988:
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1054:. Rodent incisors are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. This allows for the rate of wear and tooth growth to be at equilibrium. The microstructure of rodent incisor enamel has shown to be useful in studying the phylogeny and systematics of rodents because of its independent evolution from the other dental traits. The enamel on rodent incisors are composed of two layers: the inner portio interna (PI) with
965:
1576:. Enamel is quickly decalcified in acids, perhaps by dissolution by plant acids or via diagenetic solutions, or in the stomachs of vertebrate predators. Enamel can be lost by abrasion or spalling, and is lost before dentine or bone are destroyed by the fossilisation process. In such a case, the 'skeleton' of the teeth would consist of the dentine, with a hollow pulp cavity. The organic part of dentine, conversely, is destroyed by alkalis.
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at a given time, and as each tooth wears out, another tooth moves forward to take its place in a process similar to a conveyor belt. The last and largest of these teeth usually becomes exposed when the animal is around 40 years of age, and will often last for an additional 20 years. When the last of these teeth has fallen out, regardless of the elephant's age, the animal will no longer be able to chew food and will die of starvation.
898:
1588:
1349:, another invertebrate parasite, has been used in medicine to remove blood from patients. They have three jaws (tripartite) that resemble saws in both appearance and function, and on them are about 100 sharp teeth used to incise the host. The incision leaves a mark that is an inverted Y inside of a circle. After piercing the skin and injecting
929:
At birth, elephants have a total of 28 molar plate-like grinding teeth not including the tusks. These are organized into four sets of seven successively larger teeth which the elephant will slowly wear through during its lifetime of chewing rough plant material. Only four teeth are used for chewing
945:
usually shed their deciduous teeth before (or very shortly after) their birth, and are usually born with their permanent teeth. The teeth of rabbits complement their diet, which consists of a wide range of vegetation. Since many of the foods are abrasive enough to cause attrition, rabbit teeth grow
759:
teeth have polyp-like protrusions located on the root surface of the tooth. These polyps are made of cementum in both species, but in human teeth, the protrusions are located on the outside of the root, while in whales the nodule is located on the inside of the pulp chamber. While the roots of human
862:
can be used to estimate the animal's age. Between birth and five years, age can be closely estimated by observing the eruption pattern on milk teeth and then permanent teeth. By age five, all permanent teeth have usually erupted. The horse is then said to have a "full" mouth. After the age of
1244:. This is ideal for organisms who mostly use their teeth for grasping, but not for crushing and allows for rapid regeneration of teeth at a low energy cost. Teeth are usually lost in the course of feeding if the prey is struggling. Additionally, amphibians that undergo a metamorphosis develop
1264:
juveniles replace teeth with larger ones at a rate as high as one new tooth per socket every month. Once mature, tooth replacement rates can slow to two years and even longer. Overall, crocodilians may use 3,000 teeth from birth to death. New teeth are created within old teeth.
760:
teeth are made of cementum on the outer surface, whales have cementum on the entire surface of the tooth with a very small layer of enamel at the tip. This small enamel layer is only seen in older whales where the cementum has been worn away to show the underlying enamel.
870:
A horse's incisors, premolars, and molars, once fully developed, continue to erupt as the grinding surface is worn down through chewing. A young adult horse will have teeth, which are 110–130 mm (4.5–5 inches) long, with the majority of the crown remaining below the
960:
The incisors and cheek teeth of rabbits are called aradicular hypsodont teeth. This is sometimes referred to as an elodent dentition. These teeth grow or erupt continuously. The growth or eruption is held in balance by dental abrasion from chewing a diet high in
1283:
discovered in 2014 suggests that the beak of birds may have evolved from teeth to allow chicks to escape their shells earlier, and thus avoid predators and also to penetrate protective covers such as hard earth to access underlying food.
327:
typically have small teeth, or none at all, since they commonly feed only on soft foods. In reptiles, teeth are generally simple and conical in shape, although there is some variation between species, most notably the venom-injecting
843:(called tushes) between the molars and incisors. However, few female horses (less than 28%) have canines, and those that do usually have only one or two, which many times are only partially erupted. A few horses have one to four
851:
premolars, with most of those having only one or two. They are equally common in male and female horses and much more likely to be on the upper jaw. If present these can cause problems as they can interfere with the horse's
231:, grow a new set of teeth every two weeks to replace worn teeth. Most extant mammals including humans are diphyodonts, but there are exceptions including elephants, kangaroos, and manatees, all of which are polyphyodonts.
863:
five, age can only be conjectured by studying the wear patterns on the incisors, shape, the angle at which the incisors meet, and other factors. The wear of teeth may also be affected by diet, natural abnormalities, and
162:, also use teeth to help with capturing or wounding prey, tearing food, for defensive purposes, to intimidate other animals often including their own, or to carry prey or their young. The roots of teeth are covered by
2484:
Tummers M and
Thesleff I. Root or crown: a developmental choice orchestrated by the differential regulation of the epithelial stem cell niche in the tooth of two rodent species. Development (2003). 130(6):1049-57.
885: in) each year, as the horse ages. When the animal reaches old age, the crowns of the teeth are very short and the teeth are often lost altogether. Very old horses, if lacking molars, may need to have their
946:
continuously throughout life. Rabbits have a total of six incisors, three upper premolars, three upper molars, two lower premolars, and two lower molars on each side. There are no canines. Dental formula is
1557:
had dentine in their exoskeletons, which may have functioned in defense or for sensing their environments. Dentine can be as hard as the rest of teeth and is composed of collagen fibres, reinforced with
779:
have a giant unicorn-like tusk, which is a tooth containing millions of sensory pathways and used for sensing during feeding, navigation, and mating. It is the most neurologically complex tooth known.
1549:
Because teeth are very resistant, often preserved when bones are not, and reflect the diet of the host organism, they are very valuable to archaeologists and palaeontologists. Early fish such as the
2652:
839:
has between 36 and 44 teeth. The enamel and dentin layers of horse teeth are intertwined. All horses have 12 premolars, 12 molars, and 12 incisors. Generally, all male equines also have four
296:
of sharks are almost identical in structure and are likely to have the same evolutionary origin. Indeed, teeth appear to have first evolved in sharks, and are not found in the more primitive
1565:
Though teeth are very resistant, they also can be brittle and highly susceptible to cracking. However, cracking of the tooth can be used as a diagnostic tool for predicting bite force.
