal. For this eventuality the Statistics Section had prepared a file containing, in principle, four "absolute" proofs of the guilt of Captain Dreyfus accompanied by an explanatory note. The contents of this secret file

3134:

Meanwhile, several parallel sources of information were opening up, some on the personality of Dreyfus, others to ensure the truth of the identity of the author of the bordereau. The expert Gobert was not convinced and found many differences. He even wrote that "the nature of the writing on the

4626:

On 9 February 1899, the Criminal Division submitted its report by highlighting two important facts: it was certain Esterhazy used the same paper as the bordereau and the secret file was completely void. These two major events alone destroyed all proceedings against Alfred Dreyfus. In parallel,

4506:

Henry was dead, Boisdeffre had resigned, Gonse had no more authority, and du Paty had been severely compromised by Esterhazy: for the conspirators it was a débâcle. The government was now caught between two fires: the nationalist pressure on the street and the higher command. Cavaignac, having

3160:

On the morning of 15 October 1894, Captain Dreyfus underwent this ordeal but admitted nothing. Du Paty even tried to suggest suicide by placing a revolver in front of Dreyfus, but he refused to take his life, saying he "wanted to live to establish his innocence". The hopes of the military were

2767:

as prime minister. His government faced the opposition of the left and of some Republicans (including the Progressive Union) and made sure to keep the support of the right. He sought to appease religious, social, and economic tensions and conducted a fairly conservative policy. He succeeded in

7944:

About the other points: 2) "A note upon the 'troupes de couverture' (some modifications will be carried out)"; 3) "A note concerning a modification in the formations of artillery"; 4) "A note relative to Madagascar" ; 5) "The proposed 'manual de tir' of field artillery (March 14, 1894)" in J.

4332:

appeared on 13 January, and most historians suggest that the riots were spontaneous reactions to its publication, and to the subsequent Zola trial. The press reported that "tumultuous demonstrations broke out nearly every day". Prefects or police in various towns noted demonstrations in their

3362:

were present at certain proceedings in violation of the law. The closed court allowed the military to avoid disclosing the emptiness of their evidence to the public and to stifle debate. As expected, the emptiness of their case appeared clearly during the hearings. Detailed discussions on the

3065:

and an artillery officer, of the Jewish faith and of Alsatian origin, coming from the republican meritocracy. At the beginning of the case, the emphasis was rather on the Alsatian origins of Dreyfus than on his religion. These origins were not, however, exceptional because these officers were

4735:

On 14 August 1899, Labori was on his way to court when he was shot in the back by an extremist who escaped and was never found. The lawyer was missing from discussions for over a week at the decisive moment of the examination of witnesses. On 22 August 1899, his condition had improved and he

4058:

provided for the first time a compilation of all existing data on the affair in one place. Zola's goal was to make himself a target, to force the authorities to prosecute him. His trial forced a new public review of both the Dreyfus and Esterhazy affairs. Here he went against the strategy of

3852:

in which ten years earlier Esterhazy had expressed violently his hatred for France and his contempt for the French army. The militarist press rushed to the rescue of Esterhazy with an unprecedented antisemitic campaign. The Dreyfusard press replied with strong new evidence in its possession.

3409:

The secret file was illegally submitted at the beginning of the deliberations by the President of the Military Court, Colonel Émilien Maurel, by order of the Minister of War, General Mercier. Later at the Rennes trial of 1899, General Mercier explained (falsely) the nature of the prohibited

3249:

On 4 December 1894, Dreyfus was referred to the first Military Court with this dossier. The secrecy was lifted and Demange could access the file for the first time. After reading it the lawyer had absolute confidence, as he saw the emptiness of the prosecution's case. The prosecution rested

3122:

General Mercier believed he had the guilty party, but he exaggerated the value of the affair, which took on the status of an affair of state during the week preceding the arrest of Dreyfus. The Minister did consult and inform all the authorities of the State, yet despite prudent counsel and

2926:

Antisemitism did not spare the military, which practised hidden discrimination with the "cote d'amour" (a subjective assessment of personal acceptability) system of irrational grading, encountered by Dreyfus in his application to the Bourges School. However, while prejudices of this nature

4384:

The acquittal of Esterhazy, the convictions of Émile Zola and of Georges Picquart, and the continued presence of an innocent man in prison had a considerable national and international effect. France was exposed as an arbitrary state, which contradicted its founding republican principles.

4679:

Alfred Dreyfus was in no way aware of what was happening thousands of kilometres from him. Neither was he aware of the schemes hatched to guarantee that he could never return, or the commitment of countless men and women to his cause. The prison administration filtered information deemed

4324:

from 18–25 January. Demonstrators at these disturbances threw stones, chanted slogans, attacked Jewish property and sometimes Jewish people, and resisted police efforts to stop them. Mayors called for calm, and troops including cavalry were called in an attempt to quell the disturbances.

5415:

The Dreyfus affair also marked a turning point in the lives of many Jews from Western and Central Europe, as the pogroms of 1881–1882 had done for the Jews of Eastern Europe, as many Jews had believed that they were Frenchmen first. Yet Jews, despite the state-sanctioned efforts of the

3887:

By error an innocent person was convicted, but on order the guilty party was acquitted. For many moderate Republicans it was an intolerable infringement of the fundamental values they defended. The acquittal of Esterhazy therefore brought about a change of strategy for the Dreyfusards.

4852:

regretted that the innocence of Dreyfus was not recognized, the normalization of future Franco-German relations was seen as a welcome relaxation. Diplomacy between the three powers with the help of England sought to relax in an atmosphere that deteriorated again on the eve of the

4635:

many Dreyfusards, this ruling was the prelude to the acquittal of the captain; they forgot to consider that it was again the army who would judge. The court, in overturning the judgement, believed in the legal autonomy of the military court without taking into account the laws of

2927:

undoubtedly existed within the confines of the General Staff, the French Army as a whole was relatively open to individual talent. At the time of the Dreyfus affair there were an estimated 300 Jewish officers in the army (about 3 per cent of the total), of whom ten were generals.

3569:, the elder brother of Alfred, was convinced of his innocence. He was the chief architect of the rehabilitation of his brother and spent his time, energy and fortune to gather an increasingly powerful movement for a retrial in December 1894, despite the difficulties of the task: 4879:

on 19 September 1899 after much hesitation. Dreyfus was not found innocent. The rehabilitation process was not completed until six years later, when passions had cooled. Many books appeared during this period. In addition to the memoires of Alfred Dreyfus, Reinach published his

3553:, forcing him to stay in bed motionless with his ankles shackled. This measure was the result of false information of his escape revealed by a British newspaper. For two long months, Dreyfus was plunged into deep despair, convinced that his life would end on this remote island. 2944:

Hatred of Jews was now public and violent, driven by a firebrand (Drumont) who demonized the Jewish presence in France. Jews in metropolitan France in 1895 numbered about 80,000 (40,000 in Paris alone), who were highly integrated into society; an additional 45,000 Jews lived in

5186:

The Dreyfus affair brought the confrontation between two sides of France to life. However, according to most historians, this opposition served the republican order. There was indeed a strengthening of parliamentary democracy and a failure of monarchist and reactionary forces.

4356:, antisemitic posters appeared in the streets, and riots followed soon after. At Saint-Etienne, posters read, "Imitate your brothers of Paris, Lyon, Marseille, Nantes, Toulouse ... join with them in demonstrating against the underhand attacks being made on the Nation." In 3463:

For the authorities, the press and the public, doubts had been dispelled by the trial and his guilt was certain. Right and left regretted the abolition of the death penalty for such a crime. Antisemitism peaked in the press and occurred in areas so far spared. Socialist leader

2624:, a Dreyfusard declaration that rallied many intellectuals to Dreyfus's cause. France became increasingly divided over the case, and the issue continued to be hotly debated until the end of the century. Antisemitic riots erupted in more than twenty French cities, and riots in 5533:

where Capitaine Dreyfus had been officially stripped of his officer's rank. Chirac stated that "the combat against the dark forces of intolerance and hate is never definitively won", and called Dreyfus "an exemplary officer" and a "patriot who passionately loved France". The

3152:

On 13 October 1894, without any tangible evidence and with an empty file, General Mercier summoned Captain Dreyfus for a general inspection in "bourgeois clothing", i.e. in civilian clothes. The purpose of the General Staff was to obtain the perfect proof under French law: a

3143:

but no handwriting expert. He was initially no more positive than Gobert but he did not exclude the possibility of its being the writing of Dreyfus. Later, under pressure from the military, he argued that Dreyfus had autocopied it and developed his theory of "autoforgery".

3674:". After this, everything was done to oust him from his position, with the help of his own deputy, Major Henry. It was primarily the upper echelons of the Army that did not want to admit that Dreyfus's conviction could be a grave miscarriage of justice. For Mercier, then 3548:

Dreyfus was allowed to write on paper numbered and signed. He underwent censorship by the commandant even when he received mail from his wife Lucie, whereby they encouraged each other. On 6 September 1896, the conditions of life for Dreyfus worsened again; he was chained

4973:

was re-elected and he revived the affair on 7 April 1903 while France thought the affair buried forever. In a speech Jaurès evoked the long list of falsehoods peppering the Dreyfus case, and placed particular emphasis on two things. First, the letter of resignation from

4319:

There were three waves of unrest in 55 localities: the first ending the week of 23 January; the second wave in the week following; and the third wave from 23–28 February; these waves and other incidents totaled 69 riots or disturbances across the country. Additionally,

5310:

derived from the work of writers and novelists who used newspapers as a revolutionary way of expression. The power of the press certainly brought politicians to action, an example of which was Mercier, who appeared to have pushed at the Dreyfus trial in 1894 to please

4654:

was what "united the disrupted country, turned parliament in favor of a retrial and eventually reconciled disparate elements" of France in a way "Clemenceau's daily editorials, Zola's pathos, Jaurès' speeches and popular hatred of the clergy and aristocracy" had not.

5835:

The documents could come from 1st, 2nd, 3rd or 4th offices – only a trainee appeared able to offer such a variety of documents as they passed from one office to another to complete their training. This was the reasoning of Lieutenant-Colonel d'Aboville, which proved

4406:, the first of four documents, that were of critical importance in exposing Esterhazy's guilt, and enabled the Dreyfusard cause to regain the initiative it had lost with Zola's conviction. The secret information had been provided by Zola, who had received it from 2614:, of the same. In the same month, Mathieu complained about Esterhazy to the Ministry of War. In January 1898 two events raised the case to national prominence: Esterhazy was acquitted of treason charges (subsequently shaving his moustache and fleeing France), and 5667:). Their research enabled the original contents of the secret file to be established. Their thesis was that historians had neglected the correspondence of Schwartzkoppen and Panizzardi, and that homosexuality played a central role in the slandering of Dreyfus. 3895:

Flush with victory, the General Staff arrested Picquart on charges of violation of professional secrecy following the disclosure of his investigation through his lawyer, who revealed it to Senator Scheurer-Kestner. The colonel, although placed under arrest at

3074:

From this first hour the phenomenon occurred that will dominate the whole affair. It is no longer controlled by facts and circumstances carefully examined which will constitute a belief; it is the irresistible cavalier conviction which distorts the facts and

3027:

over to her employers at the Military Intelligence Service. This note later became known as "the bordereau". This piece of paper, torn into six large pieces, unsigned and undated, was addressed to the German military attaché stationed at the German Embassy,

4255:

wrote in his diary: "From tonight I hold on to the Republic that inspires respect in me, a tenderness in me that I do not know. I declare that Justice is the most beautiful word in the language of men and I must cry if men no longer understand it". Senator

4243:

President Delegorgue, on the pretext of the long duration of the hearings, juggled the law incessantly to ensure that the trial dealt only with the alleged defamation by Zola. Delegorgue's phrase "the question will not be put" was repeated dozens of times.

5528:

held an official state ceremony marking the centenary of Dreyfus's official rehabilitation. This was held in the presence of the living descendants of both Émile Zola and Alfred Dreyfus. The event took place in the same cobblestone courtyard of Paris's

4627:

President Mazeau conducted an inquiry by the Criminal Division, which led to divestiture thereof "to not only leave it to bear alone all responsibility for the final decision", so protecting the Criminal Division from actions arising from its report.

2401:. High-ranking military officials suppressed the new evidence, and a military court unanimously acquitted Esterhazy after a trial lasting only two days. The Army laid additional charges against Dreyfus, based on forged documents. Subsequently, writer 4528:

Court. On 5 December 1898 in the shadow of a debate in the House on the transmission of the "secret file" to the Supreme Court the tension rose another notch. Insults, invective, and other nationalistic violence gave way to threats of an uprising.

2998:

depicts the corpse of Dreyfus himself as it dangles from a noose. Large noses, money, and Lenepveu's general tendency to illustrate subjects with bodies of animals likely contributed to the dissemination of antisemitism in French popular culture.

4385:

Antisemitism made considerable progress and riots were common throughout the year 1898. However politicians were still in denial about the affair. In April and May 1898, they were mostly concerned with elections, in which Jaurès lost his seat of

3817:, a petition calling for a retrial, but Barrès refused, broke with Zola and Blum in early-December, and began to popularize the term "intellectuals". This first break was the prelude to a division among the educated elite after 13 January 1898. 3694:

At this moment Major Henry chose to take action. On 1 November 1896, he created a false document, subsequently called the "faux Henry" , keeping the header and signature of an ordinary letter from Panizzardi, and wrote the central text himself:

3699:

I read that a deputy will call on Dreyfus. If you ask further explanations from Rome, I would say that I never had relations with the Jew. That is understood. If asked, speak like that, because that person should never know what happened with

4451:, forced him to resign. Despite his apparently entirely involuntary role in the revision of the 1894 trial Cavaignac remained convinced that Dreyfus was guilty and made a statement disparaging and offensive to Dreyfus at the Rennes trial. 2923:. Tensions were high in all strata of society, fueled by an influential press, which was virtually free to write and disseminate any information even if offensive or defamatory. Legal risks were limited if the target was a private person. 5208:, among others. On that occasion many republicans rallied to Vichy, without which the operation of the State would have been precarious, which showed the fragility of the republican institution in extreme circumstances. Upon liberation, 3652:

any intermediary. He discovered a document called the "petit bleu": a telegram that was never sent, written by von Schwarzkoppen and intercepted at the German Embassy at the beginning of March 1896. It was addressed to a French officer,

3200:

confinement in prison, where Du Paty interrogated him day and night in order to obtain a confession, which failed. The captain was morally supported by the first Dreyfusard, Major Forzinetti, commandant of the military prisons of Paris.

3070:

proof of espionage. From the beginning a biased and one-sided multiplication of errors led the State to a false position. This was present throughout the affair, where irrationality prevailed over the positivism in vogue in that period:

4559:. These provocations plus permanent demonstrations from the extreme right, although it never actually put the Republic in danger, created a burst of Republicanism leading to the formation of a "government of republican defence" around 11582:, "L'Áffaire Dreyfus nelle relazioni Franco-Italiane" (in Italian), in: Comune di Forlì – Comune di Roma, Dreyfus. L'Áffaire e la Parigi fin de siècle nelle carte di un diplomatico italiano, Edizioni Lavoro, Roma 1994, pp. 23–36. (It) 2857:. One of the missions of the section was to spy on the German Embassy at Rue de Lille in Paris to thwart any attempt by the French to transmit important information to the Germans. This was especially critical since several cases of 5302:

watchword in parliamentary elections. This antisemitism was reinforced by the crisis of the separation of church and state in 1905, which probably led to its height in France. Antisemitic actions were permitted on the advent of the

2887:

Since early 1894, the Statistics Section had investigated traffic in master plans for Nice and the Meuse conducted by an officer whom the Germans and Italians nicknamed Dubois. This is what led to the origins of the Dreyfus affair.

4773:

on 19 September 1899 and Dreyfus was released on 21 September 1899. Many Dreyfusards were frustrated by this final act. Public opinion welcomed this conclusion indifferently. France wanted civil peace and harmony on the eve of the

3726:

Parallel to the investigations of Picquart, the defenders of Dreyfus were informed in November 1897 that the identity of the writer of the "bordereau" was Esterhazy. Mathieu Dreyfus had a reproduction of the bordereau published by

3436:

On 22 December 1894, after several hours of deliberation, the verdict was reached. Seven judges unanimously convicted Alfred Dreyfus of collusion with a foreign power, to the maximum penalty under section 76 of the Criminal Code:

4446:

fortress, where he killed himself the next day by cutting his own throat with a razor. The request for review filed by Lucie Dreyfus could not be rejected. Yet Cavaignac said "less than ever!", but the president of the council,

4688:

on the Quiberon peninsula in the greatest secrecy, "a clandestine and nocturnal return". After five years of imprisonment, he was on his native soil, but he was immediately locked up from 1 July 1899 in the military prison in

4622:

The work of the investigation was still to be taken back by the Criminal Division. The "secret file" was analyzed from 30 December 1898 and the Criminal Division requested disclosure of diplomatic records, which was granted.

2731:

were focused on the "social question" and resulted in a Republican victory (just under half the seats) against the conservative right, and the reinforcement of the Radicals (about 150 seats) and Socialists (about 50 seats).

5084:, Alfred Dreyfus was the target of an attack. Louis Grégori, an extreme right-wing journalist and assistant of Drumont, fired two shots from a revolver and wounded Dreyfus slightly in the arm. He was driven to do this for 4982:

dupes people without honour can no longer rely on the trust of subordinates, without which command is impossible. For my side I can not trust any of my chiefs who have been working on falsehoods, I ask for my retirement.

8796:

See the demonstrations of Meyer, Giry, Henri Poincaré, Appel, and Darboux, handwriting experts and mathematicians, during their testimony at the second review in 1904. They destroyed forever the Bertillon system. Thomas,

8960:

It was actually a man named Dubois who had already been identified by the Statistics Section for a year. See also Pierre Milza, "The Dreyfus Affair nelle relazioni Franco-Italiane", in: Comune di Forlì – Comune di Roma,

5538:

also held a memorial ceremony of the centennial marking the end of the affair. This was held in remembrance of the 1906 laws that had reintegrated and promoted both Dreyfus and Picquart at the end of the Dreyfus affair.

4786:

to still seek acquittal. Many Dreyfusards protested as this indemnified not only Zola and Picquart against (further) punishment but also protected the real culprits. Despite these massive protests the bill was passed.

5699:" drew inspiration from Devil's Island and the debate about justice and punishment the Dreyfus affair provoked in French society. Marcel Proust devoted significant passages of his second, third and fourth volumes of 4822:

cancelled his concerts in France in protest. The British, as legalists, focused on espionage and challenged rather strongly this conviction devoid of positive arguments in its construction. As such the report of the

5109:

at the time of his reinstatement in 1906, Dreyfus was promoted to the rank of officer of the Legion of Honour in 1919. His son, Pierre Dreyfus, also served in World War I as an artillery officer and was awarded the

3545:

painful. The temperature reached 45 °C, he was underfed or fed contaminated food and hardly had any treatment for his many tropical diseases. Dreyfus became sick and shaken by fevers that got worse every year.

5480: 2571:

and a Jew of Alsatian origin, was accused of handing secret documents to the Imperial German military. After a closed trial, he was found guilty of treason and sentenced to life imprisonment. He was deported to

2639:

in 1899. Dreyfus was convicted again and sentenced to ten years of hard labour, though the sentence was commuted due to extenuating circumstances. Dreyfus accepted the presidential pardon granted by President

5547: 5255:. Those who at the end of the century could weigh heavily on the events of the affair had now disappeared giving way to new men whose ambition was to reform and correct the errors and injustices of the past. 8479:

in 1870. A specialist in criminal law, he was recognized by his peers and elected member of the Council of the Bar from 1888 to 1892. In an historical irony, it was Demange who obtained the acquittal of the

5817:

means simply a note or slip of paper and can be applied to any note. In French, many documents in the case were called bordereaux; however, in this translation the term bordereau is used only for this note.

9561:

Henry aspired to be Sandherr's successor, having been his assistant for many years, but Picquart was appointed head of the SR. The dismissal of Picquart would allow Henry to satisfy his ambition (Bredin,

2651:

The implications of this case were numerous and affected all aspects of French public life. It was regarded as a vindication of the Third Republic (and became a founding myth), but it led to a renewal of

5436:

in the northwestern suburbs of Paris. He said that nothing could repair the humiliations and injustices Dreyfus had suffered, and "let us not aggravate it by forgetting, deepening or repeating them".

3687:

tried to convince his seniors to react in favour of Dreyfus, but the General Staff seemed deaf. An investigation was started against him, he was monitored when he was in the east, then transferred to

3161:

crushed. Nevertheless Du Paty de Clam still arrested the captain, accused him of conspiring with the enemy, and told him that he would be brought before a court-martial. Dreyfus was imprisoned at the

2424:

In 1899, Dreyfus was returned to France for another trial. The intense political and judicial scandal that ensued divided French society between those who supported Dreyfus, the "Dreyfusards" such as

5156:

for decades. In the interest of increasing our understanding ... the complexities of that transformation should be recognized and analyzed rather than packaged for moral or political usefulness.

7936:

The only important information in the document was a note on the 120 C Baquet gun, an artillery piece that represented only 1.4% of modern French artillery in 1914 and 0.6% of all artillery. Doise,

3604:. This publication had little influence on the political and intellectual world, but it contained so much detail that the General Staff suspected that Picquart, the new head of SR, was responsible. 3410:

disclosure of the documents submitted in the courtroom. This file contained, in addition to letters without much interest, some of which were falsified, a piece known as the "Scoundrel D ...".

3760:, informed in mid-November 1897 by Scheurer-Kestner with documents, was convinced of the innocence of Dreyfus and undertook to engage himself officially. On 25 November 1897 the novelist published 5215:

The other result was an intellectual mutation of socialism. Jaurès was a late Dreyfusard (January 1898) and was persuaded by revolutionary socialists. His commitment became unwavering alongside

5576:

The period of the occupation throws a veil over the case. The liberation and the revelation of the Holocaust brought a deep reflection on all of the Dreyfus affair. Jacques Kayser (1946) then

5420:, were never truly accepted into society and were often deemed aliens and outsiders, even when they showed extreme devotion by fighting courageously in the wars of their respective countries. 7798: 4337:

reported that "Individuals with Jewish features were grabbed, surrounded, and roughed up by delirious youths who danced round them, brandishing flaming torches, made from rolled-up copies of

4281:

before the end of the trial, which the writer did, departing for a one-year exile in England. The defendants were convicted again. As for Colonel Picquart, he found himself again in prison.

