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suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors. Cell damage can be reversible or irreversible. Depending on the extent of injury, the cellular response may be
334:, which may gain entry after herbivore damage or in other ways, and from abiotic factors such as heat, freezing, flooding, lightning, and pollutants such as ozone. Plants respond to injury by signalling that damage has occurred, by secreting materials to seal off the damaged area, by producing
287:
by categories including mechanism, objects/substances producing injury, place of occurrence, activity when injured and the role of human intent. In addition to physical harm, injuries can cause psychological harm, including
247:
361:
is restored. Cell death occurs when the severity of the injury exceeds the cell's ability to repair itself. Cell death is relative to both the length of exposure to a harmful stimulus and the severity of the damage
284:
159:
Injury in animals is sometimes defined as mechanical damage to anatomical structure, but it has a wider connotation of physical damage with any cause, including
116:
for the same purpose. Both plants and animals have regrowth mechanisms which may result in complete or partial healing over the injury. Cells too can
750:
1438:
104:. In both plants and animals, substances are often released to help to occlude the wound, limiting loss of fluids and the entry of
1313:
González-Lamothe, RocĂo; Mitchell, Gabriel; Gattuso, Mariza; Diarra, Moussa; Malouin, François; Bouarab, Kamal (31 July 2009).
864:
1476:
508:
17:
289:
970:
Burke, M. J.; Gusta, L. V.; Quamme, H. A.; Weiser, C. J.; Li, P. H. (1976). "Freezing and Injury in Plants".
1543:
300:
782:"Psychological trauma in different mechanisms of traumatic injury: A hospital-based cross-sectional study"
583:"Bridging the gap: wound healing in insects restores mechanical strength by targeted cuticle deposition"
884:(2 July 2021). "Interactions between mammalian grazers and plant pathogens: an elephant in the room?".
754:
280:
935:
Smillie, R.M.; Nott, R. (1979). "Heat Injury in Leaves of Alpine, Temperate and
Tropical Plants".
31:
758:
230:
1468:
1442:
1209:
Sun, Qiang; Rost, Thomas L.; Matthews, Mark A. (2008). "Wound-induced vascular occlusions in
459:
442:
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1269:
1163:
793:
8:
1400:
1063:
1273:
1167:
1097:
983:
847:
Tarr, S. A. J. (1972). "Plant injury due to insects, mites, nematodes and other pests".
797:
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382:
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917:
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272:
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73:
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1006:
693:
Ahmadi, Alireza; Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad; Heidari Zadie, Zahra; et al. (2016).
441:
de
Ramirez, Sarah Stewart; Hyder, Adnan A.; Herbert, Hadley K.; Stevens, Kent (2012).
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112:
chemicals which limit wound infection; in addition, animals have a variety of
1532:
1340:
1306:
1299:
1234:
1105:
1084:
Heath, R. L. (1980). "Initial Events in Injury to Plants by Air
Pollutants".
1030:
991:
956:
905:
815:
780:
Agarwal, Tulika Mehta; Muneer, Mohammed; Asim, Mohammad; et al. (2020).
718:
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551:
468:
406:
335:
191:
109:
101:
1416:
1257:
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639:
1358:
1315:"Plant Antimicrobial Agents and Their Effects on Plant and Human Pathogens"
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207:
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117:
1441:. US Forest Service for the US Department of Agriculture. Archived from
1226:
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226:
1136:
1120:
948:
897:
542:
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398:
57:
is physiological damage to the living tissue of any organism, whether
1401:"Pruning Wounds and Occlusion: A Long-Standing Conundrum in Forestry"
1312:
319:
305:
199:
172:
168:
146:
48:
1385:
267:
Injury in humans has been studied extensively for its importance in
133:
1372:
Shigo, Alex L. (1985). "How tree branches are attached to trunks".
751:"International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI)"
638:
Maerz, Linda L.; Davis, Kimberly A.; Rosenbaum, Stanley H. (2009).
