144:
therefore preventing the phages from killing their hosts, also thereby increasing the phage's potential for survival, making this a form of natural selection. A phage may decide to exit the chromosome and enter the lytic cycle if it is exposed to DNA-damaging agents, such as UV radiation and chemicals. Other factors with the potential to induce temperate phage release include temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and low nutrient concentration. However, phages may also re-enter the lytic cycle spontaneously. In 80-90% of single-cell infections, phages enter the lysogenic cycle. In the other 10-20%, phages enter the lytic cycle.
923:
163:. In its inactive form, a prophage gets passed on each time the host cell divides. If prophages become active, they can exit the bacterial chromosome and enter the lytic cycle, where they undergo DNA copying, protein synthesis, phage assembly, and lysis. Since the bacteriophage's genetic information is incorporated into the bacteria's genetic information as a prophage, the bacteriophage replicates passively as the bacterium divides to form daughter bacteria cells. In this scenario, the daughter bacteria cells contain prophage and are known as
46:
171:
179:
time. In the case of genital herpes, latency is established in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, spinal nerve neurons. The herpes virus can then exit this dormant stage and re-enter the lytic cycle, causing disease symptoms. Thus, while herpes viruses can enter both the lytic and lysogenic cycles, latency allows the virus to survive and evade detection by the immune system due to low viral gene expression.
38:
50:
creating prophage. 5. The prophage then remains dormant until the host cell divides. 6. After the host cell has divided, the phage DNA in the daughter cells activate, and the phage DNA begins to express itself. Some of the cells containing the prophage go on to create new phages which will move on to infect other cells.
167:. Lysogens can remain in the lysogenic cycle for many generations but can switch to the lytic cycle at any time via a process known as induction. During induction, prophage DNA is excised from the bacterial genome and is transcribed and translated to make coat proteins for the virus and regulate lytic growth.
195:
Bacteriophages are parasitic because they infect their hosts, use bacterial machinery to replicate, and ultimately lyse the bacteria. Temperate phages can lead to both advantages and disadvantages for their hosts via the lysogenic cycle. During the lysogenic cycle, the virus genome is incorporated as
152:
It is sometimes possible to detect which cycle a phage enters by looking at the plaque morphology in bacterial plate culture. Generally, clearer plaques indicate more efficient lysis, while cloudy or turbid plaques indicate less efficient lysis. Turbid plaques may indicate that a phage can go through
119:
In the lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA first integrates into the bacterial chromosome to produce the prophage. When the bacterium reproduces, the prophage is also copied and is present in each of the daughter cells. The daughter cells can continue to replicate with the prophage present or the prophage
178:
An example of a virus that uses the lysogenic cycle to its advantage is the Herpes
Simplex Virus. After first entering the lytic cycle and infecting a human host, it enters the lysogenic cycle. This allows it to travel to the nervous system's sensory neurons and remain undetected for long periods of
143:
How a phage decides which cycle to enter depends on a variety of factors. For instance, if there are several other infecting phages (or if there is a high multiplicity), it is likely that the phage will use the lysogenic cycle. This may be useful in helping reduce the overall phage-to-host ratio and
111:
The difference between lysogenic and lytic cycles is that, in lysogenic cycles, the spread of the viral DNA occurs through the usual prokaryotic reproduction, whereas a lytic cycle is more immediate in that it results in many copies of the virus being created very quickly and the cell is destroyed.
49:
Lysogenic Cycle:1. The prokaryotic cell is shown with its DNA, in green. 2. The bacteriophage attaches and releases its DNA, shown in red, into the prokaryotic cell. 3. The phage DNA then moves through the cell to the host's DNA. 4. The phage DNA integrates itself into the host cell's DNA,
196:
prophage and a repressor prevents viral replication. Nonetheless, a temperate phage can escape repression to replicate, produce viral particles, and lyse the bacteria. The temperate phage escaping repression would be a disadvantage for the bacteria. On the other hand, the prophage may transfer
238:
that is not part of a usual phage cycle. Changes can often involve the external membrane of the cell by making it impervious to other phages or even by increasing the pathogenic capability of the bacteria for a host. In this way, temperate bacteriophages also play a role in the spread of
112:
One key difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle is that the latter does not lyse the host cell straight away. Phages that replicate only via the lytic cycle are known as virulent phages while phages that replicate using both lytic and lysogenic cycles are known as
300:
Non-virulent bacteria have also been shown to transform into highly virulent pathogens through lysogenic conversion with the virulence factors carried on the lysogenic prophage. Virulence genes carried within prophages as discrete autonomous genetic elements, known as
415:(ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, are strong oxidizing agents that can decompose into free radicals and cause DNA damage to bacteria, which lead to prophage induction. One potential strategy to combat prophage induction is through the use of
182:
The model organism for studying lysogeny is the lambda phage. Prophage integration (also known as homologous recombination), maintenance of lysogeny, induction, and control of phage genome excision in induction is described in detail in the
200:
that enhance host virulence and resistance to the immune system. Also, the repressor produced by the prophage that prevents prophage genes from being expressed confers immunity for the host bacteria from lytic infection by related viruses.