5251:

The final consequence on the political scene at the turn of the century saw a profound renewal of political personalities with the disappearance of great republican figures beginning with

4831:, on 16 September 1899, was a symbol of the global effect of the affair in the United Kingdom. Russell, who went as an observer to Rennes, criticised the weaknesses of the Military Court: 5151:

For some the Dreyfus affair marked French society as a tortured society. All sections of society were affected; some were devastated. According to Katrin Schultheiss, a modern historian:

9084:

It seems that the correct spelling is Captain Lebrun Renaud, but all of the historical literature takes the form of the text, and it is therefore the most common. See the testimony from

3031:. It stated that confidential French military documents regarding the newly developed "hydraulic brake of 120, and the way this gun has worked" were about to be sent to a foreign power. 2475:. The affair divided France into pro-republican, anticlerical Dreyfusards and pro-Army, mostly Catholic anti-Dreyfusards, embittering French politics and encouraging radicalisation. The 8928:

In French military law at the time, all the evidence of guilt must be available to the defence in order to be subject to examination. This was not required for ordinary justice. Doise,

3242:

After the news broke on Dreyfus' arrest, many journalists flocked to the story and flooded the story with speculations and accusations. The renowned journalist and antisemitic agitator

2876:, who developed a policy of infiltration that appears to have been effective. In the 1880s Schwartzkoppen had begun an affair with an Italian military attaché, Lieutenant Colonel Count 2994:

was a collection of anti-Dreyfus posters illustrated by Victor Lenepveu during the Dreyfus affair. Lenepveu caricatured "prominent Jews, Dreyfus supporters, and Republican statesman".

5610:

in two volumes a complete review of the history of the affair supported by all available public and private archives. His work is the foundation of all subsequent historical studies.

5242:, the first modern political party, conceived as an electoral machine of the republican group. It had a permanent structure and relied on networks of Dreyfusards. The creation of the 2663:

The affair engendered numerous antisemitic demonstrations, which in turn affected sentiment within the Jewish communities of Central and Western Europe. At the same time, Jews in the

2644:. In 1906 his innocence was officially established by an irrevocable judgement of the Supreme Court. Dreyfus was reinstated in the army with the rank of Major and participated in the 5003:

Minister of War. This was in compliance with the regulations since the Minister found an error committed by the Military Court. This was the beginning of a new review led by lawyer

4429:

Cavaignac reported three items "overwhelming among a thousand", two of which had no connection with the case. The other was the "faux Henry". Cavaignac's speech was effective: the

5118:), the secrets of which Dreyfus was accused of revealing to the Germans, was among those used in blunting the early German offensives. He ended his military career as a colonel. 8421:

No defendant could be held incommunicado under any law of the time. The risk of leakage was limited by the fact that lawyers are subject to professional secrecy. Supreme Court,

4779: 4490:

to file an application for review of the military court of 1894. The government transferred the case to the Supreme Court for its opinion on the past four years of proceedings.

4235:

notes verbatim of the debates every day to build support in the population. These notes were, for the Dreyfusards, an essential tool for later debates. The nationalists, behind

3472:

and wrote, "A soldier has been sentenced to death and executed for throwing a button in the face of his corporal. So why leave this miserable traitor alive?" Radical Republican

8646:

Three denials, very brief and ambiguous, were published by the Havas agency in November and December 1894 in order to clarify the responsibility of the German Embassy. Bredin,

7620: 5258:

The Dreyfus affair created difficulties and blocked the way for improved relations between France and Italy after the customs war as Italy was Europe's most Dreyfusard nation.

6009:

explain the secrecy surrounding the whole affair, and the transmission of the "secret file" in 1894. Evidently, nobody ever found any evidence of these convenient assertions.

2854: 4904:

and the first of the intellectual Dreyfusards, died, asphyxiated by fumes from his chimney. His wife, Alexandrine, narrowly escaped. It was a shock for the Dreyfusard clan.

5007:, the founder of the League of Human Rights, with a thorough investigation to run over two years. The years 1904 and 1905 were devoted to different legal phases before the 3213:. This marked the beginning of a very brutal press campaign until the trial. This event put the affair in the field of antisemitism where it remained until its conclusion. 3495:

where he was held for over a month. He had the right to see his wife twice a week in a long room, each of them at one end, with the director of the prison in the middle.

2606:

to draw attention to the weakness of the evidence against Dreyfus. Scheurer-Kestner reported three months later that he was convinced Dreyfus was innocent, and persuaded

8780:

Although he was only a captain, he earned a personal income from his father's legacy and his wife's dowry equivalent to that of a commanding general of a region: Doise,

3103:

To condemn Dreyfus, the writing on the bordereau had to be compared to that of the Captain. There was nobody competent to analyse the writing on the General Staff. Then

5826:

On the indication of Captain Matton, the only artillery officer in the Statistics Section. Three of the documents transmitted concerned short- and long-range artillery.

5248:

was contemporaneous with the affair. It was the hub of the intellectual left and extremely active at the beginning of the century, the conscience of the humanist left.

3625: 91: 5293:

but was limited to an intellectual elite. The Dreyfus affair spread hatred of Jews through all strata of society, a movement that certainly began with the success of

5025: 4223:, Zola's lawyer, intended to call about 200 witnesses. The details of the Dreyfus affair, unknown to most of the public, were published in the press. Several papers, 10463: 5077:, Major Dreyfus retired in June 1907; a decision taken in part because of recurrent tropical fevers and chronic fatigue arising from the strain of his imprisonment. 4239:, however, were more visible and organized riots, which forced the prefect of police to intervene to protect Zola whenever he left the facility after every hearing. 2374:, was convicted of treason for communicating French military secrets to the German Embassy in Paris. He was sentenced to life imprisonment and sent overseas to the 602: 4908:, who demanded that Dreyfus be present at the funeral while the Chief of Police wanted his absence "to avoid problems", read his funeral oration for the author of " 11549:"At the beginning of this great drama, they were revolutionary socialists who encouraged me the most, who committed me the most to enter the battle." Jean Jaurès 5046:

and a commission of four headed by a general of artillery, General Sebert, maintained "it is highly unlikely that an artillery officer could write this missive".

4547:

was elected, which was an advance for the cause of the review as the previous president had been a fierce opponent. On 23 February 1899 at the funeral for Faure,

3892:, took more combative and rebellious action. In response to the acquittal, large and violent riots by anti-Dreyfusards and antisemites broke out across France. 3824:

declared in the opening session of the National Assembly on 7 December 1897, "There is no Dreyfus affair. There is not now and there can be no Dreyfus affair."

3616:, he was charged with the task of enlarging the file to prevent any attempt at a review. Unable to find any evidence, he decided to build some after the fact. 2930:

The popularity of the duel using sword or small pistol, sometimes causing death, bore witness to the tensions of the period. When a series of press articles in

3663:

Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy was a former member of French counterespionage where he had served after the war of 1870. He had worked in the same office as Major

679: 17: 11813: 5562:

The contemporary literature of the case was published between 1894 and 1906. It began with the pamphlet of Bernard Lazare, the first intellectual Dreyfusard.

5105:. Apart from Major Du Paty de Clam, Dreyfus was the only officer directly involved in the affair to serve in the war. Having been named as a Chevalier of the 5097:

of 1914–1918, serving as head of the artillery depot at a fortified camp near Paris and commander of a supply column. In 1917 he saw frontline service at the

3573:

After the degradation emptiness was around us. It seemed to us that we were no longer human beings like others, we were cut off from the world of the living.

540: 7988: 3592:

Little by little, despite threats of arrest for complicity, machinations and entrapment by the military, he managed to convince various moderates. Thus the

12032: 3874:

Although protected by the General Staff and therefore by the government, Esterhazy was obliged to admit authorship of the Francophobe letters published by

832: 11105: 7693: 2810:

Over the previous ten years the army had undergone a significant shift resulting from its twofold aim to democratize and modernize. The graduates of the

2711:, its ministries continued to be short-lived as the country lurched from crisis to crisis: three years immediately preceding the Dreyfus affair were the 8132:

It has been argued in many books that Dreyfus was unemotional and indifferent to his fate: that was ultimately refuted by many testimonies. V. Duclert,

5411:. If I said this out loud today, I would be answered by universal laughter. Perhaps in five years, and certainly in fifty, everyone will recognize this. 3711:

Picquart confided in his friend, lawyer Louis Leblois, who promised secrecy. Leblois, however, spoke to the vice president of the Senate, the Alsatian

3678:

and the General Staff, what was done was done and should never be returned to. They found it convenient to separate the Dreyfus and Esterhazy affairs.

7435: 7074: 5315:

There was also assistance through the publication in 1899 of a specific newspaper intended to coordinate the fight (in the dreyfusard camp), with the

3656:, 27 rue de la Bienfaisance – Paris. In another letter in black pencil, von Schwarzkoppen revealed the same clandestine relationship with Esterhazy. 4380:

Photograph of the "faux Henry". The header ("my dear friend") and signature ("Alexandrine") are from Panizzardi. The rest is from the hand of Henry.

3941:

accusing the French military of antisemitism and calling for a retrial for Dreyfus. Esterhazy lived comfortably in England until his death in 1923.

12061: 5768: 5509: 5489: 4945: 3430: 2495: 1929: 8260:

Hanotaux did obtain a promise from Mercier to drop the charges if other evidence was not found. This is most likely the origin of the secret file.

5864: 5463:, had, in certain cases, saved their lives, said repeatedly in 2021 that the truth about Dreyfus was not clear, his innocence was "not obvious". 5239: 5232: 5121:

Dreyfus died on 12 July 1935 at the age of seventy-five. His funeral cortège passed through ranks assembled for Bastille Day celebrations at the

4991:), which General Mercier had alluded to at the Rennes trial, which is reported by the press to have influenced the judges of the Military Court. 4389:. The majority was moderate, though a parliamentary group in the House was antisemitic. Nevertheless the cause of the Dreyfusards was restarted. 2320: 950: 837: 11750: 2884:

of national degeneration, recent historians have suggested that combining them to inflate the scandal may have shaped the prosecution strategy.

1649: 1545: 2953:

with a circulation estimated at 200,000 copies in 1892, allowed Drumont to expand his audience to a popular readership already enticed by the

11883: 9698: 3374:

wife Lucie. This theory, although later regarded as bizarre and astonishing, seems to have had some effect on the judges. In addition, Major

5407:

Were I to sum up the Basel Congress in a word – which I shall guard against pronouncing publicly – it would be this: At Basel I founded the

5360:

Dreyfus affair had on him. Before the wave of antisemitism that accompanied the degradation Herzl was "convinced of the need to resolve the

3319:, which in fact condemned the indictment against Dreyfus and asked, "How much freedom will the military court have to judge the defendant?" 11410: 9359:. This lack of consent allowed the General Staff to contest openly the quality of the evidence and to go hard on Picquart to discredit him. 7055: 5190:

The excessive violence of the nationalist parties brought together republicans in a united front, which defeated attempts to return to the

3536:

On 12 March 1895, after a difficult voyage of fifteen days, the ship anchored off the Îles du Salut. Dreyfus stayed one month in prison on

936: 607: 535: 4606:

the guilt of Dreyfus. On the contrary, he unwittingly exonerated him by a demonstration of the exact date of the bordereau (August 1894).

4344:

However, the fervid reaction to the Dreyfus affair and especially the Zola trial was only partly spontaneous. In a dozen cities including

1807: 8484:, assassin of the Jewish Captain Mayer in a duel. Y. Repiquet, president of the bar, in Edgar Demange and Fernand Labori, Supreme Court, 7180:, French original "Cinq années de ma vie" published in France in 1901, English translation first published in 1901, newest reprint 2019 ( 5133:. Picquart was Minister of War from 1906 to 1909 in the first Clemenceau government; he died in January 1914 in a horse riding accident. 4892:. Even Esterhazy took advantage of his secrets and sold several different versions of the text of his statement to the consul of France. 3704:

This was a rather crude forgery. Generals Gonse and Boisdeffre, however, without asking questions, brought the letter to their minister,

2911:

The social context was marked by the rise of nationalism and antisemitism. The growth of antisemitism, virulent since the publication of

2467:

The Dreyfus affair came to symbolise modern injustice in the Francophone world; it remains one of the most notable examples of a complex

1222: 9845: 8912:

Pierre Gervais, Romain Huret and Pauline Peretz, "A review of the 'secret file': homosexuality and antisemitism in the Dreyfus Affair",

5640:(1982), more attention has been paid to the undercurrent of antisemitism in French society and its effect on the evolution of the case. 5114:. Alfred Dreyfus's two nephews also fought as artillery officers in the French Army and both were killed. The same artillery piece (the 11781: 4828: 3008: 2736:

policies resulted in cabinet instability, with some Republican members of the government sometimes aligning with the radicals and some

1362: 96: 81: 5030: 7628: 518: 10334: 4950: 3250:

completely on the writing on a single piece of paper, the bordereau, on which experts disagreed, and on vague indirect testimonies.

8233:, to minimize the importance of the documents submitted, this Mercier later denied, which made the two men implacable enemies. See 2456:. The new trial resulted in another conviction and a 10-year sentence, but Dreyfus was pardoned and released. In 1906, Dreyfus was 217: 8996:

p. 191 et seq. It especially aggravated his case in not admitting that the transmission of a secret file was a criminal manoeuvre.

5508:

the exit of the Notre-Dame-des-Champs metro station, where it can be found today. A replica is located at the entrance of Paris's

5439:

The reference to not repeating them follows attempts by the French far right to question Dreyfus's innocence. An army colonel was

4924: 4601:

The recorder Louis Loew presided. He was subjected to a very violent campaign of antisemitic insults due to his being an Alsatian

4193:, to be heard at the Assises of the Seine from 7 to 23 February 1898. Defamation of a public authority was liable to trial in the 2839: 2815: 4824: 5978:

Octave Mirbeau paid 7,525 francs from his own pocket, which represented the amount of the fine and court costs on 8 August 1898.

736: 11368:

Du Paty de Clam died of wounds in 1916. The other senior officers had either retired or died before the outbreak of World War I

11039:

It was a matter for the Chairman of the Military Court Major Breon, a Catholic who attended "every day at Mass" (J.-D. Bredin,

8895: 5403:

and is considered the "inventor of Zionism as a real political movement". Theodor Herzl wrote in his diary (1 September 1897):

1894: 1530: 86: 12125: 11321: 11296: 10196: 7768: 7185: 6957: 6936: 6402: 6355: 4268:. Even more than the Dreyfus affair the Zola affair resulted in a regrouping of intellectual forces into two opposing camps. 3784: 3292:

described the supposed life of Dreyfus through lies and bad fiction. This was also an opportunity for extreme headlines from

2818:, which caused strife, bitterness, and jealousy among junior officers expecting promotions. The period was also marked by an 1999: 1561: 302: 4027:

epic were being distributed in dozens of countries. He was a leader in the literary world and was fully conscious of it. To

3425: 2744:

in five successive governments from 1893 to 1896. This instability coincided with an equally unstable presidency: President

5212:

who was convicted on 25 January 1945 for acts of collaboration exclaimed at the verdict: "This is the revenge of Dreyfus!"

1441: 414: 404: 357: 347: 10460: 9384:

It was at this point that von Schwartzkoppen terminated his relationship with Esterházy at the beginning of 1896. Thomas,

2479:

played a crucial role in exposing information and in shaping and expressing public opinion on both sides of the conflict.

10443:

The circumstances of the death of Henry are still not clarified and have fed some fantasies. Murder is unlikely. Miquel,

7361:. Preface by Martine Le Blond-Zola. Postscript by Jean-Louis Lévy. Presentation and notes d'Alain Pagès. Dilecta Edition. 4684:, heading to France, but locked in a cabin as if guilty, even though he no longer was. He disembarked on 30 June 1899 in 3327:

before the Prussians" by agreeing to publish the denials of the German ambassador in Paris. In other newspapers, such as

2313: 944: 857: 523: 434: 397: 12009: 11925:

Emmanuel Naquet, "L'historiographie récente de l'affaire Dreyfus (2006–2009). A propos de quelques parutions (suite)".

2576:

in French Guiana. At that time, the opinion of the French political class was unanimously unfavourable towards Dreyfus.

1817: 7344: 6895: 6838: 6741: 6603: 6548: 5778: 1642: 1555: 1142: 726: 513: 481: 459: 419: 317: 113: 11718: 5115: 4928:

published a death-bed confession by a Parisian roofer that he had murdered Zola by blocking the chimney of his house.

3933:

Paris correspondent had made a connection with him; she interviewed him twice, and he confessed to being the culprit:

3589:

of a "secret file". This fact was confirmed by the President of the Republic to Dr. Gibert in a private conversation.

2823: 11190: 7411: 7308: 6918: 6876: 6857: 6819: 6789: 6690: 6582: 6337: 6198: 6179: 5960:

The room is emptied as soon as discussion covers topics related to national defence, i.e., the testimony of Picquart.

5613:

Reflecting the intense interest in social history that gripped historians since the 1960s and 1970s, Eric Cahm wrote

4814:

Anti-French demonstrations took place in twenty foreign capitals and the press was outraged. Reactions were twofold.

3403: 3246:

wrote in his publication on November 3, 1894, "What a terrible lesson, this disgraceful treason of the Jew Dreyfus."

3157:. That confession was to be obtained by surprise – by dictating a letter based on the bordereau to reveal his guilt. 2546: 1535: 850: 746: 659: 530: 9476:

of 10 and 14 September 1896, which were opposed to Dreyfus and revealed the existence of the "secret file". Bredin,

5845:

Expert in writing from the Bank of France: his honest caution was vilified in the indictment of Major Ormescheville.

2822:

that primarily affected artillery. There were improvements in heavy artillery (guns of 120 mm and 155 mm,

9682:"there is a pretension to raise writers, scholars, teachers, philologists to the rank of supermen" (Michel Winock, 5759: 5346:

The shock of the Dreyfus affair also affected the Zionist movement "which found fertile ground for its emergence".

5228: 4966: 4870: 2728: 2421:

stoked a growing movement of political support for Dreyfus, putting pressure on the government to reopen the case.

758: 632: 464: 444: 108: 31: 5202:

in 1892. Nationalism had its ups and downs, but managed to maintain itself as a political force under the name of

2802:

The military required considerable resources to prepare for the next conflict, and it was in this spirit that the

827: 4507:

resigned for continuing to spread his anti-Dreyfusard vision of the affair, arose as an anti-revisionist leader.

2524: 1372: 785: 751: 286: 7091: 3723:

create a belief that Picquart erased the name of the real recipient, drafting a letter naming Dreyfus in full).

2988:

Publications remarking on the Dreyfus affair often reinforced antisemitic sentiments, language and imagery. The

12053: 7204: 6671: 6652: 6633: 6515: 6482: 6217: 5380: 5285:

Socially, antisemitism was prominent. Existing prior to the Dreyfus affair, it had expressed itself during the

4978:, which was worded in very harsh terms. Legally, it formed an admission of the collusion of the General Staff: 3820:

The Dreyfus affair occupied more and more discussions, something the political world did not always recognize.

3688: 2528: 2306: 1217: 1207: 867: 795: 575: 469: 8870: 6369: 6126: 4571:, were rejected outright. The Dreyfus affair led to a clear reorganization of the French political landscape. 12130: 11100: 5584:(1960) revived the case without great revelations, a process generally considered insufficient historically. 5224: 4775: 4651: 4151:, in the name of a "peaceful revolt of the French spirit", picked up the term "intellectuals" and used it in 3609: 3506:

At the last minute, at the initiative of General Mercier, a law was passed on 9 February 1895, restoring the

3414: 3028: 2873: 2780: 2487: 2371: 1635: 1599: 1494: 1436: 1132: 882: 565: 189: 7891:"usual way" jargon of the SR meaning: documents retrieved by the housekeeper of the German Embassy: Thomas, 4765:

Code of Military Justice adopted the principle that a minority vote of three against four was an acquittal.

4410:; Wilde had gained it from best friend Carlos Blacker, who was an intimate friend of Alessandro Panizzardi. 7442: 6242: 5754: 5625:(2005) includes, in 1300 pages, the complete correspondence of Alfred and Lucie Dreyfus from 1894 to 1899. 5244: 4875:

Preferring to avoid a third trial the government decided to pardon Dreyfus by a decree signed by President

4265: 4144: 3469: 3450: 3339: 3183: 2967: 1812: 1483: 790: 763: 580: 488: 476: 210: 12027: 4672:

Alfred Dreyfus (standing, right of centre) at the opening session of his trial in Rennes, photographed by

4364:, and other cities, riots followed antisemitic speeches or meetings, such as the meeting organized by the 7379: 5725: 5628:

Early writers marginalized the role of antisemitism. However since the publication of Jean-Denis Bredin,

5008: 4975: 4668: 4591: 4028: 3844: 3457: 1992: 1520: 429: 164: 11831: 12068: 6271: 6256: 5633: 5581: 4849: 4710: 4555:. It was a failure as it was not supported by the military. On 4 June 1899 Loubet was assaulted at the 4426: 3981: 3653: 3230: 2745: 2592: 2398: 1957: 930: 377: 154: 2827: 11758: 10076: 8472: 7570: 7543: 6591: 5353:

appeared profoundly moved by the Dreyfus affair, which followed his debut as a correspondent for the

5129:. Colonel Picquart was also officially rehabilitated and reintegrated into the army with the rank of 4217:

signed an "Address to Émile Zola" assuring him of their support "in the name of justice and truth".)

3310: 3239:

The complete lack of neutrality of the indictment led to Émile Zola calling it a "monument of bias".

3128: 3047:

This catch seemed of sufficient importance for the head of the "Statistical Section", the Mulhousian

2355: 2087: 1505: 1377: 547: 342: 337: 330: 7591: 6960:. (Chapter 10: "Math error number 10: mathematical madness. The Dreyfus affair: spy or scapegoat?"). 4567:, had aligned itself with the pro-revisionists. The progressive anti-Dreyfusard Republicans such as 3908:

To avoid personal risk Esterhazy shaved off his prominent moustache and went into exile in England.

3832: 12044: 5796: 5721: 5703:

to Parisian society's reaction to the Dreyfus affair. Other authors have also contributed, such as

5552: 5535: 5286: 5252: 4958: 3753: 3712: 2954: 2712: 2603: 2599:

refused to reconsider its judgment and instead transferred Picquart to a position in North Africa.

