451:
management seeks to exploit this opportunity by involving a wide selection of participants within the process. There are also a number of other important reasons for widening the participation of actors within governance. Firstly, most actors will have different preferences, a small group of actors, even if representative, will fail to identify one vision that will be accepted by everybody. By engaging all actors a plurality of visions that share common factors can be established and provide the basis for the next step. Furthermore, the use of widened participation is likely to attract stronger support and therefore less resistance to the transition. In order to fully transform the landscape level, the underpinning socio-political values and beliefs will also need to be radically rewritten, without the full involvement of society, this may be susceptible to failure. Finally it has also been considered that the heterogeneity of society allows for collective learning which spurs the development of innovations through exploration at the niche level.
360:
web of inter-linking actors, following a set of rules was termed 'socio-technical regime', in effect, the established practices of a given system. Drawing on evolutionary economics; socio-technical regimes act as a selection and retention mechanism, filtering out the unsuccessful while incorporating more worthy innovations into the existing regime. The regime sits at the meso-level, sandwiched between the micro-level of the niche and the macro-level of the landscape. Change occurs at the regime level incrementally and is geared to achieving optimization. Radical change is potentially threatening to the vested interests of the established regime. The inertia of key industries is seen as an explanation of the difficulties in achieving transitions to sustainability.
569:, socially, politically and technically. The technical domain exhibits a strongly centralised infrastructure facilitated by a distribution network, socially speaking the UK energy system is heavily relied upon to provide welfare and enable economic activity. A number of landscape and regime pressures have emerged which impact on the system, primarily related to security of supply and the issue of climate change. The system has also come under pressure from the landscape level in the form of volatile market prices and the impact of the credit crunch. Meanwhile, development at the niche level has continued to build significant levels of alternative technologies and system possibilities through innovation such as
546:(as illustrated by the purple lines in the diagram) and actors within the niche level have the opportunity to form innovative solutions to the problem that may contribute to one of more of the pathways. Transition management will seek to identify those niches that will likely destabilise the regime level and contribute the most to its transformation. Once identified these niche opportunities can be supported by regime changes such as new policy implementation that provide new funding opportunities. In addition to deliberative steering of such choices, pressure can also filter down from the landscape level in the form of market forces which may also steer transition.
601:
Plan) does not appear to embody the radical transformation required by transition management. Instead of seeking radical socio-technical transformation, the plan seeks to incrementally improve the system by seeking behavioural changes such as energy efficiency and technical changes by enhancing the contribution of renewables. Without radical infrastructure change the UK risks locking-out a number of promising possible alternatives and may significantly increase the cost of transformation in the future when the need for fundamental systems change becomes more apparent as the current system becomes less able to meet demand.
293:. The need for such a model of governance has arisen through the persistence of problems which have developed to span multi-actors, multi-levels and multi-domains. The inherent complexity of society (from the difference of perspectives, norms and values) added to the intricacy of modern-day issues requires a new form of governance. Therefore, transition management recognises the need to address this problem on the multiple levels and dimensions in which it manifests. The approach seeks to widen participation by encouraging
2085:
2060:
275:
approaches. The most notable use of
Transition Management can be established through its development into a practical tool by the Dutch Government to manage the radical transformation of their energy systems in the early 2000s. It was introduced into national policy in the Netherlands in the fourth National Environmental Policy Plan based on a report by Jan Rotmans, Rene Kemp, Frank Geels, Geert Verbong and Marjolein van Asselt.
25:
66:
113:
478:
level and into the various networks, organisations and institutions involved. Tactical activities will also seek to identify the barriers that may be encountered (such as regulation, economic conditions) when interpreting these visions into the regime level. At this stage, actors that have the ability to make changes are recruited to translate the transition vision into their own agendas.
372:
primary niche for major technologies of the last century, supporting the development of radio, aircraft, computers and the internet. The framework of support provided can be financial (most early ventures being commercially unviable); establishing learning processes and facilitating the social networks that lead to growth.
343:(Macro) refers to the overall socio-technical setting that encompasses both the intangible aspects of social values, political beliefs and world views and the tangible facets of the built environment including institutions and the functions of the marketplace such as prices, costs, trade patterns and incomes.
