Emirate of Transjordan

2055:

appointed central administration was mainly staffed by Arab nationalist exiles. The first government was composed of four Syrians, a Palestinian, a Hijazi and only one native Transjordanian. The British offered financial assistance, administrative guidance and military support from Palestine upon request and maintained a watchful position. The sole organised and effective military force at hand was a Hijazi household army of some 200 men under Hashemite command. Peake's Reserve Force was still under construction and dysfunctional. (pg 40); From early 1922 until the autumn of 1923 the country enjoyed a period of stability during which the central administration succeeded in asserting its authority over the settled population. A change of personalities, resulting in more sympathetic British Representatives, Abdullah's recognition of his precarious situation, and an improved attitude of the Palestine government towards the independent administration of the country, contributed to the stabilisation of Transjordan and the subjugation of the settled tribes to the government's authority. More importantly, the resurrection of the Reserve Force, later renamed the Arab Legion, allowed for this success. (pg 49); Thus, in the summer of 1922, the government managed to gain the submission of the settled and semi-settled tribes. Peake and Philby reported on the satisfactory collection of taxes and good public order.45 Macan Abu Nowar asserts that, as early as August 1922, Abdullah could already point to several achievements in the process of state-building. His government maintained law and order, improved tax-collection, opened new schools and clinics, built roads, established telegraph and post office services and created sharci and civil courts. (pg 50)"

3060:, pp. 228–230: "In September, 1920, Lord Curzon had instructed his representatives in Paris to leave the eastern boundary of Palestine for subsequent definition. While treating Transjordan as a separate entity from the Damascus state, formed by the French after Maysalun, the foreign secretary wished to avoid any “definite connection” between it and Palestine, thus leaving the way open for the establishment there, “should it become advisable,” of some form of independent Arab government. In November Hubert Young maintained that Great Britain would have difficulty refuting the contention that in 1915 Sir Henry McMahon had pledged to acknowledge the independence of the Arabs in Transjordan, although Palestine had been intentionally excluded. The Zionists, however, simultaneously argued for the incorporation of Transjordan into Palestine... The occasion of the Cairo Conference offered an opportunity to clarify the matter. As Lloyd George and Churchill both agreed, the solution consisted of treating Transjordan as “an Arab province or adjunct of Palestine” while at the same time “preserving Arab character of the area and administration.”... Despite the objection from Eric Forbes Adam in the Middle East Department that it was better not to raise the question of different treatment publicly by suggesting new amendments or additions to the mandates, the legal officers of the Colonial and Foreign offices, meeting on 21 March 1921, deemed it advisable, as a matter of prudence, to insert in advance general clauses giving the mandatory “certain discretionary powers” in applying the Palestine and Mesopotamia mandates to Transjordan and Kurdistan respectively" 2065:

to the Ottoman defeat in World War I and to the eventual establishment of the various Arab states. Jordan originally fell under the rule of King Faisal, son of Sharif Hussein and the principal military leader of the Arab Revolt. Jordanians, along with their Arab brothers from other regions, served in the new Arab government and sat in its parliament. After King Faisal was forced from the throne in July 1920 by the French military, the British high commissioner of Palestine, Sir Herbert Samuel, went to the town of Salt in Transjordan and declared that the territory, as had been secretly agreed by the British and French in the Sykes-Picot Agreement during World War I, was part of the British Mandatory Palestine. Amir (Prince) Abdullah, a younger son of Sharif Hussein, arrived in Jordan in the fall of 1920 with the intent of regaining Damascus for his Hashemite family. Because he had gained a following, the British decided to recognise his leadership in that territory and provide him with a subsidy in exchange for his not pursuing his original Damascus intentions. This arrangement was confirmed in a 27 March 1921, meeting between then colonial secretary, Winston Churchill, and Amir Abdullah. In addition, Jordan was officially removed from Britain's Palestine mandate and given a mandate status of its own. Between the two world wars, Amir Abdullah, with considerable assistance from Britain, established Hashemite authority in Jordan, basing his rule in the new capital of Amman."

2817:. Unable to stop him, Kirkbride decided to welcome him instead. With Abdullah's arrival, the National Government of Moab went out of existence. Buoyed by his easy success, he decided to proceed to Amman. By the end of March 1921, Abdullah and his small army had effectively occupied most of Trans-Jordan unopposed... There seemed to be only two options. Either the British army had to be sent in to evict him or the French had to be allowed to cross the frontier to accomplish the task. Both courses of action were considered to be completely unacceptable. The government was simply not prepared to go to the expense of sending an army to fight in a territory of such marginal importance as Trans-Jordan, and it was equally inconceivable that British policy would permit French intervention and occupation of the area. There was, however, another alternative, which was suggested by Churchill. He observed that it was most important that the government of Trans-Jordan be compatible with that of Iraq because British strategy called for a direct overland link between Egypt and the Persian Gulf, which would have to cross both territories. Since in the meantime Feisal had been given the throne of Iraq, it might well serve British purposes to make his brother, Abdullah, ruler of Trans-Jordan or to appoint an indigenous leader approved by him. 2035:

determined along the territories of Palestine and Trans-Jordan. Philby's relinquishment of the Negev was necessary, because the future of this area was uncertain. In a discussion regarding the southern boundary, the Egyptian aspiration to acquire the Negev area was presented. On the other hand the southern part of Palestine belonged, according to one of the versions, to the sanjak (district) of Ma'an within the vilayet (province) of Hejaz. King Hussein of Hijaz demanded to receive this area after claiming that a transfer action, to add it to the vilayet of Syria (A-Sham) was supposed to be done in 1908. It is not clear whether this action was completed. Philby claimed that Emir Abdullah had his father's permission to negotiate over the future of the sanjak of Ma'an, which was actually ruled by him, and that he could therefore 'afford to concede' the area west of the Arava in favour of Palestine. This concession was made following British pressure and against the background of the demands of the Zionist Organization for direct contact between Palestine and the Red Sea. It led to the inclusion of the Negev triangle in Palestine's territory, although this area was not considered as part of the country in the many centuries that preceded the British occupation."

2201:, England in Palestine, p51, "The High Commissioner had ... only been in office a few days when Emir Faisal ... had to flee his kingdom" and "The departure of Faisal and the breaking up of the Emirate of Syria left the territory on the east side of Jordan in a puzzling state of detachment. It was for a time no-man's-land. In the Ottoman regime the territory was attached to the Vilayet of Damascus; under the Military Administration it had been treated a part of the eastern occupied territory which was governed from Damascus; but it was now impossible that that subordination should continue, and its natural attachment was with Palestine. The territory was, indeed, included in the Mandated territory of Palestine, but difficult issues were involved as to application there of the clauses of the Mandate concerning the Jewish National Home. The undertakings given to the Arabs as to the autonomous Arab region included the territory. Lastly, His Majesty's Government were unwilling to embark on any definite commitment, and vetoed any entry into the territory by the troops. The Arabs were therefore left to work out their destiny." 1901: 1781: 1404: 2025:

of the Damascus Vilayet during Ottoman times, though boundaries had never been very precise. It was seized first by the Army as it pushed north from Aqaba after 1917 and had then been included in O.E.T.A. East and, later, in Faisal's kingdom of Syria. Husain, however, had never accepted this and had stationed a Vali alongside Faisal's administrator, but the two men had worked in harmony so that the dispute never came to an open struggle. After Faisal's exile, the French mandate boundary had excluded this area and the British then considered it to be part of the Syrian rump which became Transjordan, though nothing was done to realise that claim, so Hejaz administration held de facto control. Britain had, however, made its position clear in August 1924 when it cabled Bullard: "Please inform King Hussein officially that H.M.G. cannot acquiesce in his claim to concern himself directly with the administration of any portion of the territory of Transjordan for which H.M.G. are responsible under the mandate for Palestine""

2085:

Transjordan; but by a resolution of the Council of the League of Nations, passed in September 1922, at the suggestion of the British Government, certain provisions of the Mandate for Palestine were, in accordance with Article 25 of that Mandate, declared not applicable in the territory lying east of the Jordan and the Dead Sea. It was further provided in the application of the Mandate to Transjordan that the action which in Palestine is taken by the Administration of Palestine will be taken by the Administration of Transjordan under the general supervision of the Mandatory. A declaration by the British Government was approved to the effect that His Majesty's Government accepts full responsibility as Mandatory for Transjordan, and undertakes that such provision as may be made for the administration of that territory shall be in no way inconsistent with those provisions of the Mandate which are not declared inapplicable by the resolution."

644: 1374:

recognise and support the independence of the Arabs in those portions of the (Turkish) vilayet of Damascus in which they are free to act without detriment to French interests. The western boundary of the Turkish vilayet of Damascus before the war was the River Jordan. Palestine and Trans-Jordan do not, therefore, stand upon quite the same footing. At the same time, the two areas are economically interdependent, and their development must be considered as a single problem. Further, His Majesty's Government have been entrusted with the Mandate for "Palestine". If they wish to assert their claim to Trans-Jordan and to avoid raising with other Powers the legal status of that area, they can only do so by proceeding upon the assumption that Trans-Jordan forms part of the area covered by the Palestine Mandate. In default of this assumption Trans-Jordan would be left, under article 132 of the