1971: 1566: 1550: 1500: 1382: 877: 439: 312: 281: 5485: 2990: 2896: 2631:

Despite covert attempts by the army to quash the case, the initial conviction was annulled by the

12120: 12110: 10321: 9335:

It was Marcel Thomas who discovered this letter at the beginning of the 1970s. V. the annexes in

7927:" (originally published between 1901 and 1906, reprinted in the 1960s by KTAV Publishing House). 7924: 7616: 7403: 7052: 4848:, the two countries widely challenged by lawsuits against Dreyfus, there was relief. Even if the 4741: 4560: 4034:

Outraged by the acquittal of Esterhazy, Zola published a 4,500-word article on the front page of

2803: 2517: 2234: 1964: 1827: 1675: 1515: 1267: 1117: 1004: 508: 449: 352: 276: 203: 55: 9679: 7718: 4520:

and he was also forced to resign. Ministerial instability caused some governmental instability.

2776: 12019: 5396: 5074: 4539:

In 1899, the Dreyfus affair took up more and more of the political scene. On 16 February 1899,

4498:, “A Family Dinner”: before, "Above all, never talk about it!"; after, "They talked about it". 4248: 3394: 3104: 3096: 2768:

improving stability, and it was under this stable government that the Dreyfus affair occurred.

2468: 2042: 2023: 1887: 1525: 1488: 1057: 674: 669: 503: 498: 454: 409: 387: 382: 362: 139: 39: 11955:

See bibliographic recommendations from Bach, Birnbaum, Bredin, Doise, Duclert, Drouin, Miquel.

10182: 7038: 5496: 4594:, the magistrates being constantly dragged through the mud in nationalist newspapers from the 4590:

The Supreme Court considered the Dreyfus affair in the context of press campaigns against the

4536:

Criminal Division in favour of joint chambers. This was the point of blockage for the review.

4516:. When Chanoine was questioned in the House he handed in his resignation; trust was denied to 3577:

Mathieu tried all paths, even the most fantastic. Thanks to Dr. Gibert, a friend of President

3062: 2811: 2568: 7535: 6420: 6119:

Decision of the Supreme Court for the verdict of the Dreyfus trial without reference to 1899.

6047:

Verbatim record of the trial of Emile Zola in the Assizes of the Seine and the Supreme Court.

5737: 5516:

of over three thousand historical documents donated by the grandchildren of Captain Dreyfus.

5126: 4713:, which nobody will ever see in evidence) that he had not ceased to report before the trial. 3619: 3118:

Alphonse Bertillon was not a handwriting expert, but he invented the theory of "autoforgery".

2877: 2693: 2359: 1901: 1873: 1765: 1625: 1453: 1232: 920: 910: 900: 822: 805: 627: 617: 597: 592: 493: 424: 372: 367: 234: 8114: 7274: 5577: 5559:

The Dreyfus affair is distinguished by the large number of books published on this subject.

5499:

commissioned a statue of Dreyfus by sculptor Louis Mitelberg. It was to be installed at the

4778:

and before the big fight that the Republic was about to take for freedom of association and

3897: 2847: 12115: 7399:

An Empire Divided: Religion, Republicanism, and the making of French Colonialism, 1880–1914

5773: 5716: 5704: 5443:

in 1994 for publishing an article suggesting that Dreyfus was guilty; far-right politician

5122: 4556: 4334: 4186: 3705: 3613: 3298: 3188: 2981: 2792: 2724: 2708: 2632: 2389:

In 1896, evidence came to light—primarily through the investigations of Lieutenant Colonel

2013: 1943: 1609: 1416: 1367: 1312: 1070: 1010: 895: 684: 6850:

The Army of Dreyfus. A political history of the French army from Charles X to "The Affair"

5447:'s lawyer responded that Dreyfus's exoneration was "contrary to all known jurisprudence". 4093: 3779: 8: 10342: 8230: 5696: 5417: 4737: 4548: 4529: 4321: 4309: 4160: 4023: 3937:. She published the interviews in September 1898, reporting his confession and writing a 3664: 3375: 3162: 2796: 2749: 2611: 2262: 2167: 2102: 2092: 2006: 1844: 1740: 1458: 1357: 1350: 1041: 721: 664: 622: 169: 11591:

Michel Winock, "Edouard Drumont et l'antisémitisme en France avant l'affaire Dreyfus".

11073: 5204: 5086: 4610:

General Staff. A new furiously antisemitic press campaign burst during the event, while

4564: 4189:, Minister of War, filed a complaint against Zola and Alexandre Perrenx, the manager of 4113: 2938: 2826:, new hydropneumatic brakes), but also, and especially, development of the ultra-secret 2362:

from 1894 until its resolution in 1906. The scandal began in December 1894 when Captain

12135: 11782:"The History of the Jews in Europe during the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries" 7656:"Pierre Gervais, Pauline Peretz, Pierre Stutin, Le dossier secret de l'affaire Dreyfus" 7239: 5216: 5138: 5042: 5041:

With regard to the writing of the bordereau, the court was particularly severe against

4673: 4552: 4418: 4392: 4210: 4148: 3854: 3810: 3600:

looked into the proceedings. In 1896, Lazare published the first Dreyfusard booklet in

3473: 3366: 3136: 2865:. In 1890, the archivist Boutonnet was convicted for selling plans of shells that used 2668: 2653: 2607: 2441: 2202: 2082: 1936: 1426: 1332: 1252: 1237: 1080: 963: 958: 905: 815: 585: 134: 11857: 9419:

This raised the question of whether there was complicity between the two men. Bredin,

6995:(presented by Robert Gauthier). Gallimard & Julliard, coll. Archives No. 16, Paris 5530: 5500: 5456: 5320: 5298: 5274: 5081: 4508: 3675: 3487: 3210: 2916: 2460:. After being reinstated as a major in the French Army, he served during the whole of 2445: 1317: 1147: 11418: 11317: 11292: 10202: 10192: 10153: 8471:

Edgar Demange, winner of a national eloquence competition, obtained the acquittal of

7764: 7672: 7551: 7417: 7407: 7340: 7304: 7200: 7181: 7128: 6953: 6932: 6914: 6891: 6872: 6853: 6834: 6815: 6785: 6737: 6686: 6667: 6648: 6629: 6599: 6578: 6544: 6511: 6478: 6398: 6351: 6333: 6213: 6194: 6175: 6167: 5644: 5444: 5355: 5130: 4988: 4681: 4305: 4298: 4273: 4194: 4155:, but in a positive sense. On 1 February 1898, Barres lambasted the intellectuals in 4060: 3986: 3806: 3541: 3486:

On 5 January 1895, the ceremony of degradation took place in the Morlan Court of the

2573: 2379: 2289: 2067: 1950: 1922: 1915: 1802: 1476: 1212: 992: 862: 773: 741: 699: 10235:

This sentence to the end of the next paragraph, unless otherwise specified: Winock,

8963:

Dreyfus. The Affair e la Parigi fin de siècle nelle carta di un diplomatico italiano

6127:

The Secret File, posted online by Ministry of Defence 6 March 2013 and transcription

6019: 5996: 5708: 5659:, in 2012 the historians Pierre Gervais, Pauline Peretz and Pierre Stutin published 5606:

Marcel Thomas, chief curator at the National Archives, in 1961 provided through his

5199: 4693:. He was remanded on 7 August 1899 before the military court of the Breton capital. 4129: 3814: 3343:

of 18 December: "the closed court is our impregnable refuge against Germany"; or in

3017:

Photograph of the bordereau dated 13 October 1894. The original disappeared in 1940.

2760: 2437: 2047: 8481: 7664: 7214: 7124: 5728:

adapted from it, tell the story of the Dreyfus affair from Picquart's perspective.

5691:(1907), which recounts the affair in Book VI: "The Case of 80,000 bundles of hay". 5384: 5339: 5195: 5106: 5098: 5004: 4845: 4513: 4257: 4202: 3801: 3648: 3635: 3355: 3288: 3154: 3127:

in the Council of Ministers he decided to pursue it. Du Paty de Clam was appointed

3124: 2596: 2588: 2390: 2207: 2052: 1832: 1822: 1720: 1302: 1247: 1187: 1052: 810: 654: 612: 307: 184: 159: 10538: 7848: 6110: 6101: 6092: 6055: 6046: 5939: 5080:

On 4 June 1908, on the occasion of the transfer of the ashes of Émile Zola to the

4443: 4109: 4085: 4081: 3837: 3507: 2433: 1666: 12037: 12013: 11109: 10467: 10186: 10145: 8533: 7397: 7095: 7059: 6536: 6452: 6018:

Among the experts consulted, the contribution of the mathematician and physicist

5813: 5638:

Ideology and Experience: Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair

5460: 5429: 5361: 5290: 5209: 5111: 4595: 4495: 4487: 4471: 4459: 4236: 4206: 4048: 3973: 3958: 3745: 3736: 3566: 3454: 3272: 3243: 3205: 3055: 2932: 2716: 2620: 2580: 2451: 2425: 2408: 2350: 2338: 2294: 2239: 2229: 2150: 1780: 1594: 1292: 1227: 1202: 1197: 1182: 1172: 1162: 1137: 915: 890: 144: 102: 10534: 10191:. Liverpool scholarship online. Oxford: Littman library of Jewish civilization. 8296:

Gobert said that the text was written quickly and excluded it from being copied.

5987:

Of the 40 members of the French Academy Anatole France was the only revisionist.

5448: 4999: 4876: 4770: 4745: 4568: 4544: 4013:

touched off a new dimension in the Dreyfus affair, which became known simply as

3866: 3821: 3805:, (where Lazare knew the director Thadee Natanson), and the Clemenceau brothers 3359: 3135:

bordereau excludes disguised handwriting". Disappointed, Mercier then called in

2764: 2641: 1262: 12094: 12058: 10926: 10834: 10819: 10753: 10641: 10622: 10495: 10425: 10265: 10060: 9862: 9607: 9527: 9401: 9305: 9239: 9221: 9168: 9085: 9006: 8990: 8830: 8730: 8695: 8565: 8454: 8404: 8341: 8305: 8286: 8234: 8028: 7954:

On the Statistics Section, see Bredin, pp. 49–50; Doise, pp. 42–43 and Thomas,

7873: 7318: 7162: 6254:

Rural Society and French Politics, Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair, 1886–1900

6142: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6065: 5931: 5743: 5684: 5619:

Rural Society and French Politics, Boulangism and the Dreyfus Affair, 1886–1900

5596: 5525: 5389: 5366: 5231:

under the influence of Guesde and Vaillant. Both parties merged in 1905 as the

4905: 4729: 4478:

in which he called him a "heroic servant of the great interests of the State".

4220: 4198: 4175: 4105: 4077: 3889: 3775: 3771: 3749: 3681: 3597: 3492: 3354:

was immediately pronounced. This closed court was not legally consistent since

3080: 2919:

in 1886 (150,000 copies in the first year), went hand in hand with the rise of

2862: 2667:

were under pressure of pogroms in response to political instability within the

2664: 2584: 2564: 2429: 2386:, where he spent the following five years imprisoned in very harsh conditions. 2363: 2284: 2215: 2157: 2122: 2077: 2062: 2057: 1790: 1760: 1750: 1695: 1421: 1337: 1327: 1322: 1157: 1099: 731: 263: 259: 129: 44: 11814:"Rise of far right puts Dreyfus affair into spotlight in French election race" 10530: 10206: 7555: 7144: 6477:, University of France Press – PUF – coll. "What do I know?", réprinted 2003 ( 6268:

The Jew Accused: Three Anti-Semitic Affairs, Dreyfus, Beilis, Frank, 1894–1914

4995: 4970: 4914: 4748:

and those who fled and holed up in Fort Chabrol were assaulted by the police.

4540: 4470:

The anti-revisionists did not consider themselves beaten. On 6 September 1898

4454: 4043: 3796: 3578: 3465: 2753: 12104: 12082: 12006: 11422: 10157: 9029: 7676: 7547: 7421: 6948: 6503: 5927: 5504: 5350: 5335: 5170: 5020: 4841: 4803: 4725: 4647: 4602: 4524: 4517: 4448: 4140: 4133: 4117: 4097: 4089: 3519: 3515: 3514:, as a place of fortified deportation so that Dreyfus was not sent to Ducos, 3511: 3445:), the cancellation of his army rank and military degradation, also known as 3258: 3218: 3140: 3107:

entered the scene: an eccentric man who prided himself on being an expert in

3048: 2861:

had already been featured in the headlines of newspapers, which were fond of

2835: 2672: 2476: 2383: 2145: 2140: 2112: 2072: 1978: 1849: 1770: 1755: 1589: 1510: 1394: 1287: 1272: 1242: 1122: 872: 179: 174: 71: 10219:

V. Reception of the affair in Britain, United States and Germany in Drouin,

8840:

The crucifix had disappeared from civil courtrooms during the government of

7354: 5969:

President Delegorgue refused to be questioned when he was called to the bar.

5676: 5178: 5031: 4073: 4010: 3757: 3537: 3061:

The ideal culprit was identified: Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a graduate of the

2737: 2615: 2591:, head of counter-espionage, found evidence that the real traitor was Major 2402: 1838: 778: 149: 12048: 11754: 11671: 11579: 6412: 6325: 5935: 5452: 5408: 5303: 5165: 5064: 4819: 4685: 4482:, Drumont's antisemitic newspaper, spread the notion of "patriotic fake" (" 4261: 4252: 4125: 4121: 4018: 3922: 3916: 3670: 3525: 3192: 3052: 2472: 2464:, ending his service with the rank of lieutenant colonel. He died in 1935. 2375: 2097: 1854: 1796: 1690: 1604: 1463: 1404: 1307: 1192: 1177: 1015: 706: 250: 242: 9036:(sic)." Quoted by Michel Winock, Clemenceau, ed. Perrin, 2007, chap. XV, " 7719:"No. 35 Amnistie populaire / Musée des Horreurs / Duke Digital Repository" 7668: 7332: 7199:, Eugène Fasquelle Éditeurs, Paris, 1901, reprinted 2006 (The Discovery) ( 5331: 3792: 2853:

The arms race created an acute atmosphere of intrigue from 1890 in French

2705: 1880: 800: 10318:

Ceremonies of Bravery: Oscar Wilde, Carlos Blacker and the Dreyfus Affair

8841: 8476: 5692: 5432:

opened a museum dedicated to the Dreyfus affair in Zola's former home in

5220: 5094: 4854: 4407: 4293: 4289: 4101: 4039: 3993: 3911: 3859: 3788: 3561: 3370: 3333: 3177: 2920: 2907:

depicts the hanged corpse of an antisemitic caricature of Alfred Dreyfus.

2866: 2741: 2701: 2657: 2645: 2560: 2461: 2416: 2394: 2271: 2256: 2197: 2117: 1785: 1775: 1715: 1710: 1700: 1297: 998: 711: 647: 11969: 11596: 7945:

Jacobs's entry: "Dreyfus Case" (Jewish Encyclopedia.com), already cited.

5675:

The Dreyfus affair provided the basis for many novels. The last work of

11913: 11701: 8181:

On the personalities of Mercier and du Paty de Clam, see: Palaeologue,

6066:

Proceedings of the Supreme Court for the revision of the Dreyfus trial.

5569:

be found there an elaboration of theories without evidence or support.

5440: 5281:. The Dreyfus affair lastingly cut France in two, even within families. 5266: 5173: 5037:. In the centre, Targe, investigator and discoverer of many falsehoods. 4815: 3640: 3446: 3315: 3282: 3108: 2531: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2251: 2246: 2192: 2181: 2107: 1985: 1571: 1399: 1282: 1277: 1257: 1167: 1152: 1127: 1075: 925: 716: 642: 6978:, Paris, New National Library, First Editionmière, Final Edition 1924. 5451:, a far-right political opponent of Macron who had said that France's 4998:, the new Minister of War, led an investigation at the instigation of 4794: 3236:"This is a proof of guilt because Dreyfus made everything disappear". 3013: 11908:

Frederick Busi, "A Bibliographical Overview of the Dreyfus Affair".

11884:"French Ministers Divided on Site for Statue Honoring Alfred Dreyfus" 11078: 7088: 6283:

Dreyfus: A Family Affair, from the French Revolution to the Holocaust

5748: 5014: 4951: 4361: 4232: 4139:

On 20 January 1898, after an anti-Zola speech by rightist politician

4072:

published a petition calling for a retrial. It included the names of

3938: 3766: 3729: 3351: 3305: 3114: 2858: 2819: 2752:

resigned several months later on 15 January 1895 and was replaced by

2720: 2697: 2602:

In July 1897, Dreyfus's family contacted the President of the Senate

2457: 1735: 1725: 1448: 1065: 1035: 1030: 570: 11708:, Vol. 32, No. 2 (Apr. 1970), pp. 101–110, Indiana University Press. 7849:"Musée des Horreurs / Digital Collections / Duke Digital Repository" 5375:

will not allow it as the Dreyfus affair has so clearly demonstrated.

4579: 3952: 3498: 2814:

now competed effectively with officers from the main career path of

2799:

of France in 1870 seemed far away, but a vengeful spirit remained.

2506: 9678:

The concept began in a deeply pejorative sense, to denounce, wrote

7655: 5855:

complete similarity with the authentic writing of Captain Dreyfus".

5617:(1996), an analysis of the sociology of the affair. Michael Burns, 5600: 5306:, which allowed free and unrestrained expression of racial hatred. 5169:"Bilan fin de siècle" (Assessment at the end of the century), anti- 4918:

The funeral of Zola, where Anatole France paid homage to his friend

4756: 4353: 4068: 3963: 3716: 3601: 3586: 3582: 2843: 2787:

The Dreyfus affair occurred in the context of German annexation of

2393:, head of counter-espionage—which identified the real culprit as a 2187: 1745: 1540: 1410: 1025: 768: 11858:"A Century Later, Statue Pays Homage to Dreyfus and Splits French" 10541:

jointly messaged: "For order, against justice and truth". Winock,

10095:

From this sentence to the end of the following paragraph: Winock,

7907:

Not small pieces. In addition the paper was not wrinkled. Bredin,

6239:

France since 1870: Culture, Society and the Making of the Republic

6232:

Twentieth-Century France: Politics and Society in France 1898–1991

5621:(1984) does the same in a more limited fashion. Vincent Duclert's 5587: 5555:

related to the Dreyfus affair and given by the ministry of Justice

5433: 4700: 4376: 3390: 3092: 3039: 10146:"French Jews during the Revolution of 1830 and the July Monarchy" 9033: 7108:

Thomas Loué, "The Dreyfus Affair", in L. Boltanski et alii éds.,

4941: 4716: 4386: 4278: 4147:, the chamber voted 312–22 to prosecute Zola. On 23 January 1898 4021:, Zola was at the height of his glory: the twenty volumes of the 4001: 3593: 3385: 2946: 2679:, that the Jews must leave Europe and establish their own state. 2676: 2625: 2583:, remained convinced of his innocence and worked with journalist 2177: 2172: 1908: 1705: 1093: 1086: 1047: 1020: 3926:, English newspapers, knew that Esterhazy was in London because 3620:

The discovery of the real culprit: Picquart "going to the enemy"

2635:

after a thorough investigation. A new court-martial was held at

9304:

On the personality and life of Walsin-Esterhazy, see: Reinach,

7800:

Anti-Semitism in the Army: The Coblentz Affair at Fontainebleau

6993:

Dreyfusards!: Memories from Mathieu Dreyfus and other novelties

6949:

Math on trial. How numbers get used and abused in the courtroom

6149:, Fasquelle, 1901–1911; éd. Robert Laffont, two vol., 2006 231. 5926:

At that time the heart of the artistic avant-garde, publishing

5883:

Otherwise known as "faux patriotique" by the anti-Dreyfusards.

5102: 4721: 4690: 4501: 4345: 3903: 3442: 3429:

Dreyfus's officer stripes, ripped off as a symbol of treason –

3331:

on 13 December 1894: "the closed court is necessary to avoid a

2788: 2636: 2367: 2224: 1431: 1387: 637: 9625:

For all this paragraph, excluding additional details: Winock,

8582:

v. The press, publications on the Dreyfus affair, and Bredin,

8500:

He characterised the report by du Paty as "rantings" (Bredin,

7219:

The Dreyfus Affair and its secret remits: a historical summary

4413: 4171: 4163:

distanced themselves from the "two rival bourgeois factions".

3402:

remained uncertain until 2013, when they were released by the

3253: 2444:; and those who condemned him, the "anti-Dreyfusards" such as 9173:, which remained unedited until 1978, except a few extracts. 6782:

A Secret Well Guarded: Military History of the Dreyfus Affair

6366:

The Assumptionists and the Dreyfus Affair, Past & Present

5400: 5383:, an antisemitic country, he chose to live in France for its 4349: 3630: 3468:

regretted the lightness of the sentence in an address to the

3270:

During the two months before the trial, the press went wild.

3203:

On 29 October 1894, the affair was revealed in an article in

3166: 3034: 986: 8896:"French Ministry Posts Online Full File on 'Dreyfus Affair'" 7923:

J. Jacobs's entry: "Dreyfus Case" ("L'Affaire Dreyfus"), in

3813:. Blum tried in late November 1897 to sign, with his friend 3774:(his first article was published three days after Zola) and 3682:

The denunciation of Esterhazy and the progress of Dreyfusism

3002: 11938:

The following historiography is based on that of Thomas in

10879:

Hannah Arendt (1976) . "Antisemitism: The Dreyfus Affair".

7466:

Michel Winock, "The Dreyfus Affair as a founding myth", in

6316:

The Dreyfus Affair: Honour and Politics in the Belle Epoque

5683:, transposes the Dreyfus affair to the world of education. 4357: 3420: 3347:

the same day: it must be "the most absolute closed court".

3309:. He repeated himself on 29 November 1894 in an article by 3172: 2162: 11964:

Paula E. Hyman, "New Perspectives on the Dreyfus Affair".