265:
cured of all phage were unable to form biofilms, which are surface-adhered bacterial communities that enable bacteria to better access nutrients and survive environmental stresses. In addition to biofilm formation in
423:
that can remove free radical intermediates. Another approach could be to cause overexpression of CI repressor since prophage induction only occurs when the concentration of CI repressor is too low.
85:. In this condition the bacterium continues to live and reproduce normally, while the bacteriophage lies in a dormant state in the host cell. The genetic material of the bacteriophage, called a
120:
can exit the bacterial chromosome to initiate the lytic cycle. In the lysogenic cycle the host DNA is not hydrolyzed but in the lytic cycle the host DNA is hydrolyzed in the lytic phase.
803:
Awasthi, Sita; Friedman, Harvey M. (2014-03-15). "A Paradigm Shift: Vaccine-Induced
Antibodies as an Immune Correlate of Protection Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Genital Herpes".
961:
243:, such as exotoxins and exoenzymes, amongst bacteria. This change then stays in the genome of the infected bacteria and is copied and passed down to daughter cells.
292:, which are metabolically dormant forms of the bacteria that are highly resistant to temperature, ionizing radiation, desiccation, antibiotics, and disinfectants.
226:
In some interactions between lysogenic phages and bacteria, the lysogenic conversion may occur, which can also be called phage conversion. It is when a temperate
156:
Detection methods of phages released from the lysogenic cycle include electron microscopy, DNA extraction, or propagation on sensitive strains.
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Via the lysogenic cycle, the bacteriophage's genome is not expressed and is instead integrated into the bacteria's genome to form the
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or the presence of certain chemicals) can release it, causing proliferation of new phages via the lytic cycle.
655:
van
Charante, Frits; Holtappels, Dominique; Blasdel, Bob; Burrowes, Ben (2019). "Isolation of Bacteriophages".
184:
305:, confer an advantage to the bacteria that indirectly benefits the virus through enhanced lysogen survival.
108:(lysogenic) as part of the infected cells' genome, keeping the ability to return to lysis at a later time.
403:
Strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by blocking prophage induction (the transition from the
622:
Quiberoni, A.; Suárez, V.B.; Binetti, A.G.; Reinheimer, J.A. (2011). "Bacteriophage
Biological Aspects".
313:
17:
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113:
89:, can be transmitted to daughter cells at each subsequent cell division, and later events (such as
984:"Widespread Utilization of Peptide Communication in Phages Infecting Soil and Pathogenic Bacteria"
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412:
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278:
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species, in which the decision between lysis and lysogeny is transmitted between bacteria by a
325:β. In this case, the gene that codes for the toxin is carried by the phage, not the bacterium.
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382:
302:
982:
Stokar-Avihail, Avigail; Tal, Nitzan; Erez, Zohar; Lopatina, Anna; Sorek, Rotem (May 2019).
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Gummalla, Vimathi S.; Zhang, Yujie; Liao, Yen-Te; Wu, Vivian C. H. (21 February 2023).
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100:, although the method of DNA incorporation is not fully understood. For instance, the
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the lysogenic cycle, however there are other reasons that plaques may appear turbid.
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Chen, Ying; Golding, Ido; Sawai, Satoshi; Guo, Ling; Cox, Edward C (21 June 2005).
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373:, obtained by lysogenic conversion, which causes fever and a scarlet-red rash,
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1161:"Paradigms of pathogenesis: targeting the mobile genetic elements of disease"
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1040:"Importance of prophages to evolution and virulence of bacterial pathogens"
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has shown an enhanced rate or extent of sporulation. Sporulation produces
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Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and replicate within a bacterium.
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1214:: Genome diversity, population structure and genotyping perspectives".
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208:, has recently been described for bacteriophages infecting several
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being the other). Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the
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Zheng, Yong-Hui; Lovsin, Nika; Peterlin, B. Matija (2005-03-15).
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215:
1089:"A fitness trade-off between local competition and dispersal in
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746:"Herpes Simplex Virus Latency: The DNA Repair-Centered Pathway"
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981:
938:"Do you speak virus? Phages caught sending chemical messages"
354:
62:
850:(Fifth ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
699:(6th ed.). San Francisco: Pearson. pp. 784–786.
543:"The Role of Temperate Phages in Bacterial Pathogenicity"
101:
37:
471:"Newly identified host factors modulate HIV replication"
1087:
Nadell, Carey D.; Bassler, Bonnie L. (23 August 2011).
1038:
Fortier, Louis-Charles; Sekulovic, Ognjen (July 2013).
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is a non-toxic strain that can become toxic, producing
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that fall into two major groups, Stx1 and Stx2, whose
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are considered to be part of the genome of lambdoid
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Snyder and
Champness molecular genetics of bacteria
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1165:Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology
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520:. New York: W.H. Freeman. pp. 158–159.
448:. San Francisco: Pearson. pp. 338–339.
846:Henkin, Tina M.; Peters, Joseph E. (2020).
876:"Population Fitness and the Regulation of
444:Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B. (2005).
439:
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337:, when it is infected with the phage CTXφ.
