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and Henri
Giscard d'Estaing, though they differed in the details of their theories, also presented this line of argument. According to Doise, Esterhazy's perceived bitterness and utter lack of patriotic feeling, along with his fluency in German, were qualities that would have helped him to pose as an effective and unrepentant traitor.
1084:, which was used to convict Dreyfus had been retrieved from a wastepaper basket at the German Embassy by a cleaning lady who was in the employ of French military counterintelligence. This document had been torn up but was easily pieced together. It announced, among other items, a forthcoming report on a new French 120mm howitzer
932:
in an effort to silence him, Picquart provided proof to
Dreyfus' lawyers. They started a campaign to bring Esterhazy to justice. In 1898 an ex-lover of Esterhazy made public letters of his in which he expressed his hatred of France and his contempt for the army. However, Esterhazy was still protected
1042:
espoused the revisionist hypothesis that
Esterhazy might have been a French double agent masquerading as a traitor in order to pass along misinformation to the German Army. Doise was not the first writer to explore the hypothesis of Esterhazy as a double agent: earlier writings by Michel de Lombarès
1069:
counter-intelligence section of the War
Ministry, in 1876. However, Henry, limited to a very special branch of the service, was hardly in a position to furnish details on technical questions. The main architect of the disinformation campaign is claimed to have been Colonel Sandherr, head of French
844:
For an officer whose original commission had been irregular, Esterhazy's military advancement had been unusually rapid: lieutenant in 1874, captain in 1880, decorated in 1882, major in 1892. The reports on him were generally excellent. Nevertheless, he considered himself wronged. In his letters he
299:
After evidence against
Esterhazy was discovered and made public, he was eventually subjected to a closed military trial in 1898, only to be officially found not guilty. Esterhazy retired from the military with the rank of major in 1898—presumably under pressure—and fled by way of Brussels to the
1077:, the Italian military attaché, to whom Schwartzkoppen communicated it without divulging the name of his informant, began to doubt his qualifications as an officer. To convince the attaché, it was necessary for Esterhazy to show himself one day in uniform, galloping behind a well-known general.
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was picked by the army as the alleged traitor in
October 1894. Among those who might have had access to some of the documents, suspicion seems to have fallen on Dreyfus mainly because he was a Jew. The official evidence against him depended overwhelmingly on the contention that his handwriting
1058:, the German military attaché in Paris. According to later disclosures he received from the German attaché a monthly pension of 2000 marks (equivalent to over €12000 in 2015 terms). In return, Esterhazy furnished him in the first place with information (or, as argued, misinformation) about
811:. Being thus in the neighborhood of Paris, he resumed a life of speculation and excess. His inheritance squandered, Esterhazy had tried to retrieve his fortune in gambling-houses and on the stock-exchange; hard pressed by his creditors, he had recourse to extreme measures.
818:
in 1892, Esterhazy claimed that this action had made his family, as well as his military seniors, quarrel with him. He produced false letters to support this allegation and threatened to kill both himself and his children. Through the medium of
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The
Dreyfus affair was triggered in September 1894 when an office cleaner at the German embassy in Paris, who was also an agent of French military intelligence, passed on to her French contacts a handwritten memorandum (widely known as the
629:, apparently without the agreement of the family, after being acknowledged by his mother about 1797. This branch of the Esterházys had settled in France at the end of the 17th century and provided military officers to France, namely in its
965:
Esterhazy was discreetly put on military pension with the rank of major. On 1 September 1898, having shaved off his moustache, he fled France, via
Brussels, for the relative safety of England.
669:. It was an irregular appointment as he had neither been promoted from the ranks after service as a non-commissioned officer, nor graduated from a military academy. However, the start of the
602:
Charles Marie
Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy was born in Paris, France, the son of General Ferdinand Walsin-Esterhazy (1807–1857), who later distinguished himself as division commander in the
1093:
However, the French Army had already rejected the 120 mm model as unworkable and had begun development of the revolutionary (for its time) 75 mm field gun. The argument is this
807:
In 1892, through the influence of
General FĂ©lix Gustave Saussier, Esterhazy succeeded in getting a nomination as garrison-major in the Seventy-fourth Regiment of the line at
936:
Esterhazy asked for a trial behind closed doors by the French Military Justice (10–11 January 1898). He was acquitted, a judgment which ignited anti-Semitic riots in Paris.