268:
222:
218:
195:
160:
142:
105:
89:
214:
72:
Injuries can be caused in many ways, including mechanically with
1152:"Systemic release of chemical signals by herbivore-injured corn"
1007:"Causes of Injury to Plants Resulting from Flooding of the Soil"
331:
323:
183:
30:
This article is about damage to organisms. For other uses, see
963:
149:, and has started to regrow a tail from the site of the injury
440:
318:
In plants, injuries result from the eating of plant parts by
85:
77:
443:"Unintentional injuries: magnitude, prevention, and control"
381:
Rennolds, Corey W.; Bely, Alexandra E. (29 September 2022).
164:
97:
436:
434:
251:
Injuries to humans elicit an elaborate response including
338:
chemicals, and in woody plants by regrowing over wounds.
1143:
873:
581:
Parle, Eoin; Dirks, Jan-Henning; Taylor, David (2016).
431:
1202:
969:
574:
524:
Cerenius, Lage; Söderhäll, Kenneth (6 November 2010).
517:
779:
352:
Cell injury is a variety of changes of stress that a
376:
374:
1213:(Vitaceae): Tyloses in summer and gels in winter".
637:
175:, territorial fights, falls, and abiotic factors.
1149:
928:
879:
523:
371:
279:, is dedicated to the treatment of injuries. The
1530:
580:
1208:
1156:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1118:
496:Invertebrate Pathology Noncommunicable Diseases
1150:Turlings, Ted C.; Tumlinson, James H. (1992).
1119:Hill, A. C.; Pack, M. R.; Treshow, M. (1961).
488:
486:
1454:
1452:
380:
233:to fight off infection following an injury.
1365:
1319:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
1249:
1055:
998:
934:
695:"Pain management in trauma: A review study"
1398:
1077:
483:
383:"Integrative biology of injury in animals"
1509:
1449:
1348:
1330:
1289:
1185:
1175:
1038:
840:
823:
805:
726:
614:
541:
458:
414:
108:such as bacteria. Many organisms secrete
1258:"Compartmentalization of Decay in Trees"
460:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031811-124558
299:
246:
190:of the blood or body fluid, followed by
171:. Such damage may result from attempted
132:
38:
1467:. Cambridge University Press. pp.
1017:(4). Oxford University Press: 722–736.
851:. London: Macmillan. pp. 126–137.
699:Journal of Injury and Violence Research
14:
1531:
1061:
1004:
587:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
492:
271:. Much of medical practice, including
1494:"Mechanisms of cell injury and death"
1371:
1255:
1083:
1491:
1458:
846:
644:International Anesthesiology Clinics
285:classification of injuries in humans
213:Animals in several phyla, including
1098:10.1146/annurev.pp.31.060180.002143
984:10.1146/annurev.pp.27.060176.002451
202:are able to repair injuries to the
24:
1485:
1005:Kramer, Paul J. (1 October 1951).
123:
27:Wound caused by an external source
25:
1555:
1492:Cobb, J. P.; et al. (1996).
1459:Wolf, Ronni; et al. (2011).
1282:10.1038/scientificamerican0485-96
1086:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
972:Annual Review of Plant Physiology
194:, which may be rapid, as in the
1431:
1392:
1121:"Plant injury induced by ozone"
1112:
1498:British Journal of Anaesthesia
1092:(1). Annual Reviews: 395–431.
978:(1). Annual Reviews: 507–528.
773:
743:
686:
631:
526:"Coagulation in Invertebrates"
447:Annual Review of Public Health
341:
322:animals including insects and
290:post-traumatic stress disorder
13:
1:
1062:Nelson, Scot C. (July 2008).
849:Principles of Plant Pathology
365:
357:adaptive and where possible,
308:, an abiotic cause of injury.
182:in animals of many different
1064:"Lightning Injury to Plants"
943:(1). CSIRO Publishing: 135.
807:10.1371/journal.pone.0242849
656:10.1097/AIA.0b013e3181950030
326:, from damage to tissues by
74:penetration by sharp objects
7:
857:10.1007/978-1-349-00355-6_9
10:
1560:
1374:Canadian Journal of Botany
1215:American Journal of Botany
530:Journal of Innate Immunity
345:
311:
240:
152:
128:
29:
1399:O'Hara, Kevin L. (2007).