288:
is insufficiently equipped to deal with the complexity of the issue and that incremental changes will not address the fundamental system failures that underpin the issue. As an alternative to traditional politics, Transition
Management will seek to steer development in a more sustainable direction by
498:
There are number of key aspects that differentiate transition management from other forms of governance, these differences are most apparent due to the model's prescriptive nature. With the concept still being quite fresh and only a handful of case studies to draw from the methodology is still under
359:
Technological regimes are defined as a set of rules embedded in an engineering community's institutions and infrastructure which shape technological innovations. Geels expanded the focus from engineers to include a wider of range of social groups such as policy makers, financiers and suppliers. This
347:
These processes occur within the wider political, cultural and economic background termed the socio-technical landscape. The landscape is an external backdrop to the interplay of actors at the regime and niche level. Changes can occur in the landscape but much more slowly than regime level. One such
600:
However, although there are a number of indicators that suggest the transition management model of governance could emerge within the sector, (including in-depth literature outlining the methodology and possible pathways) the UK Government's current pathway (embodied in the UK Low Carbon
Transition
550:
within the niche level form a series of 'development rounds' which provide information to decision makers regarding the viability of different options. The information provided by the development rounds is evaluated and if the options are considered to be viable the solution is rolled out primarily
477:
relate to the interaction between actors that steers development of both institutions in the landscape level and socio-technical structures (practices, regulations, technology) at the regime level. Tactical activities focus on interpreting the visions created by strategic activities into the regime
470:
encompass the process of vision development; the collective action of goal and norm setting through discussion and the formulation of long-term goals. Strategic activities will lead to changes in the 'culture' of the societal system at the landscape level. The focus of this activity is long-term in
390:
Ongoing processes at the regime and landscape level present 'windows of opportunity' for new technologies to exploit and become established. These breakthroughs tend to occur gradually through niche-accumulation. As innovations are used in multiple applications they build until achieving a critical
189:
is a governance approach that aims to facilitate and accelerate sustainability transitions through a participatory process of visioning, learning and experimenting. In its application, transition management seeks to bring together multiple viewpoints and multiple approaches in a 'transition arena'.
592:
channels funding from the energy industry to support the niche space and development. As per the method, a number of visions are currently being explored, including smart infrastructure, renewable energy alternatives and the viability of hydrogen. The UK Government uses the
Renewable Obligation to
555:
down a particular pathway and a full system transition takes place. Not all development and transition time-scales are consistent within and between the different levels, actors and domains; some change much more quickly than others. In particular, the landscape level is much slower to change than
274:
and the co-evolution of social and technical factors within the system. Most agree that the shift in the political landscape, from a centralised government to a more liberal, market-based structure has allowed new forms of bottom-up governance styles to rise to prominence and a break from dominant
450:
towards collective goals and the emergence of self-organised socio-technical 'trajectories'. However, power is not necessarily evenly distributed; relationships and the power of actors within any system are always mixed which gives rise to different forms of interaction and transition. Transition
485:
constitute the process of learning by doing through experimentation and implementation at the niche level. It has a much short time span of 0–5 years and is focused on the radical innovation that will transform "societal, technological, institutional, and behavioural practices" that will in turn
371:
Radical innovations occur in niches, which act as safe environments in which breakthrough developments can grow, sheltered from the selection process that occurs at regime level. A regime may host a range of niches which generate innovations to challenge the status-quo. The military is seen as a
489:
A further activity can be considered which establishes the process of assessment and evaluation of societal change. One can observe that reflexive activities can be both embedded within policy and regulation but also as a function of society and the evaluation of policies through the media and
289:
identifying and fundamentally restructuring the unsustainable systems that underpin our society. The goal of transition management is geared towards enabling, facilitating and guiding the social, technical and political transformations required by embedded societal systems to bring about
564:
Although being less apparent than the Dutch energy transformation, it appears that there is an increasing pressure for theorists to establish frameworks to guide a similar transition within the UK. The UK energy sector is an example of a socio-technical subsystem that exhibits strong
463:
put forward a framework for identifying the different type of activities of which transition management attempts to align. These activities are broadly divided into, strategic, tactical and operational and each activity has its own actors, agendas and strategies which co-evolve.