10183:"Antisemitism in France at the Time of the Dreyfus Affair" 6508:

The Fever of France: The Great Political Crises. 1871–1968

6432:

For the Soul of France: Culture Wars in the Age of Dreyfus

6380:

Dreyfus: Politics, Emotion, and the Scandal of the Century

6033:

Book or article used as a source for writing this article

4563:

on 22 June 1899. The center of French politics, including

3350:

The trial opened on 19 December 1894 at one o'clock and a

2448:, the director and publisher of the antisemitic newspaper 11995: 11832:"Statue Needs a Home: The Dreyfus Affair – It Never Dies" 11538:

The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886–1914

10709:

The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886–1914

10461:"Announcement of the suicide of Lieutenant Colonel Henry" 10188:

Hostages of Modernization: Germany, Great Britain, France

9258:

A Miscarriage of Justice: The Truth of the Dreyfus Affair

6443:

The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886–1914

3021: 2985:, drew on antisemitic roots in certain Catholic circles. 2748:

was assassinated on 24 June 1894; his moderate successor

2700:

in 1877 had crippled the political influence of both the

12054:

Ephemera and Original Art Documenting the Dreyfus Affair

8371:

The arrest order had been signed in advance, v. Thomas,

6701:

The Dreyfus Affair: When Justice Enlightens the Republic

5379:

Herzl's shock was great, for, having lived his youth in

4371: 7571:"Gay love sheds light on l'affaire Dreyfus | The Times" 7119:

Schultheiss, Katrin. "The Dreyfus Affair and History",

5542: 3626:

Georges Picquart's investigations of the Dreyfus affair

2872:

The German military attaché in Paris in 1894 was Count

2834:

and civilians. Its head in 1894 was Lieutenant-Colonel

11455:

Katrin Schultheiss, "The Dreyfus Affair and History",

10008:

through a side door of the Quai des Orfevres. Winock,

7694:"L'affaire Dreyfus est aussi une affaire d'homophobie" 7029:

The centenary of the rehabilitation of Captain Dreyfus

5484:

The statue of Captain Dreyfus in the courtyard of the

5198:, 1886–1889, and was shaped into a coherent theory by 3562:

The Dreyfus family exposes the affair and takes action

2957:

adventure in the past. The antisemitism circulated by

2795:, an event that fed the most extreme nationalism. The 12066: 11737:, Nichol, entry "Theodor Herzl and Zionism", p. 505. 5392:. Herzl quickly took charge in leading the movement. 5146: 4900:

On 29 September 1902, Zola, who was the initiator of

4574: 4532:

declared: "If there has to be a civil war so be it."

9928:

Except supplements, for this paragraph see: Winock,

8229:

The General met with the President of the Republic,

7621:"Dreyfus, Proust and the Crimes of the Belle Epoque" 7518:

On the appearance of the 75 mm gun see: Doise,

6803:, Albin Michel, "The Presence of Judaism", paperback 6294:

France and the Dreyfus Affair: A Documentary History

6210:

Biography of Alfred Dreyfus: The Honour of a Patriot

5867:, though antisemitic, published an article entitled 4650:

writes that fear of an international boycott of the

11676:

Victims: History revisits the Arab–Zionist conflict

9167:See in this regard the memoirs of Mathieu Dreyfus, 8315:

An idea supported by the transparency of the paper.

7486:For these three paragraphs, cf. Jean-Marie Mayeur, 6831:

Intellectuals Face the Dreyfus Affair, Then and Now

6160:, Fayard – Idégraf (Geneva), 1961–1979 – 2 volumes. 4543:, the President of France, died of a heart attack. 3827: 2759:Following the failure of the radical government of 2579:The Dreyfus family, particularly his older brother 10075:According to the recollections of anti-Dreyfusard 9776: 9774: 9662:of 28 November 1897, collected in Octave Mirbeau, 7654: 6664:Dreyfus is Innocent: History of an Affair of State 5223:. The year 1902 saw the birth of two parties: the 5093:As a reserve officer, Dreyfus participated in the 5018:At right, Captain Alfred Dreyfus rehabilitated at 4704:Alfred Dreyfus's trial at the Rennes Court Martial 4512:resignation of Zurlinden who was soon replaced by 4251:declared, " imbued by the admirable actions " and 3413:It was a letter from the German military attaché, 3099:, head of investigation, arrested Captain Dreyfus. 11282: 11280: 10459:Cavalry Major Walter, commander of Mont Valerian, 6732:Pierre Gervais, Pauline Peretz et Pierre Stutin, 6305:The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics 5615:The Dreyfus Affair in French Society and Politics 5459:, who had assisted deportation of French Jews to 5388:Jewish State within the biblical homeland in the 4614:on 29 October 1898 published an article entitled 4316:the 1898 disturbances were much more widespread. 12102: 12016:, Dreyfus site of the French Ministry of Culture 11807: 11805: 10775:, the first revision, and Royer Ozaman, p. 215. 10137: 8916:, Editions Berlin, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp. 125–160. 4802:showing Colonel Albert Jouaust, Chairman of the 3744:The Dreyfusard movement, led by Bernard Lazare, 3556: 3502:Dreyfus's Hut on Devil's Island in French Guiana 3043:General Auguste Mercier, Minister of War in 1894 2783:, architect of the military alliance with Russia 2656:in the military. It slowed the reform of French 2610:, a newspaper reporter and former member of the 1930:Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development 12028:Jewish Library: Alfred Dreyfus and "The Affair" 11354:Zola at the Pantheon: The Fourth Dreyfus Affair 11076:[Grieg the Humanist Brought to Light]. 10176: 10174: 10172: 9846:"Rachel Beer, editor of the Observer 1891–1901" 9830:Beer, Rachel, Interviews with Major Esterhazy, 9771: 8359:Report of the Supreme Court, Volume 1, p. 127. 7688: 7686: 7436:"Judgment of the Supreme Court on 12 July 1906" 6093:Memoire of Alfred Dreyfus to the Supreme Court. 11277: 10363:For this and the following paragraph: Winock, 5240:Republican Radical and Radical-Socialist Party 4987:In addition, the note allegedly annotated (by 3836:Portrait of Georges Clemenceau by the painter 3386:Transmission of a secret dossier to the judges 3378:, deputy head of the SR and discoverer of the 1546:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism 11966:Historical Reflections/Réflexions Historiques 11802: 11120:, Lord Russell of Killowen, 16 September 1899 10878: 9507: 9505: 8965:, Edizioni Lavoro, Roma 1994, pp. 23–36. (It) 8164:General Mercier to his subordinates: Bredin, 8045: 8043: 7290:My Secret Diary of the Dreyfus Case 1894-1899 6596:Histoire d'une famille française, les Dreyfus 6074:Verbatim record of the proceedings of Rennes 5227:, which brought together jaurésiens; and the 5068:Alfred Dreyfus in 1935, the year of his death 2314: 1643: 211: 12020:Dreyfus Site of the French National Assembly 11929:(Oct 2010), Issue 656, pp. 933–957 in French 11041:Bernard Lazare, the first of the Dreyfusards 10169: 9699:Excerpts from the meeting of 4 December 1897 8678:On the details of proceedings see: Duclert, 7683: 7039:"Calls for Dreyfus to be buried in Panthéon" 6929:Echos of the Dreyfus Affair for an Orléanais 5951:"What is already judged is held to be true". 5657:la Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine 5233:French Section of the Workers' International 4864: 4502:Crisis and reshaping the political landscape 4425:On 7 July 1898, during a questioning in the 3904:Esterhazy's flight to England and confession 2449: 2414: 2406: 11876: 11824: 9701:, at the website of the National Assembly. 6348:The Dreyfus Affair: a Chronological History 6174:, Fayard, Paris, 1993 (1ère édition 1981) ( 5765:, an 1899 series of short silent docudramas 5519: 5364:", which became "an obsession for him". In 4658: 3879: 3638:dressed in the uniform of the 4th Algerian 3585:a woman who spoke for the first time under 3397:always claimed never to have known Dreyfus. 11850: 11316:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 345. 11291:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 343. 10822:Debates of the Supreme Court on the review 10143: 9811: 9809: 9502: 9054:Dreyfus Affair: conspiracy in the Républic 8817:1898–1899, Instruction, Volume I, p. 129. 8040: 7534: 6982: 6723:Dreyfus Affair: Conspiracy in the Republic 5475: 4931: 3229:On 3 November 1894, General Saussier, the 3035:The search for the author of the bordereau 3009:Investigation and arrest of Alfred Dreyfus 2321: 2307: 1650: 1636: 218: 204: 11719:"Did Dreyfus Affair Really Inspire Herzl? 11311: 11286: 9837: 9311:, chapter 1 and all of the first part of 9024:Clemenceau wrote on 25 December 1894, in 7763:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. p. 83. 7230:The Dreyfus Affair, the word of an enigma 6541:The Dreyfus Affair: The Republic in Peril 6132: 5423: 5370:(State of the Jews), he considered that: 5160: 4888:. As for Zola, he wrote the third of his 3888:Liberalism-friendly Scheurer-Kestner and 3439:permanent exile in a walled fortification 3003:Origins of the case and the trial of 1894 2660:and republican integration of Catholics. 2547:Learn how and when to remove this message 11071: 11043:Published Fallois, Paris 1992, p. 263). 9843: 9818:, Thomas, entry "Esterházy in England". 7648: 7646: 7490:, Éditions du Seuil, 1973, pp. 209–217. 7395: 6964: 5586: 5546: 5479: 5330: 5265: 5164: 5063: 5013: 4940: 4913: 4793: 4755: 4715: 4699: 4667: 4578: 4453: 4412: 4375: 4304: 4288: 4170: 3980: 3962: 3865: 3831: 3735: 3629: 3524: 3497: 3424: 3421:Conviction, degradation, and deportation 3389: 3257: 3176: 3173:The enquiry and the first military court 3113: 3091: 3038: 3012: 2941:, a friend of Drumont, in another duel. 2895: 2775: 2696:was twenty-four years old. Although the 2486: 981: 38: 12062:(Musée d'art et d'histoire du judaïsme) 11702:"Theodor Herzl's Conversion to Zionism" 11442:Jaurès, speech in the House 8 May 1903 11188: 11102:The Appeals Court in the Dreyfus Affair 10835:v. judgment of the Court of 3 June 1899 9806: 8183:The Dreyfus Affair and the Quai d'Orsay 8119:The Dreyfus Affair and the Quai d'Orsay 7279:The Dreyfus Affair and the Quai d'Orsay 5999:made a poignant description of Dreyfus. 5665:The Secret Record of the Dreyfus Affair 5470: 5238:In addition, 1901 saw the birth of the 4957:, attorney general at the heart of the 4936: 4663: 4583:The judges of the criminal division in 4366:Comité de Défense Religieuse et Sociale 3953:The Dreyfus affair becomes "The Affair" 3087: 14: 12103: 12035:(Journalistic retrospective of Zola's 12033:Greatest Newspaper Article of all Time 11811: 11072:Slotsvik, Tone N. (27 February 2007). 10180: 10163: 9200: 9198: 9032:, where he will wait in the garden of 7978:Alfred Dreyfus was also from Mulhouse. 7151:, Collection of Articles appearing in 6905:Pierre Touzin et Francois Vauvillier, 6812:The Hidden Truth of the Dreyfus Affair 6762:, Armand Colin, coll. "Kiosk", 272 pp. 6224: 6191:The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus 5661:Le dossier secret de l'affaire Dreyfus 5630:The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus 5261: 4266:League for the Defence of Human Rights 1895:The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind 1531:Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism 18:Trial and conviction of Alfred Dreyfus 8113:Sandherr was a fanatical antisemite. 7793: 7791: 7713: 7711: 7652: 7643: 7615: 6801:Jewish Opinion and the Dreyfus Affair 6734:The Secret File of the Dreyfus Affair 5812: 5769:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme 5490:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaïsme 5219:and from 1899 under the influence of 4372:Henry unmasked, the case is rekindled 3944: 3209:, the antisemitic newspaper owned by 2781:General Raoul Le Mouton de Boisdeffre 2496:Musée d'Art et d'Histoire du Judaisme 2349: 2000:Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde 1562:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 608:during the Israel-Hamas war (2023-24) 303:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 27:1894–1906 political scandal in France 10691:For this paragraph: Francis Démier, 7758: 7488:The Beginnings of the Third Republic 7378:Guy Canivet, first President of the 7002:Max Guermann, "The terrible truth", 6748: 6712:The France of the Nineteenth Century 5543:Historiography of the Dreyfus affair 5395:He organized on 29 August 1897, the 5059: 4806:, reading the verdict of conviction 4523:On 1 November 1898, the Progressive 4284: 4166: 4080:, director of the Pasteur Institute 4046:(Clemenceau thought up the headline 2587:to prove it. In March 1896, Colonel 2529:adding citations to reliable sources 2500: 11779: 10040:Repiquet, president of the bar, in 9195: 7568: 7110:Affairs, scandals, and great causes 6714:, Seuil, coll. "Points in History". 6573:, pp. 70–82 in Michel Winock: 6543:, Gallimard, coll. "Discoveries", ( 5573:some ambiguities and inaccuracies. 3187:, 20 January 1895 (illustration by 3131:to lead an official investigation. 3123:courageous objections expressed by 858:21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness 24: 11312:Paul Read, Piers (February 2013). 11287:Paul Read, Piers (February 2013). 11191:"J'Accuse! The Sins of the Artist" 10152:. Vol. 22. pp. 116–120. 8871:"Secret military file – Digitized" 8844:, but not from military tribunals. 7788: 7759:Reid, Piers Paul (February 2013). 7708: 7653:Idier, Antoine (23 October 2012). 6946:Leila Schneps and Coralie Colmez, 6913:. History and Collections, Paris. 6036: 5779:Bibliography of the Dreyfus Affair 5643:In 1983, the lawyer and historian 5428:In October 2021, French President 5147:Consequences of the Dreyfus affair 4994:Given these developments, General 4642: 4575:The appeal on the judgment of 1894 3848:de Boulancy, published letters in 3691:"in the interest of the service". 1556:Working definition of antisemitism 318:Working definition of antisemitism 25: 12147: 11989: 11751:"A Small Country with a Congress" 11457:Journal of The Historical Society 10711:(2011) pp. 113–14, 119, 121, 137. 9948:, Editions Perrin, 2007, p. 254. 7121:Journal of The Historical Society 7075:"Not just a Jew in a French jail" 6867:Thierry Lévy, Jean-Pierre Royer, 6645:The Dreyfus Affair, The Discovery 4751: 4551:attempted to force a coup at the 4310:1898 antisemitic riots in Algiers 3881:Res judicata pro veritate habetur 3612:, Chief of the General Staff and 3254:The trial: "Closed Court or War!" 3051:, to inform the Minister of War, 2763:in 1896, the president appointed 2675:, one of the founding fathers of 2494:, 1898, Poster, 65 × 48 cm, 1536:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews 92:Georges Picquart's investigations 12088: 12076: 11974: 11958: 11949: 11940:Dictionary of the Dreyfus Affair 11932: 11919: 11902: 11773: 11743: 11735:Dictionary of the Dreyfus affair 11728: 11711: 11694: 11681: 11665: 11649: 11641:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 11633: 11617: 11601: 11585: 11573: 11556: 11543: 11530: 11513: 11496: 11479: 11462: 11449: 11436: 11403: 11395:Dictionary of the Dreyfus affair 11387: 11371: 11362: 11346: 11330: 11305: 11261: 11245: 11229: 11213: 11197: 11182: 11166: 11150: 11139: 11123: 11094: 11065: 11049: 11033: 11017: 11001: 10985: 10969: 10953: 10937: 10919: 10903: 10887: 10872: 10856: 10843: 10828: 10813: 10797: 10789:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 10781: 10765: 10746: 10730: 10714: 10701: 10693:France in the nineteenth century 10685: 10669: 10653: 10634: 10615: 10599: 10583: 10567: 10551: 10523: 10507: 10489: 10473: 10453: 10437: 10418: 10405: 10389: 10373: 10357: 10327: 10310: 10293: 10277: 10258: 10242: 10229: 10221:Dictionary of the Dreyfus Affair 10213: 10185:. In Strauss, Herbert A. (ed.). 10121: 10105: 10089: 10069: 10054: 10042:Edgar Demange and Fernand Labori 10034: 10018: 10002: 9986: 9970: 9954: 9938: 9922: 9906: 9890: 9874: 9856: 9824: 9816:Dictionary of the Dreyfus Affair 9790: 9755: 9739: 9723: 9707: 9692: 9672: 9648: 9632: 9619: 9601: 9585: 9569: 9555: 9539: 9521: 9486: 9466: 9450: 9430: 9413: 9394: 9378: 9362: 9345: 9321: 9298: 9282: 9274:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 9266: 9250: 9232: 9214: 9179: 9161: 9145: 9129: 9113: 9056:, Éd. L'Harmattan, 2006, p. 40. 8664:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 8632:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 8616:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 8423:On Justice in the Dreyfus Affair 7997:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 7396:Daughton, James Patrick (2006). 7221:, ed Godet et Cie, Paris, 240 p. 7129:10.1111/j.1540-5923.2012.00362.x 7112:, Paris, Stock, pp. 213–227 7051:Ronald Schechter (7 July 2006), 6760:The Dreyfus Affair and the Press 6571:Was the French Army Antisemitic? 6560:The France of the Dreyfus Affair 6330:The Accused: The Dreyfus Trilogy 6012: 6002: 5990: 5981: 5972: 5963: 5954: 5945: 5920: 5903: 5886: 5877: 5858: 5670: 5566:The Precis of the Dreyfus Affair 5510:Museum of Jewish Art and History 5349:The Austro-Hungarian journalist 4895: 4871:Resolution of the Dreyfus affair 3828:Trial and acquittal of Esterhazy 3431:Museum of Jewish Art and History 2505: 1674: 1621: 1620: 249: 70: 32:The Dreyfus Affair (film series) 11812:Henley, Jon (30 October 2021). 11253:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 11237:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 11074:"Humanisten Grieg fram i lyset" 10961:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 10864:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 10851:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 10773:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 10738:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 10046:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 9994:Justice from the Dreyfus Affair 9844:Narewska, Elli (2 March 2018). 9097: 9078: 9062: 9046: 9018: 8999: 8984: 8968: 8954: 8938: 8922: 8906: 8888: 8863: 8847: 8823: 8807: 8790: 8774: 8758: 8742: 8723: 8715:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 8707: 8688: 8672: 8656: 8640: 8624: 8608: 8592: 8576: 8558: 8542: 8526: 8518:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 8510: 8494: 8486:Justice From the Dreyfus Affair 8465: 8447: 8431: 8415: 8397: 8381: 8365: 8353: 8334: 8318: 8299: 8279: 8263: 8246: 8223: 8207: 8191: 8175: 8158: 8142: 8126: 8107: 8091: 8075: 8059: 8021: 8005: 7981: 7964: 7948: 7930: 7917: 7901: 7885: 7866: 7841: 7825: 7809: 7777: 7752: 7736: 7609: 7584: 7562: 7384:Justice from the Dreyfus Affair 7339:, Flammarion, Folio Histoire, ( 7134: 7073:Stanley Meisler (9 July 2006), 7016:, Spécial Dreyfus, January 1994 6617:, Päperback, coll. "references" 6318:(New York: Palgrave Macmillan). 5848: 5839: 5829: 5820: 5802: 5116:Obusier de 120 mm C modèle 1890 4769:decree was signed by President 4474:published a eulogy of Henry in 3453:, as it had been abolished for 2807:the army ignored the Republic. 2516:needs additional citations for 945:Protocols of the Elders of Zion 10881:The Origins of Totalitarianism 7528: 7512: 7496: 7480: 7460: 7428: 7389: 7372: 7053:"The Ghosts of Alfred Dreyfus" 7004:Revue Les Cahiers Naturalistes 6628:, Flammarion, reprinted 2006 ( 6417:Why the Dreyfus Affair Matters 6395:The History of Captain Dreyfus 6296:(Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's) 6193:, George Braziller, New York, 5892:"He had already intervened in 5790: 5245:French League for Human Rights 4004:...; collection Fritz Lachmund 3985:Alfred Dreyfus in his room on 3977:by Émile Zola, 13 January 1898 3668:authority of the principle of 3224: 2713:near-coup of Georges Boulanger 901:Hunter (William Luther Pierce) 13: 1: 11691:. New York: Grove Weidenfeld. 10755:History of the Dreyfus affair 10643:History of the Dreyfus affair 10624:History of the Dreyfus affair 10427:History of the Dreyfus affair 10307:In 1894 there were only four. 10267:History of the Dreyfus affair 9609:History of the Dreyfus Affair 9529:History of the Dreyfus Affair 9403:History of the Dreyfus affair 9307:History of the Dreyfus Affair 9008:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8976:Justice in the Dreyfus Affair 8832:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8732:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8697:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8343:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8288:History of the Dreyfus Affair 8030:History of the Dreyfus Affair 7875:History of the Dreyfus Affair 7365: 7089:"The Most Shameful of Stains" 7037:Kim Willsher (27 June 2006), 6911:The Artillery of the campaign 6888:Justice in the Dreyfus Affair 6626:The Dreyfus Affair Dictionary 6391:History of the Dreyfus Affair 6147:History of the Dreyfus Affair 6111:Debates of the Supreme Court. 6102:Enquiry of the Supreme Court. 5896:in May 1896, in the article " 4969:saw the victory of the left. 4882:History of the Dreyfus Affair 4825:Lord Chief Justice of England 4017:. The first great Dreyfusard 3557:The truth emerges (1895–1897) 3415:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen 3147: 3029:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen 2874:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen 1495:Campaign Against Antisemitism 603:during the Gaza War (2008-09) 190:Maximilian von Schwartzkoppen 12126:Political scandals in France 11397:, entry "Picquart", p. 263. 10866:, and Royer Ozaman, p. 211. 10575:The Century of intellectuals 10543:The Century of intellectuals 10515:The Century of intellectuals 10365:The Century of intellectuals 10237:The Century of intellectuals 10097:The Century of intellectuals 10061:See the whole debate of 1898 10010:The Century of intellectuals 9962:The Century of Intellectuals 9930:The Century of Intellectuals 9627:The Century of Intellectuals 9241:The Affair That I Have Lived 9223:The Affair That I Have Lived 9170:The Affair that I have lived 8475:, who killed the Republican 7301:The Affair that I have lived 7087:Adam Kirsch (11 July 2006), 6976:Précis of the Dreyfus Affair 6871:, Louis Audibert Éditions, ( 6685:, Librairie Artheme Fayard, 6577:, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 6463: 6056:Enquiry of the Supreme Court 5755:Human Rights League (France) 5503:but the Minister of Defense 4789: 4776:Universal Exhibition of 1900 3706:General Jean-Baptiste Billot 3022:Discovery of the "bordereau" 2687: 2628:resulted in several deaths. 2370:French artillery officer of 1813:Second Industrial Revolution 1484:Anti-antisemitism in Germany 976:Antisemitism on the Internet 764:Jewish war conspiracy theory 7: 11944:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 11338:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 11189:Litlove (3 February 2018). 10945:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 10895:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 10853:, and Royer Ozaman, p. 210. 10131:, Gallimard, 1965, p. 472. 9834:, 18 and 25 September 1898. 8855:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 8766:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 8680:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 8389:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 8134:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 7470:, Éditions du Seuil, coll. 7303:, Bernard Grasset, Paris. ( 7014:Revue in L'Histoire n o 173 6886:Supreme Court, collective, 6527:The School of Intellectuals 6445:, Jefferson, NC: McFarland. 6350:, Palgrave Macmillan 2006, 5913:of 1 December 1897 and the 5731: 5623:Biography of Alfred Dreyfus 5524:On 12 July 2006, President 4322:riots took place in Algeria 3870:Newspaper showing Esterhazy 3845:Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux 3139:, the inventor of forensic 2937:officer, was killed by the 2771: 2682: 1993:She: A History of Adventure 1521:Southern Poverty Law Center 680:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 165:Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux 10: 12152: 10285:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9763:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9731:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9593:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9438:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9425:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9386:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9337:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9313:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9290:The Affair Without Dreyfus 9260:, Brussels, November 1896 8799:The Affair Without Dreyfus 8373:The Affair Without Dreyfus 8254:The Affair Without Dreyfus 8099:The Affair Without Dreyfus 7972:The Affair Without Dreyfus 7956:The Affair Without Dreyfus 7893:The Affair Without Dreyfus 7696:(in French). 26 March 2008 7167:Letters of an Innocent man 6272:Cambridge University Press 6257:Princeton University Press 6201:Plunkett Lake Press Ebooks 6158:The Affair Without Dreyfus 6028: 5799:in a speech in the Senate. 5608:The Affair Without Dreyfus 5326: 4868: 4398:On 4 April, the newspaper 3956: 3623: 3608:request of his superiors, 3404:French Ministry of Defence 3231:Military governor of Paris 3006: 2671:. These factors persuaded 2593:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy 2482: 2399:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy 1958:The Picture of Dorian Gray 931:On the Jews and Their Lies 155:Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy 29: 11888:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 11595:403#5 (1971): 1085–1106. 10181:Wilson, Stephen (2007) . 10144:Sjzakowski, Zosa (1961). 8914:Journal of Modern History 7987:"This wimp Mercier" said 7155:– available on Wikisource 7094:29 September 2007 at the 6907:Guns of Victory 1914–1918 5551:List of documents in the 5342:after the Dreyfus affair. 5229:Socialist Party of France 4865:Rehabilitation, 1900–1906 4618:in the same character as 2996:No. 35 Amnistie populaire 2901:No. 35 Amnistie populaire 2891: 2492:Dreyfus affair board game 2088:Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec 1506:Fundamental Rights Agency 939:Undisputed Over The World 754: Jewish conspiracy 30:For the film series, see 11356:, Perrin, 2008, p. 287. 11118:Report to Queen Victoria 10883:. Harcourt. p. 119. 10740:, Royer-Ozaman, p. 182. 9684:The Age of intellectuals 9656:Chez L'Illustre Ecrivain 8172:Also reported elsewhere. 7925:"Jewish Encyclopedia.com 7872:See especially Reinach, 7853:Duke Digital Collections 7723:Duke Digital Collections 6529:, Le Seuil, coll. Points 6382:(Henry Holt and Company) 5797:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 5784: 5593:A Miscarriage of Justice 5553:French National Archives 5536:French National Assembly 5520:Centennial commemoration 5455:collaborationist leader 5253:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 4829:Lord Russell of Killowen 4659:The trial in Rennes 1899 4652:Paris Exposition of 1900 4231:among others, published 3785:École normale supérieure 3754:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 3713:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 3483:made a similar comment. 2723:threat (reduced by the " 2604:Auguste Scheurer-Kestner 1972:Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam 1567:Three Ds of antisemitism 1551:Wiener Holocaust Library 1501:Community Security Trust 1363:Black Death persecutions 878:The Dearborn Independent 851:Antisemitic publications 82:Investigation and arrest 12012:19 January 2013 at the 12002:(in English and French) 11687:Beller, Steven (1991). 10322:Oxford University Press 9187:The Affair That I Lived 9038:The Start of the Affair 8567:The Affair That I Lived 8473:Prince Pierre Bonaparte 8456:The Affair that I lived 8406:The Affair that I lived 7404:Oxford University Press 7292:, Secker & Warburg. 7058:18 October 2006 at the 6983:Articles and newspapers 6243:excerpt and text search 6212:, Fayard, Paris, 2006 ( 5582:Henri Giscard d'Estaing 5476:Commission of sculpture 4932:The semi-rehabilitation 4922:In 1953, the newspaper 4742:Pierre Waldeck-Rousseau 3782:, the librarian of the 3540:and was transferred to 3129:Judicial Police Officer 2804:Franco-Russian Alliance 2235:Conservative Revolution 1965:Reflections on Violence 1516:Simon Wiesenthal Center 1268:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu 1042:The Occidental Observer 1005:Europa: The Last Battle 953:Between Blacks and Jews 951:The Secret Relationship 12045:Dreyfus Affair Archive 11981:The Island of Penguins 11942:, p. 586 and Duclert, 10115:, Belfond, 1996. 779. 10083:, Plon, 1912, p. 149. 9442:The romance of a cheat 9427:p. 231, are sceptical. 