1553:
had scales composed of dentine and an enamel-like compound, suggesting that the origin of teeth was from scales which were retained in the mouth. Fish as early as the late
741:
of dog saliva, which prevents enamel from demineralizing. Sometimes called cuspids, these teeth are shaped like points (cusps) and are used for tearing and grasping food.
424:
whereby vowels immediately preceding a high vocalic in the following syllable were raised. As the nominative plural ending of the Proto-Germanic consonant stems (to which
612:
showed that the teeth and scales were made of the same tissues, also found in mammal teeth, lending support to the theory that teeth evolved as a modification of scales.
1200:
lineages retained all tooth generations developed throughout the life of the animal. This replacement mechanism is exemplified by the tooth whorl-based dentitions of
2950:
3079:
1043:
806:(and most other primates), there are usually 20 primary (also "baby" or "milk") teeth, and later up to 32 permanent teeth. Four of these 32 may be third molars or
2809:
Andreev, Plamen S.; Sansom, Ivan J.; Li, Qiang; Zhao, Wenjin; Wang, Jianhua; Wang, Chun-Chieh; Peng, Lijian; Jia, Liantao; Qiao, Tuo; Zhu, Min (September 2022).
821:(i.e. lower jaw). Among permanent teeth, 16 are found in the maxilla and the other 16 in the mandible. Most of the teeth have uniquely distinguishing features.
2966:
Field, Daniel J.; Hanson, Michael; Burnham, David; Wilson, Laura E.; Super, Kristopher; Ehret, Dana; Ebersole, Jun A.; Bhullar, Bhart-Anjan S. (May 31, 2018).
95:
1471:. The arrangement of teeth (also known as denticles) on the radula ribbon varies considerably from one group to another as shown in the diagram on the left.
1047:
1051:
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are almost toothless, with only bizarre teeth found in males. These teeth may be used for feeding but also for demonstrating aggression and showmanship.
957:= 28. Three to four millimeters of the tooth is worn away by incisors every week, whereas the cheek teeth require a month to wear away the same amount.
2066:
1657:"Root or crown: a developmental choice orchestrated by the differential regulation of the epithelial stem cell niche in the tooth of two rodent species"
3014:
2373:
1377:
1081:
2293:
2121:
177:
The general structure of teeth is similar across the vertebrates, although there is considerable variation in their form and position. The
166:. Teeth are not made of bone, but rather of multiple tissues of varying density and hardness that originate from the outermost embryonic
3422:"Morphological taphonomic transformations of fossil bones in continental environments, and repercussions on their chemical composition"
1123:
are polyphyodont with mandibular molars developing separately from the jaw and are encased in a bony shell separated by soft tissue.
677:" set) normally starts to appear at about six months of age, although some babies are born with one or more visible teeth, known as
1022:
throughout its life without having properly formed roots. These teeth are also known as aradicular teeth, and unlike humans whose
2701:
Rücklin, Martin; King, Benedict; Cunningham, John A.; Johanson, Zerina; Marone, Federica; Donoghue, Philip C. J. (2021-05-06).
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237:
incisors grow and wear away continually through gnawing, which helps maintain relatively constant length. The industry of the
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3313:
3237:
3139:
3061:
2998:
2785:
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2240:
2183:
1639:
3388:
Fisher, Daniel C (1981). "Taphonomic
Interpretation of Enamel-Less Teeth in the Shotgun Local Fauna (Paleocene, Wyoming)".
1521:
scrape algae from rocks using radula equipped with exceptionally hard rasping teeth. These teeth have the strongest known
1414:
teeth. However, these teeth are histologically and developmentally different from vertebrate teeth and are unlikely to be
1991:
2143:
3421:
2496:
AM Hunt. A description of the molar teeth and investing tissues of normal guinea pigs. J Dent Res. (1959) 38(2):216-31.
1572:
Decalcification removes the enamel from teeth and leaves only the organic interior intact, which comprises dentine and
1058:(HSB) and an outer portio externa (PE) with radial enamel (RE). It usually involves the differential regulation of the
2889:
2548:
2515:
2350:
2264:
336:. The pattern of incisors, canines, premolars and molars is found only in mammals, and to varying extents, in their
2578:"Cutting blade dentitions in squaliform sharks form by modification of inherited alternate tooth ordering patterns"
2390:
Gomes, J.r.; Omar, N.f.; Do Carmo, E.r.; Neves, J.s.; Soares, M.a.m.; Narvaes, E.a.; Novaes, P.d. (30 April 2013).
2304:
2276:
1030:, rodents continually produce enamel, they must wear down their teeth by gnawing on various materials. Enamel and
771:
characterized by having teeth. The teeth differ considerably among the species. They may be numerous, with some
308:, not of dentine or enamel, and bear no relationship to true teeth. Though "modern" teeth-like structures with
3042:
Roberts, Larry S., and John Janovy, Jr. Foundations of
Parasitology. Seventh ed. Singapore: McGraw-Hill, 2006.
2173:
2095:
2074:
1606:
90:
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use the radula plus an acidic secretion to bore through the shell of other molluscs. Other predatory marine
606:
to those involved in the development of fish scales. Study of a tooth plate of a fossil of the extinct fish
2901:
Xiong, Jianli (2014). "Comparison of vomerine tooth rows in juvenile and adult
Hynobius guabangshanensis".
2447:
Martin, Thomas (September 1999). "Evolution of
Incisor Enamel Microstructure in Theridomyidae (Rodentia)".
1335:
1331:
889:
ground up and soaked in water to create a soft mush for them to eat in order to obtain adequate nutrition.
3461:. Vol. 18: Svedberg, Theodor to Two-hybrid and Related Systems. London, UK: Nature Publishing Group.
1835:
2651:
Fraser, Gareth J.; Thiery, Alex P. (2019), Underwood, Charlie; Richter, Martha; Johanson, Zerina (eds.),
3420:
Fernandez-Jalvo, Y.; Sanchez-Chillon, B.; Andrews, P.; Fernandez-Lopez, S.; Alcala
Martinez, L. (2002).
3158:
Asa H. Barber; Dun Lu; Nicola M. Pugno (18 February 2015), "Extreme strength observed in limpet teeth",
2370:
452:
via unrelated phonological processes) was raised to /œː/, and later unrounded to /eː/, resulting in the
1076:
Lingual view of top incisor from Rattus rattus. Top incisor outlined in yellow. Molars circled in blue.