283:
Transition management is an approach for tackling the complex issue of sustainable development. Sustainable development in itself is a dynamic, multi-dimensional, multi-actor and multi-level problem that is in a constant state of flux. Critics consider that the current
190:
Participants are invited to structure their shared problems with the current system and develop shared visions and goals which are then tested for practicality through the use of experimentation, learning and reflexivity. The model is often discussed in reference to
375:
Multi-level
Perspective Geels presents the interplay between regime, niche and landscape concepts as a multi-level perspective depicting technological transitions. The model is heuristic rather than ontological, and is an aid to better understand the process.
367:(Micro) is the level or 'area' at which the space is provided for radical innovation and experimentation. This level is less subject to market and regulation influences and can facilitate the interactions between actors that support product innovation.
328:, much of the literature considers that only the radical rebuilding of our society's systems will be able to transcend the stable lock-in to unsustainable systems which has been systematically reinforced by aspects of the landscape and regime levels.
380:
408:
which creates top-down pressure from regulation, and the use of market incentives, while also encouraging the 'collective learning process' by supporting innovation financially and providing access to information provided by advisory
391:
mass. The model proposed by Geels shows how the success of a new technology requires developments across all levels to support the processes occurring within the niche (figure 1). Such an alignment is the basis of a regime shift.
518:
in nature most commonly spanning at least one generation if not more and are used to inform short-term objectives. These visions can be expressed in a number of ways; more common forms include the use of pathways, scenarios and
348:
change is the increase in environmental awareness. This socio-cultural process is leading to pressure on numerous regimes (aviation, agriculture etc.) whilst providing openings for new technologies to establish themselves.
510:. Differences in interpretation, perceived pressures, opinions and preference ensues the construction of a plurality of visions and solutions for consideration. A 'basket of objectives' is created which express the
535:. Although each vision will require different socio-technical changes they will all seek to broadly ensure the same goals are met, for example a low or no carbon economy and a secure and reliable supply.
381:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Van_Waart2/publication/283256188/figure/fig1/AS:300427296952329@1448638857873/A-dynamic-multilevel-perspective-on-technological-transitions-Geels-2011_W640.jpg
1232:
301:
manner. The synergy gained from utilising transition management to provide a novel approach to the complex issue of
Sustainable Development could be essential if progress is to be made on the issue.
446:
Power within the transition process is distributed rather than being top-down in nature; every actor plays a part in shaping the transition. This distributed power enables the process of mutual
506:
A problem becomes apparent to actors throughout the levels and domains; the first step involves defining the key parameters of the problem then characterising the existing regime and landscape
266:. There are a number of theories that muse over how transition management evolved into being. One school of thought identifies the sociological aspect of transition as deeply rooted within
1121:
Smith, A., Vob, J.P., and Grin, J., 2010. Innovation studies and sustainability transitions: The allure of the multi-level perspective and its challenges. Research Policy. 39 pp. 435-448
551:
on a small scale. Evaluative information can also be used to inform the overall vision created (as illustrated in red in the diagram). Eventually the development of options
270:
and the evolution of society from high birth rate/high death rate to low birth rate/low death rate. Other theorists consider that transition management has its basis within
566:
1251:
1112:
Geels, F. W., 2002. Technological transitions as evolutionary reconfiguration processes: a multi-level perspective and a case study. Research Policy 31 pp. 257-1273
1287:
1236:
1144:
Rip, A. and R. Kemp., 1998. Technological change. In S. Rayner and E. Malone(eds.) Human
Choices and Climate Change, Vol. 2, 327-399. Battelle, Columbus, Ohio.
87:
234:
at the niche level, experiments are used to identify how successful a particular pathway could be and uses the concept of "Learn by doing, doing by learning"
2093:
597:
are awarded to those technologies that are pre-demonstration such as tidal and wave power, while developed technologies such as onshore wind receive less.
782:
Davis, K (1945). "The world demographic transition cited by
Rotmans et al 2001 "More Evolution than Revolution: Transition Management in Public Policy"".