881: 1954:, citing that the nation was not "fully independent" of British control. This resulted in another treaty in March 1948 with Britain in which all restrictions on sovereignty were removed. Despite this, Jordan was not a full member of the United Nations until 14 December 1955. The Anglo-American treaty, also known as the Palestine Mandate Convention, permitted the US to delay any unilateral British action to terminate the mandate. The earlier proclamation of the independence of Syria and Lebanon had said "the independence and sovereignty of Syria and Lebanon will not affect the juridical situation as it results from the Mandate Act. Indeed, this situation could be changed only with the agreement of the Council of the League of Nations, with the consent of the Government of the United States, a signatory of the Franco-American Convention of 4 April 1924". 869: 803: 1961:. That meant termination would generally be recognized upon the admission of Transjordan into the United Nations as a fully independent country. Members of the U.S. Congress introduced resolutions demanding that the U.S. Representative to the United Nations be instructed to seek postponement of any international determination of the status of Transjordan until the future status of Palestine as a whole was determined. The U.S. State Department also received a legal argument from Rabbis Wise and Silver objecting to the independence of Transjordan. At the 1947 Pentagon Conference, the U.S. advised Great Britain it was withholding recognition of Transjordan pending a decision on the Palestine question by the United Nations. 407: 1794: 1388: 656: 1833: 2958:, p. 53: "Abdullah began by suggesting the unification of Palestine and Transjordan under an Arab ruler, or the unification of Transjordan and Iraq. Both ideas were firmly squashed. In the end he agreed to take responsibility for Transjordan alone for a period of six months. .........It was further agreed that no British troops would be stationed there... With this agreement, the division of the Fertile Crescent into separate states dominated by either Britain or France was completed. Despite the short term nature of the arrangement, Transjordan proved to be a lasting creation. For Abdullah himself his six months lasted a lifetime. 1509:, elder son of Britain's wartime Arab ally Hussein bin Ali, was placed on the throne of Transjordan. The applicable parts of the Mandate for Palestine were stated in a decision of 16 September 1922, which provided for the separate administration of Transjordan. The government of the territory was, subject to the mandate, formed by Abdullah, brother of King Faisal I of Iraq, who had been at Amman since February 1921. Britain recognized Transjordan as an independent government on 15 May 1923, and gradually relinquished control, limiting its oversight to financial, military and foreign policy matters. This affected the goals of 1451:). The conference provided the political blueprint for British administration in both Iraq and Transjordan, and in offering these two regions to the sons of Hussein bin Ali, Churchill stated that the spirit, if not the letter, of Britain's wartime promises to the Arabs might be fulfilled. After further discussions between Churchill and Abdullah in Jerusalem, it was mutually agreed that Transjordan was accepted into the Palestine mandatory area as an Arab country apart from Palestine with the proviso that it would be, initially for six months, under the nominal rule of the emir Abdullah and that it would not form part of the 1848:

statement had been agreed in October 1922 following the approval of the revised Mandate on 16 September 1922 with publication made conditional on completion of a probationary period) in Amman on 25 May 1923: "Subject to the approval of the League of Nations, His Britannic Majesty will recognise the existence of an independent Government in Trans-jordan under the rule of His Highness the Amir Abdullah, provided that such Government is constitutional and places His Britannic Majesty in a position to fulfil his international obligations in respect of the territory by means of an Agreement to be concluded with His Highness"

1965:

Nations had not been carried out. The British representative responded that the League of Nations had already approved the termination of the mandate in Transjordan. When the issue was voted on, Transjordan's application achieved the required total number of votes, but was vetoed by the Soviet Union which did not approve membership of any countries with which it did not have diplomatic relations. This problem and similar problems caused by vetoes of the memberships of Ireland, Portugal, Austria, Finland and Italy took several years and many votes to solve. Jordan was finally admitted to membership on 14 December 1955.

1411:"On the assumption that ... provision is made in some way in final political arrangements as regards Trans-Jordania for its inclusion within the boundaries of Palestine as eventually fixed, but under a form of administration different from that of Palestine, however undesirable it may be for His Majesty's Government themselves to propose alterations of the mandates at this stage, they were inclined to view that when the "A" mandates come to be considered by the Council of the League it would be wise in this case to propose to that body the insertion...after article 24 of the Palestine mandate..." 1824: 4882: 82: 3555:: "On the 25th April 1923, at Amman, the High Commissioner announced that, subject to the approval of the League of Nations, His Majesty's Government would recognise the existence of an independent Government in Transjordan under the rule of His Highness the Amir Abdulla, provided that such Government was constitutional and placed His Britannic Majesty's Government in a position to fulfil its international obligations in respect of the territory by means of an agreement to be concluded between the two Governments. The agreement has not yet been concluded." 1806: 1459: 115: 98: 914: 1601: 1395:"His Majesty's Government have been entrusted with the Mandate for 'Palestine'. If they wish to assert their claim to Trans-Jordan and to avoid raising with other Powers the legal status of that area, they can only do so by proceeding upon the assumption that Trans-Jordan forms part of the area covered by the Palestine Mandate. In default of this assumption Trans-Jordan would be left, under article 132 of the Treaty of Sèvres, to the disposal of the principal Allied Powers." 1943:" when the ruling 'Amir' was re-designated as 'King' by the parliament of Transjordan on the day it ratified the Treaty of London. 25 May is still celebrated as independence day in Jordan although officially the mandate for Transjordan ended on 17 June 1946 when in accordance with the Treaty of London the ratifications were exchanged in Amman and Transjordan gained full independence. In 1949 the country's official name was changed to the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan". 1276:. In 1918 the British Foreign Office noted the Arab position East of the Jordan, Biger wrote: "At the beginning of 1918, soon after the southern part of Palestine was conquered, the Foreign Office determined that Faisal’s authority over the area that he controls on the Eastern side of the Jordan river should be recognized. We can confirm this recognition of ours even if our forces do not currently control major parts of Transjordan.’" In March 1920, the Hashemite 6798: 6808: 1443:, and others gathered in Cairo, Egypt. An additional outstanding question was the policy to be adopted in Transjordan to prevent anti-French military actions from being launched within the allied British zone of influence. The Hashemites were Associated Powers during the war, and a peaceful solution was urgently needed. The two most significant decisions of the conference were to offer the throne of Iraq to emir Faisal ibn Hussein (who became 1977: 1199: 446: 1545:(or sub-governor) at Ma'an, whereas the kaymakam at Aqaba, who "disregarded both Husein in Mecca and Feisal in Damascus with impunity" had been instructed by Hussein to extend his authority to Ma'an. This technical dispute did not rise to any form of open struggle, and the Kingdom of Hejaz was to take de facto control after Faisal's administration was defeated by the French. Following the 1924–25 1474:, which brought Transjordan under the Palestine mandate and stated that in that territory, Britain could 'postpone or withhold' those articles of the Mandate concerning a Jewish national home. It was approved by Curzon on 31 March 1921, and the revised final draft of the mandate (including Transjordan) was forwarded to the League of Nations on 22 July 1922. In August 1922, the British government 2015:

assistant legal adviser to the Foreign Office. Their suggestion, on the 25th by Shuckburgh, was that...a clause be inserted in each of the mandates ... The first draft of Article 25 was originally worded "to postpone the application of such provisions," but was altered at Shuckburgh's initiative since "'postpone' means, or may be taken to mean, that we are going to apply them eventually""

1868:

our own interpretation of those pledges the country East of the Jordan – though not the country West of the Jordan – falls within the area in respect of which we promised during the war to recognise and support the independence of the Arabs. Transjordan is in a wholly different position from Palestine and it was considered necessary that special arrangements should be made there

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to respond to Transjordanian demands for a fully sovereign and independent state, a failure that led to widespread disaffection with the treaty among Transjordanians, prompting them to seek a national conference (25 July 1928), the first of its kind, to examine the articles of the treaty and adopt a plan of political action.

2812:

In January 1921, it was reported in Kerak that Abdullah was advancing toward the town at the head of his army. Kirkbride appealed to Samuel for instructions. The political officer had a total force of only 50 Arab policemen at his disposal and quite simply did not know what to do. Several weeks later

2252:

Lord Curzon in August 1921: "His Majesty's Government are already treating 'Trans-Jordania' as separate from the Damascus State, while at the same time avoiding any definite connection between it and Palestine, thus leaving the way open for the establishment there, should it become advisable, of some

2064:

Gubser wrote: "During World War I, Transjordan (as it was then called) was the scene of most of the fighting of the great Arab Revolt against Ottoman rule. Assisted by the British and the famous Lawrence of Arabia (T. E. Lawrence), Sharif Hussein of Mecca led this successful revolt, which contributed

2024:

Baker explained that "The British had moved in to take advantage of the situation created by Husain's presence in Aqaba and pressed for the annexation of the Hejaz Vilayet of Ma'an to the mandated territory of Transjordan. This disputed area, containing Maan, Aqaba and Petra, had originally been part

1964:

Transjordan applied for membership of the United Nations on 26 June 1946. The Polish representative said that he did not object to the independence of Transjordan, but requested that the application be postponed for a year on the grounds that legal procedures required by the Covenant of the League of

1867:

It is not part of Palestine but it is part of the area administered by the British Government under the authority of the Palestine Mandate. The special arrangements there really go back to the old controversy about our war time pledges to the Arabs which I have no wish to revive. The point is that on

3916:

See Foreign relations of the United States diplomatic papers, 1941. The British Commonwealth; the Near East and Africa Volume III (1941), pages 809–810; and Statement of General de Gaulle of 29 November 1941, concerning the Mandate for Syria and Lebanon, Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International

3738:

The Assembly...Recalls the role of the League in assisting Iraq to progress from its status under an "A" Mandate to a condition of complete independence, welcomes the termination of the mandated status of Syria, the Lebanon, and Transjordan, which have, since the last session of the Assembly, become

2044:

From "Observations on Dr. Weizmann's letter to the Secretary of State for the Colonies with Reference to Transjordania," Major Somerset and Captain Peake, 14 March 1921, CO 733/15. Wilson notes that the letter was written to refute Weizmann's 1 March 1921 letter to Churchill in which Weizmann argues

1881:

Transjordan remained under British control until the first-Transjordanian treaty was concluded in 1928. Transjordan became nominally independent, although the British still maintained a military presence and control of foreign affairs and retained some financial control over the Emirate. This failed

3104:

86. This Order In Council Shall Not Apply To Such Parts Of The Territory Comprised In Palestine To The East Of The Jordan And The Dead Sea As Shall Be Defined By Order Of The High Commissioner. Subject To The Provisions Of Article 25 Of The Mandate, The High Commissioner May May Make Such Provision

1877:

Transfer of most administrative functions occurred in 1928, including the creation of the post of High Commissioner for Transjordan. The status of the mandate was not altered by the agreement between the United Kingdom and the Emirate concluded on 20 February 1928. It recognised the existence of an

3001:

In return for providing a rudimentary administration and obviating the need for British military occupation, Abdullah in March 1921 gained assurance from Churchill, then Colonial Secretary, that no Jews would be allowed to settle in Transjordan. That guarantee effectively created Transjordan as an

2014:

Klieman writes: "Accordingly, Churchill cabled the Colonial Office on 21 March, asking whether the Cairo proposals would necessitate any special provisions being made in the two mandates...Upon receipt of this cable informal consultation took place between the Colonial Office legal adviser and the

1892:, the status of the mandate was not altered by the agreement between the United Kingdom and the Emirate concluded on 20 February 1928 which recognized the existence of an independent government in Transjordan and defined and limited its powers. The ratifications were exchanged on 31 October 1929." 1373:

Distinction to be drawn between Palestine and Trans-Jordan under the Mandate. His Majesty's Government are responsible under the terms of the Mandate for establishing in Palestine a national home for the Jewish people. They are also pledged by the assurances given to the Sherif of Mecca in 1915 to

1334:

and give advice to local leaders in the territory. Following Curzon's instruction Samuel set up a meeting with Transjordanian leaders where he presented British plans for the territory. The local leaders were reassured that Transjordan would not come under Palestinian administration and that there

1608:

