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In paleontology of
Ediacaran marine organisms, a frond may be defined as "a rangeomorph unit with a growth tip that can generate primary branches". A frond may also refer to the entire frondose organism, including any stem or basal disc. To classify rangeomorph taxa, the frond is generally subdivided
177:
There is a spectrum from costapalmate to palmate. Costapalmate fronds are shaped like the palm of a hand and have a short midrib or costa. Palmate fronds are also shaped like the palm of the hand, but all ribs or leaflets arise from a central area. A hastula is a flap of tissue borne at the insertion
320:
or "fern craze", fern fronds became wildly popular symbols. Because fronds are somewhat flat, they could be used for decoration in ways that many other plants could not be. They were glued into collectors' albums, affixed to three dimensional objects, used as stencils for "spatter-work", inked and
148:
If a frond is divided once into pinnae, the frond is called once pinnate. In some fronds the pinnae are further divided into segments, creating a bipinnate frond. The segments into which each pinna are divided are called pinnules, and the extensions of the rachis that support these pinnules, are
144:
In a frond which is pinnate (feather-shaped), each leafy segment of the blade is called a pinna (plural pinnae), the stalk bearing the pinna is termed a petiolule, and the main vein or mid-rib of the pinna is referred to as a costa (plural costae).
312:
has been a symbol of victory, triumph, peace, and eternal life originating in the ancient
Mediterranean world. For example, in some Christian traditions, during Palm Sunday, Jesus’ entrance into Jerusalem is celebrated by carrying palm leaves.
228:(pl., sori). Associated with each sorus in many species is a membranous protective structure called an indusium, which is an outgrowth of the blade surface that may partly cover the sporangia. Some fern species feature
224:, where the plant's spores are formed, usually on the underside (abaxial surface) of the pinnae, but sometimes marginally or scattered over the frond. The sporangia are typically clustered into a
103:. "Frond" is commonly used to identify a large, compound leaf, but if the term is used botanically to refer to the leaves of ferns and algae it may be applied to smaller and undivided leaves.
152:
Pinnae may be arranged along the rachis either directly opposite one another or alternating up the stem. The arrangement may change from the base of a blade to the tip, as in the example of
283:
into segments as are those of a fern, and categorized by six factors: polarity, rows of branches, inflation, display/furling, alignment of branches, and presence of a basal disc.
646:
Burzynski, Greg; Narbonne, Guy M. (2015-09-15). "The discs of Avalon: Relating discoid fossils to frondose organisms in the
Ediacaran of Newfoundland, Canada".
51:
286:
Frondescence is the production of leaves; it can also refer to the abnormal development of floral parts into leafy structures, though this is usually called
87:
are referred to as fronds and some botanists restrict the term to this group. Other botanists allow the term frond to also apply to the large leaves of
328:
is a magic flower in Polish folklore. As ferns are non-flowering plants, this technically refers to "fertile fronds". Certain true ferns, e.g.,
106:
Fronds have particular terms describing their components. Like all leaves, fronds usually have a stalk connecting them to the main stem. In
118:, and it supports a flattened blade (which may be called a lamina), and the continuation of the stipe into this portion is called the
244:. The stem of a typical (leptosporangiate) fern is subterranean or horizontal on the surface of the ground. These stems are called
191:
demonstrated the early evolutionary diversification of frond branching patterns, presenting both bifurcate and trifurcate types.
149:
called rachillae. Rarely, a frond may even be tripinnate, in which case the pinnule divisions are known as ultimate segments.
547:
271:
organisms, or the superficially leaf-like structures developed by some animals and fungi. Examples include frondose colonial
241:
747:
455:
573:"Further study of Late Devonian seed plant Cosmosperma polyloba: Its reconstruction and evolutionary significance"
402:
Judd, Walter S.; Campbell, Christopher S.; Donoghue, Michael J.; Kellogg, Elizabeth A.; Stevens, Peter F. (2007).
240:
Fern fronds, as with all leaves, arise from the stem, either directly, or on an outgrowth from the stem termed a
426:
55:) with simple (lobed or pinnatifid) blades, the dissection of each blade not quite reaching to the rachis.
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Fronds may bear hairs, scales, glands, and, in some species, bulblets for vegetative reproduction.
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shown below (from base to tip: pinnae opposite to alternate, and pinnatisect to pinnatifid).
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122:. The blades may be simple (undivided), pinnatifid (deeply incised, but not truly compound),
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252:), although cycad and palm fronds do not have this pattern of new leaf growth.
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346:– fronds that show marked change from the normal type as a result of mutation
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248:. Many fern fronds are initially coiled into a fiddle-head or crozier (see
232:, in which fertile and sterile fronds differ in appearance and structure.
742:(1st pbk. ed.). Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. p. 141.
130:(subdivided). If compound, a frond may be compound once, twice, or more.