324:
the choices of actors towards sustainability. In the long-term, transition management will seek to completely transform the system through the process of
137:
38:
523:. As an example, if the problem of the unsustainable nature of our oil-dependent nation is presented, visions that may be put forward that constitute a
2103:
2098:
355:(Meso) refers to the dominant practices, rules and technologies that provide stability and reinforcement to the prevailing socio-technical systems.
588:
are beginning to provide funding to facilitate the resources required to advance such niche technology. Furthermore, policies such as that of the
2131:
1174:
Geels, F.W., 2010. Ontologies, socio-technical transitions (to sustainability), and the multi-level perspective. Research Policy 39 pp. 495-510
1280:
336:
Most literature recognises that there are three separate levels that transition management must work within; Landscape, Regime and Niche:.
712:
Meadowcroft, James (2009). "What about the politics? Sustainable development, transition management, and long term energy transitions".
1087:
Paper for 1st
European Conference on Sustainability Transitions: "Dynamics and Governance of Transitions to Sustainability", Amsterdam
74:
1420:
1079:
685:"Transition pathways for a low carbon energy system in the UK: assessing the compatibility of large-scale and small-scale options"
2088:
1273:
399:
Each level has its own set of actors that interact in different ways, broadly they can be defined into the following categories:
44:
818:
680:
1255:
684:
1781:
1495:
499:
debate. However, most literature (See
References - Loorbach 2007, Kemp, Meadowcroft 2009, Kemp and Loorbach 2003, Foxon
1490:
1483:
1466:
1345:
1335:
1317:
594:
173:
155:
52:
1162:
1717:
1028:
1826:
651:
531:, the all-electric society and the transition to global energy infrastructure to facilitate the maximisation of
1296:
471:
scale (30 years/generations) and directed towards transition at the landscape level and the system as a whole.
434:
556:
the regime or niche levels; this has led to the concept being labelled as chaotic and non-linear in nature.
2136:
2013:
1843:
1771:
1471:
1400:
1130:
Nelson, R.R., Winter, S.G., 1982. An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change. Cambridge (MA); Bellknap Press
874:"Transition Management for Sustainable Development: A prescriptive, complexity-based governance framework"
914:"Transition management as a model for managing processes of co-evolution towards sustainable development"
254:
There have been numerous societal transitions in the past, studied examples include the transition from
1821:
2071:
2028:
2023:
1998:
1913:
1903:
1898:
1198:
128:
1163:
Berkhout, F., Smith A. and Stirling, A. (2003). Socio-technological regimes and transition contexts.
486:
filter up and transform structures, culture and routines in the regime and landscape levels (Ibid).
1908:
1811:
1458:
1405:
585:
1928:
1756:
1707:
191:
79:
1080:"Transition pathways for a UK low carbon energy system: exploring different governance patterns"
2126:
1938:
1923:
1883:
1655:
1478:
1029:"Exploring sustainability transitions in the electricity sector with socio-technical pathways"
2035:
2003:
1978:
1863:
1816:
1712:
1690:
1680:
1665:
1605:
1592:
1565:
1430:
1395:
1352:
1187:, 2007, 'Typology of sociotechnical transition pathways , Research Policy, 36 (3), pp.399-417
589:
1950:
1893:
1796:
1776:
1734:
1650:
1645:
1620:
1545:
1312:
1078:
Foxon, J; Geoffrey P. Hammond; Peter J. Pearson; Jacquelin Burgess; Tom Hargreaves (2009).
