137:
122:
394:
332:
929:
25:
488:
380:, can regenerate from basal offsets or from "pups" emerging along the surviving trunk length. Tree ferns often fall over in the wild, yet manage to re-root from this new prostrate position and begin new vertical growth.
413:
It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk
372:(the most common species in gardens) is damaged, it will inevitably die because that is where all the new growth occurs. But other clump-forming tree fern species, such as
196:. It is estimated that Cyatheales originated in the early Jurassic, and is the third group of ferns known to have given rise to tree-like forms. The others are the extinct
999:
431:
Tree-ferns have been cultivated for their beauty alone; a few, however, were of some economic application, chiefly as sources of starch. These include the
794:"Tempskya in the Valanginian of South America (Mulichinco Formation, Neuquén Basin, Argentina) — Systematics, palaeoclimatology and palaeoecology"
449:, which was eaten by pigs. It is now widely cultivated as an ornamental tree, although there is only one small wild population on Norfolk Island.
207:
273:
944:
949:
499:
It is not certain the exact number of species of tree ferns there are, but it may be close to 600-700 species. Many species have become
404:
731:"Historical reconstruction of climatic and elevation preferences and the evolution of cloud forest-adapted tree ferns in Mesoamerica"
680:"Historical reconstruction of climatic and elevation preferences and the evolution of cloud forest-adapted tree ferns in Mesoamerica"
455:(mamaku, black tree fern) also furnished a kind of sago to people living in New Zealand, Queensland and the Pacific islands. A
243:
in the family
Osmundaceae, which can achieve short trunks under a metre tall. Fern species with short trunks in the genera
89:
972:
61:
108:
364:
in the cell walls and the lower part of the stem is reinforced with thick, interlocking mats of tiny roots. If the
68:
46:
136:
75:
1026:
889:
303:
Tree ferns are found growing in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide, as well as cool to temperate
42:
57:
742:
471:, and the long silky or wooly hairs, abundant on the stem and frond-leaves in the various species of
629:
1031:
451:
793:
552:
35:
729:
Sosa, Victoria; Ornelas, Juan
Francisco; RamĂrez-Barahona, Santiago; Gándara, Etelvina (2016).
479:
furnished wool for stuffing mattresses and cushions, which was formerly an article of export.
597:
433:
934:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
805:
468:
8:
901:
503:
in the last century as forest habitats have come under pressure from human intervention.
809:
867:
842:
769:
730:
706:
679:
82:
978:
968:
872:
774:
756:
711:
645:
616:
251:
220:
141:
862:
854:
821:
817:
813:
764:
746:
701:
691:
476:
316:
146:
121:
1005:
657:
636:
545:
279:
1021:
533:
438:
365:
165:
1015:
982:
940:
935:
760:
524:
185:
876:
778:
715:
624:
568:
495:
tree ferns at Combe Martin
Wildlife and Dinosaur Park, North Devon, England
291:
262:
225:
967:. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. 2012. p. 642.
858:
641:
601:
537:
312:
267:
233:
211:
193:
189:
181:
150:
953:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 235.
1000:
Flora
Technical Note No. 5: Identification and management of tree ferns
826:
751:
696:
609:
584:
508:
342:
304:
285:
228:, which is the sister group to most living ferns including Cyatheales.
203:
177:
331:
592:
541:
308:
215:
678:
Sosa, V.; Ornelas, J. F.; RamĂrez-Barahona, S.; Gándara, E. (2016).
487:
24:
16:
Ferns that grow with a trunk elevating the fronds above ground level
652:
560:
337:
257:
245:
198:
130:
728:
677:
576:
516:
500:
353:
349:
894:
605:
361:
126:
529:
348:
The fronds of tree ferns are usually very large and multiple-
320:
239:
169:
456:
446:
442:
357:
173:
161:
743:
Chronogram of the
Cyatheaceae and other tree fern lineages
319:, etc.). Like all ferns, tree ferns reproduce by means of
792:
MartĂnez, Leandro C.A.; Olivo, Mariana S. (August 2015).