918:
are specialized incisors for digging food up and fighting. Some elephant teeth are similar to those in
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in the dental socket. The rest of the tooth will slowly emerge from the jaw, erupting about 3 mm (
2290:
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and the guinea pig. There is variation in the dentition of the rodents, but generally, rodents lack
1601:
1346:
1342:
capsule. It also has a pair of subdorsal and a pair of subventral teeth located close to the rear.
1297:
562:
78:
3077:
Wells MD, Manktelow RT, Boyd JB, Bowen V (1993). "The medical leech: an old treatment revisited".
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1569:
can also give valuable insight into the diet and behaviour of archaeological and fossil samples.
1027:
588:
2540:
2533:
2200:
1987:
1696:
Hunt AM (1959). "A description of the molar teeth and investing tissues of normal guinea pigs".
3522:
987:
102:
24:
2871:
Pough, Harvey. Vertebrate Life. 9th Ed. Boston: Pearson
Education, Inc., 2013. 211-252. Print.
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1436:
The radula is used by molluscs for feeding and is sometimes compared rather inaccurately to a
976:
1300:
has three jaws with numerous sharp teeth which function like little saws for incising a host.
1179:, may go through many teeth in their lifetime. The replacement of multiple teeth is known as
810:, although these are not present in all adults, and may be removed surgically later in life.
1509:
In most of the more ancient lineages of gastropods, the radula is used to graze by scraping
284:
or to the floor of the mouth, forming additional rows inside those on the jaws proper. Some
3204:"The strongest materials in the world: Limpet teeth beats record resistance of spider silk"
2822:
2714:
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1942:
1862:
1109:
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337:
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2566:, hosted on the University of Illinois at Chicago website. Page accessed February 5, 2007.
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Unlike the continuous shedding of functional teeth seen in modern sharks, the majority of
8:
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This article is about the structure found in many animals. For the teeth of humans, see
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194:
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3326:
Lee, James J.-W.; Constantino, Paul J.; Lucas, Peter W.; Lawn, Brian R. (2011-11-01).
2563:
2343:
Evolution of the
Rodents: Advances in Phylogeny, Functional Morphology and Development
1955:
1930:
1755:
1448:. The radula is unique to molluscs, and is found in every class of mollusc apart from
569:) that folded and integrated into the mouth (called the "outside–in" theory), or from
3462:
3367:
3355:
3347:
3343:
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3270:
3250:
3233:
3185:
3135:
3096:
3057:
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2858:
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2838:
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1960:
1911:
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1759:
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1635:
1361:, they suck out blood, consuming up to ten times their body weight in a single meal.
1305:
1222:
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3419:
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3108:
2967:
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2637:
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1972:
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1950:
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1806:
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1751:
1705:
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864:
320:, they are now supposed to have evolved independently of later vertebrates' teeth.
3440:
2919:
Poole, D. F. G. (January 1961). "Notes on Tooth
Replacement in the Nile Crocodile
642:'s teeth are related to its diet. For example, plant matter is hard to digest, so
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2377:
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1709:
1593:
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fish, however, the teeth are attached to the outer surface of the bone, while in
83:
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2726:
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ribbon, typically used for scraping or cutting food before the food enters the
1426:
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1080:
The teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentin on the inside, so they
923:
906:
818:
797:
682:
678:
659:
592:
584:) (the "inside–out" theory). In addition, there is another theory stating that
361:
345:
3251:"Behavioral inferences from the high levels of dental chipping in Homo naledi"
2795:
2664:
2392:"Relationship Between Cell Proliferation and Eruption Rate in the Rat Incisor"
1847:
1148:
566:
41:
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2842:
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2147:
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1225:, which are modified to be flexible due to connective tissue and uncalcified
781:
734:
718:
647:
527:
132:
3328:"Fracture in teeth—a diagnostic for inferring bite force and tooth function"
3092:
2576:
Underwood, Charlie; Johanson, Zerina; Smith, Moya
Meredith (November 2016).
2301:
717:, teeth lack enamel and have many pulp tubules, hence the name of the order
304:
do have tooth-like structures on the tongue, these are in fact, composed of
3359:
3274:
3232:. Ronald E. Martin. Illustrated edition. Cambridge University Press, 1999.
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3018:
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1964:
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702:
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313:
297:
224:
178:
3100:
3052:
Brian Payton (1981). Kenneth Muller; John Nicholls; Gunther Stent (eds.).
2968:"Complete Ichthyornis skull illuminates mosaic assembly of the avian head"
1429:, and the neural crest is specific to vertebrates, as are tissues such as
1292:
1232:
Most amphibians exhibit teeth that have a slight attachment to the jaw or
952:
949:
276:
Teeth are not always attached to the jaw, as they are in mammals. In many
3401:
2703:"Acanthodian dental development and the origin of gnathostome dentitions"
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182:
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20:
2951:"How Did Birds Lose Their Teeth And Get Their Beaks? Study Offers Clues"
2602:
1629:
3457:
Shoshani, Jeheskel (2002). "Tubulidentata". In Robertson, Sarah (ed.).
3266:
2321:
1882:"From molecules to mastication: the development and evolution of teeth"
1550:
1499:
1495:
1456:
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1422:
1395:
The limpet rasps algae from rocks using teeth with the strongest known
1304:
True teeth are unique to vertebrates, although many invertebrates have
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1039:
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144:
47:
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have upper and lower hypselodont incisors that can continuously grow
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536:
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have deep roots, and this pattern is also found in some fish, and in
155:
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1897:
1498:, use elongated razor-sharp teeth on the radula to seize and devour
1391:
626:
Teeth are among the most distinctive (and long-lasting) features of
340:. The numbers of these types of teeth vary greatly between species;
1634:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 300–310.
1554:
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contractions then move the food through the stomach for digestion.
1309:
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269:), have continuously growing molars in addition to incisors. Also,
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they are attached to the inner surface of the jaw by one side. In
1931:"Fish scale development: Hair today, teeth and scales yesterday?"
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Museum of Paleontology Contributions, the University of Michigan
867:. Two horses of the same age may have different wear patterns.
467:
453:
108:
2067:"Types of Teeth, Dental Anatomy & Tooth Anatomy | Colgate®"
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tusks are canine teeth that grow continuously throughout life.
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3122:
Ruppert, E.E.; Fox, R.S.; Barnes, R.D. (2004). "Lophoporata".