925:
833:
325:
255:
8:
1943:
1933:
1791:
1761:
1685:
1670:
1630:
1625:
1550:
1435:
1077:
973:
570:
305:
267:
929:
837:
1988:
1858:
1660:
1560:
1555:
1340:
1051:
951:
849:
799:
729:
413:
819:"Caution! Transitions ahead: politics, practice and sustainable transition management"
2076:
2059:
2040:
1675:
1610:
1580:
890:
873:
803:
733:
123:
1055:
955:
853:
1993:
1968:
1868:
1729:
1724:
1505:
1213:
1047:
1043:
941:
933:
885:
841:
791:
769:
System innovation and the transition to sustainability: theory, evidence and policy
721:
663:
532:
528:
285:
2008:
1853:
1831:
1600:
1515:
1500:
1265:
613:
2066:
2018:
1973:
1766:
1702:
1615:
1575:
1415:
1375:
795:
524:
290:
271:
1153:
Evans, J., to be published 2012. Environmental Governance. Abingdon: Routledge
937:
725:
667:
2120:
1878:
1848:
1786:
1587:
1535:
1530:
1440:
1217:
429:
422:
379:
Figure 1: A Dynamic multi-level perspective on Technological transition at:
298:
1838:
1697:
1635:
1370:
418:
433:
which is both the user of the end product provided by the market but also
1873:
1570:
1540:
1525:
1390:
1385:
1184:
996:
Transition Management: New mode of governance for Sustainable Development
754:
Transition Management: New mode of governance for sustainable development
578:
543:
384:
1199:"Governance for sustainable development: moving from theory to practice"
652:"More evolution than revolution: transition management in public policy"
1806:
1801:
1746:
1410:
1380:
1362:
574:
520:
447:
404:
294:
259:
946:
918:
The International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology
1983:
1450:
1425:
1304:
263:
237:
a systems thinking approach which identifies that problems will span
649:
845:
552:
437:
which can also provide pressure for change and space for innovation
1327:
197:
Key principles to transition management as a form of governance:
913:
65:
1960:
784:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
1108:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
974:"Governance for sustainability through transition management"
682:
133:
Incorrect coding and punctuation and faulty use of figures.
1093:
194:
and the possible use of the model as a method for change.
911:
683:
Foxon, T; G.P. Hammond; P.J. Pearson (September 2008).
331:
593:'steer' innovators towards particular solutions. More
421:
and horizontally with other industry leaders to share
650:
Rotmans, J; René Kemp; Marjolein van Asselt (2001).
308:techniques, transition management does not seek to
1295:
514:and goals of the actors. The visions outlined are
219:perspective (between 1-3 generations) creating a
2118:
1206:International Journal of Sustainable Development
707:
705:
703:
701:
304:Unlike traditional forms of regulation that use
1026:
971:
258:to motorised cars and the change from physical
1140:
1138:
1136:
1022:
1020:
816:
747:
745:
743:
692:7th BIEE Academic Conference, St Johns College
584:At the regime level, institutions such as the
1281:
867:
865:
863:
698:
645:
643:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
503:2009) constitutes the following methodology:
1196:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
998:. Utrecht, Netherlands: International Books.
756:. Utrecht, Netherlands: International Books.
1133:
1036:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
1017:
967:
965:
740:
711:
417:, who interact both vertically through the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
1288:
1274:
860:
626:
454:
441:
1062:
1008:
945:
912:Kemp, R; Loorbach, D; Rotmans, J (2007).
889:
174:Learn how and when to remove this message
156:Learn how and when to remove this message
993:
962:
907:
905:
903:
901:
871:
751:
559:
90:of all important aspects of the article.
2119:
86:Please consider expanding the lead to
2132:Environmental social science concepts
1269:
898:
781:
766:
538:Once the pathways have been created
332:Levels within sociotechnical systems
106:
59:
18:
1782:Digital media use and mental health
1496:Sociology of the history of science
1252:"The UK Low Carbon Transition Plan"
297:approaches that are supported in a
13:
1011:The Theory of Economic Development
14:
2148:
1491:Sociology of scientific ignorance
1336:History and philosophy of science
1318:Economics of scientific knowledge
595:Renewable Obligation Certificates
34:This article has multiple issues.
2084:
2083:
2058:
1249:
1230:
891:10.1111/j.1468-0491.2009.01471.x
312:the uncertainties of change but
111:
64:
23:
1243:
1224:
1190:
1177:
1168:
1156:
1147:
1124:
1115:
1002:
987:
540:short-term 'interim' objectives
78:may be too short to adequately
42:or discuss these issues on the
1297:Science and technology studies
1165:SPRU Electronic Working Paper.