360:
tissue is absent. To add strength, there are deposits of
441:
that was threatened with extinction for the sake of its
403:
is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright
467:) furnishes silky hairs, which were once imported as a
965:
475:
have not only been put to a similar use, but in the
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
580:(tropical America, Australasia, about 110 species)
352:. Their trunk is actually a vertical and modified
176:. Many extant tree ferns are members of the order
840:
214:also grew into trees. In addition there were the
1013:
791:
843:"Trends and concepts in fern classification"
231:Other ferns which are also tree ferns, are
841:Christenhusz, M. J.; Chase, M. W. (2014).
866:
825:
768:
750:
705:
695:
265:, and smaller members of Cyatheales like
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1002:from Tasmania Forest Practices Authority
939:
486:
330:
323:formed on the undersides of the fronds.
135:
120:
908:. Australian Government Parks Australia
145:sp. tree ferns overlooking a valley in
1014:
920:
798:Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
596:(tropics and southern subtropics in
588:(tropical America, about 40 species)
572:(tropical America, about 90 species)
564:(tropical America, about 30 species)
387:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
556:(pantropic area, about 230 species)
13:
620:(Island Southeast Asia, 1 species)
14:
1043:
993:
890:Stem - The University of Auckland
927:
392:
295:are also considered tree ferns.
172:above ground level, making them
23:
315:and neighbouring regions (e.g.
180:, to which belong the families
34:needs additional citations for
1008:from the San Diego Zoo website
957:
883:
834:
818:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2015.04.002
785:
722:
671:
326:
1:
664:
520:(tropical America, 1 species)
512:(tropical America, 1 species)
410:, which was produced in 1911.
906:Norfolk Island National Park
283:(mountains only tree fern),
160:are arborescent (tree-like)
7:
341:, an extinct fern from the
202:of uncertain position, and
10:
1048:
482:
656:(Southeast Asia, Hawaii,
452:Sphaeropteris medullaris
298:
950:Encyclopædia Britannica
902:"Norfolk Island Plants"
406:Encyclopædia Britannica
383:
630:Juan Fernández Islands
496:
345:
153:
133:
598:Island Southeast Asia
490:
434:Sphaeropteris excelsa
334:
139:
124:
548:, about 120 species)
493:Dicksonia antarctica
370:Dicksonia antarctica
210:and some members of
184:(scaly tree ferns),
43:improve this article
810:2015RPaPa.219..116M
660:, about 12 species)
640:(tropical America,
612:, about 25 species)
528:(tropical America,
1027:Plant common names
859:10.1093/aob/mct299
752:10.7717/peerj.2696
697:10.7717/peerj.2696
497:
346:
335:Reconstruction of
206:where the extinct
154:
134:
646:Iberian Peninsula
429:
428:
164:that grow with a
125:A tree fern near
119:
118:
111:
93:
1039:
987:
986:
961:
955:
954:
933:
931:
930:
924:
918:
917:
915:
913:
898:
892:
887:
881:
880:
870:
847:Annals of Botany
838:
832:
831:
829:
789:
783:
782:
772:
754:
726:
720:
719:
709:
699:
675:
477:Hawaiian Islands
424:
421:
415:
408:Eleventh Edition
396:
395:
388:
317:Lord Howe Island
147:Misamis Oriental
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1032:Plants by habit
1012:
1011:
996:
991:
990:
975:
963:
962:
958:
943:, ed. (1911). "
928:
926:
925:
921:
911:
909:
900:
899:
895:
888:
884:
839:
835:
790:
786:
727:
723:
676:
672:
667:
658:Central America
546:Pitcairn Island
485:
465:D. chrysotricha
425:
419:
416:
412:
397:
393:
386:
329:
301:
261:from the order
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1045:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1010:
1009:
1003:
995:
994:External links
992:
989:
988:
974:978-0071792738
973:
956:
941:Chisholm, Hugh
919:
893:
882:
853:(4): 571–594.