991:
Lingual view of the lower incisor from the right dentary of a
775:
bearing over 100 teeth in their jaws. On the other hand, the
2700:
1514:
1503:
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bearing such tooth-like structures are perhaps the parasitic
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980:
Buccal view of the lower incisor from the right dentary of a
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803:
756:
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518:
333:
250:
228:
140:
66:
2653:"Evolution, Development and Regeneration of Fish Dentitions"
1537:, compared to 4 GPa of spider silk and 0.5 GPa of
638:
species and determine their relationships. The shape of the
241:
is due in part to this qualification. Some rodents, such as
3056:. New York: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. pp. 27–34.
2659:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 160–171,
2228:
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1317:
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1529:. The mineral protein of the limpet teeth can withstand a
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cutting plates or teeth around the anterior margin of the
2954:
1534:
1006:. Top incisor outlined in yellow. Molars circled in blue.
972:. Top incisor outlined in yellow. Molars circled in blue.
813:
Among primary teeth, 10 of them are usually found in the
730:
463:
397:
381:
374:
136:
3249:
Towle, Ian; Irish, Joel D.; De Groote, Isabelle (2017).
2259:
Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia, Volume 9, p. 183.
1742:
Nasoori, Alireza (2020). "Tusks, the extra-oral teeth".
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teeth. Acrodont teeth exhibit limited connection to the
3325:
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1784:
738:
2575:
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545:
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are animals that develop only one set of teeth, while
2991:
Vertebrates: comparative anatomy, function, evolution
2325:
1229:
that separates the crown from the base of the tooth.
1204:, which include the oldest known toothed vertebrate,
856:
contact. Therefore, wolf teeth are commonly removed.
602:
The genes governing tooth development in mammals are
3201:
2882:
Vertebrate: Comparative Anatomy, Function, Evolution
2369:
with subtitle "Digestive System: Oral Cavity" found
2144:"Gummed Out: Young Horses Lose Many Teeth, Vet Says"
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508:
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364:
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to describe the precise pattern in any given group.
3248:
2808:
2277:"Dental Anatomy & Care for Rabbits and Rodents"
1630:Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977).
673:, the first set (the "baby", "milk", "primary" or "
3123:
2532:
2480:
2478:
1065:niche in the tooth of two rodent species, such as
922:, and elephants are believed to have undergone an
669:, meaning that they develop two sets of teeth. In
197:, such as sharks, the teeth are attached by tough
1368:, the first part of the stomach forms a muscular
1260:are replaced constantly throughout their lives.
273:(in tusked mammals) grow almost throughout life.
3504:
3304:Teaford, Mark F and Smith, Moya Meredith, 2007.
2222:
2178:. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1785:McCOLLUM, MELANIE; SHARPE, PAUL T. (July 2001).
733:, the teeth are less likely than humans to form
2925:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London
2492:
2490:
2475:
1985:
1654:
1418:. For example, vertebrate teeth develop from a
292:. While not true teeth in the usual sense, the
2171:
1544:
1488:specialized radula tooth as a poisoned harpoon
1092:are found in some rodent species, such as the
558:Teeth are assumed to have evolved either from
3383:
3381:
3379:
3377:
2302:San Diego Chapter of the House Rabbit Society
1038:, and growth is dependent on the presence of
3306:Development, Function and Evolution of Teeth
3300:
3298:
3051:
2650:
2505:
2487:
2167:
2165:
2530:
2345:. Cambridge University Press. p. 482.
1988:"First-known teeth belonged to fierce fish"
1860:
901:Section through the ivory tusk of a mammoth
701:are unusual among mammals because they are
521:
3374:
3045:
2984:
2982:
2340:
1525:of any biological material, outperforming
40:
3295:
3255:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
3202:Zachary Davies Boren (18 February 2015).
3179:
3153:
3151:
2736:1983/27f9a13a-1441-410e-b9a7-116b42cd40f7
2734:
2619:
2601:
2531:Best, Robin (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.).
2508:Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild
2407:
2326:Missouri House Rabbit Society-Kansas City
2162:
2122:"Everything you need to know about teeth"
2042:
1954:
1905:
1810:
1672:
1088:. On the other hand, continually growing
817:(i.e. upper jaw) and the other 10 in the
3456:
3021:Genome Sequencing Center. Archived from
2012:
1517:off rock surfaces and other substrates.
1459:, the radula is used in feeding by both
1390:
1291:
1186:A class of prehistoric shark are called
1147:
1071:
997:
986:
975:
963:
896:
595:are the key to generate teeth (with any
2988:
2979:
2192:
2096:"Common Characteristics Of Whale Teeth"
1741:
1695:
3505:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3387:
3160:Journal of the Royal Society Interface
3148:
3130:(7 ed.). Brooks / Cole. pp.
2884:. New York: McGraw-HIll. pp. 215–225.
2773:
2446:
2440:
2336:
2334:
2229:Maurice Burton; Robert Burton (2002).
2198:
1928:
1836:"Fossil scans reveal origins of teeth"
1833:
227:grow many sets of teeth. For example,
3482:
3070:
2918:
2341:Cox, Philip; Hautier, Lionel (2015).
1879:
1863:"tooth | Origin and meaning of tooth"
1002:Midsagittal view of top incisor from
2539:. New York: Facts on File. pp.
2024:
2006:
1787:"Evolution and development of teeth"
1737:
1735:
1655:Tummers M, Thesleff I (March 2003).
1625:
1623:
1621:
1474:Predatory marine snails such as the
438:, the root vowel in the plural form
280:and fish, teeth are attached to the
3408:
2657:Evolution and Development of Fishes
2524:
2331:
2235:. Marshall Cavendish. p. 769.
2232:International Wildlife Encyclopedia
2175:Equine Dentistry: A Practical Guide
1803:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910153.x
1506:, use the radula for cutting prey.
124:
13:
2937:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1961.tb06083.x
2449:Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
396:plus the active participle suffix
14:
3534:
3476:
1986:Jennifer Viegas (June 24, 2015).
1873:
1854:
1834:Kaplan, Matt (October 16, 2013).
1827:
1756:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104835
1732:
1689:
1648:
1618:
1502:. Predatory cephalopods, such as
1104:, and have a space between their
380:, which was composed of the root
3498:. Chicago: F. E. Compton and Co.
3493:The New Student's Reference Work
3483:Beach, Chandler B., ed. (1914).
3344:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2011.00181.x
2993:. McGraw-Hill. pp. 55, 57.
2949:Hersher, Rebecca (May 2, 2018).
2328:. Page accessed January 2, 2024.
1586:
1308:often referred to as teeth. The
1287:
1190:for their strange forked teeth.
968:Buccal view of top incisor from
892:
685:at about six months is known as
599:, either ectoderm or endoderm).