1048:10.1016/j.techfore.2010.04.008
810:
775:
760:
674:
435:non-governmental organisations
88:provide an accessible overview
1:
1027:Verbong, G; Geels, F (2010).
972:Kemp, R; Loorbach, D (2003).
619:
278:
1844:Normalization process theory
1401:Philosophy of social science
817:Shove, E; Walker, G (2007).
425:and create innovative ideas.
7:
1013:. Harvard University Press.
604:
493:
211:societal values and beliefs
131:. The specific problem is:
10:
2153:
1467:construction of technology
1197:Kemp, R; Parto, S (2005).
796:10.1177/000271624523700102
771:. Edward Elgar Publishing.
249:
2054:
1999:Politicization of science
1959:
1745:
1514:
1449:
1361:
1326:
1303:
938:10.1080/13504500709469709
726:10.1007/s11077-009-9097-z
668:10.1108/14636680110803003
394:
1406:Philosophy of technology
1218:10.1504/IJSD.2005.007372
826:Environment and Planning
586:European Investment Bank
239:multiple domains, levels
1233:"Renewables Obligation"
994:Loorbach, Derk (2007).
872:Loorbach, Derk (2010).
752:Loorbach, Derk (2007).
455:A multi-level framework
442:Power and relationships
192:sustainable development
1479:Sociology of knowledge
542:can be formed through
483:operational activities
209:in order to encompass
2046:Transition management
2036:Technology assessment
2004:Regulation of science
1979:Evidence-based policy
1864:Sociotechnical system
1713:Traditional knowledge
1593:Psychology of science
1566:Mapping controversies
1472:shaping of technology
1431:Social constructivism
1396:Philosophy of science
1353:History of technology
1009:Schumpter, J (1934).
590:Renewables Obligation
560:In the United Kingdom
225:short-term objectives
187:Transition management
1951:Women in engineering
1797:Financial technology
1777:Digital anthropology
1546:Criticism of science
1459:Actor–network theory
1421:Religion and science
1313:Economics of science
527:future include; the
468:Strategic activities
326:creative destruction
256:horse-drawn carriage
207:multi-actor approach
138:improve this article
127:to meet Knowledge's
2137:Technology strategy
1792:Engineering studies
1762:Cyborg anthropology
1551:Demarcation problem
1436:Social epistemology
930:2007IJSDW..14...78K
838:2007EnPlA..39..763S
475:Tactical activities
414:Market-based actors
306:command and control
268:population dynamics
203:widen participation
16:Governance approach
2072:History of science
1989:Funding of science
1859:Skunkworks project
1556:Double hermeneutic
1341:History of science
1258:on March 14, 2011.
2114:
2113:
2041:Technology policy
1772:Dematerialization
1581:black swan events
767:Elzen, B (2004).
610:Transition design
490:internet (ibid).
227:can be identified
221:basket of visions
184:
183:
176:
166:
165:
158:
129:quality standards
120:This article may
105:
104:
57:
2144:
2087:
2086:
2062:
2014:Right to science
1994:Horizon scanning
1969:Academic freedom
1869:Technical change
1730:Women in science
1725:Unity of science
1506:Strong programme
1290:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1254:. Archived from
1247:
1241:
1240:
1235:. Archived from
1228:
1222:
1221:
1203:
1194:
1188:
1183:Geels, F.W. and
1181:
1175:
1172:
1166:
1160:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1142:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1075:
1060:
1059:
1042:(8): 1214–1221.