833:
784:
721:
669:
668:
666:
663:
662:
661:
649:
633:
621:
613:
589:
581:
573:
565:
557:
549:
534:Southeast Asia
521:
513:
484:
481:
439:Norfolk Island
427:
426:
400:
398:
391:
385:
382:
328:
325:
300:
297:
168:elevating the
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1044:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
984:
980:
976:
970:
966:
960:
952:
951:
946:
942:
937:
936:public domain
923:
907:
903:
897:
891:
886:
878:
874:
869:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
837:
828:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
788:
780:
776:
771:
766:
762:
758:
753:
748:
744:
740:
736:
732:
725:
717:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
674:
670:
659:
655:
654:
650:
647:
643:
639:
638:
634:
631:
627:
626:
622:
619:
618:
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
594:
590:
587:
586:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
570:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
554:
550:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
526:
525:Sphaeropteris
522:
519:
518:
514:
511:
510:
506:
505:
504:
502:
494:
491:Transplanted
489:
480:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
423:
411:
409:
407:
401:This section
399:
390:
389:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
344:
340:
339:
333:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
296:
294:
293:
288:
287:
282:
281:
276:
275:
270:
269:
264:
260:
259:
254:
253:
248:
247:
242:
241:
236:
235:
229:
227:
223:
222:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
187:
186:Dicksoniaceae
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
152:
148:
144:
143:
138:
132:
128:
123:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
964:
959:
948:
922:
910:. Retrieved
905:
896:
885:
850:
846:
836:
801:
797:
787:
738:
734:
724:
687:
683:
673:
651:
648:, 2 species)
635:
632:, 1 species)
625:Thyrsopteris
623:
615:
591:
583:
575:
569:Trichipteris
567:
559:
551:
523:
515:
507:
498:
492:
472:
464:
460:
450:
432:
430:
417:
405:
402:
377:
374:D. squarrosa
373:
369:
347:
336:
302:
292:Thyrsopteris
290:
284:
278:
272:
266:
263:Polypodiales
256:
250:
244:
238:
232:
230:
219:
216:Psaroniaceae
197:
157:
155:
140:
105:
99:October 2017
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
827:11336/49538
804:: 116–131.
642:Macaronesia
604:, America,
602:Australasia
538:New Zealand
459:species of
378:D. youngiae
327:Description
313:New Zealand
305:rainforests
268:Calochlaena
234:Leptopteris
226:Marattiales
212:Osmundaceae
208:Guaireaceae
194:Cibotiaceae
190:Metaxyaceae
182:Cyatheaceae
151:Philippines
58:"Tree fern"
1016:Categories
665:References
610:St. Helena
585:Cnemidaria
509:Lophosoria
343:Cretaceous
286:Lophosoria
274:Cnemedaria
204:Osmundales
178:Cyatheales
158:tree ferns
69:newspapers
1006:Tree Fern
983:785808931
945:Tree-Fern
761:2167-8359
690:: e2696.
617:Cystodium
593:Dicksonia
553:Alsophila
542:Marquesas
461:Dicksonia
309:Australia
252:Cystodium
142:Alsophila
877:24532607
779:27896030
716:27896030
653:Cibotium
561:Nephelea
473:Cibotium
457:Javanese
420:May 2021
338:Tempskya
258:Sadleria
246:Blechnum
199:Tempskya
131:Dominica
938::
912:6 April
868:3936591
806:Bibcode
770:5119233
707:5119233
637:Culcita
577:Cyathea
517:Metaxya
501:extinct
483:Species
469:styptic
354:rhizome
350:pinnate
280:Culcita
224:in the
83:scholar
981:
971:
932:
875:
865:
777:
767:
759:
714:
704:
606:Hawaii
544:, and
540:, the
445:-like
362:lignin
356:, and
321:spores
221:Tietea
192:, and
170:fronds
127:Belles
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1022:Ferns
735:PeerJ
684:PeerJ
530:India
414:page.
366:crown
358:woody
299:Range
240:Todea
174:trees
166:trunk
162:ferns
90:JSTOR
76:books
979:OCLC
969:ISBN
914:2023
873:PMID
775:PMID
757:ISSN
712:PMID
447:pith
443:sago
384:Uses
376:and
289:and
255:and
237:and
218:and
156:The
62:news
947:".
863:PMC
855:doi
851:113
822:hdl
814:doi
802:219
765:PMC
747:doi
702:PMC
692:doi
536:to
437:of
368:of
307:in
45:by
1018::
977:.
904:.
871:.
861:.
849:.
845:.
820:.
812:.
800:.
796:.
773:.
763:.
755:.
745:.
741:.
737:.
733:.
710:.
700:.
686:.
682:.
644:,
608:,
600:,
532:,
311:,
277:,
271:,
249:,
188:,
149:,
129:,
985:.
916:.
879:.
857::
830:.
824::
816::
808::
781:.
749::
739:4
718:.
694::
688:4
628:(
463:(
422:)
418:(
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