3319:
3242:
3223:
3195:
3115:
3036:
3007:
2960:
2943:
2912:
2895:
2874:
2865:
2802:
2777:Acanthodii, Stem Chondrichthyes
2767:
2694:
2644:
2569:
2557:
2499:
2383:
2359:
2314:
2311:. Page accessed April 9, 2007.
2283:
2269:
2249:
2136:
2114:
2088:
2059:
2018:
1979:
662:to kill prey and to tear meat.
576:teeth (primarily formed in the
3308:, Cambridge University Press.
2811:"The oldest gnathostome teeth"
2780:. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
2707:Nature Ecology & Evolution
2469:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011164
1922:
1886:Wiley Interdiscip Rev Dev Biol
1778:
1567:Additionally, enamel fractures
403:, therefore literally meaning
1:
3459:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
3441:10.1111/1475-4754.t01-1-00068
3230:Taphonomy: A Process Approach
1956:10.1016/S0960-9822(01)00438-9
1861:Harper, Douglas (2001–2021).
1612:
1216:
154:. Some animals, particularly
2989:Kardong, Kenneth V. (1995).
2255:Bram, L. et al. MCMLXXXIII.
1710:10.1177/00220345590380020301
1440:. It is a minutely toothed,
1324:. For example, the hookworm
744:
537:
351:
7:
2535:The Encyclopedia of Mammals
1867:Online Etymology Dictionary
1850:– via www.nature.com.
1579:
1545:Fossilization and taphonomy
1399:of any biological material.
1251:
787:
708:
591:, and neural crest-derived
567:those on the skin of sharks
546:
16:Hard structure of the mouth
10:
3539:
3450:
2835:10.1038/s41586-022-05166-2
2727:10.1038/s41559-021-01458-4
2582:Royal Society Open Science
2564:The Permanent Canine Teeth
2506:Shoshani, J., ed. (2000).
2027:"Dental caries in the dog"
1607:Dragon's teeth (mythology)
1410:, which bears a ribbon of
1406:have a structure called a
1272:
1161:
1130:
1115:
1010:
926:phase in their evolution.
904:
828:
791:
748:
724:
658:, on the other hand, have
619:
615:
531:
458:alternation attested from
445:(changed by this point to
416:The irregular plural form
221:permanent or "adult" teeth
18:
3054:Neurobiology of the Leech
2880:Kardong, Kenneth (1995).
2665:10.1017/9781316832172.010
2208:University of Nevada Reno
1848:10.1038/nature.2013.13964
1126:
933:
737:because of the very high
665:Mammals, in general, are
553:
101:
89:
77:
65:
60:
55:
39:
34:
1880:Jheon, Andrew H (2012).
1744:Archives of Oral Biology
1602:Animal tooth development
1494:land slugs, such as the
1347:European medicinal leech
1298:European medicinal leech
1268:
824:
316:have been found in late
3093:10.1002/micr.1920140309
3015:"Ancylostoma duodenale"
2774:Burrow, Carole (2021).
2322:Hay & Dental Health
2172:Patricia Pence (2002).
1143:
1108:and molars, called the
763:The toothed whale is a
589:gene regulatory network
510:
503:
468:
454:
448:
441:
434:
427:
399:
383:
376:
366:
288:even have teeth in the
135:structure found in the
3172:10.1098/rsif.2014.1326
2291:Rabbit Dental Diseases
1929:Sharpe, P. T. (2001).
1513:and other microscopic
1400:
1301:
1159:
1077:
1044:cellular amplification
1007:
995:
984:
973:
902:
634:use teeth to identify
522:
500:, from Proto-Germanic
338:evolutionary ancestors
103:Anatomical terminology
25:Tooth (disambiguation)
23:. For other uses, see
2976:Vol 557, pp 96 - 100.
2396:The Anatomical Record
1394:
1295:
1151:
1075:
1056:Hunter-Schreger bands
1001:
990:
979:
967:
900:
689:and can be painful.
215:grow an early set of
3126:Invertebrate Zoology
2921:Crocodilus niloticus
2367:Veterinary Histology
1306:analogous structures
1221:All amphibians have
1034:are produced by the
50:displaying his teeth
2827:2022Natur.609..964A
2719:2021NatEE...5..919R
2603:10.1098/rsos.160385
2594:2016RSOS....360385U
2510:. Checkmark Books.
2461:1999JVPal..19..550M
2102:on 4 September 2011
1947:2001CBio...11.R751S
1632:The Vertebrate Body
1364:In some species of
1048:cellular maturation
582:jawless vertebrates
565:(scales, much like
372:Proto-Indo-European
370:, derived from the
344:use a standardised
219:and a later set of
205:that form the jaw.
3332:Biological Reviews
3267:10.1002/ajpa.23250
2903:Vertebrate Zoology
2376:2006-04-30 at the
2307:2007-10-13 at the
2296:2007-10-14 at the
2201:"Equine Dentition"
1791:Journal of Anatomy
1401:
1345:Historically, the
1327:Necator americanus
1312:with the simplest
1302:
1160:
1078:
1052:odontogenic region
1050:structures in the
1008:
996:
985:
974:
903:
755:Like human teeth,
609:Romundina stellina
195:cartilaginous fish
3468:978-1-56159-274-6
3314:978-0-521-03372-5
3238:978-0-521-59833-0
3166:(105): 20141326,
3141:978-0-03-025982-1
3063:978-0-87969-146-2
3000:978-0-697-21991-6
2821:(7929): 964–968.
2787:978-3-89937-271-7
2674:978-1-107-17944-8
2242:978-0-7614-7266-7
2185:978-0-683-30403-9
2025:Hale, FA (2009).
1941:(18): R751–R752.
1674:10.1242/dev.00332
1641:978-0-03-910284-5
1376:teeth that crush
1223:pedicellate teeth
1157:great white shark
1028:tooth development
466:also Old English
420:is the result of
117:
116:
112:
3530:
3499:
3497:
3488:
3472:
3445:
3444:
3426:
3417:
3406:
3405:
3385:
3372:
3371:
3323:
3317:
3302:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3289:
3246:
3240:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3155:
3146:
3145:
3129:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3011:
3005:
3004:
2986:
2977:
2964:
2958:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2916:
2910:
2899:
2893:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2806:
2800:
2799:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2738:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2623:
2605:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2554:
2538:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2503:
2497:
2494:
2485:
2482:
2473:
2472:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2411:
2409:10.1002/ar.22712
2402:(7): 1096–1101.
2387:
2381:
2365:Caceci, Thomas.
