372:
101:
34:
129:
115:
508:
239:
194:
at the age of five in 1665. He suffered from ill health most of his life and despite marrying twice, by 1698 it was clear he would die without children, leaving the question of his successor unresolved. Although no longer the leading
European power, the Empire remained a strong global presence and as
543:
The treaty not only failed to prevent the outbreak of war in 1701 but also demonstrated that monarchs could no longer simply impose their solutions on nation states. When
Parliament finally learned of the terms in March 1700, their reaction was one of fury, partly because they were seen as damaging
535:
When Louis received the formal
Spanish offer to Philip on 9 November, one option was to reject it and insist on Archduke Charles accepting the throne as stipulated by the Treaty of London; this meant that if Leopold continued to refuse the territorial concessions, in theory Louis could then call on
414:
For various reasons, the
Austrians were unpopular with most of the Spanish nobility, while Charles also resented their arrogance and made it clear to Harcourt that he would not agree to partition the empire. Many Spanish politicians preferred a French candidate since the wars of the last 50 years
489:
Although
Leopold accepted the principle of dividing the Spanish Empire in return for making his son king, he objected to France being granted Spanish possessions in Italy, particularly Milan which he considered essential to the security of Austria's southern borders. In addition, Lorraine was an
354:
was sent as envoy to Madrid in
November 1698 to build Spanish support for a French candidate. The Spanish were unwilling to allow their empire to be partitioned without consultation to suit the needs of foreign powers. On 14 November 1698, Charles published his will, which made the six-year-old
523:
When the
Spanish learned of the terms of the Treaty of London in mid-June, Charles amended his will in favour of Archduke Charles and again specified an undivided monarchy. In September, he became ill once more, and by the 28th, he was no longer able to eat. His death seemed imminent, and on 2
536:
England and the Dutch
Republic to join him in enforcing it. However, it seems unlikely that this was ever seriously considered since as William noted, it made no sense "to go to war...for a treaty I have only made to prevent war". Philip was proclaimed Philip V of Spain on 16 November and the
576:
The treaty betwixt the Most
Christian King (ie France), the King of Great Britain, and the States General of the United Provinces for settling the succession of the crown of Spain and the dominions thereunto belonging in case his Catholick Majesty (Charles II of Spain) die without
548:
majority subsequently attempted to impeach Somers for his role in the negotiations and while unsuccessful, the process embittered relations between the two parties and had a profound impact on
British politics over the next two decades.
260:
at the age of five. He suffered from ill health most of his life and despite marrying twice, by 1698 it seemed he was likely to die childless. Although Spain's financial and military power had declined during the 17th century, the
498:
was Leopold's nephew. As a result, enforcing its terms was unlikely since neither Leopold nor Victor Amadeus would agree the territorial exchanges required, while Spain would not accept even the principle.
411:, while Spain was forced to declare bankruptcy in 1692; although Maria Anna managed to retain power with the help of spurious rumours of her pregnancy, Charles was forced to banish her German entourage.
426:, he initially refused the territorial concessions required and as a result the Dutch delayed formal consent. This meant it was not until 12 March 1700 that the treaty was formally signed in
323:
seemed unlikely with the levels of mistrust between both signatories, which had been at war almost continuously since 1670. William negotiated both treaties without notifying either
343:
that managed the English government for William, was generally hostile to the provisions of the First Partition Treaty about which he had learned only shortly before its signature.
1020:
A Collection of All the Treaties of Peace, Alliance, and Commerce, Between Great-Britain and Other Powers: From the Revolution in 1688, to the Present Time. Volume I: 1688–1727
422:, quickly drew up a draft proposal with revised terms approved in principle by William in June 1699. However, when the suggested treaty was presented to
359:
heir to an undivided Spanish Empire and thus ignored the territorial adjustments specified in the First Partition Treaty. When Joseph Ferdinand died of
184:
without prior consultation and since the Spanish viewed an undivided Empire as non-negotiable, historians generally view them as largely unenforceable.
565:
Until 1707, England and Scotland were separate countries under one monarch, but treaties were signed by William as "King of Great Britain".