With respect to the demographics, in 1924 the British stated: "No census of the population has been taken, but the figure is thought to be in the neighbourhood of 200,000, of whom some 10,000 are Circassians and Chechen; there are about 15,000 Christians and the remainder, in the main, are Moslem

1492:, which established the legal basis for the Mandatory Government in Palestine, explicitly excluded Transjordan from its application apart from giving the High Commissioner some discretionary power there. In April/May 1923 Transjordan was granted a degree of independence with Abdullah as ruler and 2054:

Alon writes: "Abdullah accepted Churchill's offer and returned to Amman to organise his new rule. He dissolved the local governments formed by the British and established three administrative provinces (liwa’): cAjlun, Balqa’ and Karak. On 11 April 1921 he formed his first government. The newly

1847:

Transfer of authority to an Arab government took place gradually in Transjordan, starting with Abdullah's appointment as Emir of Transjordan on 1 April 1921, and the formation of his first government on 11 April 1921. The independent administration was recognised in a statement made public (the

2034:

Biger described this meeting as follows: "Sovereignty over the Arava, from the south of the Dead Sea to Aqaba, was also discussed. Philby agreed, in Trans-Jordan's name, to give up the western bank of Wadi Arava (and thus all of the Negev area). Nevertheless, a precise borderline was still not

3100:: "The Palestine Order in Council. ...The 10th day of August, 1922. ...And whereas the Principal Allied Powers have also agreed that the Mandatory should be responsible for putting into effect the declaration originally made on November 2, 1917, by the Government of His Britannic Majesty, ... 2084:

Bentwich wrote: "An agreement was made in February 1928, between His Britannic Majesty and the Emir of Transjordan, varying in important respects the execution of the Mandate for Transjordan which was conferred with the Mandate for Palestine in 1922. There was, indeed, no separate Mandate for

1487:

Abdullah established his government on 11 April 1921. Britain administered the part west of the Jordan as Palestine, and the part east of the Jordan as Transjordan. Technically they remained one mandate, but most official documents referred to them as if they were two separate mandates. The

3672:

1919 Foreign Relations of the United States, vol. XIII, Paris Peace Conference (1947), p. 100. For a summary of the Agreement of 20 February 1928, between the United Kingdom and the Emir of Transjordan, see Bentwich, "The Mandate for Transjordan", X Brit. Yb. Int'l L. (1929)

1934:

was signed by the British Government and the Emir of Transjordan on 22 March 1946 as a mechanism to recognise the full independence of Transjordan upon ratification by both countries parliaments. Transjordan's impending independence was recognized on 18 April 1946 by the

1580:

where the Iraq-Najd boundary terminated", thereby implicitly confirming this as the point at which the Iraq-Nejd boundary became the Transjordan-Nejd boundary. This followed a proposal from Lawrence in January 1922 that Transjordan be extended to include

1560:

region was added to Palestine on 10 July 1922, having been conceded by British representative John Philby "in Trans-Jordan's name". Abdullah made a request for the Negev to be added to Transjordan in late 1922, and again in 1925, but this was rejected.

3105:

For The Administration Of Any Territories So Defined As Aforesaid As With The Approval Of The Secretary Of State May be prescribed. ... Given at Our Court at Saint James's this Fourteenth day of August, 1922, in the Thirteenth Year of Our Reign."

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he received the following reply from Jerusalem: "It is considered most unlikely that the Emir Abdullah would advance into territory which is under British control... Two days later Abdullah's troops marched into British-controlled

1478:

to the League of Nations stating that Transjordan would be excluded from all the provisions dealing with Jewish settlement, and this memorandum was communicated to the League on 12 August and approved by it on 16 September.

1513:, which sought a state on both banks of the Jordan. The movement claimed that it effectively severed Transjordan from Palestine, and so reduced the area on which a future Jewish state in the region could be established. 3965: 3947: 1378:, to the disposal of the principal Allied Powers. Some means must be found of giving effect in Trans-Jordan to the terms of the Mandate consistently with "recognition and support of the independence of the Arabs". 3929: 2045:

for the inclusion of Transjordan in the Jewish National Home area: "The beautiful Trans-Jordanian plateaux... lie neglected and uninhabited, save for a few scattered settlements and a few roaming Bedouin tribes."

2074:

Article 1 of the February 1928 agreement stated: "His Highness the Amir agrees that His Britannic Majesty shall be represented in Trans-Jordan by a British Resident acting on behalf of the High Commissioner for

1549:, Hussein's army fled to the Ma'an region, which was then formally announced as annexed by Abdullah's Transjordan. Ibn Saud privately agreed to respect this position in an exchange of letters at the time of the 3723: 2553:..the Ottoman collapse in November 1918 opened the way for their triumphal entry into Damascus – an occasion that Husayn marked by annexing Ma'an and its hinterland (including Aqaba) to the Hejaz. 3578: 3156: 1284:

in Damascus which encompassed most of what later became Transjordan. At this point, the sparsely inhabited southern part of Transjordan was claimed by both Faisal's Syria and his father's

6785: 750:, initialled an agreed memorandum. The agreement was ratified by their respective governments on 9 and 16 May 1916. The agreement allocated to Britain control of what is today southern 2772:, p. 48: "Abdullah's arrival in Ma’an on 21 November threatened to disrupt Samuel's cosy arrangement. According to reports, Abdullah had a force of 300 men and six machine guns." 854:

was completed in 1908 and greatly facilitated the Hajj pilgrimage along the Syrian route from Damascus as well as extending the Ottoman military and administrative reach southwards.

1752:

into southern parts of his territory. The emir was powerless to repel those raids by himself, and had to appeal for help to the British who maintained a military base with a small

1900: 3794: 4195: 6596: 3963: 3945: 3927: 1403: 6887: 1427:, then Britain's Colonial Secretary. With the mandates of Palestine and Iraq awarded to Britain, Churchill wished to consult with Middle East experts. At his request, 421: 3699: 791: 1780: 1572:

between Iraq and Nejd. It described the western end of the Iraq-Nejd boundary as "the Jebel Anazan situated in the neighbourhood of the intersection of latitude

5001: 2254: 3350: 2540: 2241:

Politically, Transjordan was no-man's-land where the British, the French, Faysal's emissaries, Palestinian nationalists and even Turks were all active in...

5455: 4817: 4016:, pp. 138–139, 29 August 1946; S/PV.57. In favour: Brazil, China, Egypt, France, Mexico, Netherlands, UK, USA. Against: Poland, USSR. Abstention: Australia 3416: 3176: 1609:

Arabs." No census was taken throughout the British mandate period, but the population was estimated to have grown to 300,000 – 350,000 by the early 1940s.

742:. The primary negotiations leading to the agreement occurred between 23 November 1915 and 3 January 1916, on which date the British and French diplomats, 1322:

or, as Samuel put it, "..left politically derelict". In August 1920, Sir Herbert Samuel's request to extend the frontier of British territory beyond the

1330:, proposed instead that British influence in Transjordan should be advanced by sending a few political officers, without military escort, to encourage 611:

in Palestine, and "uniting" both banks of the Jordan river, it was constitutionally renamed the "Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan", commonly referred to as

2132:, "The Emirate of Transjordan was founded on April 11, 1921, and became the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan upon formal independence from Britain in 1946" 1564:

The location of the Eastern border between Transjordan and Iraq was considered strategic with respect to the proposed construction of what became the

6169: 1957:

The U.S. adopted the policy that formal termination of the mandate with respect to Transjordan would follow the earlier precedent established by the

643: 6892: 3548: 680: 6763:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

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Arab country apart from Palestine, where the British commitment to a "national home" remained a delicate problem between Abdullah and the British.

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that the British Government intended to take steps in the near future to establish Transjordan as a fully independent and sovereign state. The

6328: 6756: 6739: 6617: 2125: 6857: 6208: 4728: 4159: 4126: 3895: 3455: 2988: 2510: 1227: 1121: 863: 327: 4761: 4695: 4459: 4327: 3386: 2174: 5898: 5892: 4994: 3132: 2228: 148: 6862: 5954: 880: 683:. In the letters – particularly that of 24 October 1915 – the British government agreed to recognize Arab independence after the war 4810: 1958: 1913: 3784: 3751: 1904:

1946 Treaty of Alliance between His Majesty in respect of the United Kingdom and His Highness the Amir of Trans-Jordan, cmd. 6779

1107: 787: 538: 3546:

Report by His Britannic Majesty's Government on the Administration Under Mandate of Palestine and Transjordan for the Year 1924.

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independent government in Transjordan and defined and limited its powers. The ratifications were exchanged on 31 October 1929."

6852: 5802: 4179: 3718: 1927: 1539:

administered by OETA East (later the Arab Kingdom of Syria, and then Mandatory Transjordan) and claimed by the Kingdom of Hejaz

826:. The inhabitants of northern Transjordan had traditionally associated with Syria, and those of southern Transjordan with the 6847: 6163: 4987: 4755: 4722: 4689: 4656: 4597: 4555: 4534: 4485: 4453: 4387: 4354: 4321: 4288: 4255: 4222: 4153: 4120: 3889: 3449: 3126: 2940: 2675: 2630: 2591: 2504: 2360: 2222: 608: 4662: 4629: 4603: 4561: 4426: 4393: 4360: 4294: 4261: 4228: 2898: 2799: 2636: 2597: 2253:

form of independent Arab government, perhaps by arrangement with King Hussein or other Arab chiefs concerned.": quote from:

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to be established west of the River Jordan. Abdullah was then appointed Emir of the Transjordania region in April 1921.

629: 600:

became the "Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan", achieving full independence on 17 June 1946 when in accordance with the

4076: 782:, was to fall under an "international administration". The agreement was initially used directly as the basis for the 6837: 6321: 5514: 4859: 4420: 4011: 3995: 3827: 3682:

Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) 631

3588: 3380: 3078: 3057: 2982: 2793: 2669: 2451: 2445: 2393: 2387: 1265: 802: 673: 3833: 1521:

The southern border between Transjordan and Arabia was considered strategic for Transjordan in order to avoid being

868: 6194: 6181: 4969: 1261: 928: 669: 3311: 6832: 6410: 6141: 4979: 2532: 1335:

would be no disarmament or conscription. Samuel's terms were accepted, he returned to Jerusalem, leaving Captain

1220: 739: 81: 4002:"The League of Nations recently, on its deathbed, formally declared Transjordan free from the mandate." (p. 101) 3408: 3173: 6704: 6232: 5846: 5740: 5557: 5241: 4942: 2892: 2160:

Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics XXVI: Papers from the annual symposium on Arabic Linguistics. New York, 2012

1452: 1397:

From 12 to 25 March 1921, the inclusion of Transjordan in the mandate was formulated by the British government.