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251:Lysogenic conversion has shown to enable
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41:Lysogenic cycle, compared to lytic cycle
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104:can either infect humans lytically, or
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411:induction agents have been proposed.
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596:"Bacteriophages (article) | Viruses"
96:Lysogenic cycles can also occur in
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1159:Keen, Eric C. (14 December 2012).
805:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
632:10.1016/B978-0-12-374407-4.00050-9
77:genome or formation of a circular
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1216:Infection, Genetics and Evolution
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321:only when it is infected by the
964:from the original on 2019-09-29
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136:) can reproduce using both the
1210:Mokrousov, I (January 2009). "
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665:10.1007/978-3-319-40598-8_14-1
624:Encyclopedia of Dairy Sciences
560:10.3390/microorganisms11030541
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399:Preventing lysogenic induction
191:Fitness tradeoffs for bacteria
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697:Molecular biology of the gene
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27:Process of virus reproduction
1236:10.1016/j.meegid.2008.09.011
897:10.1371/journal.pbio.0030229
7:
1212:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
880:Genes by Bacterial Viruses"
487:10.1016/j.imlet.2004.11.026
394:from phage-tranduced genes.
314:Corynebacterium diphtheriae
73:nucleic acid into the host
10:
1289:
1000:10.1016/j.chom.2019.03.017
516:Lodish, Harvey F. (2007).
270:, lysogenic conversion of
61:, is one of two cycles of
29:
950:10.1038/nature.2017.21313
695:Watson, James D. (2008).
140:and the lysogenic cycle.
1178:10.3389/fcimb.2012.00161
230:induces a change in the
30:Not to be confused with
1118:10.1073/pnas.1111147108
988:Cell Host & Microbe
936:Callaway, Ewen (2017).
413:Reactive oxygen species
744:Brown, Jay C. (2017).
518:Molecular Cell Biology
369:, produce a pyrogenic
366:Streptococcus pyogenes
317:produces the toxin of
279:Bacillus thuringiensis
175:
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42:
817:10.1093/infdis/jit658
383:Clostridium botulinum
173:
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763:10.1155/2017/7028194
750:Advances in Virology
342:Shigella dysenteriae
222:Lysogenic conversion
148:Evidence of Lysogeny
1228:2009InfGE...9....1M
1109:2011PNAS..10814181N
1103:(34): 14181–14185.
721:"Viral replication"
380:Certain strains of
296:Bacterial virulence
1056:10.4161/viru.24498
475:Immunology Letters
258:Bacillus anthracis
247:Bacterial survival
176:
65:reproduction (the
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994:(5): 746–755.e5.
674:978-3-319-40598-8
641:978-0-12-374407-4
345:, which produces
273:Bacillus subtilis
241:virulence factors
81:in the bacterial
16:(Redirected from
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386:, which causes
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59:lysogenic cycle
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185:lambda phage
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91:UV radiation
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1222:(1): 1–15.
890:(7): e229.
756:: 7028194.
725:THINKER BUG
626:: 430–438.
421:antioxidant
419:, a strong
417:glutathione
405:lytic cycle
261:Strains of
106:lay dormant
102:HIV viruses
75:bacterium's
67:lytic cycle
32:Lytic cycle
1257:Categories
968:2019-09-11
730:2021-09-11
605:2022-03-15
553:(3): 541.
427:References
390:, express
319:diphtheria
308:Examples:
290:endospores
98:eukaryotes
1093:biofilms"
1044:Virulence
825:0022-1899
772:1687-8639
495:0165-2478
359:prophages
347:dysentery
232:phenotype
206:arbitrium
187:article.
132:(such as
114:temperate
83:cytoplasm
57:, or the
18:Lysogenic
1268:Virology
1244:19007916
1197:23248780
1137:21825170
1074:23611873
1018:31071296
962:Archived
958:90839014
916:15984911
833:24285847
790:28255301
659:: 1–32.
579:36985115
570:10052878
503:15752562
388:botulism
371:exotoxin
236:bacteria
218:factor.
211:Bacillus
165:lysogens
161:prophage
116:phages.
87:prophage
79:replicon
55:Lysogeny
1224:Bibcode
1188:3522046
1171:: 161.
1128:3161532
1105:Bibcode
1065:3714127
1009:6986904
907:1151598
781:5309397
446:Biology
409:in vivo
253:biofilm
216:peptide
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351:toxins
303:morons
282:, and
954:S2CID
355:genes
323:phage
228:phage
198:genes
138:lytic
63:viral
1240:PMID
1193:PMID
1133:PMID
1070:PMID
1014:PMID
912:PMID
852:ISBN
829:PMID
821:ISSN
786:PMID
768:ISSN
754:2017
701:ISBN
669:ISBN
636:ISBN
575:PMID
522:ISBN
499:PMID
491:ISSN
450:ISBN
349:has
1232:doi
1183:PMC
1173:doi
1123:PMC
1113:doi
1101:108
1060:PMC
1052:doi
1004:PMC
996:doi
946:doi
902:PMC
892:doi
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809:209
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661:doi
628:doi
565:PMC
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