1104:
274:
222:
heir to the Spanish throne. It became redundant when he died of smallpox in February 1699 and the Treaty of London replaced him with
419:
384:
1119:
1099:
442:
The main change from the First Treaty was to replace Joseph Ferdinand as heir to the Spanish throne with Leopold's younger son
415:
suggested France was a better ally than opponent, and its location meant it was better equipped to protect Spain than Austria.
807:
388:
1079:
400:
943:
921:
902:
864:
483:
845:
545:
1114:
1000:
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223:
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English commercial interests, but also because they had been approved without their knowledge or consent. The
1094:
537:
512:
467:
446:; Spain retained its empire outside Europe and the Spanish Netherlands but France would gain the kingdoms of
423:
336:
177:
1124:
1089:
391:. For much of Charles's reign, his government was controlled by the pro-Austrians, headed by his mother,
356:
219:
215:
55:
935:
A European View in Redefining William III: The Impact of the King-Stadholder in International Context
495:
290:
204:
1084:
1064:
1069:
494:
state occupied by France in 1670 and returned only in 1697, and its recently-restored hereditary
1074:
383:
The Spanish court was split into pro-Austrian and pro-French factions, the latter being led by
308:
294:
173:
1018:
516:
396:
376:
324:
298:
371:
311:
saw the Partition Treaties as a way of building on the relationship established at the 1697
532:
and grandson of Louis XIV. He died on 1 November 1700, five days before his 39th birthday
529:
8:
351:
302:
270:
253:
242:
238:
187:
1109:
404:
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332:
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to create a lasting peace. Imposing a solution to such an important issue on Spain and
211:
134:
996:
977:
958:
939:
917:
898:
879:
860:
841:
838:
Eighteenth-Century Spain 1700–1788: A Political, Diplomatic and Institutional History
822:
803:
525:
491:
459:
451:
447:
328:
320:
312:
282:
227:
196:
106:
42:
1048:
A World of Paper: Louis XIV, Colbert de Torcy, and the Rise of the Information State
286:
200:
157:
418:
After the death of Joseph Ferdinand, Louis's senior foreign policy advisor, the
479:
471:
463:
347:
262:
257:
246:
191:
181:
149:
120:
38:
1058:
876:
The Rise of the Great Powers 1648 - 1815 (The Modern European State System)
33:
27:
Second Treaty of Partition between England, France and the Dutch Republic
176:
to impose a diplomatic solution to the issues that led to the 1701-1714
340:
431:
408:
316:
278:
169:
85:
751:
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and was a matter of debate for many years. For example, in the 1670
230:. It ultimately failed to prevent the outbreak of war in July 1701.
524:
October, Portocarrero persuaded him to alter his will in favour of
455:
407:, which proved a disastrous decision. By 1696, France held most of
360:
688:
616:
427:
203:
families, acquisition by either would significantly impact the
81:
914:
Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750)
895:
Ideology and Foreign Policy in Early Modern Europe (1650–1750)
507:
475:
266:
931:
Rule, John (2017). Onnenkirk, David; Mijers, Esther (eds.).
729:
727:
289:
families, the succession was of great significance to the
652:
640:
712:
628:
724:
395:, then following her death in 1696 by his second wife,
16:
1700 treaty between France, Britain, and Dutch Republic
763:
58:
due to the death of Joseph Ferdinand in February 1699
775:
664:
592:
346:
Few of William's ministers in either England or the
857:
Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660-1685
835:
757:
739:
700:
604:
350:trusted Louis, an impression strengthened when the
819:Queen Anne (Revised) (The English Monarchs Series)
676:
466:. France would then transfer Naples and Sicily to
892:
694:
622:
519:established an important English legal principle.
363:in February 1699, another solution was required.
327:or his own ministers, a practice still common in
281:. Since the closest heirs were from the Austrian
210:Hoping to avoid another costly conflict like the
1056:
974:The Resilience of the Spanish Monarchy 1665-1700
893:Rommelse, Gijs; Onnenkirk, David, eds. (2011).
482:which finally become part of France after the
515:for approving the treaties without informing
265:remained largely intact, with territories in
1045:
990:
800:The War of the Spanish Succession 1701–1714
658:
646:
873:
718:
399:. Under their influence, Spain joined the
32:
195:the closest heirs were from the Austrian
125:
1033:(Original text of the treaty in English)
991:Ward, William; Leathes, Stanley (1912).