1187: 1182: 541:; after the British withdrawal in 1919, this region gained de facto recognition as part of the Hashemite-ruled 17: 1351:. Without facing opposition Abdullah and his army had effectively occupied most of Transjordan by March 1921. 6897: 6872: 6867: 6514: 6278: 6029: 5470:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 5367: 5299: 3024: 1856: 1784:

Agreement between His Majesty and the Amir of Trans- Jordan, signed at Jerusalem, 20 February 1928, cmd. 3488

1565: 97: 3693:"Attitude of the United States regarding the granting of independence to Trans-Jordan by the United Kingdom" 3359:, p. 132-133; Amadouny cites Lawrence, 'Transjordan-Extension of Territory', 5 January 1922, CO 733 33. 6314: 5764: 5688: 5664: 5658: 5015: 31: 3172:

Official Gazette of the Government of Palestine, Extraordinary Issue, September 1, 1922, pages 11 and 16;

1764:

between 1922 and 1924, and was also utilized to help Abdullah with the suppression of local rebellions at

1470:

On 21 March 1921, the Foreign and Colonial office legal advisers decided to introduce Article 25 into the

6731: 6397: 5247: 2255:

Empires of the sand: the struggle for mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923, By Efraim Karsh, Inari Karsh

1793: 1737: 1162: 1146: 964: 439: 3545: 3090: 6469: 6246: 6220: 6117: 5886: 4957: 4346:

From coexistence to conquest: international law and the origins of the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1891–1949

3926:

See Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. The Near East and Africa Volume VII (1946), page 798

2828:. Report on Middle East Conference held in Cairo and Jerusalem, Appendix 2, p. 30. June 1921, CO935/1/1 1326:

and to bring Transjordan under his administrative control was rejected. The British Foreign Secretary,

1213: 893: 723:"; conflicting interpretations of this description was to cause great controversy in subsequent years. 655: 3789: 1832: 1387: 6760:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 6403: 6359: 6081: 5792: 5467: 5437: 5195: 4826: 2725:

Martin Sicker, (1999) Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922 p 158.

1305: 1167: 1116: 1102: 794:

to the British. The geographical area that was later to become Transjordan was allocated to Britain.

633: 554: 426: 128: 3944:

See Foreign relations of the United States, 1946. General, the United Nations Volume I, (1946), 411

3864: 2703: 2479: 2421: 747: 6882: 6877: 6584: 6292: 6239: 6147: 6105: 6069: 6023: 5638: 5287: 5229: 1568:. It was first set out on 2 December 1922, in a treaty to which Transjordan was not party to – the 676: 530:

established on 11 April 1921, which remained as such until achieving formal independence in 1946.

6801: 6633: 6508: 6476: 6457: 6123: 6075: 6017: 5726: 5670: 5046: 4937: 4864: 4851: 4191: 1931: 1550: 1546: 1420: 1365:

In early 1921, prior to the convening of the Cairo Conference, the Middle East Department of the

1331: 1126: 601: 570: 314: 200: 4795: 4379:

In the Anglo-Arab Labyrinth: The McMahon-Husayn Correspondence and Its Interpretations 1914-1939

4029:

Yuen-Li Liang (1949). "Conditions of admission of a state to membership in the United Nations".

3615:

Agreement between his Britannic Majesty and His Highness the Amir of Trans-Jordan, February 1928

2147:, p. 75: Wilson cites Political report for Palestine and Transjordan, May 1923, FO 371/8998 2122: 699:. The area of Arab independence was defined to be "in the limits and boundaries proposed by the 6272: 6253: 6129: 6093: 5865: 5853: 5632: 5620: 5508: 5463: 5451: 5082: 2932: 2925: 1860: 1823: 1569: 1538: 1475: 1296:

High Commissioner in Palestine from 1 July 1920 with a remit over the area west of the Jordan.

505: 360: 103: 4712: 4143: 4108: 3879: 3439: 3247: 2972: 2620: 2494: 649:

British government map "illustrating Territorial Negotiations between H.M.G. and King Hussein"

6811: 6417: 5572: 5349: 5331: 5140: 5071: 4845: 4745: 4679: 4443: 4311: 3409:"Mandate for Palestine – Report of the Mandatory to the League of Nations (31 December 1924)" 3370: 3116: 3019: 2581: 2158: 1886: 1471: 1447:) and an emirate of Transjordan (now Jordan) to his brother Abdullah ibn Hussein (who became 1360: 1277: 1111: 578: 542: 412: 132: 2212: 6722: 6540: 6453: 6387: 6365: 6266: 6226: 6135: 6099: 6037: 5962: 5650: 5385: 5379: 5373: 4901: 3962:

Foreign relations of the United States, 1947. The Near East and Africa, Volume V, Page 603

2661:

The Hashemites and the Creation of Transjordan Nadine Méouchy Norig Neveu and Myriam Ababsa

1995: 1530: 1506: 1448: 1340: 1060: 574: 534: 527: 219: 1339:

as the British representative east of the Jordan until the arrival on 21 November 1920 of

8: 6201: 6004: 5911: 5859: 5746: 5734: 5714: 5702: 5614: 5405: 5317: 1939:

during the last meeting of that organization. On 25 May 1946 the Transjordan became the "

1690: 1573: 1510: 1289: 779: 735: 562: 517: 481: 1375: 6447: 6429: 6369: 6260: 5986: 5948: 5924: 5905: 5796: 5343: 5269: 5235: 5134: 5114: 5040: 4947: 4881: 4054: 4046: 3852: 2752: 2691: 2467: 2409: 1577: 1522: 1432: 1315: 1281: 884:

British High Commissioner Herbert Samuel reads a speech in front of a crowd, April 1921

775: 755: 661:

Map signed by Sykes and Picot, enclosed within the official Anglo-French correspondence

558: 3758: 2379:

The Impact of Ottoman Reforms:Tanzimat, administrative boundaries and Ottoman cadastre

2332:

Peter Gruber, (1991) Historical Dictionary of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan p 45-46.

1805: 1458: 1409:

25 March 1921 proposal, approved a week later, to include Transjordan via Article 25:

6807: 6393: 6011: 5976: 5708: 5596: 5544: 5538: 5522: 5361: 5355: 5305: 5275: 5205: 4952: 4906: 4830: 4784: 4751: 4718: 4685: 4652: 4593: 4551: 4530: 4509: 4449: 4416: 4383: 4350: 4317: 4284: 4251: 4218: 4149: 4116: 4058: 3885: 3823: 3584: 3445: 3376: 3235: 3215: 3122: 3102:

Power to exclude Territories to East of Jordan from application of any part of Order.

3074: 3053: 3045: 2978: 2936: 2888: 2789: 2665: 2626: 2587: 2500: 2441: 2383: 2356: 2218: 2164: 1936: 1923: 1852: 1534: 1424: 1051: 1046: 1041: 995: 902: 827: 193: 3015:"Amir Abdullah's Bodyguard on Camels with Red, Green and White Standard at Far Left" 6764: 6697: 6689: 6681: 6609: 6520: 6488: 6375: 6175: 6087: 5872: 5398: 5391: 5293: 5178: 5123: 4916: 4911: 4038: 3822:. Beirut: Presses de l’Ifpo, Institut français du Proche-Orient. pp. 212–221. 2884: 2744: 1444: 1436: 1319: 1285: 1071: 593: 230: 5009: 4476: 2659: 6717: 6494: 6423: 6214: 6153: 5992: 5676: 5578: 5281: 4921: 4646: 4623: 4587: 4545: 4524: 4410: 4377: 4344: 4278: 4245: 4212: 4175: 3969: 3951: 3933: 3727: 3552: 3180: 3160: 3118:

Hybrid sovereignty in the Arab Middle East: the cases of Kuwait, Jordan, and Iraq

3097: 2968: 2878: 2783: 2261: 2198: 2129: 1769: 1722: 1586: 1366: 1273: 1258: 1177: 1141: 1066: 700: 688: 496: 301: 54: 545:, administering an area broadly comprising the areas of the modern countries of 6602: 6590: 6435: 6051: 5980: 5969: 5758: 5720: 5626: 5590: 5584: 5550: 5088: 5011: 4619: 4589:

Britain and Jordan: Imperial Strategy, King Abdullah I and the Zionist Movement

2874: 1947: 1765: 1493: 1440: 1336: 1254: 1136: 1076: 1036: 1000: 835: 830:. There was no Ottoman district known as Transjordan, there were the districts 811: 731: 704: 696: 589: 87: 27:

British protectorate, 1921–1946; predecessor to the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

3163:

Britain is given the Mandate of the League of Nations to Administer Palestine.

2748: 30:

This article is about the 1921–1946 British protectorate. For other uses, see

6826: 6643: 6463: 5644: 5528: 4896: 4412:

Foundations of British policy in the Arab world: the Cairo Conference of 1921

3437: 3071:

Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921

3050:

Foundations of British Policy in the Arab World: The Cairo Conference of 1921

1990: 1982: 1736:

The most serious threats to Abdullah's position in Transjordan were repeated

1600: 1526: 1428: 1203: 1056: 1031: 851: 815: 727: 668:

From July 1915 to March 1916, a series of ten letters were exchanged between

163: 150: 4072: 3645:

See 1919 Foreign Relations, vol. XIII, Paris Peace Conference (1947), p. 100

3320:, p. 181; Biger references 10 July 1922 meeting notes, file 2.179, CZA. 913: 6673: 6381: 5942: 5936: 5917: 5682: 5417: 5324: 5263: 5257: 3917:

Law, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1963) 680–681

2577: 1951: 1919: 1749: 1694: 1323: 873: 771: 730:

was negotiated between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the

684: 468: 4790: 4747:

Politics and the Military in Jordan: A Study of the Arab Legion, 1921–1957

2435: 2377: 1393:

12 March 1921 British memorandum explaining the situation of Transjordan:

6790: 6286: 6187: 5998: 5602: 5502: 5217: 5211: 4478:

Abdallah bin al-Husayn: The Making of an Arab Political Leader, 1908-1921

3817: 2920: 2353:

Frontiers of the State in the Late Ottoman Empire: Transjordan, 1850–1921

1582: 1348: 1250: 1246: 1172: 1097: 692: 4714:

Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922

2785:

Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1922

2664:. Contemporain publications. Presses de l’Ifpo. 2013. pp. 212–221. 2440:. Contemporain publications. Presses de l’Ifpo. 2013. pp. 205–208. 2382:. Contemporain publications. Presses de l’Ifpo. 2013. pp. 198–201. 6063: 6044: 5787: 5566: 5185: 5102: 4050: 3985:. London: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. pp. 126–127. 2756: 1092: 1015: 990: 933: 806:

Ottoman Sanjaks covering the areas of Palestine, Transjordan, and Syria

743: 3254: 2622:

Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question

1264:

led the successful revolt which contributed to the Ottoman defeat and

6709: 5562: 5311: 5095: 1589:, in order to protect Britain's route to India and contain Ibn Saud. 1500: 1005: 974: 585: 4042: 2214:

Jewish-Transjordanian Relations 1921–1948: Alliance of Bars Sinister

6637: 6552: 5831: 5783: 5532: 5459: 5445: 5441: 5411: 5199: 3479: 3476:

The Letters and Papers of Chaim Weizmann, Series A, Vol. 10, p. 161

3438:

Peter Beaumont; Gerald Blake; J. Malcolm Wagstaff (14 April 2016).