351:
789:. On his own initiative he inserted a citation within official records mention of his "exploits in war", which was later recognised as being falsely concocted.
610:, was the illegitimate son of Countess Marie Anne Esterhazy de Galántha (1741–1823), by her affair with Jean André César de Ginestous (1725–1810), governor of
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Between 1880 and 1882 Esterhazy was employed to translate German at the French military counter-intelligence section, where he became acquainted with
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and the comportment of its hydraulic recoil mechanism, as well as detailed manuals describing the current organization of French field artillery."
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As descendant of a bastard of a daughter of Esterhazy, he was not entitled to a title which does not pass (1) to bastards (2) to daughters.
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277:(16 December 1847 – 21 May 1923) was an officer in the French Army from 1870 to 1898. He gained notoriety as a spy for the
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778:, and for about five years led a life of dissipation in Paris, as a result of which his small fortune was soon squandered.
921:(at the time German military attache to Paris) to Esterhazy. After comparison of Esterhazy's handwriting with that of the
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s Paris correspondent had made a connection with him; she interviewed him twice, and he confessed to being the culprit:
886:), evidently written by an unnamed French officer, offering the German Embassy various confidential military documents.
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in July precluded any action being taken against him. He then assumed the title of count, to which he was not entitled.
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In 1897, after fruitless efforts to persuade his superiors to take the new evidence seriously and being transferred to
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for a long time. Having come to the end of his financial resources, he married in 1886, but he soon spent his wife's
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Charles Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy was left an orphan in September 1857, aged only nine. After some schooling at the
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princely family. Growing up under the name of Jean Marie Auguste Walsin, he became a business man and landowner in
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1149:“ESTERHAZY, Ferdinand” in Register of Deaths for the St Albans Registration District, volume 3a (1923), p. 7143
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continually launched into recrimination and abuse against his chiefs. He made negative written comments on the
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785:. While there he was employed in the Intelligence Department, then in the Native Affairs Department of the
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1054:. In 1893, he entered (or, if one accepts the revisionist explanation, pretended to enter) the service of
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document was a supposed design to prevent the German military from discovering the development of the
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Maurice Baumont, Aux sources de l'affaire: l'Affaire Dreyfus d'après les archives (1959), p. 137
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However, there are reports of Esterhazy admitting that he had "indeed been a spy for Germany".
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by the Army's General Staff, which did not want to see the judgment of 1895 put into doubt.
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Esterhazy reportedly got his information from Major Henry, who had been his comrade in the
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The lack of value of the material furnished by Esterhazy soon became so apparent that
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accusing the French military of antisemitism and calling for a retrial for Dreyfus.
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In June 1870, his uncle's influence enabled Esterhazy to be commissioned into the
606:. His paternal grandfather, Jean Marie Auguste Walsin-Esterhazy, born in 1767 at
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Jean Marie was adopted by a Dr Walsin, a French doctor in the service of the
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1139:. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 579.
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In Tunis, he was judged to have become too intimate with the
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There being a dearth of officers after the catastrophe of
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In 1882 Esterhazy was attached to the expedition sent to
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France at War – The Dreyfus Case and the French 75
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Headstone: buried under the alias of Count de Voilemont
688:. After peace was declared, he remained in the army.
1163:. New York, London: Funk and Wagnalls. p. 671.
960:
1197:"Généalogie de Jean Marie Auguste WALSIN-ESTERHAZY"
814:Having seconded André Crémieu-Foa in his duel with
792:Returning to France in 1885, Esterhazy remained in
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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827:of France, Esterhazy obtained assistance from the
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1218:(in French). Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
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653:, a unit of French volunteers in the service of
1263:"Rachel Beer, editor of the Observer 1891–1901"
1247:Beer, Rachel, Interviews with Major Esterhazy,
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1022:Revisionist thesis: Esterhazy as double agent
1018:: "He has outsoared the shadow of our night".