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have a unique arrangement -- such as a single fleshy or amorphous leaf.
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of the blade on the petiole on the upper, lower, or both leaf surfaces
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59:
689:
Brasier, Martin D.; Antcliffe, Jonathan B.; Liu, Alexander G. (2012).
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221:
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Adaxial (left) and abaxial (right) surfaces of a pinnate fern frond (
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Genera palmarum : the evolution and classification of the palms
267:" structures in non-plant organisms -- such as the entire bodies of
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27:
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Liu, Le; Wang, Deming; Meng, Meicen; Xue, Jinzhuang (2017-12-01).
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83:. In both common usage and botanical nomenclature, the leaves of
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have sporangia in tight clusters which may appear flower-like.
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Some fronds are not pinnately compound (or simple), but may be
119:
107:
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391:(3rd ed.). New York, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
376:(7th ed.). New York, New York: W.H. Freeman and Company.
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84:
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479:(4th ed.). Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall Hunt Publishing Co.
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pressed into surfaces for nature printing, and so forth.
26:. For animals and fossils with frondlike structures, see
114:, but in regard to fronds specifically it is called a
772:"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Palm in Christian Symbolism"
354:– a tree whose compound leaves resemble fern fronds
688:
406:(3rd ed.). Sunderland, Massachusetts: Sinauer.
472:
443:
648:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
645:
537:
843:
797:"Pteridomania - the Victorian passion for ferns"
387:Gifford, Ernest M.; Foster, Adriance S. (1989).
181:Bifurcate fronds may also develop. The extinct
570:
95:) and various other flowering plants, such as
386:
389:Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants
211:). Sori are evident on the abaxial surface.
404:Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach
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706:
650:. Ediacaran Environments and Ecosystems.
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588:
491:"Glossary of Palm Terms | EUNOPS website"
740:Morphology of flowers and inflorescences
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200:
110:, this leaf stalk is generally called a
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58:
44:
32:
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623:"Cincinnatian Fossils and Stratigraphy"
470:
450:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
446:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Botany
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691:"The architecture of Ediacaran Fronds"
441:
421:. Smithsonian Institution Press, USA.
194:Some ferns, like members of the group
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371:
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279:, and some macroalgae and lichens.
316:During the Victorian phenomenon of
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13:
275:, extinct Ediacaran biota such as
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822:"Polish legends: the Fern Flower"
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16:Collection of leaflets on a plant
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708:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2012.01164.x
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71:Unfurling fiddlehead fern frond
63:A growing fern frond unfurling.
37:The names of fern frond parts (
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372:Raven, Evert Eichhorn (2004).
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820:Dworski, Lamus (2016-12-03).
263:Fronds may describe several "
668:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.01.014
215:
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19:For the album by Pond, see
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538:Dransfield, John. (2008).
304:Arecaceae § Symbolism
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18:
738:Weberling, Focko (1992).
590:10.1186/s12862-017-0992-1
577:BMC Evolutionary Biology
442:Allaby, Michael (1992).
417:Jones, David L. (1993).
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475:Vascular Plant Taxonomy
220:Fern fronds often bear
208:Blechnum appendiculatum
471:Walters, Keil (1996).
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374:The Biology of Plants
294:Cultural significance
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519:w3.biosci.utexas.edu
189:Cosmosperma polyloba
91:, as well as palms (
79:is a large, divided
52:Dryopteris decipiens
660:2015PPP...434...34B
419:Cycads of the World
300:Fern § Culture
250:circinate vernation
170:, costapalmate, or
39:Davallia tyermannii
542:. Kew Publishing.
351:Acacia filicifolia
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162:Non-pinnate fronds
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344:Fern sports
326:fern flower
236:Fern fronds
846:Categories
831:2019-12-05
806:2019-12-05
781:2019-12-05
632:2019-12-05
583:(1): 149.
524:2019-12-05
500:2019-12-05
495:eunops.org
428:0730103382
310:palm frond
298:See also:
186:seed plant
717:1475-4983
676:0031-0182
654:: 34–45.
558:890586925
273:bryozoans
222:sporangia
216:Sporangia
172:bifurcate
140:Pinnation
93:Arecaceae
758:29403252
725:86538017
609:28651518
338:See also
288:phyllody
269:thalloid
265:frondose
246:rhizomes
183:Devonian
155:Blechnum
128:compound
49:A fern (
28:Frondose
656:Bibcode
600:5485708
168:palmate
124:pinnate
112:petiole
24:(album)
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302:, and
120:rachis
108:botany
97:mimosa
89:cycads
852:Ferns
721:S2CID
359:Notes
226:sorus
116:stipe
101:sumac
85:ferns
77:frond
22:Frond
754:OCLC
744:ISBN
713:ISSN
672:ISSN
605:PMID
554:OCLC
544:ISBN
452:ISBN
423:ISBN
324:The
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