2363:
2357:
2356:
2338:
2329:
2324:, hosted by the
2318:
2312:
2300:, hosted on the
2287:
2281:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2205:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2169:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2146:. Archived from
2140:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2098:. Archived from
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2073:. Archived from
2063:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1958:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1831:
1825:
1824:
1814:
1797:(1–2): 153–159.
1782:
1776:
1775:
1739:
1730:
1729:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1676:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1627:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1523:tensile strength
1397:tensile strength
1322:Ancylostomatidae
1240:and have little
1164:Pharyngeal teeth
956:
955:
954:
951:
884:
883:
879:
549:
540:
534:
533:
525:
513:
506:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
480:
477:
474:
471:
457:
451:
444:
437:
430:
412:
409:
406:
402:
395:
392:
389:
386:
379:
369:
294:dermal denticles
201:to the hoops of
179:teeth of mammals
126:
109:edit on Wikidata
106:
44:
32:
31:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3503:
3502:
3479:
3469:
3453:
3448:
3424:
3418:
3409:
3396:(13): 259–275.
3386:
3375:
3324:
3320:
3303:
3296:
3287:
3285:
3247:
3243:
3228:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3209:The Independent
3200:
3196:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3120:
3116:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3028:
3026:
3013:
3012:
3008:
3001:
2987:
2980:
2965:
2961:
2948:
2944:
2917:
2913:
2900:
2896:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2807:
2803:
2788:
2772:
2768:
2699:
2695:
2687:
2685:
2675:
2649:
2645:
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2488:
2483:
2476:
2445:
2441:
2388:
2384:
2378:Wayback Machine
2364:
2360:
2353:
2339:
2332:
2320:Ryšavy, Robin.
2319:
2315:
2309:Wayback Machine
2298:Wayback Machine
2288:
2284:
2275:
2274:
2270:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2227:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2170:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2127:
2125:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2071:www.colgate.com
2065:
2064:
2060:
2023:
2019:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1935:Current Biology
1927:
1923:
1898:10.1002/wdev.63
1878:
1874:
1859:
1855:
1832:
1828:
1783:
1779:
1740:
1733:
1694:
1690:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1628:
1619:
1615:
1594:Medicine portal
1592:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1547:
1290:
1277:
1271:
1254:
1219:
1170:
1146:
1135:
1129:
1118:
1013:
948:
947:
936:
909:
895:
881:
877:
876:
833:
827:
800:
792:Main articles:
790:
753:
747:
735:dental cavities
727:
711:
632:Paleontologists
624:
618:
556:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
478:
475:
472:
422:Germanic umlaut
410:
408:that which eats
407:
404:
393:
390:
387:
354:
217:deciduous teeth
113:
51:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3536:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3513:Animal anatomy
3501:
3500:
3478:
3477:External links
3475:
3474:
3473:
3467:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:
3435:(3): 353–361.
3407:
3373:
3338:(4): 959–974.
3318:
3294:
3261:(1): 184–192.
3241:
3222:
3194:
3147:
3140:
3114:
3069:
3062:
3044:
3035:
3006:
2999:
2978:
2959:
2942:
2931:(1): 131–140.
2911:
2894:
2873:
2864:
2801:
2786:
2766:
2713:(7): 919–926.
2693:
2673:
2643:
2588:(11): 160385.
2568:
2556:
2549:
2523:
2516:
2498:
2486:
2474:
2439:
2382:
2358:
2351:
2330:
2313:
2289:Brown, Susan.
2282:
2268:
2248:
2241:
2221:
2191:
2184:
2161:
2150:on 8 July 2014
2135:
2124:. NHS Scotland
2113:
2087:
2058:
2037:(12): 1301–4.
2017:
2005:
1978:
1921:
1892:(2): 165–182.
1872:
1853:
1826:
1777:
1731:
1688:
1667:(6): 1049–57.
1647:
1640:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1581:
1578:
1560:hydroxyapatite
1546:
1543:
1531:tensile stress
1482:, such as the
1427:dental papilla
1351:anticoagulants
1320:of the family
1289:
1286:
1273:Main article:
1270:
1267:
1253:
1250:
1248:shaped teeth.
1218:
1215:
1198:chondrichthyan
1181:polyphyodontia
1145:
1142:
1131:Main article:
1128:
1125:
1117:
1114:
1012:
1009:
935:
932:
907:Elephant ivory
905:Main article:
894:
891:
829:Main article:
826:
823:
798:Dental anatomy
789:
786:
749:Main article:
746:
743:
726:
723:
710:
707:
683:tooth eruption
679:neonatal teeth
654:and grinding.
620:Main article:
617:
614:
593:ectomesenchyme
555:
552:
514:respectively.
431:belonged) was
362:Proto-Germanic
353:
350:
346:dental formula
253:), as well as
115:
114:
105:
99:
98:
93:
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
69:
63:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
45:
37:
36:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3535:
3524:
3523:Speech organs
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3496:
3494:
3487:
3486:"Teeth"
3481:
3480:
3470:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3416:
3414:
3412:
3403:
3402:2027.42/48503
3399:
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3333:
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3301:
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3256:
3252:
3245:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3154:
3152:
3143:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3127:
3118:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3073:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3048:
3039:
3025:on 2008-05-16
3024:
3020:
3016:
3010:
3002:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2963:
2956:
2952:
2946:
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2890:9780078023026
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2550:0-87196-871-1
2546:
2542:
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2519:
2517:0-87596-143-6
2513:
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2362:
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2352:9781107044333
2348:
2344:
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2327:
2323:
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2299:
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2272:
2266:
2265:0-8343-0051-6
2262:
2258:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2181:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2123:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2091:
2077:on 2017-11-19
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2015:, p. 619
2014:
2013:Shoshani 2002
2009:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1925:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1830:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1781:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1704:(2): 216–31.