300:United Kingdom, where he lived in the town of
1216:Les Origines des officers français. 1848–1870
1034:(memorandum) which sparked the Dreyfus affair
471:
645:in Paris, he attempted in vain to enter the
730:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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1410:People associated with the Dreyfus affair
1354:, Britannica.com. Accessed 29 April 2022.
1006:until his death in 1923. He is buried in
750:Learn how and when to remove this message
585:Learn how and when to remove this message
281:and the actual perpetrator of the act of
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
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275:Charles Marie Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy
154:Charles Marie Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy
1288:. New York: George Braziller. pp.
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1284:The Affair: The Case of Alfred Dreyfus
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804:. In 1888 she demanded a separation.
647:École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr
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728:adding citations to reliable sources
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906:(L'île du Diable) off the coast of
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1008:St Nicholas' churchyard, Harpenden
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1161:The Jewish Encyclopedia, Volume 4
961:Flight to Britain and later years
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352:Georges Picquart's investigations
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1339:"Historical Currency Converter"
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1261:Narewska, Elli (2 March 2018).
1070:military counter-intelligence.
510:needs additional citations for
34:needs additional citations for
16:French army officer (1847–1923)
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913:In 1896, Lieutenant-Colonel
867:Esterhazy as caricatured by
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58:"Ferdinand Walsin Esterhazy"
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1280:Bredin, Jean-Denis (1986).
1251:, 18 and 25 September 1898.
768:Lieutenant Colonel Sandherr
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425:Georges-Gabriel de Pellieux
258:74th Line Infantry Regiment
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342:Investigation and arrest
308:until his death in 1923.
1373:29 January 2020 at the
1325:28 October 2010 at the
1136:Encyclopædia Britannica
1130:"Dreyfus, Alfred"
1048:German military attaché
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233:Years of service
1016:Percy Bysshe Shelley
1010:, under the name of
939:On 13 January 1898,
898:. Convicted, he was
894:matched that on the
724:improve this section
519:improve this article
357:Other investigations
347:Trial and conviction
43:improve this article
1214:Serman, W. (1979).
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517:Please help
512:verification
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374:Bibliography
363:J'Accuse...!
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263:Battles/wars
181:(1923-05-21)
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41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1395:1923 deaths
1390:1847 births
967:Rachel Beer
874:Vanity Fair
847:French Army
833:antisemitic
764:Major Henry
740:August 2011
684:and of the
633:regiments.
608:Valleraugue
604:Crimean War
227:French Army
179:21 May 1923
139:Esterhazy,
1384:Categories
1108:References
1040:Jean Doise
946:J'Accuse…!
941:Émile Zola
877:, May 1898
835:newspaper
821:Zadoc Kahn
575:April 2022
545:newspapers
410:Émile Zola
369:Resolution
193:Allegiance
165:1847-12-16
151:Birth name
69:newspapers
1099:French 75
1095:bordereau
1082:bordereau
1060:artillery
1032:bordereau
998:Harpenden
923:bordereau
900:cashiered
896:bordereau
884:bordereau
798:Marseille
711:does not
627:Esterházy
619:Esterházy
491:Biography
302:Harpenden
296:in 1894.
285:of which
236:1870–1898
186:Harpenden
1371:Archived
1323:Archived
1201:Geneanet
975:and the
889:Captain
823:, chief
794:garrison
776:Beauvais
598:Ancestry
316:a series
314:Part of
221:Service/
930:Tunisia
787:regency
732:removed
717:sources
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287:Captain
283:treason
215:Germany
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783:Tunis
682:Loire
678:Sedan
623:Nîmes
566:JSTOR
552:books
245:Major
90:JSTOR
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1294:ISBN
1220:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1030:The
766:and
715:any
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538:news
292:was
251:Unit
241:Rank
176:Died
159:Born
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