911:
821:(2001 ed.). Yale University Press.
733:
506:
370:
237:
97:
797:
769:
214:, in 1698 William and Louis agreed the
1057:
971:
952:
854:
670:
634:
610:
598:
1036:
1016:
933:The Partition Treaties, 1698-1700 in
816:
781:
478:, the transalpine territories of the
930:
745:
706:
682:
218:, or First Partition Treaty, making
13:
1050:. McGill-Queen's University Press.
484:Second Italian War of Independence
45:(yellow) European possessions 1700
14:
1136:
1105:Treaties of the Kingdom of France
1046:Rule, John; Trotter, Ben (2014).
955:Lord Somers: A political portrait
1039:Britain and the World, 1649-1815
874:Mckay, Derek; Scott, HM (1983).
836:Hargreaves-Mawdsley, HN (1979).
470:in exchange for the Counties of
127:
113:
99:
1010:
957:. Manchester University Press.
366:
301:agreed to support the claim of
1120:Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor
1100:Treaties of the Dutch Republic
953:Sachse, William Lewis (1986).
568:
559:
379:, head of the Austrian faction
1:
695:Rommelse & Onnenkirk 2011
623:Rommelse & Onnenkirk 2011
585:
538:War of the Spanish Succession
468:Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia
437:
233:
178:War of the Spanish Succession
993:The Cambridge Modern History
972:Storrs, Christopher (2006).
502:
7:
357:Joseph Ferdinand of Bavaria
245:(1665-1700), last ruler of
146:The Treaty of London (1700)
10:
1141:
1080:1700 in the Dutch Republic
791:
454:, the Spanish province of
216:Treaty of The Hague (1698)
168:was the second attempt by
56:Treaty of The Hague (1698)
291:European balance of power
256:became the last ruler of
205:European balance of power
190:became the last ruler of
91:
77:
62:
50:
31:
26:
758:Hargreaves-Mawdsley 1979
552:
995:(2010 ed.). Nabu.
912:Rommelse, Gijs (2011).
798:Falkner, James (2015).
659:Ward & Leathes 1912
647:Ward & Leathes 1912
166:Second Partition Treaty
66:24 March 1700
22:Treaty of London (1700)
1115:William III of England
817:Gregg, Edward (1980).
719:Mckay & Scott 1983
520:
380:
309:William III of England
295:Secret Treaty of Dover
249:
174:William III of England
161:
153:
510:
401:anti-French coalition
397:Maria Anna of Neuburg
385:Cardinal Portocarrero
377:Maria Anna of Neuburg
374:
299:Charles II of England
241:
1095:Partition (politics)
855:Harris, Tim (2006).
574:Full original title
540:began in July 1701.
530:Louis, Grand Dauphin
389:Archbishop of Toledo
1125:Charles II of Spain
1090:Treaties of England
637:, pp. 147–148.
511:The impeachment of
303:Louis XIV of France
271:Spanish Netherlands
254:Charles II of Spain
243:Charles II of Spain
188:Charles II of Spain
180:. Both divided the
170:Louis XIV of France
23:
1037:Jones, JR (1980).
1017:Almon, J. (1772).
521:
393:Mariana of Austria
381:
352:Marquis d'Harcourt
250:
162:Traités de Londres
154:Verdrag van Londen
21:
809:978-1-4738-7290-5
802:. Pen and Sword.
760:, pp. 15–16.
528:, younger son of
460:Duchy of Lorraine
458:and exchange the
420:Marquess of Torcy
313:Treaty of Ryswick
228:Emperor Leopold I
226:, younger son of
143:
142:
1132:
1051:
1042:
1041:. Fontana Press.
1032:
1030:
1028:
1023:. pp. 33–40
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496:Duke of Lorraine
444:Archduke Charles
224:Archduke Charles
220:Joseph Ferdinand
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24:
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1085:1700s in London
1065:1700 in England
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641:
633:
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621:
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609:
605:
601:, pp. 6–7.
597:
593:
588:
583:
582:
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569:
564:
560:
555:
526:Philip of Anjou
505:
440:
424:Emperor Leopold
405:Nine Years' War
369:
236:
212:Nine Years' War
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126:
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69:
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46:
17:
12:
11:
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1070:1700 in France
1067:
1053:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1001:
988:
982:
976:. OUP Oxford.