8240:, pp. 60, 149 and 157 7592:"Trial of the Century" 7337:Memories of The Affair 6974:Henri Dutrait-Crozon, 6931:, Corsaire Éditions, ( 6624:Michel Drouin (dir.), 6368:(2007) 194#1 175–211. 6133:Reference bibliography 5874:in mid-September 1896. 5701:In Search of Lost Time 5689:The Island of Penguins 5603: 5556: 5492: 5424:21st century aftermath 5413: 5397:First Zionist Congress 5377: 5343: 5282: 5225:French Socialist Party 5183: 5161:Political consequences 5158: 5075:Fort Neuf de Vincennes 5069: 5057: 5038: 4985: 4962: 4919: 4838: 4807: 4761: 4760:Dreyfus's reconviction 4732: 4705: 4676: 4587: 4467: 4422: 4381: 4312: 4302: 4296:riots in a print from 4183: 4006: 3978: 3880: 3871: 3840: 3741: 3702: 3654:Major Walsin-Esterhazy 3644: 3575: 3533: 3503: 3433: 3398: 3395:Max von Schwartzkoppen 3337:"; while for Judet in 3267: 3196: 3119: 3100: 3085: 3044: 3018: 2908: 2784: 2498: 2469:miscarriage of justice 2450: 2415: 2407: 2342: 2024:Thus Spoke Zarathustra 1888:The Brothers Karamazov 1808:Scientific romanticism 1526:Stephen Roth Institute 1489:Anti-Defamation League 140:Armand du Paty de Clam 48: 12007:Dreyfus Rehabilitated 11910:Jewish Social Studies 11706:Jewish Social Studies 11146:Five years of my life 11112:, Guy Carnivet, 2006 10537:, and ironically one 10335:"Wilde & Dreyfus" 9458:A secret well guarded 9423:, p. 144 and Thomas, 9137:Five Years of my life 7669:10.4000/lectures.9588 7520:A Secret well guarded 7474:, 2003, pp. 151–165. 7197:Cinq années de ma vie 7178:Five Years of My Life 6965:Anti-Dreyfusard works 6952:, Basic Books, 2013. 6784:, Le Seuil, 225 pp. ( 6421:Yale University Press 6266:Alfred S. Lindemann, 5738:Menahem Mendel Beilis 5599:published in 1896 in 5590: 5550: 5486:Hôtel de Saint-Aignan 5483: 5418:emancipation movement 5405: 5372: 5334: 5269: 5168: 5153: 5127:Montparnasse Cemetery 5125:and he was buried in 5067: 5055:should be pronounced. 5052: 5017: 4980: 4944: 4917: 4884:and Jaurès published 4833: 4797: 4759: 4720:Dreyfus's defense in 4719: 4703: 4671: 4582: 4457: 4416: 4404:Lettre d'un Diplomate 4379: 4308: 4292: 4182:, oil on canvas, 1898 4174: 3984: 3966: 3935:I wrote the bordereau 3869: 3835: 3739: 3697: 3633: 3571: 3528: 3501: 3428: 3393: 3261: 3180: 3117: 3105:Major du Paty de Clam 3097:Major du Paty de Clam 3095: 3072: 3042: 3016: 2899: 2878:Alessandro Panizzardi 2779: 2727:" of July 1894). The 2490: 2360:Third French Republic 2351:[afɛːʁdʁɛfys] 1766:Historical recurrence 1233:William Luther Pierce 911:The International Jew 823:Stab-in-the-back myth 806:Rootless cosmopolitan 42: 12131:Wrongful convictions 11108:6 March 2016 at the 10466:20 July 2011 at the 10287:, Volume 2, p. 262. 9765:, Volume 2, p. 245. 9733:, Volume 2, p. 244. 9680:Ferdinand Brunetière 8199:The enigma Esterházy 7784:The Jews in the army 7325:, Librairie Séguier. 7288:Maurice Paléologue, 7264:Georges Clemenceau, 7253:Georges Clemenceau, 7246:, Tresse & Stock 7153:La Petite République 6848:Général André Bach, 6799:Philippe-E. Landau, 6771:The Esterházy Enigma 6459:, Bloomsbury, London 6237:Sowerwine, Charles. 6234:(1992) pp. 3–12 5774:Henry Ossian Flipper 5717:An Officer and a Spy 5705:Roger Martin du Gard 5471:Other related events 5123:Place de la Concorde 4937:Legal rehabilitation 4798:Cover of the weekly 4664:Conduct of the trial 4557:Longchamp Racecourse 4476:La Gazette de France 4335:Roger Martin du Gard 4260:and Catholic jurist 4132:, and the historian 4066:On 15 January 1898, 4009:On 13 January 1898, 3762:Mr. Scheurer-Kestner 3088:Expertise in writing 2567:, a graduate of the 2559:At the end of 1894, 2525:improve this article 2014:The Cult of the Self 1610:Zionist antisemitism 1417:Martyrdom in Judaism 1143:Richard Girnt Butler 896:Hitlers Zweites Buch 482:textbook controversy 97:Other investigations 87:Trial and conviction 11912:40.1 (1978): 25–40 11761:on 11 November 2013 11725:, 26 February 2014. 11678:, 2003, pp. 29, 34. 11553:, 26 November 1900. 10928:The Affair ... 9666:, 1991, pp. 43–49. 8717:, Duclert, p. 107. 8520:, Duclert, p. 103. 8236:The Trial at Rennes 8201:, Volume 1, p. 99. 7744:The Army of Dreyfus 7468:La France politique 7023:Special edition of 6314:Martin P. Johnson, 6285:, New York: Harper. 6230:McMillan, James F. 6225:Other general works 6189:Jean-Denis Bredin, 5917:of 5 December 1897. 5814:[bɔʁ.də.ʁo] 5697:In the Penal Colony 5512:, which houses the 5497:François Mitterrand 5495:In 1985, President 5262:Social consequences 4738:Gaston de Galliffet 4466:on 14 February 1898 4213:, among others, in 4145:Chamber of Deputies 4024:Les Rougon-Macquart 3857:, in the newspaper 3634:Lieutenant Colonel 3614:Major-General Gonse 3532:(27 September 1896) 3470:Chamber of Deputies 3376:Hubert-Joseph Henry 3163:Cherche-Midi prison 3063:École polytechnique 2842:, an Alsatian from 2812:École Polytechnique 2750:Jean Casimir-Perier 2648:. He died in 1935. 2612:Chamber of Deputies 2569:École Polytechnique 2263:The Marching Morons 2168:Degeneration theory 2103:Friedrich Nietzsche 2043:Gabriele D'Annunzio 2007:Studies on Hysteria 1916:The Flowers of Evil 1845:Western Esotericism 1818:Social cycle theory 1741:Degeneration theory 1459:Spanish Inquisition 1358:Rhineland massacres 868:Culture of Critique 722:Cultural Bolshevism 170:Hubert-Joseph Henry 11609:The Dreyfus Affair 11564:The Dreyfus Affair 11536:Robert L. Fuller, 11521:The Dreyfus Affair 11504:The Dreyfus Affair 11470:The Dreyfus Affair 11415:The New York Times 11379:The Dreyfus Affair 11314:The Dreyfus Affair 11289:The Dreyfus Affair 11269:The Dreyfus Affair 11255:, Becker, p. 267. 11239:, Becker, p. 262. 11221:The Dreyfus Affair 11205:A well kept secret 11057:The Dreyfus Affair 10993:A Well Kept secret 10977:The Dreyfus Affair 10805:The Dreyfus Affair 10722:The Dreyfus Affair 10707:Robert L. Fuller, 10677:The Dreyfus Affair 10661:The Dreyfus Affair 10607:The Dreyfus Affair 10559:The Dreyfus Affair 10501:, pp. 181 et seq. 10481:The Dreyfus Affair 10445:the Dreyfus Affair 10397:the Dreyfus Affair 10026:The Dreyfus Affair 9978:The Dreyfus Affair 9898:The Dreyfus Affair 9798:The Dreyfus Affair 9747:The Dreyfus Affair 9664:The Dreyfus Affair 9613:, p. 603 and 644. 9547:A well kept secret 9370:The Dreyfus Affair 9315:by Marcel Thomas. 8978:, Duclert, p. 92. 8946:The Dreyfus Affair 8930:A well kept secret 8900:The New York Times 8782:A well kept secret 8750:A well kept secret 8425:, Duclert, p. 51. 8185:, pp. 111 et seq. 8150:The Dreyfus Affair 8115:Maurice Paléologue 8067:The Dreyfus Affair 8051:The Dreyfus Affair 7938:A well kept secret 7833:The Dreyfus Affair 7817:The Third Republic 7761:The Dreyfus Affair 7631:on 2 November 2014 7569:Bremner, Charles. 7536:Chapentier, Armand 7504:The Dreyfus Affair 7323:The Dreyfus Affair 7275:Maurice Paléologue 7244:Towards Reparation 7240:Georges Clemenceau 7228:Paschal Grousset, 6725:, Éd. L'Harmattan. 6647:, reprinted 2006 ( 6615:The Dreyfus Affair 6575:The Dreyfus Affair 6562:, Gallimard, Paris 6494:The Third Republic 6475:The Dreyfus Affair 6457:The Dreyfus Affair 6441:Robert L. Fuller, 6332:, Inter Nationes, 5761:The Dreyfus Affair 5604: 5591:First brochure of 5578:Maurice Paléologue 5557: 5493: 5344: 5287:Boulangisme affair 5283: 5217:Georges Clemenceau 5184: 5139:The New York Times 5136:On July 21, 1935, 5070: 5043:Alphonse Bertillon 5039: 5009:Court of Cassation 4963: 4920: 4808: 4762: 4733: 4711:Emperor Wilhelm II 4706: 4677: 4674:Valerian Griboedov 4588: 4468: 4423: 4419:Godefroy Cavaignac 4393:Godefroy Cavaignac 4382: 4313: 4303: 4211:Georges Courteline 4184: 4180:Zola faces the mob 4128:, the sociologist 4038:in the form of an 4007: 3979: 3898:Fort Mont-Valérien 3872: 3855:Georges Clemenceau 3841: 3799:), the authors of 3742: 3740:Émile Zola in 1898 3645: 3610:General Boisdeffre 3534: 3504: 3474:Georges Clemenceau 3451:sentenced to death 3449:. Dreyfus was not 3434: 3399: 3367:Alphonse Bertillon 3268: 3266:(23 December 1894) 3197: 3137:Alphonse Bertillon 3120: 3101: 3045: 3019: 2991:Musée des Horreurs 2909: 2905:Musée des Horreurs 2848:Maurice Paléologue 2824:Models 1890 Baquet 2785: 2740:aligning with the 2608:Georges Clemenceau 2499: 2442:Georges Clemenceau 2203:Literary modernism 2083:Arthur de Gobineau 2018:(trilogy; 1888-91) 1937:The King in Yellow 1427:Pale of Settlement 1333:Gamal Abdel Nasser 1253:Kevin Alfred Strom 1238:Richard B. Spencer 1081:Triple parentheses 964:The Turner Diaries 937:Our Race Will Rule 906:1988 Hamas Charter 700:Antisemitic tropes 586:Christian Identity 519:Conservative Party 135:Alphonse Bertillon 49: 11968:(2005): 335–349. 11838:. 30 October 1986 11836:Los Angeles Times 11780:Richarz, Monika. 11323:978-1-4088-3057-4 11298:978-1-4088-3057-4 10931:, p. 206 et seq. 10759:, p. 397 et seq. 10647:, p. 358 et seq. 10431:, p. 183 et seq. 10339:www.oscholars.com 10198:978-1-8003-4099-2 10129:Journal 1887–1910 10048:, p. 273 et seq. 10044:, Supreme Court, 9996:, Pages, p. 143. 9640:Fight for Dreyfus 9549:, p. 109 et seq. 9238:Mathieu Dreyfus, 9220:Mathieu Dreyfus, 9189:, Fayard, p. 47. 8875:L'Affaire Dreyfus 8453:Mathieu Dreyfus, 8136:, p. 115 et seq. 7895:, p. 140 et seq. 7770:978-1-4088-3057-4 7619:(13 March 2013). 7359:Fight for Dreyfus 7299:Mathieu Dreyfus, 7186:978-3-945831-19-9 7079:Los Angeles Times 7027:on 12 July 2005, 6958:978-0-465-03292-1 6937:978-2-910475-12-3 6814:, Albin Michel, ( 6769:Henri Guillemin, 6758:Patrice Boussel, 6749:Specialised works 6699:Vincent Duclert, 6681:Vincent Duclert, 6662:Vincent Duclert, 6643:Vincent Duclert, 6569:Pierre Birnbaum, 6558:Pierre Birnbaum, 6510:, Points Seuil, ( 6434:(Alfred A. Knopf) 6430:Frederick Brown, 6403:978-2-234-06080-7 6356:978-0-230-20285-6 6346:George R. Whyte, 6307:New York: Longman 6208:Vincent Duclert, 6168:Jean-Denis Bredin 5909:According to the 5645:Jean-Denis Bredin 5445:Jean-Marie Le Pen 5356:Neue Freie Presse 5131:Brigadier general 5060:Subsequent career 4989:Kaiser Wilhelm II 4967:elections of 1902 4800:Le Monde illustré 4592:Criminal Division 4509:General Zurlinden 4427:National Assembly 4421:, Minister of War 4299:Le Petit Parisien 4285:Antisemitic riots 4249:Stéphane Mallarmé 4167:The trial of Zola 4005: 3780:Lucien Lévy-Bruhl 3756:gained momentum. 2855:counter-espionage 2729:elections of 1893 2719:in 1892, and the 2557: 2556: 2549: 2413:in the newspaper 2358:that divided the 2356:political scandal 2331: 2330: 2290:Philosophy portal 2135:Lasting influence 2068:Fyodor Dostoevsky 1951:Poems and Ballads 1944:Le Morte d'Arthur 1923:The Great God Pan 1660: 1659: 1442:Russian Civil War 1383:Ghettos in Europe 1213:Ernest G. Liebold 1112:Prominent figures 993:The Daily Stormer 883:Ethnic Cleansing 863:The Barnes Review 742:Franklin Prophecy 228: 227: 16:(Redirected from 12143: 12093: 12092: 12091: 12081: 12080: 12079: 12072: 12024: 12003: 11983: 11978: 11972: 11962: 11956: 11953: 11947: 11936: 11930: 11927:Revue Historique 11923: 11917: 11906: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11895: 11880: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11854: 11848: 11847: 11845: 11843: 11828: 11822: 11821: 11809: 11800: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11786: 11777: 11771: 11770: 11768: 11766: 11757:. Archived from 11747: 11741: 11740: 11732: 11726: 11715: 11709: 11700:Cohn, Henry J., 11698: 11692: 11685: 11679: 11669: 11663: 11662: 11653: 11647: 11646: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11621: 11615: 11614: 11605: 11599: 11589: 11583: 11577: 11571: 11569: 11560: 11554: 11547: 11541: 11534: 11528: 11526: 11517: 11511: 11509: 11500: 11494: 11492: 11483: 11477: 11475: 11466: 11460: 11453: 11447: 11445: 11440: 11434: 11433: 11431: 11429: 11407: 11401: 11400: 11391: 11385: 11384: 11375: 11369: 11366: 11360: 11359: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11334: 11328: 11327: 11309: 11303: 11302: 11284: 11275: 11274: 11265: 11259: 11258: 11249: 11243: 11242: 11233: 11227: 11226: 11217: 11211: 11210: 11201: 11195: 11194: 11186: 11180: 11179: 11170: 11164: 11163: 11154: 11148: 11143: 11137: 11136: 11127: 11121: 11116:, Quoting from: 11115: 11098: 11092: 11091: 11089: 11087: 11069: 11063: 11062: 11053: 11047: 11046: 11037: 11031: 11030: 11021: 11015: 11014: 11005: 10999: 10998: 10989: 10983: 10982: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10963:, Joly, p. 231. 10957: 10951: 10950: 10941: 10935: 10934: 10925:Mathieu Dreyfus 10923: 10917: 10916: 10909:Jean Jaurès, in 10907: 10901: 10900: 10891: 10885: 10884: 10876: 10870: 10869: 10860: 10854: 10847: 10841: 10840: 10832: 10826: 10817: 10811: 10810: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10785: 10779: 10778: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10750: 10744: 10743: 10734: 10728: 10727: 10718: 10712: 10705: 10699: 10698: 10689: 10683: 10682: 10673: 10667: 10666: 10657: 10651: 10650: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10619: 10613: 10612: 10603: 10597: 10596: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10555: 10549: 10548: 10527: 10521: 10520: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10493: 10487: 10486: 10477: 10471: 10457: 10451: 10450: 10441: 10435: 10434: 10422: 10416: 10409: 10403: 10402: 10393: 10387: 10386: 10377: 10371: 10370: 10361: 10355: 10354: 10352: 10350: 10341:. Archived from 10331: 10325: 10316:Maguire, Robert 10314: 10308: 10306: 10297: 10291: 10290: 10281: 10275: 10274: 10262: 10256: 10255: 10246: 10240: 10233: 10227: 10226: 10217: 10211: 10210: 10178: 10167: 10161: 10150:Historia Judaica 10141: 10135: 10134: 10125: 10119: 10118: 10109: 10103: 10102: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10081:What my eyes saw 10073: 10067: 10066: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10038: 10032: 10031: 10022: 10016: 10015: 10006: 10000: 9999: 9990: 9984: 9983: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9958: 9952: 9951: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9926: 9920: 9919: 9910: 9904: 9903: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9860: 9854: 9853: 9841: 9835: 9828: 9822: 9821: 9813: 9804: 9803: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9778: 9769: 9768: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9743: 9737: 9736: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9636: 9630: 9623: 9617: 9616: 9605: 9599: 9598: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9573: 9567: 9559: 9553: 9552: 9543: 9537: 9536: 9525: 9519: 9518: 9509: 9500: 9499: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9470: 9464: 9463: 9460:, p. 24 et seq. 9454: 9448: 9447: 9434: 9428: 9417: 9411: 9410: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9366: 9360: 9358: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9334: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9302: 9296: 9295: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9270: 9264: 9263: 9254: 9248: 9247: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9218: 9212: 9211: 9202: 9193: 9192: 9185:Mathieu Dreyfus 9183: 9177: 9176: 9165: 9159: 9158: 9149: 9143: 9142: 9135:Alfred Dreyfus, 9133: 9127: 9126: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9101: 9095: 9094: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9050: 9044: 9043: 9022: 9016: 9015: 9003: 8997: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8972: 8966: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8942: 8936: 8935: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8892: 8886: 8885: 8883: 8881: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8851: 8845: 8839: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8811: 8805: 8804: 8794: 8788: 8787: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8762: 8756: 8755: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8727: 8721: 8720: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8676: 8670: 8669: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8644: 8638: 8637: 8628: 8622: 8621: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8580: 8574: 8573: 8564:Mathieu Dreyfus 8562: 8556: 8555: 8546: 8540: 8539: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8514: 8508: 8507: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8482:Marquis de Mores 8469: 8463: 8461: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8419: 8413: 8412: 8403:Mathieu Dreyfus 8401: 8395: 8394: 8385: 8379: 8378: 8369: 8363: 8362: 8357: 8351: 8350: 8338: 8332: 8331: 8322: 8316: 8314: 8303: 8297: 8295: 8283: 8277: 8276: 8267: 8261: 8259: 8250: 8244: 8243: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8195: 8189: 8188: 8179: 8173: 8171: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8146: 8140: 8139: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8095: 8089: 8088: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8063: 8057: 8056: 8047: 8038: 8037: 8025: 8019: 8018: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7985: 7979: 7977: 7968: 7962: 7961: 7952: 7946: 7943: 7940:, p. 55 et seq. 7934: 7928: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7889: 7883: 7882: 7870: 7864: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7845: 7839: 7838: 7829: 7823: 7822: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7795: 7786: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7756: 7750: 7749: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7731: 7729: 7715: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7701: 7690: 7681: 7680: 7658: 7650: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7636: 7627:. Archived from 7613: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7588: 7582: 7581: 7579: 7577: 7566: 7560: 7559: 7542:. Translated by 7540:The Dreyfus case 7532: 7526: 7525: 7516: 7510: 7509: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7484: 7478: 7477: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7447: 7441:. Archived from 7440: 7432: 7426: 7425: 7393: 7387: 7376: 7353: 7331: 7317: 7298: 7287: 7273: 7263: 7252: 7238: 7227: 7215:Paschal Grousset 7213: 7195:Alfred Dreyfus, 7194: 7176:Alfred Dreyfus, 7175: 7161: 7143: 7118: 7107: 7100:The New York Sun 7086: 7072: 7050: 7036: 7022: 7012: 7001: 6991: 6973: 6945: 6927:Georges Joumas, 6926: 6904: 6885: 6869:Labori, a lawyer 6866: 6847: 6833:, L'Harmattan, ( 6828: 6809: 6798: 6779: 6768: 6757: 6736:, Alma editor, ( 6731: 6720: 6710:Francis Démier, 6709: 6698: 6680: 6661: 6642: 6623: 6612: 6598:, Fayard, 1994 ( 6590: 6568: 6557: 6535: 6524: 6502: 6491: 6472: 6451: 6440: 6429: 6411: 6389:Philippe Oriol, 6388: 6377: 6363: 6345: 6324: 6313: 6302: 6291: 6280: 6265: 6251: 6207: 6188: 6166: 6155: 6141: 6125: 6118: 6109: 6100: 6091: 6073: 6064: 6054: 6045: 6023: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5970: 5967: 5961: 5958: 5952: 5949: 5943: 5924: 5918: 5907: 5901: 5890: 5884: 5881: 5875: 5873: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5846: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5818: 5816: 5808:The French word 5806: 5800: 5794: 5461:Nazi death camps 5453:Second World War 5340:Zionist Congress 5205:Action Française 5196:Boulanger affair 5107:Legion of Honour 5099:Chemin des Dames 5087:Action Française 5036: 5033: 5005:Ludovic Trarieux 4956: 4953: 4585:Le Petit Journal 4565:Raymond Poincaré 4561:Waldeck-Rousseau 4514:General Chanoine 4484:faux patriotique 4258:Ludovic Trarieux 4203:Laurent Tailhade 4114:François Simiand 4029:General Pellieux 3991: 3932: 3883: 3802:La Revue Blanche 3649:Georges Picquart 3636:Georges Picquart 3530:Le Petit Journal 3455:political crimes 3340:Le Petit Journal 3264:Le Petit Journal 3184:Le Petit Journal 3125:Gabriel Hanotaux 3083: 2968:Le Petit Journal 2961:, as well as by 2949:. The launch of 2939:Marquis de Morès 2838:, a graduate of 2797:traumatic defeat 2589:Georges Picquart 2552: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2532: 2509: 2501: 2455: 2420: 2412: 2391:Georges Picquart 2366:, a 35-year-old 2353: 2348: 2323: 2316: 2309: 2268: 2221: 2053:Aubrey Beardsley 2019: 1823:Social Darwinism 1721:Crowd psychology 1678: 1662: 1661: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1624: 1623: 1303:Nichifor Crainic 1248:Julius Streicher 1188:Heinrich Himmler 1053:Renegade Tribune 774:Judeo-Bolshevism 753: 747:Host desecration 727:Cultural Marxism 613:Holocaust denial 253: 230: 229: 220: 213: 206: 185:Ludovic Trarieux 160:Georges Picquart 74: 51: 50: 21: 12151: 12150: 12146: 12145: 12144: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12101: 12100: 12099: 12089: 12087: 12077: 12075: 12067: 12022: 12014:Wayback Machine 12001: 11992: 11987: 11986: 11979: 11975: 11963: 11959: 11954: 11950: 11937: 11933: 11924: 11920: 11907: 11903: 11893: 11891: 11890:. 6 August 1985 11882: 11881: 11877: 11867: 11865: 11856: 11855: 11851: 11841: 11839: 11830: 11829: 11825: 11810: 11803: 11793: 11791: 11784: 11778: 11774: 11764: 11762: 11749: 11748: 11744: 11738: 11733: 11729: 11716: 11712: 11699: 11695: 11686: 11682: 11670: 11666: 11660: 11654: 11650: 11644: 11638: 11634: 11628: 11622: 11618: 11612: 11606: 11602: 11590: 11586: 11578: 11574: 11567: 11561: 11557: 11551:The two methods 11548: 11544: 11535: 11531: 11524: 11518: 11514: 11507: 11501: 11497: 11490: 11484: 11480: 11473: 11467: 11463: 11454: 11450: 11443: 11441: 11437: 11427: 11425: 11409: 11408: 11404: 11398: 11392: 11388: 11382: 11376: 11372: 11367: 11363: 11357: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11335: 11331: 11324: 11310: 11306: 11299: 11285: 11278: 11272: 11266: 11262: 11256: 11251:Supreme Court, 11250: 11246: 11240: 11235:Supreme Court, 11234: 11230: 11224: 11218: 11214: 11208: 11202: 11198: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11171: 11167: 11161: 11155: 11151: 11144: 11140: 11134: 11128: 11124: 11113: 11110:Wayback Machine 11099: 11095: 11085: 11083: 11070: 11066: 11060: 11054: 11050: 11044: 11038: 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March 2016 10333: 10332: 10328: 10315: 10311: 10304: 10298: 10294: 10288: 10282: 10278: 10272: 10263: 10259: 10253: 10247: 10243: 10234: 10230: 10224: 10218: 10214: 10199: 10179: 10170: 10142: 10138: 10132: 10126: 10122: 10116: 10110: 10106: 10100: 10094: 10090: 10084: 10074: 10070: 10064: 10059: 10055: 10049: 10039: 10035: 10029: 10023: 10019: 10013: 10007: 10003: 9997: 9992:Supreme Court, 9991: 9987: 9981: 9975: 9971: 9965: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9927: 9923: 9917: 9911: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9885: 9879: 9875: 9869: 9861: 9857: 9842: 9838: 9829: 9825: 9819: 9814: 9807: 9801: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9772: 9766: 9760: 9756: 9750: 9744: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9724: 9718: 9712: 9708: 9702: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9677: 9673: 9667: 9658:, published in 9653: 9649: 9643: 9637: 9633: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9586: 9580: 9574: 9570: 9560: 9556: 9550: 9544: 9540: 9534: 9533:p. 517 et seq. 9526: 9522: 9516: 9510: 9503: 9497: 9491: 9487: 9481: 9472:v. articles in 9471: 9467: 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8609: 8603: 8597: 8593: 8587: 8581: 8577: 8571: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8543: 8537: 8531: 8527: 8521: 8516:Supreme Court, 8515: 8511: 8505: 8499: 8495: 8489: 8470: 8466: 8459: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8432: 8426: 8420: 8416: 8410: 8409:, p. 20 and s. 8402: 8398: 8392: 8386: 8382: 8376: 8370: 8366: 8360: 8358: 8354: 8348: 8339: 8335: 8329: 8323: 8319: 8312: 8307:Trial at Rennes 8304: 8300: 8293: 8284: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8264: 8257: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8212: 8208: 8202: 8196: 8192: 8186: 8180: 8176: 8169: 8163: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8112: 8108: 8102: 8096: 8092: 8086: 8080: 8076: 8070: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8048: 8041: 8035: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8010: 8006: 8000: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7949: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7922: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7902: 7896: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7871: 7867: 7857: 7855: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7830: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7810: 7804: 7797:Frederick Viey 7796: 7789: 7782: 7778: 7771: 7757: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7737: 7727: 7725: 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Paris, Stock. 