1703:
1699:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1633:
1626:
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1608:
1605:
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1600:
1599:
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1584:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1561:
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1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
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1497:
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1481:
1477:
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1466:
1462:
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1443:
1439:
1434:
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1428:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:armoured prey
1375:
1371:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1299:
1294:
1288:Invertebrates
1285:
1282:
1276:
1266:
1263:
1259:
1256:The teeth of
1249:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1228:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1113:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1005:
1004:Rattus rattus
1000:
994:
993:Rattus rattus
989:
983:
982:Rattus rattus
978:
971:
970:Rattus rattus
966:
962:
958:
944:
940:
931:
927:
925:
921:
917:
913:
908:
899:
893:Proboscideans
890:
888:
874:
868:
866:
861:
857:
855:
850:
846:
842:
838:
832:
822:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
799:
795:
785:
783:
782:Beaked whales
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
758:
752:
742:
740:
736:
732:
722:
720:
719:Tubulidentata
716:
706:
704:
703:polyphyodonts
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
623:
613:
611:
610:
605:
600:
598:
594:
590:
587:
583:
579:
575:
572:
568:
564:
561:
551:
548:
544:
539:
529:
524:
520:
517:Cognate with
515:
512:
505:
470:
465:
461:
456:
450:
443:
436:
429:
423:
419:
414:
401:
385:
378:
373:
368:
363:
359:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
225:Polyphyodonts
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:Monophyodonts
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
131:) is a hard,
130:
122:
110:
104:
100:
97:
94:
92:
88:
85:
82:
80:
76:
73:
70:
68:
64:
59:
54:
49:
43:
38:
33:
30:
26:
22:
3492:
3458:
3432:
3429:Archaeometry
3428:
3393:
3389:
3335:
3331:
3321:
3316:, Chapter 5.
3305:
3286:. Retrieved
3258:
3254:
3244:
3229:
3225:
3213:. Retrieved
3207:
3197:
3163:
3159:
3125:
3117:
3087:(3): 183–6.
3084:
3080:Microsurgery
3078:
3072:
3053:
3047:
3038:
3027:. Retrieved
3023:the original
3019:Nematode.net
3009:
2990:
2971:
2962:
2945:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2881:
2876:
2867:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2776:
2769:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2686:, retrieved
2656:
2646:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2559:
2534:
2526:
2507:
2501:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2366:
2361:
2342:
2316:
2285:
2271:
2256:
2251:
2231:
2224:
2212:. Retrieved
2207:
2199:Al Cirelli.
2194:
2174:
2152:. Retrieved
2148:the original
2138:
2126:. Retrieved
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2100:the original
2090:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:the original
2070:
2061:
2034:
2030:
2020:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1981:
1938:
1934:
1924:
1889:
1885:
1875:
1866:
1856:
1839:
1829:
1794:
1790:
1780:
1747:
1743:
1701:
1698:J. Dent. Res
1697:
1691:
1664:
1660:
1650:
1631:
1571:
1564:
1548:
1533:of 4.9
1508:
1490:. Predatory
1473:
1454:
1435:
1420:neural crest
1402:
1384:. Wave-like
1363:
1359:anaesthetics
1344:
1325:
1303:
1278:
1255:
1231:
1220:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:acanthodians
1192:
1185:
1171:
1136:
1133:Walrus ivory
1119:
1094:sibling vole
1082:self-sharpen
1079:
1036:enamel organ
1014:
1003:
992:
981:
969:
959:
937:
928:
910:
869:
858:
847:, which are
841:canine teeth
834:
812:
808:wisdom teeth
801:
762:
754:
728:
712:
664:
660:canine teeth
625:
622:Mammal tooth
607:
601:
586:neural crest
557:
516:
417:
415:
357:
355:
322:
298:jawless fish
275:
233:
208:
207:
183:crocodilians
176:
147:and used to
128:
120:
118:
71:
29:
3215:20 February
2031:Can. Vet. J
1661:Development
1539:human teeth
1527:spider silk
1467:snails and
1465:carnivorous
1461:herbivorous
1455:Within the
1386:peristaltic
1372:lined with
1281:Ichthyornis
1279:A skull of
1275:Ichthyornis
1262:Crocodilian
1168:Shark tooth
1067:guinea pigs
1024:ameloblasts
860:Horse teeth
831:Horse teeth
794:Human tooth
460:Old English
360:comes from
247:guinea pigs
213:diphyodonts
145:vertebrates
61:Identifiers
21:Human tooth
3507:Categories
3288:2019-01-09
3029:2009-10-27
2909:: 215–220.
2796:1335983356
2688:2022-10-22
2455:(3): 550.
2257:Elephants.
2210:. SP-00-08
2081:2017-11-19
1750:: 104835.
1613:References
1551:thelodonts
1500:earthworms
1496:ghost slug
1457:gastropods
1446:oesophagus
1423:mesenchyme
1416:homologous
1242:enervation
1217:Amphibians
1188:cladodonts
1175:, such as
1162:See also:
1060:epithelial
1040:stem cells
1026:die after
943:lagomorphs
941:and other
845:wolf teeth
681:. Normal
667:diphyodont
656:Carnivores
646:have many
644:herbivores
604:homologous
597:epithelium
574:pharyngeal
504:bōks/bōkiz
495:mouse/mice
476:book/books
342:zoologists
325:amphibians
255:lagomorpha
185:. In most
168:germ layer
156:carnivores
149:break down
143:) of many
48:chimpanzee
3368:205599560
3352:1469-185X
2859:252569771
2843:1476-4687
2761:233985000
2745:2397-334X
2612:2054-5703
2418:1932-8494
1772:220585014
1574:cementine
1492:pulmonate
1476:Naticidae
1442:chitinous
1425:-derived
1412:chitinous
1374:chitinous
1310:organisms
1102:premolars
1063:stem cell
912:Elephants
849:vestigial
835:An adult
769:cetaceans
745:Cetaceans
715:aardvarks
695:elephants
691:Kangaroos
675:deciduous
630:species.
563:denticles
511:mūs/mūsiz
356:The word
352:Etymology
318:conodonts
249:(but not
203:cartilage
199:ligaments
160:omnivores
133:calcified
3360:21507194
3283:24296825
3275:28542710
3190:25694539
3109:27891377
2851:36171375
2753:33958756
2683:92225621
2638:12821592
2630:28018617
2434:13197331
2426:23629828
2374:Archived
2305:Archived
2294:Archived
2053:20190984
1998:June 28,
1973:18868124
1965:11566120
1916:24009032
1821:11523817
1764:32668361
1726:45097018
1718:13641521
1683:12571097
1580:See also
1555:Cambrian
1486:, use a
1450:bivalves
1404:Molluscs
1380:such as
1334:and two
1330:has two
1258:reptiles
1252:Reptiles
1246:bicuspid
1234:acrodont
1209:duplicis
1206:Qianodus
1121:Manatees
1112:region.