969:
963:
950:
945:978-1138257962
944:
928:
923:978-1409419136
922:
909:
904:978-1409419136
903:
890:
884:
871:
866:978-0140264654
865:
852:
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827:
814:
808:
793:
790:
787:
786:
784:, p. 126.
774:
762:
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748:, p. 115.
738:
736:, p. 299.
723:
711:
709:, p. 106.
699:
697:, p. 226.
687:
675:
673:, p. 158.
663:
661:, p. 385.
651:
649:, p. 383.
639:
627:
625:, p. 303.
615:
603:
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504:
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480:Savoyard state
464:Duchy of Milan
439:
436:
375:Queen Consort
368:
365:
348:Dutch Republic
339:, part of the
263:Spanish Empire
258:Habsburg Spain
247:Habsburg Spain
235:
232:
192:Habsburg Spain
182:Spanish Empire
141:
140:
139:
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123:
121:Dutch Republic
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1075:1700 treaties
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989:
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979:
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970:
966:
960:
956:
951:
947:
941:
938:. Routledge.
937:
934:
929:
925:
919:
916:. Routledge.
915:
910:
906:
900:
897:. Routledge.
896:
891:
887:
881:
878:. Routledge.
877:
872:
868:
862:
858:
853:
849:
847:0-333-14612-3
843:
840:. Macmillan.
839:
834:
830:
824:
820:
815:
811:
805:
801:
796:
795:
783:
778:
772:, p. 96.
771:
766:
759:
754:
747:
742:
735:
734:Rommelse 2011
730:
728:
721:, p. 55.
720:
715:
708:
703:
696:
691:
685:, p. 98.
684:
679:
672:
667:
660:
655:
648:
643:
636:
631:
624:
619:
613:, p. 71.
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35:
30:
25:
19:
1047:
1038:
1025:. Retrieved
1019:
1011:Bibliography
992:
973:
954:
936:
932:
913:
894:
875:
856:
837:
818:
799:
777:
770:Falkner 2015
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441:
417:
413:
382:
367:Negotiations
345:
307:
251:
209:
186:
165:
145:
144:
18:
859:. Penguin.
671:Storrs 2006
635:Sachse 1986
611:Harris 2006
599:Storrs 2006
513:Lord Somers
403:during the
337:Lord Somers
331:but not in
285:and French
275:Philippines
199:and French
54:Voiding of
1059:Categories
1002:1174382058
983:0199246378
964:071900604X
885:0582485541
828:0300090242
782:Gregg 1980
586:References
517:Parliament
438:Provisions
430:, then in
341:Whig Junto
325:Parliament
234:Background
70:1700-03-24
41:(red) and
1110:Louis XIV
746:Rule 2017
707:Rule 2017
683:Rule 2017
503:Aftermath
486:in 1859.
434:on 24th.
432:The Hague
409:Catalonia
317:Louis XIV
252:In 1665,
86:The Hague
1027:15 March
492:Imperial
462:for the
456:Gipuzkoa
361:smallpox
283:Habsburg
279:Americas
277:and the
197:Habsburg
78:Location
43:Austrian
792:Sources
333:England
321:Austria
287:Bourbon
201:Bourbon
135:England
92:Parties
68: (
51:Context
39:Spanish
999:
980:
961:
942:
920:
901:
882:
863:
844:
825:
806:
577:issue.
452:Sicily
448:Naples
428:London
329:France
273:, the
269:, the
158:French
132:
118:
107:France
104:
82:London
63:Signed
553:Notes
476:Savoy
315:with
267:Italy
172:and
164:) or
150:Dutch
1029:2022
997:ISBN
978:ISBN
959:ISBN
940:ISBN
918:ISBN
899:ISBN
880:ISBN
861:ISBN
842:ISBN
823:ISBN
804:ISBN
546:Tory
474:and
472:Nice
450:and
84:and
1061::
726:^
387:,
335:.
305:.
297:,
207:.
160::
156:,
152::
1031:.
1005:.
986:.
967:.
948:.
926:.
907:.
888:.
869:.
850:.
831:.
812:.
148:(
72:)
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