7225: 7211: 7192: 7173: 7159: 7141: 7137: 7116: 7105: 7096:Wayback Machine 7084: 7070: 7060:Wayback Machine 7048: 7034: 7020: 7010: 6999: 6989: 6985: 6971: 6967: 6943: 6924: 6902: 6883: 6864: 6852:, Tallandier, ( 6845: 6826: 6810:Armand Israël, 6807: 6796: 6777: 6766: 6755: 6751: 6729: 6721:Méhana Mouhou, 6718: 6707: 6696: 6678: 6659: 6640: 6621: 6610: 6588: 6566: 6555: 6537:Pierre Birnbaum 6533: 6525:Michel Winock, 6522: 6500: 6492:Pierre Miquel, 6489: 6473:Pierre Miquel, 6470: 6466: 6453:Piers Paul Read 6449: 6438: 6427: 6409: 6386: 6375: 6370:in Project MUSE 6361: 6343: 6326:George R. Whyte 6322: 6311: 6300: 6292:Michael Burns, 6289: 6281:Michael Burns, 6278: 6263: 6252:Michael Burns, 6249: 6227: 6205: 6186: 6164: 6156:Marcel Thomas, 6153: 6139: 6135: 6123: 6116: 6107: 6098: 6089: 6071: 6062: 6052: 6043: 6039: 6037:Primary sources 6031: 6026: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5986: 5982: 5977: 5973: 5968: 5964: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5946: 5925: 5921: 5908: 5904: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5878: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5853: 5849: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5734: 5714:The 2013 novel 5673: 5545: 5531:École Militaire 5522: 5501:École Militaire 5478: 5473: 5457:Philippe Pétain 5430:Emmanuel Macron 5426: 5362:Jewish question 5329: 5321:Sébastien Faure 5312:La Libre Parole 5299:Édouard Drumont 5291:Panama scandals 5279:Le Cri de Paris 5275:Félix Vallotton 5264: 5210:Charles Maurras 5163: 5149: 5112:Croix de Guerre 5095:First World War 5062: 5028: 5026:General Gillain 4948: 4939: 4934: 4898: 4873: 4867: 4855:First World War 4792: 4754: 4666: 4661: 4645: 4643:Fear of boycott 4637:esprit de corps 4596:Panama scandals 4577: 4504: 4488:Mathieu Dreyfus 4480:La Libre Parole 4472:Charles Maurras 4374: 4287: 4237:Henri Rochefort 4207:Pierre Quillard 4169: 3992:cropped from a 3990: 3961: 3955: 3950: 3930: 3906: 3830: 3791:(who convinced 3746:Mathieu Dreyfus 3684: 3628: 3622: 3567:Mathieu Dreyfus 3564: 3559: 3488:Military School 3423: 3388: 3369:, an eccentric 3303:interview with 3294:La Libre Parole 3273:La Libre Parole 3256: 3244:Edouard Drumont 3227: 3211:Édouard Drumont 3206:La Libre Parole 3189:Fortuné Méaulle 3175: 3150: 3090: 3084: 3079: 3056:Auguste Mercier 3037: 3024: 3011: 3005: 2977:L'Intransigeant 2959:La Libre Parole 2951:La Libre Parole 2933:La Libre Parole 2917:Édouard Drumont 2894: 2774: 2725:villainous laws 2717:Panama scandals 2690: 2685: 2646:First World War 2553: 2542: 2536: 2533: 2522: 2510: 2485: 2452:La Libre Parole 2446:Édouard Drumont 2426:Sarah Bernhardt 2405:'s open letter 2346: 2343:affaire Dreyfus 2327: 2295:Politics portal 2277: 2276: 2266: 2240:Oswald Spengler 2219: 2151:H. P. Lovecraft 2136: 2128: 2127: 2038: 2030: 2029: 2017: 1868: 1860: 1859: 1781:New Imperialism 1686: 1656: 1615: 1614: 1595:Self-hating Jew 1585: 1577: 1576: 1497: 1479: 1469: 1468: 1353: 1343: 1342: 1318:Philippe Pétain 1313:László Ferenczy 1293:Gheorghe Buzatu 1228:Eustace Mullins 1223:Kevin MacDonald 1203:Osama bin Laden 1198:Arthur J. Jones 1183:Joseph Goebbels 1173:Theodor Fritsch 1163:Louis Farrakhan 1148:Édouard Drumont 1138:James von Brunn 1113: 1105: 1104: 1059:The Right Stuff 977: 969: 968: 955: 952: 941: 938: 916:La Libre Parole 891:La France juive 853: 843: 842: 737:Finance control 702: 692: 691: 633:Nation of Islam 561: 553: 552: 460:Imperial Russia 333: 323: 322: 298: 269: 268: 224: 195: 194: 145:Auguste Mercier 125: 47: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12149: 12139: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12121:1894 in France 12118: 12113: 12111:Dreyfus affair 12098: 12097: 12085: 12065: 12064: 12056: 12051: 12042: 12030: 12025: 12017: 12004: 11991: 11990:External links 11988: 11985: 11984: 11973: 11957: 11948: 11931: 11918: 11901: 11875: 11864:. 10 June 1988 11849: 11823: 11801: 11772: 11742: 11727: 11710: 11693: 11680: 11664: 11648: 11632: 11616: 11600: 11584: 11572: 11555: 11542: 11529: 11512: 11495: 11478: 11461: 11448: 11435: 11402: 11386: 11370: 11361: 11345: 11329: 11322: 11304: 11297: 11276: 11260: 11244: 11228: 11212: 11196: 11181: 11165: 11149: 11138: 11122: 11093: 11082:(in Norwegian) 11064: 11048: 11032: 11016: 11000: 10984: 10968: 10952: 10936: 10918: 10902: 10886: 10871: 10855: 10842: 10827: 10812: 10796: 10780: 10764: 10745: 10729: 10713: 10700: 10684: 10668: 10652: 10633: 10614: 10598: 10582: 10566: 10550: 10522: 10506: 10488: 10472: 10452: 10436: 10417: 10404: 10388: 10372: 10356: 10326: 10324:, 2013, p. 124 10309: 10292: 10276: 10257: 10241: 10228: 10212: 10197: 10168: 10136: 10127:Jules Renard, 10120: 10104: 10088: 10068: 10053: 10033: 10017: 10001: 9985: 9969: 9953: 9944:Michel Winock 9937: 9921: 9905: 9889: 9873: 9855: 9836: 9823: 9805: 9789: 9770: 9754: 9738: 9722: 9706: 9691: 9671: 9647: 9631: 9618: 9600: 9584: 9568: 9554: 9538: 9520: 9501: 9485: 9465: 9449: 9429: 9412: 9393: 9377: 9361: 9344: 9320: 9297: 9281: 9265: 9249: 9231: 9213: 9194: 9178: 9160: 9144: 9128: 9112: 9096: 9077: 9061: 9045: 9017: 8998: 8983: 8967: 8953: 8937: 8921: 8905: 8887: 8862: 8846: 8822: 8806: 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6742:978-2362790430 6726: 6715: 6704: 6693: 6683:Alfred Dreyfus 6675: 6656: 6637: 6618: 6607: 6604:978-2213031323 6585: 6563: 6552: 6549:978-2070532773 6530: 6519: 6497: 6486: 6465: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6446: 6435: 6424: 6406: 6383: 6372: 6358: 6340: 6319: 6308: 6297: 6286: 6275: 6260: 6246: 6245:pp. 67–72 6235: 6226: 6223: 6222: 6221: 6202: 6183: 6161: 6150: 6143:Joseph Reinach 6134: 6131: 6130: 6129: 6120: 6113: 6104: 6095: 6086: 6068: 6059: 6049: 6038: 6035: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6020:Henri Poincaré 6011: 6001: 5997:Maurice Barrès 5989: 5980: 5971: 5962: 5953: 5944: 5932:Saint-Pol-Roux 5919: 5902: 5885: 5876: 5857: 5847: 5838: 5828: 5819: 5801: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5757: 5752: 5746: 5744:Hilsner affair 5741: 5733: 5730: 5709:Maurice Barrès 5685:Anatole France 5672: 5669: 5634:Stephen Wilson 5597:Bernard Lazare 5544: 5541: 5526:Jacques Chirac 5521: 5518: 5488:, home of the 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5425: 5422: 5390:Land of Israel 5367:Der Judenstaat 5328: 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3223: 3174: 3171: 3149: 3146: 3089: 3086: 3081:Joseph Reinach 3077: 3036: 3033: 3023: 3020: 3007:Main article: 3004: 3001: 2893: 2890: 2863:sensationalism 2773: 2770: 2761:Léon Bourgeois 2694:Third Republic 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2665:Russian Empire 2618:published his 2585:Bernard Lazare 2574:Devil's Island 2565:Alfred Dreyfus 2555: 2554: 2513: 2511: 2504: 2484: 2481: 2438:Henri Poincaré 2430:Anatole France 2380:Devil's Island 2372:Jewish descent 2364:Alfred Dreyfus 2335:Dreyfus affair 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2303: 2300: 2299: 2298: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2285:History portal 2279: 2278: 2275: 2274: 2269: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2244: 2243: 2242: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2216:Might Is Right 2212: 2211: 2210: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2158:Counterculture 2155: 2154: 2153: 2143: 2137: 2134: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2123:Otto Weininger 2120: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2093:Bénédict Morel 2090: 2085: 2080: 2078:Francis Galton 2075: 2070: 2065: 2063:Arthur Desmond 2060: 2058:Gustave Le Bon 2055: 2050: 2048:Maurice Barrès 2045: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2020: 2010: 2003: 1996: 1989: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1961: 1954: 1947: 1940: 1933: 1926: 1919: 1912: 1905: 1898: 1891: 1884: 1877: 1874:The Antichrist 1869: 1866: 1865: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1793: 1791:Psychoanalysis 1788: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1761:Gothic fiction 1758: 1753: 1751:Existentialism 1748: 1743: 1738: 1733: 1731:Dreyfus affair 1728: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1703: 1698: 1696:Antipositivism 1693: 1687: 1684: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1640: 1632: 1629: 1628: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1592: 1586: 1584:Related topics 1583: 1582: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1553: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1491: 1486: 1480: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1445: 1444: 1439: 1437:Russian Empire 1429: 1424: 1422:Nuremberg Laws 1419: 1414: 1407: 1402: 1397: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1378:Jewish quarter 1375: 1370: 1365: 1360: 1354: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1340: 1338:Richard Wagner 1335: 1330: 1328:Stepan Bandera 1325: 1323:Symon Petliura 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1158:Adolf Eichmann 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1100:Veterans Today 1097: 1094:The Unz Review 1090: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1055: 1050: 1045: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1001: 996: 989: 984: 978: 975: 974: 971: 970: 967: 966: 961: 956: 949: 947: 942: 935: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 854: 849: 848: 845: 844: 841: 840: 838:ZOG conspiracy 835: 833:White genocide 830: 828:Well poisoning 825: 820: 819: 818: 813: 803: 798: 793: 788: 786:Judeo-Masonism 783: 782: 781: 771: 766: 761: 756: 749: 744: 739: 734: 729: 724: 719: 714: 709: 703: 698: 697: 694: 693: 690: 689: 688: 687: 682: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 651: 650: 645: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 595: 590: 589: 588: 578: 573: 568: 562: 560:Manifestations 559: 558: 555: 554: 551: 550: 545: 544: 543: 538: 528: 527: 526: 521: 514:United Kingdom 511: 506: 501: 496: 491: 486: 485: 484: 474: 473: 472: 467: 462: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 401: 400: 395: 393:Dreyfus affair 385: 380: 375: 370: 365: 360: 355: 350: 345: 340: 334: 329: 328: 325: 324: 321: 320: 315: 310: 308:Nexus Document 305: 299: 296: 295: 292: 291: 290: 289: 284: 279: 271: 270: 267: 266: 264:discrimination 260:Jewish history 255: 254: 246: 245: 239: 238: 226: 225: 223: 222: 215: 208: 200: 197: 196: 193: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 130:Alfred Dreyfus 126: 123: 122: 119: 118: 117: 116: 111: 106: 99: 94: 89: 84: 76: 75: 67: 66: 64:Dreyfus affair 60: 59: 45:Alfred Dreyfus 43: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12148: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12106: 12096: 12086: 12084: 12074: 12073: 12070: 12063: 12060: 12057: 12055: 12052: 12050: 12046: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12031: 12029: 12026: 12021: 12018: 12015: 12011: 12008: 12005: 12000: 11999: 11994: 11993: 11982: 11977: 11971: 11967: 11961: 11952: 11945: 11941: 11935: 11928: 11922: 11915: 11911: 11905: 11889: 11885: 11879: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11837: 11833: 11827: 11819: 11815: 11808: 11806: 11790: 11783: 11776: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11746: 11736: 11731: 11724: 11720: 11717:Hoare, Liam, 11714: 11707: 11703: 11697: 11690: 11684: 11677: 11673: 11668: 11658: 11652: 11642: 11636: 11626: 11620: 11610: 11604: 11598: 11594: 11588: 11581: 11576: 11565: 11559: 11552: 11546: 11539: 11533: 11522: 11516: 11505: 11499: 11488: 11482: 11471: 11465: 11458: 11452: 11439: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11406: 11396: 11390: 11380: 11374: 11365: 11355: 11349: 11339: 11333: 11325: 11319: 11315: 11308: 11300: 11294: 11290: 11283: 11281: 11270: 11264: 11254: 11248: 11238: 11232: 11222: 11216: 11206: 11200: 11192: 11185: 11175: 11169: 11159: 11153: 11147: 11142: 11132: 11126: 11119: 11111: 11107: 11104: 11103: 11097: 11081: 11080: 11075: 11068: 11058: 11052: 11042: 11036: 11026: 11020: 11010: 11004: 10994: 10988: 10978: 10972: 10962: 10956: 10946: 10940: 10930: 10929: 10922: 10913:4 July 1899. 10912: 10906: 10896: 10890: 10882: 10875: 10865: 10859: 10852: 10846: 10836: 10831: 10824: 10823: 10816: 10806: 10800: 10790: 10784: 10774: 10768: 10758: 10756: 10749: 10739: 10733: 10723: 10717: 10710: 10704: 10694: 10688: 10678: 10672: 10662: 10656: 10646: 10644: 10637: 10627: 10625: 10618: 10608: 10602: 10592: 10586: 10577:, pp. 63–65. 10576: 10570: 10560: 10554: 10544: 10540: 10539:Paul Léautaud 10536: 10532: 10526: 10516: 10510: 10500: 10498: 10492: 10482: 10476: 10469: 10465: 10462: 10456: 10446: 10440: 10430: 10428: 10421: 10414: 10408: 10398: 10392: 10382: 10376: 10367:, pp. 49–51. 10366: 10360: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10330: 10323: 10319: 10313: 10302: 10296: 10286: 10280: 10270: 10268: 10261: 10251: 10245: 10238: 10232: 10222: 10216: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10190: 10189: 10184: 10177: 10175: 10173: 10165: 10164:Wilson (2007) 10162:as quoted in 10159: 10155: 10151: 10147: 10140: 10130: 10124: 10114: 10108: 10099:, pp. 39–41. 10098: 10092: 10082: 10078: 10072: 10062: 10057: 10047: 10043: 10037: 10027: 10021: 10011: 10005: 9995: 9989: 9979: 9973: 9963: 9957: 9947: 9941: 9932:, pp. 29–31. 9931: 9925: 9915: 9909: 9899: 9893: 9883: 9877: 9867: 9865: 9859: 9851: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9827: 9817: 9812: 9810: 9799: 9793: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9764: 9758: 9748: 9742: 9732: 9726: 9716: 9710: 9700: 9695: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9651: 9641: 9635: 9628: 9622: 9612: 9610: 9604: 9594: 9588: 9578: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9548: 9542: 9532: 9530: 9524: 9514: 9508: 9506: 9495: 9489: 9479: 9475: 9469: 9459: 9453: 9443: 9439: 9436:see: Thomas, 9433: 9426: 9422: 9416: 9406: 9404: 9397: 9387: 9381: 9371: 9365: 9354: 9348: 9338: 9330: 9324: 9314: 9310: 9308: 9301: 9291: 9285: 9275: 9269: 9259: 9253: 9243: 9242: 9235: 9225: 9224: 9217: 9207: 9201: 9199: 9188: 9182: 9172: 9171: 9164: 9154: 9148: 9138: 9132: 9122: 9116: 9106: 9100: 9090: 9088: 9081: 9071: 9065: 9055: 9049: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9030:New Caledonia 9027: 9021: 9011: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8993: 8987: 8977: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8947: 8941: 8931: 8925: 8915: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8891: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8856: 8850: 8843: 8835: 8833: 8826: 8816: 8810: 8800: 8793: 8783: 8777: 8767: 8761: 8751: 8745: 8735: 8733: 8726: 8716: 8710: 8700: 8698: 8691: 8681: 8675: 8665: 8659: 8649: 8643: 8633: 8627: 8617: 8611: 8601: 8595: 8585: 8579: 8569: 8568: 8561: 8551: 8545: 8535: 8529: 8519: 8513: 8503: 8497: 8487: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8458: 8457: 8450: 8440: 8434: 8424: 8418: 8408: 8407: 8400: 8390: 8384: 8374: 8368: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8337: 8327: 8321: 8310: 8308: 8302: 8291: 8289: 8282: 8272: 8266: 8255: 8249: 8239: 8237: 8232: 8226: 8216: 8210: 8200: 8194: 8184: 8178: 8167: 8161: 8151: 8145: 8135: 8129: 8120: 8116: 8110: 8100: 8094: 8084: 8078: 8068: 8062: 8052: 8046: 8044: 8033: 8031: 8024: 8014: 8008: 7999:, pp. 43–44. 7998: 7994: 7993:Intransigeant 7990: 7984: 7973: 7967: 7958:, pp. 60–70. 7957: 7951: 7939: 7933: 7926: 7920: 7910: 7904: 7894: 7888: 7879:, pp. 40–42. 7878: 7876: 7869: 7854: 7850: 7844: 7834: 7828: 7818: 7812: 7803: 7801: 7794: 7792: 7785: 7780: 7772: 7766: 7762: 7755: 7745: 7739: 7724: 7720: 7714: 7712: 7695: 7689: 7687: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7663:(in French). 7662: 7657: 7649: 7647: 7630: 7626: 7625:Bloomberg.com 7622: 7618: 7612: 7597: 7593: 7587: 7572: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7548:Geoffrey Bles 7545: 7544:May, J. Lewis 7541: 7537: 7531: 7521: 7515: 7505: 7499: 7489: 7483: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7444: 7437: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7413:0-19-530530-2 7409: 7406:. p. 8. 7405: 7401: 7400: 7392: 7385: 7381: 7380:Supreme Court 7375: 7371: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7313: 7310: 7309:2-246-00668-6 7306: 7302: 7294: 7291: 7283: 7280: 7276: 7269: 7267: 7259: 7256: 7248: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7231: 7223: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7190: 7187: 7183: 7179: 7171: 7168: 7164: 7157: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7139: 7138: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7114: 7111: 7103: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7090: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7018: 7015: 7008: 7005: 6997: 6994: 6987: 6986: 6977: 6969: 6968: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6941: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6922: 6920: 6919:2-35250-022-2 6916: 6912: 6908: 6900: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6881: 6878: 6877:2-226-11123-9 6874: 6870: 6862: 6859: 6858:2-84734-039-4 6855: 6851: 6843: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6821: 6820:2-226-11123-9 6817: 6813: 6805: 6802: 6794: 6791: 6790:2-02-021100-9 6787: 6783: 6775: 6772: 6764: 6761: 6753: 6752: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6724: 6716: 6713: 6705: 6702: 6694: 6692: 6691:2-213-62795-9 6688: 6684: 6676: 6673: 6669: 6666:, Larousse, ( 6665: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6646: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6616: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6592:Michael Burns 6586: 6584: 6583:2-02-032848-8 6580: 6576: 6572: 6564: 6561: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6531: 6528: 6520: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6504:Michel Winock 6498: 6495: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6468: 6467: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6444: 6436: 6433: 6425: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6404: 6400: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6381: 6378:Ruth Harris, 6373: 6371: 6367: 6364:Ruth Harris, 6359: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6341: 6339: 6338:3-929979-28-4 6335: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6317: 6309: 6306: 6298: 6295: 6287: 6284: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6261: 6258: 6255: 6247: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6203: 6200: 6199:0-8076-1175-1 6196: 6192: 6184: 6181: 6180:2-260-00346-X 6177: 6173: 6169: 6162: 6159: 6151: 6148: 6144: 6137: 6136: 6128: 6121: 6114: 6112: 6105: 6103: 6096: 6094: 6087: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6069: 6067: 6060: 6057: 6050: 6048: 6041: 6040: 6034: 6021: 6015: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5948: 5941: 5940:Charles Péguy 5937: 5933: 5929: 5928:Marcel Proust 5923: 5916: 5912: 5906: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5880: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5851: 5842: 5832: 5823: 5815: 5811: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5789: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5763:(film series) 5762: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5735: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5722:Robert Harris 5719: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5695:short story " 5694: 5693:Franz Kafka's 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5671:In literature 5668: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5626: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5611: 5609: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5574: 5570: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5554: 5549: 5540: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5517: 5515: 5511: 5506: 5505:Charles Hernu 5502: 5498: 5491: 5487: 5482: 5468: 5464: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5421: 5419: 5412: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5393: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5376: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5357: 5352: 5351:Theodor Herzl 5347: 5341: 5337: 5336:Theodor Herzl 5333: 5324: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5307: 5305: 5300: 5296: 5295:Jewish France 5292: 5288: 5280: 5276: 5273:, woodcut by 5272: 5268: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5222: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5197: 5193: 5188: 5181: 5180: 5176:published in 5175: 5172: 5167: 5157: 5152: 5144: 5141: 5140: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5119: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5076: 5066: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5044: 5034: 5027: 5024:, talks with 5023: 5022: 5021:Les Invalides 5016: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4954: 4947: 4943: 4929: 4927: 4926: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896:Death of Zola 4893: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4878: 4872: 4862: 4861:amnesty law. 4858: 4856: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4804:Court Martial 4801: 4796: 4787: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4772: 4766: 4758: 4749: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4726:Edgar Demange 4723: 4718: 4714: 4712: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4692: 4687: 4686:Port Haliguen 4683: 4675: 4670: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4648:Hannah Arendt 4640: 4638: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4607: 4604: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4586: 4581: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4554: 4553:Élysée Palace 4550: 4546: 4542: 4537: 4533: 4531: 4526: 4525:Charles Dupuy 4521: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4499: 4497: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4465: 4461: 4456: 4452: 4450: 4449:Henri Brisson 4445: 4444:Mont-Valérien 4439: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4415: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4388: 4378: 4369: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4282: 4280: 4275: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4244: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4216: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4141:Albert de Mun 4137: 4135: 4134:Gabriel Monod 4131: 4127: 4124:, the writer 4123: 4119: 4118:Georges Sorel 4115: 4111: 4110:Victor Bérard 4107: 4103: 4099: 4098:Marcel Proust 4095: 4091: 4090:Fernand Gregh 4087: 4086:Daniel Halévy 4083: 4082:Émile Duclaux 4079: 4075: 4071: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4042:to President 4041: 4037: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4025: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3947: 3946:J'Accuse ...! 3942: 3940: 3939:leader column 3936: 3929: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3909: 3901: 3899: 3893: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3877: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3839: 3838:Édouard Manet 3834: 3825: 3823: 3818: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3732: 3731: 3724: 3720: 3718: 3714: 3709: 3707: 3701: 3696: 3692: 3690: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3655: 3650: 3643: 3642: 3637: 3632: 3627: 3617: 3615: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3570: 3568: 3554: 3552: 3551:double looped 3546: 3543: 3539: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3521: 3520:French Guiana 3517: 3516:New Caledonia 3513: 3512:French Guiana 3509: 3508:Îles du Salut 3500: 3496: 3494: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3427: 3418: 3416: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3371:criminologist 3368: 3364: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3318: 3317: 3312: 3308: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3265: 3260: 3251: 3247: 3245: 3240: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3219:Edgar Demange 3214: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3185: 3179: 3170: 3168: 3164: 3158: 3156: 3145: 3142: 3141:anthropometry 3138: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3116: 3112: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3082: 3076: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3059: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3049:Jean Sandherr 3041: 3032: 3030: 3015: 3010: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2992: 2986: 2984: 2983: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2940: 2935: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2913:Jewish France 2906: 2902: 2898: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2879: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2836:Jean Sandherr 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2715:in 1889, the 2714: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698:16 May Crisis 2695: 2692:In 1894, the 2680: 2678: 2674: 2673:Theodor Herzl 2670: 2666: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2633:Supreme Court 2629: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2598: 2597:General Staff 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2551: 2548: 2540: 2530: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2514:This section 2512: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434:Charles Péguy 2431: 2427: 2422: 2419: 2418: 2411: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2387: 2385: 2384:French Guiana 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2312: 2310: 2305: 2304: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2280: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2264: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2241: 2238: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2226: 2223: 2218: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2146:Cosmic horror 2144: 2142: 2141:Camile Paglia 2139: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2124: 2121: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2113:Georges Sorel 2111: 2109: 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2084: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2073:Sigmund Freud 2071: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2033: 2026: 2025: 2021: 2016: 2015: 2011: 2009: 2008: 2004: 2002: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1983: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1939: 1938: 1934: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1911: 1910: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1899: 1897: 1896: 1892: 1890: 1889: 1885: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1850:Will to power 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1840: 1836: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1826: 1824: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1809: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1777: 1774: 1772: 1771:Irrationalism 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1756:Expressionism 1754: 1752: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1734: 1732: 1729: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1714: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1702: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1667:Fin de siècle 1664: 1663: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1619: 1618: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1600:Weaponization 1598: 1596: 1593: 1591: 1590:Philosemitism 1588: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1511:Philosemitism 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1472: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1412: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1396: 1395:The Holocaust 1393: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1369: 1366: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1352: 1347: 1346: 1339: 1336: 1334: 1331: 1329: 1326: 1324: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1288:Octavian Goga 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1273:Ion Antonescu 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1243:Joseph Stalin 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1218:Martin Luther 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1123:Andrew Anglin 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1109: 1108: 1101: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1051: 1049: 1046: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1006: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 994: 990: 988: 985: 983: 982:4chan (/pol/) 980: 979: 973: 972: 965: 962: 960: 957: 954: 948: 946: 943: 940: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 886: 881: 879: 876: 874: 873:Currency Wars 871: 869: 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 855: 852: 847: 846: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 817: 816:Slánský trial 814: 812: 811:Doctors' plot 809: 808: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 796:Media control 794: 792: 789: 787: 784: 780: 777: 776: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752:International 750: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 718: 715: 713: 710: 708: 705: 704: 701: 696: 695: 686: 683: 681: 678: 677: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 587: 584: 583: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 557: 556: 549: 546: 542: 539: 537: 534: 533: 532: 529: 525: 522: 520: 517: 516: 515: 512: 510: 507: 505: 502: 500: 497: 495: 492: 490: 487: 483: 480: 479: 478: 475: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 399: 396: 394: 391: 390: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 354: 351: 349: 346: 344: 341: 339: 336: 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Retrieved 10343:the original 10338: 10329: 10317: 10312: 10300: 10295: 10284: 10279: 10266: 10260: 10249: 10244: 10239:, pp. 50–51. 