1110:diastema
1106:incisors
920:manatees
865:cribbing
819:mandible
788:Primates
777:narwhals
773:dolphins
765:suborder
709:Aardvark
699:manatees
687:teething
571:endoderm
560:ectoderm
543:Sanskrit
302:lampreys
300:– while
286:teleosts
278:reptiles
172:ectoderm
3451:Sources
3181:4387522
3132:829–845
3101:8479316
2823:Bibcode
2715:Bibcode
2621:5180115
2590:Bibcode
2541:292–298
2457:Bibcode
2106:18 July
2044:2777300
1994:Science
1943:Bibcode
1907:3632217
1812:1594990
1519:Limpets
1511:diatoms
1484:Conidae
1382:diatoms
1370:gizzard
1366:Bryozoa
1355:hirudin
1336:ventral
1238:dentary
1227:dentine
1116:Manatee
1098:canines
1086:gnawing
1084:during
1016:Rodents
1011:Rodents
953:1.0.2.3
950:2.0.3.3
939:Rabbits
924:aquatic
880:⁄
873:gumline
815:maxilla
767:of the
725:Canines
652:chewing
616:Mammals
578:pharynx
541:), and
486:mūs/mȳs
469:bōc/bēċ
455:tōþ/tēþ
377:h₁dent-
323:Living
310:dentine
306:keratin
290:pharynx
259:rabbits
191:lizards
187:teleost
84:D014070
56:Details
3495:
3465:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3312:
3281:
3273:
3236:
3188:
3178:
3138:
3107:
3099:
3060:
2997:
2973:Nature
2888:
2857:
2849:
2841:
2815:Nature
2794:
2784:
2759:
2751:
2743:
2681:
2671:
2636:
2628:
2618:
2610:
2547:
2514:
2432:
2424:
2416:
2349:
2263:
2239:
2214:7 June
2182:
2154:6 July
2051:
2041:
1971:
1963:
1914:
1904:
1840:Nature
1819:
1809:
1770:
1762:
1724:
1716:
1681:
1638:
1480:snails
1438:tongue
1431:enamel
1408:radula
1357:) and
1340:buccal
1332:dorsal
1314:genome
1177:sharks
1138:Walrus
1127:Walrus
1090:molars
1046:, and
1032:dentin
1020:enamel
961:fiber.
934:Rabbit
887:fodder
804:humans
751:Baleen
697:, and
671:humans
648:molars
640:animal
636:fossil
628:mammal
554:Origin
442:tanþiz
391:to eat
334:snakes
314:enamel
282:palate
239:beaver
235:Rodent
229:sharks
170:, the
141:mouths
3518:Teeth
3425:(PDF)
3364:S2CID
3279:S2CID
3105:S2CID
2855:S2CID
2757:S2CID
2679:S2CID
2634:S2CID
2430:S2CID
2204:(PDF)
2128:5 May
1969:S2CID
1768:S2CID
1722:S2CID
1515:algae
1504:squid
1469:slugs
1318:worms
1269:Birds
1155:of a
1153:Teeth
916:tusks
837:horse
825:Horse
757:whale
538:odous
532:ὀδούς
528:Greek
519:Latin
509:*
502:*
449:tą̄þi
447:*
440:*
433:*
428:tanþs
426:*
418:teeth
398:*
384:h₁ed-
382:*
375:*
367:tanþs
365:*
358:tooth
330:fangs
271:tusks
267:pikas
263:hares
243:voles
129:teeth
121:tooth
107:[
96:12516
67:Latin
35:Tooth
3463:ISBN
3356:PMID
3348:ISSN
3310:ISBN
3271:PMID
3234:ISBN
3217:2015
3186:PMID
3136:ISBN
3097:PMID
3058:ISBN
2995:ISBN
2886:ISBN
2847:PMID
2839:ISSN
2792:OCLC
2782:ISBN
2749:PMID
2741:ISSN
2669:ISBN
2626:PMID
2608:ISSN
2545:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2422:PMID
2414:ISSN
2371:here
2347:ISBN
2261:ISBN
2237:ISBN
2216:2010
2180:ISBN
2156:2014
2130:2020
2108:2014
2049:PMID
2000:2015
1961:PMID
1912:PMID
1817:PMID
1760:PMID
1714:PMID
1679:PMID
1636:ISBN
1463:and
1296:The
1195:stem
1173:Fish
1166:and
1144:Fish
1100:and
796:and
731:dogs
650:for
523:dēns
507:and
481:and
312:and
265:and
251:mice
245:and
164:gums
158:and
152:food
139:(or
137:jaws
79:MeSH
72:dens
3437:doi
3398:hdl
3340:doi
3263:doi
3259:164
3176:PMC
3168:doi
3089:doi
2955:NPR
2933:doi
2929:136
2923:".
2831:doi
2819:609
2731:hdl
2723:doi
2661:doi
2616:PMC
2598:doi
2465:doi
2404:doi
2400:296
2039:PMC
1992:ABC
1951:doi
1902:PMC
1894:doi
1844:doi
1807:PMC
1799:doi
1795:199
1752:doi
1748:117
1706:doi
1669:doi
1665:130
1535:GPa
854:bit
802:In
729:In
713:In
580:of
547:dát
464:Cf.
435:-iz
400:-nt
332:of
125:pl.
91:FMA
3509::
3489:.
3433:44
3431:.
3427:.
3410:^
3394:25
3392:.
3376:^
3362:.
3354:.
3346:.
3336:86
3334:.
3330:.
3297:^
3277:.
3269:.
3257:.
3253:.
3206:.
3184:,
3174:,
3164:12
3162:,
3150:^
3134:.
3103:.
3095:.
3085:14
3083:.
3017:.
2981:^
2970:.
2953:.
2927:.
2907:64
2905:.
2853:.
2845:.
2837:.
2829:.
2817:.
2813:.
2790:.
2755:.
2747:.
2739:.
2729:.
2721:.
2709:.
2705:.
2677:,
2667:,
2655:,
2632:.
2624:.
2614:.
2606:.
2596:.
2584:.
2580:.
2543:.
2489:^
2477:^
2463:.
2453:19
2451:.
2428:.
2420:.
2412:.
2398:.
2394:.
2333:^
2206:.
2164:^
2069:.
2047:.
2035:50
2033:.
2029:.
1990:.
1967:.
1959:.
1949:.
1939:11
1937:.
1933:.
1910:.
1900:.
1888:.
1884:.
1865:.
1842:.
1838:.
1815:.
1805:.
1793:.
1789:.
1766:.
1758:.
1746:.
1734:^
1720:.
1712:.
1702:38
1700:.
1677:.
1663:.
1659:.
1620:^
1562:.
1541:.
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