1033:
1024:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1000:
999:
991:
985:
984:
978:
969:
960:
959:
949:
909:
896:
895:
893:
869:
858:
857:
823:
814:
808:
807:
779:
773:
772:
764:
758:
757:
749:
738:
737:
709:
696:
695:
689:
678:
672:
671:
647:
533:renewable energy
529:hydrogen economy
286:political system
262:to the electric
179:
172:
161:
154:
150:
147:
141:
115:
114:
107:
100:
97:
91:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2050:
2009:Research ethics
1955:
1854:Reverse salient
1748:
1741:
1517:
1510:
1501:Sociotechnology
1445:
1357:
1322:
1299:
1294:
1264:
1263:
1248:
1244:
1229:
1225:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1134:
1129:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1094:
1082:
1076:
1063:
1031:
1025:
1018:
1007:
1003:
992:
988:
981:IHDP-conference
976:
970:
963:
910:
899:
870:
861:
821:
815:
811:
780:
776:
765:
761:
750:
741:
714:Policy Sciences
710:
699:
687:
679:
675:
648:
627:
622:
614:Transition town
607:
562:
496:
457:
444:
397:
334:
281:
252:
180:
169:
168:
167:
162:
151:
145:
142:
135:
116:
112:
101:
95:
92:
85:
73:This article's
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2081:
2080:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2031:
2026:
2019:Science policy
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1974:Digital divide
1971:
1965:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1947:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1890:Technological
1888:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1767:Design studies
1764:
1759:
1753:
1751:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1705:
1703:Scientometrics
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1576:Paradigm shift
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1416:Postpositivism
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1376:Antipositivism
1373:
1367:
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1348:
1346:and technology
1338:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1278:
1270:
1262:
1261:
1242:
1239:on 2010-09-19.
1223:
1189:
1176:
1167:
1155:
1146:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1092:
1061:
1016:
1001:
986:
961:
897:
884:(1): 161–183.
859:
846:10.1068/a39310
832:(4): 763–770.
809:
774:
759:
739:
720:(4): 323–340.
697:
673:
624:
623:
621:
618:
617:
616:
611:
606:
603:
561:
558:
525:carbon-neutral
512:shared visions
495:
492:
456:
453:
443:
440:
439:
438:
426:
410:
396:
393:
369:
368:
357:
356:
345:
344:
333:
330:
291:sustainability
280:
277:
272:systems theory
251:
248:
247:
246:
235:
228:
213:
182:
181:
164:
163:
119:
117:
110:
103:
102:
82:the key points
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2149:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Social change
2125:
2124:
2122:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1891:
1889:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1880:
1879:Technoscience
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:Media studies
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Early adopter
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1757:Co-production
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1744:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1606:communication
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Pseudoscience
1586:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:Boundary-work
1534:
1532:
1531:Bibliometrics
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1442:
1441:Transhumanism
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1257:
1253:
1246:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1186:
1180:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1150:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1021:
1012:
1005:
997:
990:
982:
975:
968:
966:
957:
953:
948:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
919:
915:
908:
906:
904:
902:
892:
887:
883:
879:
875:
868:
866:
864:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
820:
813:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
778:
770:
763:
755:
748:
746:
744:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
708:
706:
704:
702:
693:
686:
681:
677:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
646:
644:
642:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
625:
615:
612:
609:
608:
602:
598:
596:
591:
587:
582:
580:
576:
572:
571:offshore wind
568:
557:
554:
549:
545:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
513:
509:
504:
502:
491:
487:
484:
479:
476:
472:
469:
465:
462:
452:
449:
436:
432:
431:
430:Civil society
427:
424:
423:best practice
420:
416:
415:
411:
407:
406:
402:
401:
400:
392:
388:
386:
382:
377:
373:
366:
363:
362:
361:
354:
351:
350:
349:
342:
339:
338:
337:
329:
327:
323:
319:
316:, indirectly
315:
311:
307:
302:
300:
296:
292:
287:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
244:
240:
236:
233:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:
198:
195:
193:
188:
178:
175:
160:
157:
149:
139:
134:
130:
126:
125:
118:
109:
108:
99:
89:
83:
81:
76:
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
2094:Associations
2045:
1929:criticism of
1839:Leapfrogging
1822:linear model
1708:Team science
1698:Scientocracy
1621:Neo-colonial
1371:Anthropocene
1256:the original
1245:
1237:the original
1226:
1209:
1205:
1192:
1179:
1170:
1158:
1149:
1126:
1117:
1086:
1039:
1035:
1010:
1004:
995:
989:
980:
924:(1): 78–91.
921:
917:
881:
877:
829:
825:
812:
787:
783:
777:
768:
762:
753:
717:
713:
691:
676:
662:(1): 15–31.
