306:. In these producer cells, the viral proteins expressed by these packaging constructs bind the sequences on the DNA/RNA (depending on the type of viral vector) to be transferred and insert it into viral particles. For safety, none of the plasmids used contains all the sequences required for virus formation, so that simultaneous transfection of multiple plasmids is required to get infectious virions. Moreover, only the plasmid carrying the sequences to be transferred contains signals that allow the genetic materials to be packaged in virions so that none of the genes encoding viral proteins are packaged. Viruses collected from these cells are then applied to the cells to be altered. The initial stages of these infections mimic infection with natural viruses and lead to expression of the genes transferred and (in the case of
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included in the excised DNA. The excised DNA along with the viral DNA is then packaged into a new virus particle, which is then delivered to a new bacterium when the phage attacks new bacterium. Here, the donor genes can be inserted into the recipient chromosome or remain in the cytoplasm, depending on the nature of the bacteriophage.
248:, but it can transfer more genes and at higher frequencies than generalized and specialized transduction. In lateral transduction, the prophage starts its replication in situ before excision in a process that leads to replication of the adjacent bacterial DNA. After which, packaging of the replicated phage from its
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site leads to several kilobases of bacterial genes being packaged into new viral particles that are transferred to new bacterial strains. If the transferred genetic material in these transducing particles provides sufficient DNA for homologous recombination, the genetic material will be inserted into
173:
Generalized transduction occurs when random pieces of bacterial DNA are packaged into a phage. It happens when a phage is in the lytic stage, at the moment that the viral DNA is packaged into phage heads. If the virus replicates using 'headful packaging', it attempts to fill the head with genetic
33:
This is an illustration of the difference between generalized transduction, which is the process of transferring any bacterial gene to a second bacterium through a bacteriophage and specialized transduction, which is the process of moving restricted bacterial genes to a recipient bacterium. While
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set of bacterial genes is transferred to another bacterium. Those genes that are located adjacent to the prophage are transferred due to improper excision. Specialized transduction occurs when a prophage excises imprecisely from the chromosome so that bacterial genes lying adjacent to it are
310:/retrovirus vectors) insertion of the DNA to be transferred into the cellular genome. However, since the transferred genetic material does not encode any of the viral genes, these infections do not generate new viruses (the viruses are "replication-deficient").
143:
into the bacterial chromosome, where it can stay dormant for extended periods of time. If the prophage is induced (by UV light for example), the phage genome is excised from the bacterial chromosome and initiates the lytic cycle, which culminates in
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In these cases, a plasmid is constructed in which the genes to be transferred are flanked by viral sequences that are used by viral proteins to recognize and package the viral genome into viral particles. This plasmid is inserted (usually by
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the recipient chromosome. Because multiple copies of the phage genome are produced during in situ replication, some of these replicated prophages excise normally (instead of being packaged in situ), producing normal infectious phages.
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of the cell and the release of phage particles. Generalized transduction (see below) occurs in both cycles during the lytic stage, while specialized transduction (see below) occurs when a prophage is excised in the lysogenic
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The packaging of bacteriophage DNA into phage capsids has low fidelity. Small pieces of bacterial DNA may be packaged into the bacteriophage particles. There are two ways that this can lead to transduction.
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The new virus capsule that contains part bacterial DNA then infects another bacterial cell. When the bacterial DNA packaged into the virus is inserted into the recipient cell three things can happen to it:
174:
material. If the viral genome results in spare capacity, viral packaging mechanisms may incorporate bacterial genetic material into the new virion. Alternatively, generalized transduction may occur via
34:
generalized transduction can occur randomly and more easily, specialized transduction depends on the location of the genes on the chromosome and the incorrect excision of the a prophage.
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site (located around the middle of the phage genome) and adjacent bacterial genes occurs in situ, to 105% of a phage genome size. Successive packaging after initiation from the original
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is the process by which very long fragments of bacterial DNA are transferred to another bacterium. So far, this form of transduction has been only described in
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can be used to insert or modify genes in mammalian cells. It is often used as a tool in basic research and is actively researched as a potential means for
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When the partially encapsulated phage material infects another cell and becomes a prophage, the partially coded prophage DNA is called a "heterogenote".
727:
538:
Snyder L, Peters JE, Henkin TM, Champness W (2013). "Lysogeny: the λ Paradigm and the Role of
Lysogenic Conversion in Bacterial Pathogenesis".