1682: 1668: 1542: 1344: 1010: 949: 847: 843: 839: 823: 708: 565:

chose to avoid "any definite connection between it and Palestine".

522:'the emirate east of the Jordan'), officially known as the 3014: 2618: 1760:. The British military force was the primary obstacle against the 1288:. Following the provision of mandate to France and Britain at the 6546: 5879: 5839: 5432: 5189: 5148: 4825: 1672: 1650: 597: 4313:

A Broken Trust: Sir Herbert Samuel, Zionism and the Palestinians

3782: 6556: 5931: 5696: 5474: 5076: 3527: 3271: 3269: 1909: 1761: 1741: 1658: 1638: 1630: 831: 759: 751: 720: 612: 550: 464: 183: 4214:

The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State

3340: 3338: 1946:

When King Abdullah applied for membership in the newly formed

1592:

France transferred the District of Ramtha from Syria in 1921.

6057: 5779: 5251: 4648:

Britain, the Hashemites and Arab Rule: The Sherifian Solution

2156: 1757: 1686: 1654: 1634: 1557: 1269: 954: 767: 546: 142: 3266: 1343:, the brother of recently deposed king Faisal, marched into 588:

dynasty ruled the protectorate, as well as the neighbouring

5608: 3785:"Transjordan, the Hāshimite Kingdom, and the Palestine war" 3627: 3335: 2814: 1745: 1537:, a large area with a small population of just 10,000, was 1503: 1347:

at the head of an army of 300 men from the Hejazi tribe of

1253:

against Ottoman rule. Assisted by the British army officer

969: 959: 763: 716: 712: 472: 4280:

Allenby and British Strategy in the Middle East, 1917-1919

2927:

For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel

2855: 850:

laid the foundation for state formation in the area. The

766:, and an additional small area that included the ports of 573:

was held with the British during which it was agreed that

4109:"The Evolution of the Transjordan-Iraq Boundary, 1915–40" 3503: 2735:

Porath, Y. (1984). "Abdallah's Greater Syria Programme".

2311: 1753: 577:

would administer the territory under the auspices of the

4247:

Historical Dictionary of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

4111:. In Clive H. Schofield and Richard N. Schofield (ed.). 3730:. League of Nations resolution, 18 April 1946 quoted in 3698:. Washington: United States Government Printing Office. 3301: 3299: 569:, moving to Amman on 2 March 1921; later in the month a 4526:

Israel and Palestine: Why They Fight and Can They Stop?

4445:

Britain and Saudi Arabia, 1925–1939: The Imperial Oasis

3558: 3286: 3284: 3195: 3624:

See League of Nations, Official Journal, 1928, p. 1574

2843: 2831: 2140: 2138: 2103: 2101: 1613:

March 1921 British estimate of Transjordan population

6662: 5795:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 3515: 3491: 3441:

The Middle East: A Geographical Study, Second Edition

3296: 2290: 3846:... the creation of the Kingdom of Jordan in 1949... 3368: 3323: 3281: 2949: 2763: 2278: 1972: 876:, August 1920, for which he was admonished by Curzon 846:. In the second half of the nineteenth century, The 510: 61: 4625:

A Crackle of Thorns: Experiences in the Middle East

4013:

Minutes of the 57th meeting of the Security Council

3997:

Minutes of the 57th meeting of the Security Council

2558: 2266: 2135: 2098: 1641:and the Bani Hasan country and the bedouins Mafraq 1314:After the French ended the Kingdom of Syria at the 1240: 4113:The Middle East and North Africa: World Boundaries 3663:League of Nations, Official Journal, 1928, p. 1574 2924: 2658:"The Hashemites and the Creation of Transjordan". 561:, during which period the British in neighbouring 6888:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia 3877: 3431: 2163:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 31. 6824: 2974:The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951 4547:King Abdullah, Britain and the Making of Jordan 1775: 857: 3980: 3819:The Hashemites and the Creation of Transjordan 3216:"Jordan – History – The Making of Transjordan" 3207: 2880:Palestine Papers, 1917-1922: Seeds of Conflict 1435:, Sir Arnold T. Wilson, Iraqi minister of war 1354: 1268:. Ottoman forces were forced to withdraw from 1249:, Transjordan saw much of the fighting of the 623: 6322: 4995: 4811: 4484:(PhD). SOAS Research Online. pp. 45–46. 4028: 3815: 2619:Edward W. Said; Christopher Hitchens (2001). 2496:The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947 2308:Eugene Rogan, The Fall of the Ottomans, p.286 1221: 533:After the Ottoman defeat in World War I, the 6757:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 6740:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 6618:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4211:Eilon, Joab B.; Alon, Yoav (15 April 2007). 3114: 2919: 567:Abdullah entered the region in November 1920 46: 4785:Jordan – History: The making of Transjordan 4522: 4441: 3881:The Creation of States in International Law 3739:independent members of the world community. 3731: 3275: 3214:B.O.C., Business Optimization Consultants. 3201: 2210: 864:Timeline of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 734:and Italy, to define their mutually agreed 6329: 6315: 5002: 4988: 4818: 4804: 4743: 2788:. Greenwood Publishing. pp. 159–161. 2355:. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. 2194: 2192: 1525:, with intended access to the sea via the 1318:, Transjordan became, for a short time, a 1228: 1214: 774:to allow access to the Mediterranean. The 581:with a fully autonomous governing system. 113: 4618: 4210: 4031:The American Journal of International Law 3533: 3108: 2586:. Oxford University Press. pp. 28–. 2583:Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition 2204: 2118: 2116: 1299: 778:, with smaller boundaries than the later 707:" lying to the west of "the districts of 5801:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 4585: 4174: 4106: 4024: 4022: 3633: 3356: 3344: 2931:. Council on Foreign Relations. p. 2157:Reem Khamis-Dakwar; Karen Froud (2014). 1959:French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon 1914:End of the British Mandate for Palestine 1899: 1779: 1599: 1457: 879: 867: 801: 6893:Former countries of the interwar period 4408: 4375: 4309: 4005: 4000:, pp. 100–101, 29 August 1946; S/PV.57. 3989: 3714: 3712: 3705:from the original on 29 September 2018. 3654:Avi Shlaim, Lion of Jordan (2007) p 17. 3576: 2913: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2296: 2272: 2189: 2150: 1541:. In OETA East, Faisal had appointed a 788:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 604:ratifications were exchanged in Amman. 14: 6825: 6786:Historical flags of the British Empire 6770:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 4791:U.S. Library of Congress country study 4710: 4543: 4503: 4342: 4276: 4243: 3983:Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship 3783:Ian J. Bickerton, Kamel S. Abu Jaber. 3734:Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship 3720:Mandates, dependencies and trusteeship 3564: 3521: 3509: 3497: 3485: 3389:from the original on 29 September 2022 3305: 3260: 3222:from the original on 21 September 2011 2955: 2781: 2769: 2734: 2396:from the original on 29 September 2022 2317: 2284: 2231:from the original on 29 September 2022 2144: 2113: 2107: 1928:General Assembly of the United Nations 1863:summarised the status of Transjordan: 1716: 814:, most of Transjordan was part of the 790:in the Levant. Shortly after the war, 703:", with the exception of "portions of 119:The region administered by the Emirate 6661: 6573: 6310: 5819: 5491: 5166: 5059: 4983: 4799: 4731:from the original on 27 December 2019 4677: 4665:from the original on 22 December 2019 4644: 4578: 4564:from the original on 22 December 2019 4491:from the original on 15 December 2020 4396:from the original on 19 December 2019 4363:from the original on 19 December 2019 4330:from the original on 25 December 2019 4297:from the original on 21 December 2019 4184:British Yearbook of International Law 4141: 4079:from the original on 30 December 2013 4073:"Member States of the United Nations" 4019: 3329: 3317: 3290: 2967: 2678:from the original on 14 December 2018 2576: 2513:from the original on 21 December 2019 2492: 2454:from the original on 16 December 2018 2350: 2328: 2326: 1464:first general election in Transjordan 1431:, Sir Percy Cox, T. E. Lawrence, Sir 4474: 4448:. Psychology Press. pp. 41–42. 4145:King Husain and the Kingdom of Hejaz 3974: 3836:from the original on 5 February 2015 3709: 3597:from the original on 12 January 2022 2991:from the original on 1 November 2019 2901:from the original on 12 January 2022 2802:from the original on 11 October 2017 2600:from the original on 19 October 2017 2564: 1895: 1292:in April, the British appointed Sir 797: 792:the French ceded Palestine and Mosul 786:which agreed on a framework for the 6597:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 5440:. British Cameroons is now part of 4586:Bradshaw, Tancred (30 March 2012). 4462:from the original on 13 August 2021 4162:from the original on 13 August 2021 4148:. The Oleander Press. p. 220. 4129:from the original on 13 August 2021 3878:James R. Crawford (15 March 2007). 3027:from the original on 5 October 2015 3007: 1851:During the eleventh session of the 500: 349:• Anglo-Transjordanian treaty 47: 24: 6858:1921 establishments in Transjordan 5456:unilaterally declared independence 5151:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 4764:from the original on 1 August 2020 4698:from the original on 1 August 2020 4678:Patai, Raphael (8 December 2015). 4632:from the original on 1 August 2020 4606:from the original on 23 April 2020 4264:from the original on 1 August 2020 4231:from the original on 23 April 2020 3898:from the original on 1 August 2020 3797:from the original on 10 March 2018 3648: 3458:from the original on 1 August 2020 3372:State, Society, and Land in Jordan 3213: 3147: 2719: 2351:Rogan, Eugene L. (11 April 2002). 2323: 1369:set out the situation as follows: 681:British High Commissioner to Egypt 596:to the south. On 25 May 1946, the 25: 6909: 6663:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 6642:Occupied by Argentina during the 6574: 5820: 4778: 4198:from the original on 29 June 2018 3135:from the original on 22 June 2014 2639:from the original on 29 June 2016 2376:"The Impact of Ottoman Reforms". 2177:from the original on 25 July 2020 1772:, in 1921 and 1923 respectively. 1310:Abdullah's entry into Transjordan 872:Herbert Samuel's proclamation in 480:In 1965, Jordan and Saudi Arabia 339:• Independence announcement 6863:1946 disestablishments in Jordan 6806: 6797: 6796: 6209:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4970:United Nations Trust Territories 4880: 4744:Vatikiotis, P.J. (18 May 2017). 4429:from the original on 9 June 2021 4244:Gubser, Peter (1 January 1991). 4099: 2977:. Clarendon Press. p. 348. 2543:from the original on 23 May 2019 1975: 1950:, his request was vetoed by the 1941:Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan 1831: 1822: 1804: 1792: 1490:Palestine Order in Council, 1922 1482: 1402: 1386: 1241:Arab Revolt and Kingdom of Syria 1197: 912: 670:Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca 654: 642: 444: 419: 405: 96: 80: 4544:Wilson, Mary Christina (1990). 4094: 4065: 3956: 3938: 3920: 3910: 3871: 3809: 3776: 3744: 3685: 3676: 3666: 3657: 3639: 3618: 3609: 3577:Bertram, Anton (16 June 2011). 3570: 3539: 3470: 3419:from the original on 8 May 2019 3401: 3362: 3186: 3166: 3084: 3063: 3039: 2961: 2822: 2775: 2728: 2710: 2651: 2612: 2570: 2533:"Husayn ibn Ali, King of Hejaz" 2525: 2486: 2428: 2369: 2344: 2335: 2302: 2078: 2068: 2058: 2048: 2038: 2028: 2018: 2008: 1926:, announced in a speech at the 784:1918 Anglo–French Modus Vivendi 740:partition of the Ottoman Empire 6705:Australian Antarctic Territory 5561:since 1965 (before as part of 5558:British Indian Ocean Territory 5444:, while Tanganyika is part of 5075:since 1960 (before as part of 4787:, King Hussein's official page 4717:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 4684:. Princeton University Press. 4550:. Cambridge University Press. 3583:. Cambridge University Press. 2246: 1872: 1441:Sasun Effendi (Sasson Heskayl) 1421:Cairo Conference of March 1921 726:Around the same time, another 630:McMahon–Hussein Correspondence 13: 1: 6853:Former countries in West Asia 4523:Wasserstein, Bernard (2008). 4180:"The Mandate for Transjordan" 3884:. OUP Oxford. pp. 579–. 3369:Michael R. Fischbach (2000). 2092: 1857:Permanent Mandates Commission 1595: 618: 579:British Mandate for Palestine 6848:Former British protectorates 5016:British Overseas Territories 4506:The Modern History of Jordan 4343:Kattan, Victor (June 2009). 3488:, p. 229 (footnote 70). 3444:. Routledge. pp. 408–. 2123:Hashemite Monarchs of Jordan 1776:Establishment of the kingdom 1439:, Iraqi minister of finance 1122:Establishment of the Emirate 858:Establishment of the Emirate 32:Transjordan (disambiguation) 7: 6732:British Antarctic Territory 6442:Western Pacific Territories 6336: 4442:Leatherdale, Clive (1983). 2211:Yoav Gelber (22 May 2014). 1968: 1890:Digest of International Law 1725:, 14 March 1921, CO 733/15 1355:Relationship with Palestine 1163:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 818:, primarily the sanjaks of 738:and control in an eventual 624:Relevant British agreements 511: 440:Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan 62: 10: 6914: 6843:League of Nations mandates 6470:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 5887:British Arctic Territories 5167: 5060: 4645:Paris, Timothy J. (2003). 4409:Klieman, Aaron S. (1970). 4316:. I.B.Tauris. p. 84. 3069:Klieman, Aaron S. (1970). 2217:. Routledge. pp. 9–. 1907: 1841:1935 Transjordan passports 1731: 1516: 1466:took place on 2 April 1929 1358: 1303: 1183:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 861: 627: 29: 6781: 6750: 6710:Commonwealth of Australia 6668: 6657: 6628: 6580: 6569: 6535: 6342: 6306: 6112:Newfoundland and Labrador 5826: 5815: 5793:League of Nations mandate 5774: 5498: 5487: 5468:Lancaster House Agreement 5438:League of Nations mandate 5427: 5173: 5162: 5066: 5055: 5022: 4966: 4930: 4889: 4878: 4838: 4620:Kirkbride, Sir Alec Seath 4504:Salibi, Kamal S. (1998). 4475:Rudd, Jeffery A. (1993). 4107:Amadouny, Vartan (2012). 3726:29 September 2022 at the 3605:– via Google Books. 3121:. Macmillan. p. 76. 3096:16 September 2014 at the 2887:, Inc. pp. 116–117. 2749:10.1080/00263208408700579 1799:1930 Transjordan passport 1566:Kirkuk–Haifa oil pipeline 1529:. The southern region of 1496:as chief representative. 1306:Interregnum (Transjordan) 1266:breaking up of its empire 478: 460: 427:Interregnum (Transjordan) 384: 380: 372:• Full independence 370: 357: 347: 337: 324: 311: 307: 297: 293: 283: 273: 263: 253: 243: 239: 229: 225: 213: 209: 199: 189: 179: 138: 129:League of Nations Mandate 124: 112: 76: 71: 41: 6838:Modern history of Jordan 6240:Turks and Caicos Islands 5547:(protectorate) 1907–1949 5492: 5119:(integrated into the UK) 4750:. Taylor & Francis. 4277:Hughes, Matthew (2013). 2625:. Verso. pp. 197–. 2341:Y. Ben Gad (1991) p 105. 2260:22 February 2017 at the 2001: 557:following the July 1920 537:was administered within 482:exchanged some territory 6523:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 6348:18th and 19th centuries 6164:Queen Charlotte Islands 6124:North-Western Territory 6096:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 5699:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 5364:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 5047:Commonwealth of Nations 4711:Sicker, Martin (1999). 4415:. Johns Hopkins Press. 4310:Huneidi, Sahar (2001). 4192:Humphrey Sumner Milford 4142:Baker, Randall (1979). 3981:H. Duncan Hall (1948). 3790:Encyclopædia Britannica 3375:. BRILL. pp. 66–. 3263:, p. 229 (footnote 70). 3192:Avi Shlaim (2007) p 14. 2782:Sicker, Martin (1999). 1547:Saudi conquest of Hejaz 1127:Trans-Jordan memorandum 524:Amirate of Trans-Jordan 180:Official languages 131:administered under the 43:Emirate of Trans-Jordan 6833:Emirate of Transjordan 6273:West Indies Federation 5462:) and continued as an 5045:Current member of the 4508:. London: I B Tauris. 4376:Kedouri, Elie (2014). 