659:
655:
599:
583:
563:
547:
539:
537:
515:
511:
507:
505:
500:
497:
488:
482:
481:Finally the
480:
474:
473:
467:
466:
460:
458:
445:
428:
419:supply chain
412:
403:
398:
389:
378:
374:
370:
364:
358:
352:
346:
340:
335:
321:
317:
313:
309:
303:
282:
253:
242:
238:
231:
224:
220:
216:
210:
206:
205:by taking a
202:
196:
186:
185:
170:
152:
146:January 2013
143:
136:Please help
132:
121:
93:
77:
75:lead section
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
1939:theories of
1924:and society
1920:Technology
1914:transitions
1904:determinism
1899:convergence
1874:Technocracy
1656:controversy
1642:Scientific
1626:post-normal
1571:Metascience
1541:Consilience
1526:Antiscience
1391:Neo-Luddism
1386:Fuzzy logic
1185:Schot, J.W.
790:(4): 1–11.
579:tidal power
548:Experiments
544:Backcasting
230:focused on
140:if you can.
2121:Categories
2077:Technology
2029:science of
2024:history of
1909:revolution
1817:disruptive
1807:Innovation
1802:Hype cycle
1747:Technology
1718:ecological
1691:skepticism
1681:misconduct
1666:enterprise
1484:scientific
1411:Positivism
1381:Empiricism
1363:Philosophy
947:1765/37237
878:Governance
620:References
521:blueprints
448:adaptation
405:Government
383:Geels and
279:Definition
260:telegraphy
96:March 2019
39:improve it
1984:Factor 10
1812:diffusion
1651:consensus
1646:community
1611:education
1451:Sociology
1426:Scientism
1305:Economics
1212:(1): 12.
804:145140681
734:154878315
656:Foresight
516:long term
508:pressures
341:Landscape
318:influence
295:bottom-up
264:telephone
223:in which
217:long-term
201:seeks to
80:summarize
45:talk page
2104:Scholars
2099:Journals
2089:Category
2063:Portals
1944:transfer
1934:dynamics
1884:feminist
1686:priority
1671:literacy
1631:rhetoric
1597:Science
1561:Logology
1056:14887955
956:44011158
854:10809538
605:See also
553:snowball
494:Practice
322:redirect
299:top-down
232:learning
215:takes a
122:require
2067:Science
1749:studies
1661:dissent
1601:citizen
1518:studies
1516:Science
1463:Social
1328:History
926:Bibcode
834:Bibcode
567:lock-in
387:: 2007
310:control
250:History
124:cleanup
1961:Policy
1894:change
1827:system
1676:method
1616:normal
1250:DECC.
1231:DECC.
1054:
954:
852:
802:
732:
501:et al.
461:et al.
409:boards
395:Actors
353:Regime
243:actors
1202:(PDF)
1083:(PDF)
1052:S2CID
1032:(PDF)
977:(PDF)
952:S2CID
850:S2CID
822:(PDF)
800:S2CID
730:S2CID
688:(PDF)
459:Kemp
385:Schot
365:Niche
314:steer
1832:user
1735:STEM
1636:wars
577:and
575:wave
320:and
241:and
1214:doi
1044:doi
942:hdl
934:doi
886:doi
842:doi
792:doi
788:237
722:doi
664:doi
2123::
1208:.
1204:.
1135:^
1095:^
1085:.
1064:^
1050:.
1040:77
1038:.
1034:.
1019:^
979:.
964:^
950:.
940:.
932:.
922:14
920:.
916:.
900:^
882:23
880:.
876:.
862:^
848:.
840:.
830:39
828:.
824:.
798:.
786:.
742:^
728:.
718:42
716:.
700:^
690:.
658:.
654:.
628:^
581:.
573:,
48:.
1289:e
1282:t
1275:v
1220:.
1216::
1210:8
1089:.
1058:.
1046::
983:.
958:.
944::
936::
928::
894:.
888::
856:.
844::
836::
806:.
794::
736:.
724::
694:.
670:.
666::
660:3
245:.
177:)
171:(
159:)
153:(
148:)
144:(
98:)
94:(
84:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