489:"Bacteriophages Contribute to the Spread of Antibiotic Resistance Genes among Foodborne Pathogens of the Enterobacteriaceae Family – A Review"
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If the new DNA matches with a homologous region of the recipient cell's chromosome, it will exchange DNA material similar to the actions in
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is susceptible to DNase). Transduction is a common tool used by molecular biologists to stably introduce a foreign gene into a host cell's
139:). The new phage particles are then released by lysis of the host. In the lysogenic cycle, the phage chromosome is integrated as a
61:. Transduction does not require physical contact between the cell donating the DNA and the cell receiving the DNA (which occurs in
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Rat nerve cells express red and green fluorescent proteins after viral transduction with two artificial
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178:. Generalized transduction is a rare event and occurs on the order of 1 phage in 11,000.
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Some enhancers have been used to improve transduction efficiency such as
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333:: Correcting genetic diseases by direct modification of genetic error.
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machinery of the host bacterial cell to make new viral particles (
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Denning W, Das S, Guo S, Xu J, Kappes JC, Hel Z (March 2013).
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542:(4th ed.). Washington, DC: ASM Press. pp. 340–343.
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375:– commonly used tool to deliver genetic material into cells.
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53:. An example is the viral transfer of DNA from one
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565:"Genome hypermobility by lateral transduction"
261:Mammalian cell transduction with viral vectors
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155:As a method for transferring genetic material
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298:) into a producer cell together with other
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223:An example of specialized transduction is
677:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
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417:. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
395:at the U.S. National Library of Medicine
563:Chen J.; et al. (13 October 2018).
438:Zinder ND, Lederberg J (November 1952).
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111:Transduction happens through either the
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487:Rodriguez-Lazaro, David (31 May 2017).
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77:(both bacterial and mammalian cells).
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369:– means of inserting DNA into a cell.
363:– means of inserting DNA into a cell.
352:– therapeutic use of bacteriophages.
186:The DNA is recycled for spare parts.
880:Modification of genetic information
57:to another and hence an example of
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81:Discovery (bacterial transduction)
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901:
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413:Genetics: principles and analysis
321:, retronectin, and DEAE Dextran.
107:In the lytic and lysogenic cycles
440:"Genetic exchange in Salmonella"
41:is the process by which foreign
101:University of Wisconsin–Madison
85:Transduction was discovered in
45:is introduced into a cell by a
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540:Molecular Genetics of Bacteria
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160:Transduction by bacteriophages
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685:Overview at ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
456:10.1128/JB.64.5.679-699.1952
189:If the DNA was originally a
16:Transfer process in genetics
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409:Jones E, Hartl DL (1998).
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212:is the process by which a
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816:Sister chromatid exchange
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640:10.1007/s12033-012-9528-5
493:Frontiers in Microbiology
367:Transformation (genetics)
811:Horizontal gene transfer
741:homologous recombination
702:transduction at sdsu.edu
679:Medical Subject Headings
506:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01108
397:Medical Subject Headings
271:adeno-associated viruses
210:Specialized transduction
205:Specialized transduction
169:Generalized transduction
59:horizontal gene transfer
745:mobile genetic elements
692:(transduction protocol)
628:Molecular Biotechnology
590:10.1126/science.aat5867
444:Journal of Bacteriology
198:bacterial recombination
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796:Chromosomal crossover
393:Transduction, Genetic
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246:Staphylococcus aureus
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675:Genetic+Transduction
325:Medical applications
242:Lateral transduction
237:Lateral transduction
581:2018Sci...362..207C
356:Signal transduction
277:Transduction with
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783:eukaryotes
781:Occurs in
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308:lentivirus
214:restricted
88:Salmonella
315:polybrene
117:lysogenic
103:in 1952.
55:bacterium
890:Virology
737:Genetics
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499:: 1108.
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338:See also
300:plasmids
141:prophage
649:3456965
577:Bibcode
569:Science
516:5476706
304:virions
289:Process
225:λ phage
191:plasmid
137:virions
99:at the
681:(MeSH)
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465:169409
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399:(MeSH)
149:cycle.
131:, and
75:genome
831:Viral
146:lysis
113:lytic
67:DNase
47:virus
698:and
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605:PMID
544:ISBN
521:PMID
470:PMID
419:ISBN
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