3932:7 October 2009 at the 3816:Myriam Ababsa (2013). 2737:Middle Eastern Studies 2716:Avi Shlaim (2007) p 11 2493:Biger, Gideon (2004). 1905: 1870: 1861:Sir John E. Shuckburgh 1811:1930 Transjordan stamp 1785: 1605: 1476:presented a memorandum 1467: 1380: 1300:The path to an Emirate 1132:Emirate of Transjordan 885: 877: 807: 748:François Georges-Picot 609:annexing the West Bank 555:became a no man's land 493:Emirate of Transjordan 6195:Saint Kitts and Nevis 5466:state until the 1979 5072:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3536:, p. 40, 49, 50. 3534:Eilon & Alon 2007 3179:21 March 2019 at the 3115:Gökhan Bacik (2008). 3020:World Digital Library 1903: 1887:U.S. State Department 1865: 1783: 1603: 1551:1927 Treaty of Jeddah 1472:Mandate for Palestine 1461: 1371: 1361:Mandate for Palestine 883: 871: 862:Further information: 805: 634:Sykes–Picot Agreement 592:and, until 1925, the 543:Arab Kingdom of Syria 512:Imārat Sharq al-Urdun 413:Arab Kingdom of Syria 133:Mandate for Palestine 63:Imārat Sharq al-Urdun 6898:Transjordan (region) 6873:1930s in Transjordan 6868:1920s in Transjordan 6723:Realm of New Zealand 6721:(transferred to the 6708:(transferred to the 6541:Realm of New Zealand 6142:Prince Edward Island 6020:1671–1816, 1833–1960 3752:"Treaty of Alliance" 3732:Duncan Hall (1948). 3580:The Colonial Service 2969:Louis, William Roger 2539:. 27 February 2017. 1996:Transjordan (region) 1918:On 17 January 1946, 1453:Jewish national home 1449:Abdullah I of Jordan 1061:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1016:Christian Ghassanids 736:spheres of influence 575:Abdullah bin Hussein 528:British protectorate 6754:Since 2009 part of 6646:of April–June 1982. 6233:Trinidad and Tobago 5847:Antigua and Barbuda 5747:Straits Settlements 4250:. Scarecrow Press. 3968:4 June 2011 at the 3950:4 June 2011 at the 3512:, pp. 104–105. 3159:23 May 2008 at the 1756:at Marka, close to 1649:Balqa', comprising 1614: 1511:Revisionist Zionism 1290:San Remo conference 1085:Emirate and mandate 780:Mandatory Palestine 563:Mandatory Palestine 361:Elevated to kingdom 164:31.9575°N 35.9475°E 160: / 5906:Cape Breton Island 5797:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 5639:Unfederated States 5454:Southern Rhodesia 5041:Commonwealth realm 4948:South Seas Mandate 4579:General references 3636:, p. 212-213. 3551:8 May 2019 at the 3347:, p. 132-133. 3246:has generic name ( 2864:, p. 115–125. 2320:, p. 122–128. 2128:8 May 2019 at the 1906: 1786: 1738:Wahhabi incursions 1612: 1606: 1468: 1433:Kinahan Cornwallis 1316:battle of Maysalun 1282:Faisal bin Hussein 1272:in 1917 after the 886: 878: 808: 674:Lieutenant Colonel 559:Battle of Maysalun 535:Transjordan region 6820: 6819: 6777: 6776: 6653: 6652: 6585:Providence Island 6565: 6564: 6530: 6529: 6398:Western Australia 6366:Van Diemen's Land 6302: 6301: 6279:Associated States 5977:Columbia District 5811: 5810: 5665:Manila and Cavite 5483: 5482: 5362:Southern Rhodesia 5356:South-West Africa 5306:Northern Rhodesia 5218:Cape of Good Hope 5158: 5157: 5035:Current territory 4977: 4976: 4953:South West Africa 4907:British Cameroons 4860:Syria and Lebanon 4831:League of Nations 4757:978-1-351-78303-3 4724:978-0-275-96639-3 4691:978-1-4008-7799-7 4681:Kingdom of Jordan 4658:978-1-135-77191-1 4599:978-0-85772-114-3 4557:978-0-521-39987-6 4536:978-1-84668-092-2 4529:. Profile Books. 4455:978-0-7146-3220-9 4389:978-1-135-30842-1 4356:978-0-7453-2579-8 4323:978-1-86064-172-5 4290:978-1-136-32395-9 4257:978-0-8108-2449-2 4224:978-1-84511-138-0 4155:978-0-900891-48-9 4122:978-1-134-88028-7 3891:978-0-19-151195-0 3764:on 4 October 2018 3451:978-1-317-24030-3 3278:, pp. 41–42. 3128:978-0-230-60040-9 3073:. Johns Hopkins, 3052:. Johns Hopkins, 3046:Klieman, Aaron S. 2942:978-0-87609-036-7 2632:978-1-85984-340-6 2593:978-0-19-536304-3 2580:(26 March 1992). 2506:978-1-135-76652-8 2437:The Hijaz Railway 2362:978-0-521-89223-0 2224:978-1-135-24514-6 1937:League of Nations 1924:Foreign Secretary 1896:1946 independence 1885:According to the 1853:League of Nations 1729: 1728: 1425:Winston Churchill 1412: 1396: 1238: 1237: 1204:Jordan portal 1155:Post-independence 1052:Fatimid Caliphate 1047:Abbasid Caliphate 1042:Umayyad Caliphate 828:Arabian Peninsula 798:Late Ottoman rule 677:Sir Henry McMahon 521: 509: 489: 488: 456: 455: 452: 451: 432: 431: 285:• 1939–1946 279:Henry Fortnam Cox 275:• 1924–1939 265:• 1921–1924 215:• 1921–1946 194:Absolute monarchy 16:(Redirected from 6905: 6810: 6800: 6799: 6765:Antarctic Treaty 6726: 6713: 6698:Falkland Islands 6690:Tristan da Cunha 6682:Ascension Island 6659: 6658: 6610:Falkland Islands 6571: 6570: 6539:Now part of the 6411:Pitcairn Islands 6376:Auckland Islands 6345: 6344: 6331: 6324: 6317: 6308: 6307: 6293:Windward Islands 6247:Vancouver Island 6024:MassachusettsBay 5893:British Columbia 5817: 5816: 5633:Federated States 5489: 5488: 5399:Tristan da Cunha 5368:Southern Nigeria 5300:Northern Nigeria 5179:Ascension Island 5164: 5163: 5120: 5057: 5056: 5031:Former territory 5028: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4917:British Togoland 4912:French Cameroons 4884: 4871: 4854: 4820: 4813: 4806: 4797: 4796: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4540: 4519: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4490: 4483: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4438: 4436: 4434: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4306: 4304: 4302: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4176:Bentwich, Norman 4171: 4169: 4167: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4089: 4088: 4086: 4084: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4026: 4017: 4009: 4003: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3978: 3972: 3960: 3954: 3942: 3936: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3908: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3875: 3869: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3856: 3848: 3843: 3841: 3813: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3763: 3757:. 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5496: 5495: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5477: 5471: 5452:Self-governing 5449: 5435: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5224:Central Africa 5221: 5215: 5209: 5203: 5193: 5183: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5160: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5138: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5112: 5109:Ionian Islands 5106: 5100: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5067: 5064: 5063: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5032: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5012:British Empire 5007: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4975: 4974: 4967: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4893: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4862: 4857: 4856: 4855: 4842: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4823: 4822: 4815: 4808: 4800: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4780: 4779:External links 4777: 4775: 4774: 4756: 4741: 4723: 4708: 4690: 4675: 4657: 4642: 4616: 4598: 4592:. I.B.Tauris. 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4556: 4541: 4535: 4520: 4515:978-1860643316 4514: 4501: 4472: 4454: 4439: 4421: 4406: 4388: 4373: 4355: 4340: 4322: 4307: 4289: 4274: 4256: 4241: 4223: 4217:. I.B.Tauris. 4208: 4172: 4154: 4139: 4121: 4103: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4090: 4064: 4037:(2): 288–303. 4018: 4004: 3988: 3973: 3955: 3937: 3919: 3909: 3890: 3870: 3828: 3808: 3775: 3743: 3708: 3684: 3675: 3665: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3626: 3617: 3608: 3589: 3569: 3557: 3538: 3526: 3524:, p. 107. 3514: 3502: 3500:, p. 104. 3490: 3478: 3469: 3450: 3430: 3413:unispal.un.org 3400: 3381: 3361: 3349: 3334: 3332:, p. 184. 3322: 3310: 3308:, p. 100. 3295: 3293:, p. 220. 3280: 3265: 3253: 3206: 3194: 3185: 3165: 3154:12 August 1922 3146: 3127: 3107: 3091:10 August 1922 3083: 3081:, pp. 228–234. 3062: 3038: 3023:. April 1921. 3006: 2983: 2960: 2948: 2941: 2912: 2893: 2866: 2854: 2852:, p. 115. 2842: 2840:, p. 123. 2830: 2821: 2794: 2774: 2762: 2743:(2): 172–189. 2727: 2718: 2709: 2700:|website= 2670: 2650: 2631: 2611: 2592: 2569: 2567:, p. 278. 2557: 2524: 2505: 2485: 2476:|website= 2446: 2427: 2418:|website= 2388: 2368: 2361: 2343: 2334: 2322: 2310: 2301: 2289: 2287:, p. 101. 2277: 2265: 2245: 2223: 2203: 2188: 2170:978-9027269683 2169: 2149: 2134: 2112: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2077: 2075:Trans-Jordan." 2067: 2057: 2047: 2037: 2027: 2017: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1970: 1967: 1948:United Nations 1922:, the British 1897: 1894: 1874: 1871: 1840: 1839: 1830: 1829: 1821: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1810: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1790: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1777: 1774: 1733: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1714: 1713: 1708: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1665: 1664: 1661: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1627: 1626: 1621: 1597: 1594: 1570:Uqair Protocol 1518: 1515: 1494:St John Philby 1484: 1481: 1408: 1401: 1400: 1392: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1359:Main article: 1356: 1353: 1337:Alec Kirkbride 1301: 1298: 1294:Herbert Samuel 1255:T. E. Lawrence 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1225: 1218: 1210: 1207: 1206: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1157: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1137:Kura rebellion 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1087: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1077:Ottoman Empire 1074: 1069: 1064: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1037:Jund al-Urdunn 1034: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1003: 1001:Arabia Petraea 998: 993: 985: 984: 980: 979: 978: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 944: 943: 939: 938: 937: 936: 931: 923: 922: 918: 917: 909: 908: 899: 898: 891: 859: 856: 812:Ottoman Empire 799: 796: 732:Russian Empire 697:Ottoman Empire 691:launching the 660: 653: 652: 648: 641: 640: 639: 638: 637: 625: 622: 620: 617: 590:Mandatory Iraq 553:. Transjordan 487: 486: 479: 476: 475: 462: 458: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 442: 433: 430: 429: 424: 416: 415: 410: 398: 397: 392: 382: 381: 378: 377: 374: 371: 368: 367: 364: 358: 355: 354: 351: 348: 345: 344: 341: 338: 335: 334: 331: 325: 322: 321: 318: 312: 309: 308: 305: 304: 299: 298:Historical era 295: 294: 291: 290: 289:Alec Kirkbride 287: 284: 281: 280: 277: 274: 271: 270: 269:St John Philby 267: 264: 261: 260: 259:T. E. Lawrence 257: 254: 251: 250: 247: 244: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 227: 226: 223: 222: 217: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 140: 136: 135: 126: 122: 121: 118: 110: 109: 102: 95: 94: 86: 79: 78: 77: 74: 73: 69: 68: 45: 42: 26: 18:Transjordanian 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6910: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6876: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6813: 6809: 6805: 6803: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6780: 6769: 6766: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6695: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6671: 6670: 6667: 6660: 6656: 6645: 6644:Falklands War 6641: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6627: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6612: 6611: 6607: 6604: 6601: 6598: 6595: 6592: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6575:South America 6572: 6568: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6474: 6471: 6468: 6465: 6464:Union Islands 6462: 6459: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6446: 6443: 6440: 6437: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6341: 6332: 6327: 6325: 6320: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6294: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6251: 6248: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6216: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6199: 6196: 6192: 6189: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6177: 6176:Rupert's Land 6174: 6171: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6158: 6155: 6152: 6149: 6146: 6143: 6140: 6137: 6136:Paulet affair 6134: 6131: 6128: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6082:New Hampshire 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6070:New Brunswick 6068: 6065: 6062: 6059: 6056: 6053: 6050: 6047: 6046: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6031: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5991: 5988: 5985: 5982: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5922: 5919: 5916: 5913: 5910: 5907: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5885: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5864: 5861: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5828: 5825: 5821:North America 5818: 5814: 5804: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5777: 5776: 5773: 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5754: 5751: 5748: 5745: 5742: 5741:South Vietnam 5739: 5736: 5733: 5728: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5710: 5707: 5704: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5690: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5657: 5652: 5649: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5540: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5521: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5490: 5486: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5450: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5426: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5360: 5357: 5354: 5351: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5249: 5246: 5243: 5240: 5237: 5234: 5231: 5228: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5204: 5201: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5165: 5161: 5150: 5147: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4971: 4965: 4959: 4958:Western Samoa 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4897:Ruanda-Urundi 4895: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4883: 4868: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4853: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4828: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4782: 4763: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4748: 4742: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4676: 4664: 4660: 4654: 4651:. Routledge. 