10236: 10231: 10220: 10215: 10187: 10149: 10139: 10128: 10123: 10113:Zola, a life 10112: 10107: 10096: 10091: 10080: 10077:Arthur Meyer 10071: 10056: 10045: 10041: 10036: 10025: 10020: 10009: 10004: 9993: 9988: 9977: 9972: 9961: 9956: 9945: 9940: 9929: 9924: 9913: 9908: 9897: 9892: 9881: 9876: 9863: 9858: 9850:The Guardian 9849: 9839: 9832:The Observer 9831: 9826: 9815: 9797: 9792: 9781: 9762: 9757: 9746: 9741: 9730: 9725: 9714: 9709: 9694: 9683: 9674: 9663: 9659: 9655: 9650: 9639: 9634: 9629:, pp. 11–19. 9626: 9621: 9608: 9603: 9592: 9587: 9576: 9571: 9563: 9557: 9546: 9541: 9528: 9523: 9512: 9493: 9488: 9477: 9473: 9468: 9457: 9452: 9441: 9437: 9432: 9424: 9420: 9415: 9402: 9396: 9385: 9380: 9369: 9364: 9352: 9347: 9336: 9328: 9323: 9312: 9306: 9300: 9289: 9284: 9273: 9268: 9257: 9252: 9244:p. 54 et s. 9240: 9234: 9226:p. 48 et s. 9222: 9216: 9205: 9186: 9181: 9169: 9163: 9152: 9147: 9136: 9131: 9120: 9115: 9104: 9099: 9086: 9080: 9069: 9064: 9053: 9048: 9037: 9025: 9020: 9007: 9001: 8991: 8986: 8975: 8970: 8962: 8956: 8945: 8940: 8929: 8924: 8913: 8908: 8899: 8890: 8878:. 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Retrieved 7443:the original 7430: 7398: 7391: 7383: 7374: 7358: 7336: 7322: 7300: 7289: 7286:(in English) 7278: 7266:The Disgrace 7265: 7255:The Iniquity 7254: 7243: 7229: 7218: 7196: 7177: 7174:(in English) 7166: 7152: 7149:The Evidence 7148: 7135:Testimonials 7120: 7117:(in English) 7109: 7099: 7085:(in English) 7078: 7071:(in English) 7063: 7049:(in English) 7043:The Guardian 7042: 7035:(in English) 7028: 7024: 7013: 7003: 6992: 6975: 6947: 6944:(in English) 6928: 6910: 6909:, Volume 1, 6906: 6887: 6868: 6849: 6830: 6829:Collective, 6811: 6800: 6781: 6780:Jean Doise, 6770: 6759: 6733: 6722: 6711: 6700: 6682: 6663: 6644: 6625: 6614: 6595: 6574: 6570: 6559: 6540: 6526: 6507: 6493: 6474: 6456: 6450:(in English) 6442: 6439:(in English) 6431: 6428:(in English) 6416: 6413:Louis Begley 6410:(in English) 6394: 6390: 6379: 6376:(in English) 6365: 6362:(in English) 6347: 6344:(in English) 6329: 6323:(in English) 6315: 6312:(in English) 6304: 6301:(in English) 6293: 6290:(in English) 6282: 6279:(in English) 6267: 6264:(in English) 6253: 6250:(in English) 6238: 6231: 6209: 6190: 6187:(in English) 6171: 6157: 6146: 6124:(in English) 6058:(1898–1899). 6032: 6014: 6004: 5992: 5983: 5974: 5965: 5956: 5947: 5936:Jules Renard 5922: 5914: 5910: 5905: 5898:For the Jews 5897: 5893: 5888: 5879: 5868: 5860: 5850: 5841: 5831: 5822: 5809: 5804: 5792: 5760: 5715: 5713: 5700: 5688: 5680: 5674: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5637: 5629: 5627: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5612: 5607: 5605: 5592: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5523: 5514:Fond Dreyfus 5513: 5494: 5465: 5449:Éric Zemmour 5438: 5427: 5414: 5409:Jewish State 5406: 5394: 5378: 5373: 5365: 5354: 5348: 5345: 5338:created the 5316: 5311: 5308: 5304:Vichy regime 5294: 5284: 5278: 5270: 5257: 5250: 5243: 5237: 5214: 5203: 5191: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5154: 5150: 5137: 5135: 5120: 5092: 5085: 5079: 5071: 5053: 5048: 5040: 5019: 5000:Émile Combes 4993: 4986: 4981: 4964: 4923: 4921: 4910:J'accuse...! 4909: 4901: 4899: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4877:Émile Loubet 4874: 4859: 4839: 4834: 4820:Edvard Grieg 4813: 4809: 4799: 4784: 4771:Émile Loubet 4767: 4763: 4746:Jules Guérin 4734: 4707: 4695: 4678: 4646: 4636: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4620:J'accuse...! 4619: 4615: 4611: 4608: 4600: 4589: 4584: 4569:Jules Méline 4545:Émile Loubet 4538: 4534: 4522: 4505: 4496:Caran d'Ache 4492: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4469: 4463: 4460:Caran d'Ache 4440: 4434: 4430: 4424: 4417:Portrait of 4403: 4399: 4397: 4391: 4383: 4365: 4343: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4314: 4297: 4270: 4264:founded the 4262:Paul Viollet 4253:Jules Renard 4245: 4241: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4214: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4156: 4152: 4138: 4126:Jules Renard 4122:Claude Monet 4094:Félix Fénéon 4067: 4065: 4061:Assize Court 4056:J'Accuse...! 4055: 4054: 4049:J'Accuse...! 4047: 4035: 4033: 4022: 4019:intellectual 4014: 4008: 3997: 3974:J'Accuse...! 3972: 3968: 3967:Page one of 3959:J'accuse...! 3945: 3934: 3928:The Observer 3927: 3923:Sunday Times 3921: 3917:The Observer 3915: 3914:, editor of 3910: 3907: 3894: 3886: 3875: 3873: 3858: 3849: 3842: 3822:Jules Méline 3819: 3800: 3783: 3765: 3761: 3743: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3710: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3685: 3671:res judicata 3669: 3662: 3658: 3646: 3639: 3606: 3591: 3581:, he met at 3576: 3572: 3565: 3550: 3547: 3535: 3529: 3505: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3462: 3438: 3435: 3412: 3408: 3400: 3379: 3365: 3360:Louis Lépine 3358:and Prefect 3352:closed court 3349: 3344: 3338: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3321: 3314: 3311:Arthur Meyer 3304: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3277: 3271: 3269: 3263: 3248: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3228: 3215: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3193:Lionel Royer 3182: 3159: 3151: 3133: 3121: 3102: 3073: 3068: 3060: 3046: 3025: 2995: 2989: 2987: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2943: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2912: 2910: 2904: 2900: 2886: 2882: 2871: 2852: 2832: 2809: 2801: 2786: 2765:Jules Méline 2758: 2734: 2691: 2662: 2650: 2642:Émile Loubet 2630: 2621:J'accuse...! 2619: 2601: 2578: 2558: 2543: 2534: 2523:Please help 2518:verification 2515: 2491: 2473:antisemitism 2466: 2423: 2409:J'Accuse...! 2397:Major named 2388: 2376:penal colony 2334: 2332: 2261: 2214: 2098:Edvard Munch 2022: 2012: 2005: 1998: 1991: 1984: 1977: 1970: 1963: 1956: 1949: 1942: 1935: 1928: 1921: 1914: 1907: 1902:Degeneration 1900: 1893: 1886: 1879: 1872: 1855:Yellow Peril 1837: 1828:Spiritualism 1797:Race suicide 1730: 1691:Aestheticism 1665: 1605:Anti-Zionism 1464:Yellow badge 1409: 1405:Jewish quota 1308:Ioan Slavici 1263:Ernst Zündel 1193:Adolf Hitler 1178:Nick Fuentes 1118:Baked Alaska 1092: 1085: 1058: 1040: 1016:Goebbels Gap 1003: 991: 885:(video game) 884: 759:Jewish lobby 707:Andinia Plan 541:21st century 524:Labour Party 489:South Africa 477:Saudi Arabia 465:Soviet Union 398:21st-century 392: 243:Antisemitism 114:Bibliography 103:J'Accuse...! 101: 63: 36: 12116:1894 in law 12023:(in French) 11765:11 November 11739:(in French) 11723:The Forward 11661:(in French) 11645:(in French) 11629:(in French) 11613:(in French) 11568:(in French) 11525:(in French) 11508:(in French) 11491:(in French) 11474:(in French) 11444:(in French) 11399:(in French) 11383:(in French) 11358:(in French) 11352:M. Drouin, 11342:(in French) 11340:, p. 1009. 11273:(in French) 11257:(in French) 11241:(in French) 11225:(in French) 11209:(in French) 11178:(in French) 11162:(in French) 11135:(in French) 11114:(in French) 11061:(in French) 11045:(in French) 11029:(in French) 11013:(in French) 10997:(in French) 10981:(in French) 10965:(in French) 10949:(in French) 10933:(in French) 10915:(in French) 10899:(in French) 10868:(in French) 10839:(in French) 10809:(in French) 10793:(in French) 10777:(in French) 10761:(in French) 10742:(in French) 10726:(in French) 10697:(in French) 10681:(in French) 10665:(in French) 10649:(in French) 10630:(in French) 10611:(in French) 10595:(in French) 10579:(in French) 10563:(in French) 10547:(in French) 10531:Paul Valéry 10519:(in French) 10503:(in French) 10485:(in French) 10449:(in French) 10433:(in French) 10401:(in French) 10385:(in French) 10369:(in French) 10305:(in French) 10289:(in French) 10273:(in French) 10254:(in French) 10225:(in French) 10166: p. 541 10133:(in French) 10117:(in French) 10101:(in French) 10085:(in French) 10065:(in French) 10050:(in French) 10030:(in French) 10014:(in French) 9998:(in French) 9982:(in French) 9966:(in French) 9950:(in French) 9934:(in French) 9918:(in French) 9902:(in French) 9886:(in French) 9870:(in French) 9820:(in French) 9802:(in French) 9786:(in French) 9767:(in French) 9751:(in French) 9735:(in French) 9719:(in French) 9703:(in French) 9688:(in French) 9668:(in French) 9644:(in French) 9615:(in French) 9597:(in French) 9581:(in French) 9551:(in French) 9535:(in French) 9517:(in French) 9498:(in French) 9482:(in French) 9462:(in French) 9446:(in French) 9440:, Chap. 1, 9409:(in French) 9390:(in French) 9374:(in French) 9357:(in French) 9341:(in French) 9333:(in French) 9317:(in French) 9294:(in French) 9278:(in French) 9262:(in French) 9246:(in French) 9228:(in French) 9210:(in French) 9191:(in French) 9175:(in French) 9157:(in French) 9141:(in French) 9125:(in French) 9109:(in French) 9093:(in French) 9074:(in French) 9058:(in French) 9042:(in French) 9040:", p. 244. 9014:(in French) 8980:(in French) 8950:(in French) 8934:(in French) 8918:(in French) 8859:(in French) 8842:Jules Ferry 8838:(in French) 8819:(in French) 8803:(in French) 8786:(in French) 8770:(in French) 8754:(in French) 8738:(in French) 8719:(in French) 8703:(in French) 8684:(in French) 8668:(in French) 8652:(in French) 8636:(in French) 8620:(in French) 8604:(in French) 8588:(in French) 8572:(in French) 8554:(in French) 8538:(in French) 8522:(in French) 8506:(in French) 8490:(in French) 8477:Victor Noir 8460:(in French) 8443:(in French) 8427:(in French) 8411:(in French) 8393:(in French) 8377:(in French) 8361:(in French) 8349:(in French) 8330:(in French) 8313:(in French) 8294:(in French) 8275:(in French) 8258:(in French) 8242:(in French) 8219:(in French) 8203:(in French) 8197:Guillemin, 8187:(in French) 8170:(in French) 8154:(in French) 8138:(in French) 8122:(in French) 8103:(in French) 8087:(in French) 8071:(in French) 8055:(in French) 8036:(in French) 8017:(in French) 8001:(in French) 7995:, Boussel, 7976:(in French) 7960:(in French) 7942:(in French) 7913:(in French) 7897:(in French) 7881:(in French) 7837:(in French) 7821:(in French) 7805:(in French) 7748:(in French) 7524:(in French) 7508:(in French) 7492:(in French) 7476:(in French) 7352:(in French) 7330:(in French) 7316:(in French) 7297:(in French) 7272:(in French) 7262:(in French) 7251:(in French) 7237:(in French) 7226:(in French) 7212:(in French) 7193:(in French) 7160:(in French) 7145:Jean Jaurès 7142:(in French) 7106:(in French) 7064:The Forward 7021:(in French) 7011:(in French) 7000:(in French) 6990:(in French) 6972:(in French) 6925:(in French) 6903:(in French) 6890:, Fayard, ( 6884:(in French) 6865:(in French) 6846:(in French) 6827:(in French) 6808:(in French) 6797:(in French) 6778:(in French) 6773:, Gallimard 6767:(in French) 6756:(in French) 6730:(in French) 6719:(in French) 6708:(in French) 6697:(in French) 6679:(in French) 6660:(in French) 6641:(in French) 6622:(in French) 6613:Éric Cahm, 6611:(in French) 6589:(in French) 6567:(in French) 6556:(in French) 6534:(in French) 6523:(in French) 6501:(in French) 6490:(in French) 6471:(in French) 6387:(in French) 6303:Eric Cahm, 6206:(in French) 6165:(in French) 6154:(in French) 6140:(in French) 6117:(in French) 6108:(in French) 6099:(in French) 6090:(in French) 6072:(in French) 6063:(in French) 6053:(in French) 6044:(in French) 5872:(in French) 5836:fallacious. 5632:(1986) and 5580:(1955) and 5221:Lucien Herr 5029: [ 4996:Louis André 4971:Jean Jaurès 4949: [ 4541:Félix Faure 4494:cartoon by 4458:Drawing by 4408:Oscar Wilde 4294:Antisemitic 4277:France for 4102:Lucien Herr 4044:Félix Faure 4040:open letter 3994:stereograph 3912:Rachel Beer 3797:Jean Jaurès 3789:Lucien Herr 3778:, academic 3641:Tirailleurs 3596:journalist 3579:Félix Faure 3466:Jean Jaurès 3334:casus belli 3225:The enquiry 2955:boulangiste 2921:clericalism 2754:Félix Faure 2746:Sadi Carnot 2742:Legitimists 2658:Catholicism 2654:nationalism 2561:French Army 2462:World War I 2395:French Army 2272:W. B. Yeats 2257:Syndicalism 2198:Jack London 2118:Oscar Wilde 1786:Orientalism 1776:Medievalism 1716:Bohemianism 1711:Avant-garde 1701:Art Nouveau 1454:Segregation 1351:Persecution 1298:Nae Ionescu 999:Disclose.tv 712:Blood libel 648:Strasserism 430:New Zealand 378:Costa Rican 297:Definitions 12105:Categories 11946:, p. 1193. 11659:, p. 474. 11657:The Affair 11627:, p. 471. 11625:The Affair 11519:Birnbaum, 11489:, p. 475. 11487:The Affair 11468:Birnbaum, 11381:, p. 111. 11223:, p. 104. 11207:, p. 160. 11176:, p. 417. 11174:The Affair 11160:, p. 414. 11158:The Affair 11133:, p. 411. 11131:The Affair 11059:, p. 114. 11027:, p. 404. 11025:The Affair 11011:, p. 395. 11009:The Affair 10995:, p. 159. 10947:, p. 562. 10911:L'Humanité 10897:, p. 543. 10791:, p. 194. 10757:, Volume 4 10645:, Volume 4 10628:, p. 137. 10626:, Volume 1 10593:, p. 307. 10591:The Affair 10499:, Volume 1 10429:, Volume 4 10413:The Affair 10383:, p. 288. 10381:The Affair 10303:, p. 279. 10301:The Affair 10269:, Volume 4 10252:, p. 287. 10250:The Affair 10207:1253400456 10111:F. Brown, 9946:Clemenceau 9916:, p. 236. 9914:The Affair 9884:, p. 234. 9882:The Affair 9868:, p. 268. 9866:, Volume 1 9864:Zola trial 9784:, p. 227. 9782:The Affair 9717:, p. 207. 9715:The Affair 9686:, p. 29). 9660:Le Journal 9595:, p. 475. 9579:, p. 200. 9577:The Affair 9564:The Affair 9515:, p. 168. 9513:The Affair 9496:, p. 167. 9494:The Affair 9480:, p. 163. 9478:The Affair 9421:The Affair 9405:, Volume 2 9388:, p. 145. 9368:Birnbaum, 9355:, p. 144. 9353:The Affair 9331:, p. 142. 9329:The Affair 9292:, p. 276. 9208:, p. 117. 9206:The Affair 9155:, p. 132. 9153:The Affair 9123:, p. 125. 9121:The Affair 9107:, p. 103. 9105:The Affair 9072:, p. 107. 9070:The Affair 9026:La Justice 9012:, p. 468. 9010:, Volume 1 8944:Birnbaum, 8932:, p. 132. 8880:17 January 8857:, p. 164. 8836:, p. 411. 8834:, Volume 1 8801:, p. 189. 8768:, p. 151. 8736:, p. 409. 8734:, Volume 1 8701:, p. 394. 8699:, Volume 1 8648:The Affair 8600:The Affair 8584:The Affair 8550:The Affair 8504:, p. 88.) 8502:The Affair 8488:, p. 274. 8439:The Affair 8391:, p. 118. 8375:, p. 208. 8347:, p. 107. 8345:, Volume 1 8326:The Affair 8311:, p. 322. 8290:, Volume 1 8271:The Affair 8256:, p. 141. 8215:The Affair 8166:The Affair 8148:Birnbaum, 8101:, p. 260. 8085:, p. 139. 8065:Birnbaum, 8049:Birnbaum, 8032:, Volume 1 8013:The Affair 7909:The Affair 7877:, Volume 1 7858:5 December 7819:, p. 391. 7746:, p. 534. 7728:5 December 7556:1171284758 7546:. London: 7366:References 7355:Émile Zola 7205:2707148067 6672:203582639X 6653:2707147931 6634:2082105474 6516:2020098318 6483:2130532268 6397:, Stock, ( 6393:– Vol 1 – 6218:2213627959 6172:The Affair 6022:was noted. 5724:, and the 5687:published 5677:Émile Zola 5653:The Affair 5647:published 5179:Le Pèlerin 5174:caricature 5171:Republican 4961:of Dreyfus 4925:Libération 4902:The Affair 4886:The Proofs 4780:secularism 4603:Protestant 4402:published 4274:Versailles 4157:Le Journal 4149:Clemenceau 4074:Émile Zola 4015:The Affair 4011:Émile Zola 3758:Émile Zola 3538:Île Royale 3458:since 1848 3447:cashiering 3316:Le Gaulois 3283:Le Journal 3278:L'Autorité 3155:confession 3148:The arrest 3109:graphology 2738:Orléanists 2616:Émile Zola 2458:exonerated 2403:Émile Zola 2347:pronounced 2252:Surrealism 2247:Ezra Pound 2193:H.G. Wells 2182:Ecofascism 2108:Max Nordau 1986:The Scream 1839:Übermensch 1572:Yad Vashem 1477:Opposition 1449:Refuseniks 1400:Jewish hat 1373:Expulsions 1283:A. C. Cuza 1278:Horia Sima 1258:Rick Wiles 1208:David Lane 1168:Henry Ford 1153:David Duke 1128:Louis Beam 1076:Terrorgram 1071:Stormfront 926:Mein Kampf 791:Kosher tax 779:Żydokomuna 717:Cohen Plan 593:Creativity 150:Émile Zola 109:Resolution 12136:Injustice 11998:J'accuse! 11639:Boussel, 11611:, p. 95. 11607:Duclert, 11566:, p. 67. 11562:Duclert, 11523:, p. 95. 11506:, p. 93. 11502:Duclert, 11472:, p. 94. 11423:0362-4331 11377:Duclert, 11336:Duclert, 11267:Duclert, 11219:Duclert, 11079:Dagbladet 10979:, p. 60. 10975:Duclert, 10943:Duclert, 10893:Duclert, 10807:, p. 52. 10803:Duclert, 10787:Boussel, 10752:Reinach, 10724:, p. 91. 10679:, p. 53. 10675:Duclert, 10663:, p. 97. 10659:Duclert, 10640:Reinach, 10609:, p. 50. 10605:Duclert, 10561:, p. 92. 10545:, p. 57. 10517:, p. 52. 10483:, p. 80. 10479:Duclert, 10447:, p. 74. 10424:Reinach, 10415:, p. 301. 10399:, p. 48. 10395:Duclert, 10349:31 August 10264:Reinach, 10158:460467731 10028:, p. 44. 10024:Duclert, 10012:, p. 36. 9980:, p. 45. 9964:, p. 35. 9900:, p. 42. 9896:Duclert, 9800:, p. 40. 9796:Duclert, 9749:, p. 39. 9745:Duclert, 9642:, p. 44. 9407:, p. 26. 9400:Reinach, 9372:, p. 56. 9276:, p. 82. 9272:Boussel, 9091:, p. 73. 9005:Reinach, 8948:, p. 43. 8853:Duclert, 8829:Reinach, 8815:Revisions 8813:Picquart 8784:, p. 38. 8764:Duclert, 8729:Reinach, 8694:Reinach, 8682:, p. 147 8666:, p. 60. 8662:Boussel, 8650:, p. 85. 8634:, p. 58. 8630:Boussel, 8614:Boussel, 8602:, p. 85. 8586:, p. 83. 8570:, p. 24. 8552:, p. 89. 8441:, p. 80. 8387:Duclert, 8340:Reinach, 8328:, p. 87. 8292:, p. 92. 8285:Reinach, 8273:, p. 72. 8168:, p. 69. 8152:, p. 38. 8069:, p. 48. 8053:, p. 40. 8034:, p. 39. 8027:Reinach, 8015:, p. 65. 7989:Rochefort 7974:, p. 67. 7911:, p. 67. 7831:Duclert, 7700:30 August 7677:2116-5289 7635:17 August 7601:17 August 7576:17 August 7502:Duclert, 7422:644094069 7333:Léon Blum 7025:Le Figaro 7006:, No. 62. 6703:, Private 6464:In French 5894:Le Figaro 5865:Cassagnac 5810:bordereau 5749:Leo Frank 5726:2019 film 5441:cashiered 5192:old order 4818:composer 4816:Norwegian 4790:Reactions 4464:Le Figaro 4400:Le Siècle 4368:in Caen. 4362:Marseille 4233:shorthand 4225:Le Siecle 4000:, Altona- 3876:Le Figaro 3850:Le Figaro 3793:Léon Blum 3767:Le Figaro 3730:Le Figaro 3715:(born in 3676:Zurlinden 3594:anarchist 3493:Île de Ré 3380:bordereau 3306:Le Figaro 3181:Cover of 2973:La Patrie 2859:espionage 2840:Saint-Cyr 2820:arms race 2816:Saint-Cyr 2721:anarchist 2709:royalists 2706:Orléanist 2688:Political 2537:July 2021 1881:À rebours 1833:Symbolism 1803:Racialism 1736:Dysgenics 1726:Decadence 1133:Don Black 1066:StoneToss 1036:Metapedia 1031:Jew Watch 921:The Light 675:Secondary 670:Religious 581:Christian 571:Alt-right 548:Venezuela 470:Stalinist 445:Palestine 343:Australia 338:Argentina 331:Geography 287:Reference 12010:Archived 11996:Text of 11894:13 March 11868:13 March 11842:13 March 11655:Bredin, 11643:, p. 92 11623:Bredin, 11485:Bredin, 11393:Drouin, 11271:p. 108. 11172:Bredin, 11156:Bredin, 11129:Bredin, 11106:Archived 11086:21 March 11055:Miquel, 11023:Bredin, 11007:Bredin, 10720:Miquel, 10621:Reinach, 10589:Bredin, 10573:Winock, 10557:Miquel, 10529:Of whom 10513:Winock, 10464:Archived 10411:Bredin, 10379:Bredin, 10299:Bredin, 10283:Thomas, 10271:, p. 5. 10248:Bredin, 9976:Miquel, 9960:Winock, 9912:Bredin, 9880:Bredin, 9780:Bredin, 9761:Thomas, 9729:Thomas, 9713:Bredin, 9611:Volume 2 9591:Thomas, 9575:Bredin, 9566:p. 262). 9531:Volume 2 9511:Bredin, 9492:Bredin, 9474:L'Éclair 9351:Bredin, 9327:Bredin, 9309:Volume 2 9288:Thomas, 9256:Lazare, 9204:Bredin, 9151:Bredin, 9119:Bredin, 9103:Bredin, 9089:Volume 3 9068:Bredin, 8994:Volume 2 8618:, p. 55 8598:Bredin, 8548:Bredin, 8437:Bredin, 8324:Bredin, 8309:Volume 2 8269:Bredin, 8252:Thomas, 8238:Volume 1 8217:, p. 0. 8213:Bredin, 8097:Thomas, 8011:Bredin, 7970:Thomas, 7835:, p. 8. 7815:Miquel, 7661:Lectures 7538:(1935). 7522:, p. 9. 7506:, p. 5. 7452:5 August 7386:, p. 15. 7092:Archived 7056:Archived 6496:, Fayard 6084:Volume 3 6080:Volume 2 6076:Volume 1 5942:, et al. 5911:Syndicat 5732:See also 5679:(1902), 5649:L'Affair 5601:Brussels 5385:humanist 5289:and the 5235:(SFIO). 5082:Pantheon 4976:Pellieux 4612:L'Aurore 4438:prison. 4435:Le Temps 4354:Le Havre 4339:L'Aurore 4330:J'Accuse 4229:L'Áurore 4215:L'Aurore 4191:L'Aurore 4161:Deputies 4153:L'Aurore 4069:Le Temps 4036:L'Aurore 3998:F. Hamel 3996:sold by 3989:in 1898, 3969:L'Aurore 3920:and the 3860:L'Aurore 3843:General 3717:Mulhouse 3602:Brussels 3587:hypnosis 3583:Le Havre 3345:La Croix 3329:L'Éclair 3299:La Croix 3289:Le Temps 3078:— 3075:beliefs. 2982:La Croix 2963:L'Éclair 2867:melinite 2844:Mulhouse 2828:75mm gun 2772:Military 2683:Contexts 2563:Captain 2417:L'Aurore 2368:Alsatian 2354:) was a 2188:Futurism 1746:Eugenics 1626:Category 1541:UN Watch 1411:Judensau 1368:Boycotts 1026:Groypers 769:Judensau 643:Neo-Nazi 628:Medieval 598:Economic 566:Academic 440:Pakistan 313:Three Ds 282:Timeline 258:Part of 235:a series 233:Part of 56:a series 54:Part of 12095:History 12069:Portals 11794:23 July 11540:(2012). 11203:Doise, 10991:Doise, 9545:Doise, 9456:Doise, 9034:Candide 8752:p. 87. 8748:Doise, 8532:Zola, " 8081:Burns, 7257:, Stock 7169:, Stock 6241:(2001) 6029:Sources 5915:Minutes 5381:Austria 5327:Zionism 5271:At Home 5182:in 1900 4842:Germany 4616:Victory 4518:Brisson 4431:députés 4387:Carmaux 4328:Zola's 4279:England 4143:at the 4002:Hamburg 3890:Reinach 3811:Georges 3689:Tunisia 3481:Justice 3325:grovels 3053:General 2947:Algeria 2903:of the 2793:Moselle 2702:Bourbon 2677:Zionism 2626:Algiers 2581:Mathieu 2483:Summary 2178:Fascism 2173:Fantasy 1909:Dracula 1706:Atheism 1432:Pogroms 1087:TruNews 1048:Red Ice 1021:GoyimTV 732:Deicide 685:Zionist 660:Olympic 618:Islamic 536:History 509:Ukraine 450:Romania 415:Hungary 405:Germany 373:Chilean 368:Chinese 358:Belgium 353:Belarus 348:Austria 277:History 12083:France 11970:online 11914:online 11789:un.org 11597:online 11593:Esprit 11459:p. 203 11421: 11320: 11295: 10205: 10195: 10156: 9638:Zola, 7767: 7742:Bach, 7675: 7554: 7420: 7410: 7343: 7307: 7281:, Plon 7203: 7184: 6956: 6935: 6917: 6894: 6875: 6856: 6837: 6818: 6788: 6740: 6689: 6670: 6651: 6632: 6602: 6581: 6547: 6514: 6481: 6401: 6354: 6336: 6216: 6197: 6178: 5751:affair 5740:affair 5103:Verdun 4722:Rennes 4691:Rennes 4352:, and 4346:Nantes 3931:'s 3807:Albert 3647:Major 3443:prison 3286:, and 3191:after 2892:Social 2789:Alsace 2637:Rennes 2595:. 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