1325:(8). MDPI AG: 3400–3419.
755:World Health Organization
295:
281:World Health Organization
236:
100:of animals; this prompts
84:, by heat or cold, or by
1221:(12). Wiley: 1498–1505.
937:Functional Plant Biology
880:Cappelli, Seraina Lisa;
217:, arthropods, cnidaria,
1256:Shigo, Alex L. (1985).
1177:10.1073/pnas.89.17.8399
493:Sparks, Albert (1972).
32:Injury (disambiguation)
599:10.1098/rsif.2015.0984
309:
264:
231:antimicrobial peptides
150:
51:
1463:Emergency Dermatology
1417:10.1093/jof/105.3.131
711:10.5249/jivr.v8i2.707
330:such as bacteria and
303:
250:
180:inflammatory response
136:
120:to a certain degree.
94:inflammatory response
42:
1439:"Tree pruning guide"
1332:10.3390/ijms10083400
503:. pp. 20, 133.
229:are able to produce
92:. Injury prompts an
1544:Biological concepts
1405:Journal of Forestry
1291:2027/uva.x002416568
1274:1985SciAm.252d..96S
1262:Scientific American
1227:10.3732/ajb.0800061
1168:1992PNAS...89.8399T
1023:10.1104/pp.26.4.722
798:2020PLoSO..1542849A
259:(illustrated), and
145:when attacked by a
1511:10.1093/bja/77.1.3
892:(1). Wiley: 8–10.
761:on 17 October 2004
387:Biological Reviews
310:
304:Oak tree split by
273:emergency medicine
265:
253:emergency medicine
178:Injury prompts an
151:
82:with blunt objects
52:
1445:on 26 April 2007.
1162:(17): 8399–8402.
949:10.1071/pp9790135
898:10.1111/nph.17533
866:978-1-349-00357-0
593:(117): 20150984.
543:10.1159/000322066
399:10.1111/brv.12894
206:that forms their
155:Injury in animals
16:(Redirected from
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314:Injury in plants
283:has developed a
243:Injury in humans
210:to some extent.
114:immune responses
63:in other animals
21:
18:Traumatic injury
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261:pain management
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186:; this prompts
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124:Taxonomic range
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1411:(3): 131–138.
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1125:Phytopathology
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143:shed its tail
140:
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118:repair damage
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110:antimicrobial
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102:wound healing
99:
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47:injured by a
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1443:the original
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765:22 September
763:. Retrieved
759:the original
745:
705:(2): 89–98.
702:
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650:(1): 25–36.
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54:
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1504:(1): 3–10.
453:: 175–191.
359:homeostasis
348:Cell damage
342:Cell injury
320:herbivorous
227:vertebrates
208:exoskeleton
188:coagulation
139:sand lizard
1533:Categories
536:(1): 3–8.
366:References
200:Arthropods
1341:1422-0067
1300:0036-8733
1235:0002-9122
1106:0066-4294
1031:0032-0889
992:0066-4294
957:1445-4408
922:235708670
906:0028-646X
816:1932-6203
719:2008-4072
680:220567282
664:1537-1913
607:1742-5689
552:1662-811X
469:1545-2093
407:1464-7931
306:lightning
223:nematodes
173:predation
169:poisoning
141:that has
106:pathogens
90:biotoxins
67:in plants
59:in humans
1539:Injuries
1425:10075580
1359:20111686
1243:21628157
1196:11607325
1073:(PD-40).
1049:16654407
914:34213785
834:33253298
786:PLOS ONE
737:27414816
672:19131750
640:"Trauma"
625:27053653
568:20798250
560:21051883
477:22224893
425:36176189
416:10087827
269:medicine
219:molluscs
215:annelids
196:cnidaria
161:drowning
147:predator
96:in many
76:such as
49:predator
1520:8703628
1350:2812829
1270:Bibcode
1164:Bibcode
1137:5518148
825:7703890
794:Bibcode
728:4967367
616:4874426
362:caused.
324:mammals
204:cuticle
129:Animals
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