4650: 4649: 4643: 4631: 4628:. J. Murray. 4627: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4605: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4487: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4461: 4457: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4440: 4428: 4424: 4422:9780801811258 4418: 4414: 4413: 4407: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4382:. Routledge. 4381: 4380: 4374: 4362: 4358: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4341: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4308: 4296: 4292: 4286: 4283:. Routledge. 4282: 4281: 4275: 4263: 4259: 4253: 4249: 4248: 4242: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4209: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4147: 4146: 4140: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4115:. Routledge. 4114: 4110: 4105: 4104: 4100:Cited sources 4078: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4014: 4008: 3999: 3998: 3992: 3984: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3941: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3913: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3883: 3882: 3874: 3866: 3854: 3847: 3835: 3831: 3829:9782351593783 3825: 3821: 3820: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3779: 3760: 3753: 3747: 3740: 3735: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3715: 3713: 3701: 3694: 3688: 3679: 3669: 3660: 3651: 3642: 3635: 3634:Bentwich 1929 3630: 3621: 3612: 3596: 3592: 3590:9781107600669 3586: 3582: 3581: 3573: 3566: 3561: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3542: 3535: 3530: 3523: 3518: 3511: 3506: 3499: 3494: 3487: 3482: 3473: 3457: 3453: 3447: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3388: 3384: 3382:90-04-11912-4 3378: 3374: 3373: 3365: 3358: 3357:Amadouny 2012 3353: 3346: 3345:Amadouny 2012 3341: 3339: 3331: 3326: 3319: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3300: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3277: 3272: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3249: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3198: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3162: 3158: 3155: 3150: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3119: 3111: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3080: 3079:0-8018-1125-2 3076: 3072: 3066: 3059: 3058:0-8018-1125-2 3055: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3026: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3010: 3003: 2990: 2986: 2984:9780198229605 2980: 2976: 2975: 2970: 2964: 2957: 2952: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2929: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881: 2876: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2825: 2818: 2816: 2801: 2797: 2795:9780275966393 2791: 2787: 2786: 2778: 2771: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2705: 2693: 2677: 2673: 2671:9782351594384 2667: 2663: 2662: 2654: 2638: 2634: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2615: 2599: 2595: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2578:Pipes, Daniel 2573: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2528: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2499:. Routledge. 2498: 2497: 2489: 2481: 2469: 2453: 2449: 2447:9782351594384 2443: 2439: 2438: 2431: 2423: 2411: 2395: 2391: 2389:9782351594384 2385: 2381: 2380: 2372: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2347: 2338: 2329: 2327: 2319: 2314: 2305: 2299:, p. 65. 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2256: 2249: 2242: 2230: 2226: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2207: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2176: 2172: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2153: 2146: 2141: 2139: 2131: 2127: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2110:, p. 93. 2109: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2081: 2071: 2061: 2051: 2041: 2031: 2021: 2011: 2007: 1997: 1994: 1992: 1991:Oultrejordain 1989: 1988: 1984: 1983:Jordan portal 1973: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1915: 1911: 1902: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1869: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1849: 1834: 1825: 1807: 1795: 1782: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1724: 1720: 1717:Estimates by 1715: 1712: 1709: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1676: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1640: 1636: 1633:, comprising 1632: 1629: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1610: 1604:Amman in 1940 1602: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1527:Port of Aqaba 1524: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1505: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1483:Establishment 1480: 1477: 1473: 1465: 1460: 1456: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1429:Gertrude Bell 1426: 1422: 1405: 1389: 1379: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1362: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1320:no man's land 1317: 1311: 1307: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1219: 1217: 1212: 1211: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1195: 1194: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1090: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1058: 1057:Oultrejordain 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1032:Bilad al-Sham 1030: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1023: 1022: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 997: 994: 992: 989: 988: 987: 986: 982: 981: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 946: 945: 941: 940: 935: 932: 930: 927: 926: 925: 924: 920: 919: 915: 911: 910: 907: 901: 900: 895: 890: 889: 882: 875: 870: 865: 855: 853: 852:Hejaz railway 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 816:Syria Vilayet 813: 804: 795: 793: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 762:and southern 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 728:secret treaty 724: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 675: 671: 657: 645: 635: 631: 616: 614: 610: 605: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 531: 529: 525: 519: 513: 507: 498: 494: 483: 477: 474: 470: 466: 463: 461:Today part of 459: 443: 441: 438: 437: 434: 428: 425: 418: 417: 414: 411: 404: 403: 400: 399: 396: 393: 391: 388: 387: 383: 379: 375: 369: 366:22 March 1946 365: 362: 356: 352: 346: 343:25 April 1923 342: 336: 333:11 April 1921 332: 329: 323: 319: 316: 310: 306: 303: 300: 296: 292: 288: 282: 278: 272: 268: 262: 258: 252: 248: 242: 238: 234: 232: 228: 224: 221: 218: 212: 208: 204: 202: 198: 195: 192: 188: 185: 182: 178: 173: 144: 141: 137: 134: 130: 127: 123: 116: 111: 105: 99: 89: 83: 75: 70: 66: 64: 56: 40: 37: 33: 19: 6755: 6738: 6730: 6696: 6688: 6680: 6674:Saint Helena 6672: 6616: 6608: 6458:Cook Islands 6409: 6382:New Hebrides 6351:20th century 6267:West Florida 6252: 6238: 6170:Rhode Island 6148:Pennsylvania 6106:Newfoundland 6043: 5968: 5918:East Florida 5889:16th c.–1880 5878: 5830: 5752: 5727:Crown Colony 5715:Pulo Condore 5689:Crown Colony 5683:North Borneo 5556: 5515:Protectorate 5464:unrecognised 5458:in 1965 (as 5397: 5350:South Africa 5338:Sierra Leone 5325:Saint Helena 5323: 5318:Orange River 5196:Bechuanaland 5177: 5135:Protectorate 5094: 5070: 5034: 5014:and Current 4766:. 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6430:Victoria 6370:Tasmania 6261:Virginia 6227:Stickeen 6215:Saybrook 6154:Plymouth 6100:New York 6038:Maryland 6030:Province 5993:Delaware 5963:Carolina 5955:Dominion 5949:Province 5912:Dominica 5860:Barbados 5832:Anguilla 5803:disputed 5784:Pakistan 5659:Maldives 5533:Billiton 5460:Rhodesia 5446:Tanzania 5442:Cameroon 5418:Zululand 5412:Zanzibar 5200:Botswana 4827:Mandates 4762:Archived 4729:Archived 4696:Archived 4663:Archived 4630:Archived 4622:(1956). 4604:Archived 4562:Archived 4486:Archived 4460:Archived 4427:Archived 4394:Archived 4361:Archived 4328:Archived 4295:Archived 4262:Archived 4229:Archived 4196:Archived 4178:(1929). 4160:Archived 4127:Archived 4077:Archived 3966:Archived 3948:Archived 3930:Archived 3896:Archived 3834:Archived 3795:Archived 3724:Archived 3700:Archived 3595:Archived 3549:Archived 3462:6 August 3456:Archived 3423:6 August 3417:Archived 3387:Archived 3236:cite web 3220:Archived 3177:Archived 3157:Archived 3133:Archived 3094:Archived 3048:(1970). 3025:Archived 2989:Archived 2971:(1985). 2923:(1988). 2899:Archived 2877:(1973). 2800:Archived 2676:Archived 2637:Archived 2598:Archived 2541:Archived 2511:Archived 2452:Archived 2394:Archived 2258:Archived 2235:11 April 2229:Archived 2181:2 August 2175:Archived 2126:Archived 1969:See also 1669:Al-Karak 1644:100,000 1543:kaymakam 1507:Abdullah 1349:'Utaybah 1341:Abdullah 1173:1967 War 1168:1948 War 1011:Salihids 950:Amorites 894:a series 892:Part of 848:Tanzimat 840:al-Karak 836:al-Balqa 709:Damascus 526:, was a 231:Resident 6793:culture 6547:Vanuatu 6337:Oceania 6012:Jamaica 6005:Georgia 5925:Grenada 5880:Bermuda 5854:Bahamas 5840:Antigua 5721:Sarawak 5433:Namibia 5294:Nigeria 5270:Madeira 5190:Lesotho 5149:Minorca 5115:Ireland 5083:Corsica 5010:Former 4931:Class C 4890:Class B 4839:Class A 4829:of the 4495:12 June 4268:29 June 4235:29 June 4202:29 June 4194:: 212. 4083:28 June 4051:2193036 3902:29 July 3801:21 June 3226:1 March 3139:9 April 3031:14 July 2757:4282995 1740:by the 1732:Defence 1711:230,000 1700:10,000 1677:40,000 1673:Tafilah 1663:80,000 1651:Al-Salt 1587:al-Jauf 1517:Borders 1245:During 598:emirate 520: 508:: 359:• 326:• 313:• 139:Capital 6812:Portal 6632:Now a 6603:Guiana 6557:Tuvalu 6160:Quebec 5932:Canada 5873:Belize 5765:Weihai 5709:Penang 5697:Padang 5627:Malaya 5621:Labuan 5615:Kuwait 5591:Cyprus 5585:Ceylon 5579:Brunei 5551:Borneo 5545:Bhutan 5539:Bengal 5475:Zambia 5406:Uganda 5168:Africa 5141:Colony 5131:Malta 5089:Cyprus 5077:Cyprus 5061:Europe 5027:Legend 4754: 4721: 4688: 4655: 4596: 4554: 4533: 4512: 4452: 4419: 4400:22 May 4386: 4367:22 May 4353: 4334:22 May 4320: 4301:22 May 4287: 4254: 4221: 4152: 4119: 4057: 4049: 3888: 3826: 3587: 3448: 3393:25 May 3379: 3125: 3077: 3056: 2981: 2939: 2891: 2792: 2755: 2682:24 May 2668: 2643:20 May 2629: 2604:20 May 2590: 2547:23 May 2517:25 May 2503: 2458:23 May 2444: 2400:23 May 2386: 2359: 2221: 2167: 1910:Jordan 1762:Ikhwan 1742:Ikhwan 1689:, and 1659:Madaba 1639:Jerash 1631:Ajloun 1257:, the 965:Israel 905:Jordan 896:on the 820:Hauran 760:Jordan 752:Israel 721:Aleppo 672:, and 613:Jordan 551:Jordan 497:Arabic 465:Jordan 235: 205: 184:Arabic 125:Status 55:Arabic 51: 6555:and * 6521:Nauru 6515:Samoa 6489:Tonga 6448:Papua 6058:Nevis 5943:Upper 5937:Lower 5780:India 5645:Union 5603:India 5573:Burma 5529:Banka 5380:Sudan 5282:Natal 5264:Lagos 5258:Kenya 5252:Ghana 5236:Egypt 4943:Nauru 4489:(PDF) 4482:(PDF) 4055:S2CID 4047:JSTOR 3762:(PDF) 3755:(PDF) 3703:(PDF) 3696:(PDF) 2753:JSTOR 2002:Notes 1758:Amman 1706:Total 1691:Tabuk 1687:Aqaba 1683:Ma'an 1655:Amman 1635:Irbid 1558:Negev 1535:Aqaba 1531:Ma'an 1345:Ma'an 1270:Aqaba 955:Ammon 844:Ma'an 832:Ajlun 824:Ma'an 768:Haifa 705:Syria 547:Syria 143:Amman 6551:Now 6545:Now 6495:Niue 6436:Fiji 6138:1843 6066:1579 5786:and 5778:Now 5609:Java 5565:and 5531:and 5493:Asia 5473:Now 5431:Now 4770:2019 4752:ISBN 4737:2019 4719:ISBN 4704:2019 4686:ISBN 4671:2019 4653:ISBN 4638:2019 4612:2019 4594:ISBN 4570:2015 4552:ISBN 4531:ISBN 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